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Unit12商务合同的翻译第12教学单元（专题）教案Step 1.GreetingsStep 2 Warming upStep 3 Presentation商务合同与协议的语⾔特点⼀.The features about vocabularye many formal words and professional wordsCompare the following two kinds of words and expressionsTerminate, stop commence, begin be deemed to, be regarded as in lieu of, in place of prior to, before whatsoever, whatever More formal words in the contract : in accordance with unless, otherwise, provided that, be deemed to In accordance with the date of shipment 根据装运⽇期e old EnglishTo make the compound words by adding after, by, in, of, on, to, under, upon, or with after here, there, or where Hereafter: in this document and after this point 此后, 以后Hereby: in this way or by this letter以此, 特此, 由此Thereby: by that 按此, 借此, 从⽽, 由此Therefrom: from that从那⾥Wherein: in which 在那⽅⾯, 其中, 在那⾥Whereof: of which 关于那个Whereas Party A is willing to employ Party B and Party B agrees to do as Party A’s engineer in Beijing, it is hereby agrees as follows. 鉴于甲⽅愿聘请⼄⽅,⼄⽅同意应聘为甲⽅在北京的⼯程师,双⽅协议如下:In consideration of the mutual covenants and agreement herein contained, the parties agree as follows.双⽅考虑到在此提出的契约和协议, 同意如下条款.e the synonymous word with its relevant wordsTerms and conditions 条件, null and void ⽆效, free and clear of ⽆, able andwilling 能够并愿意The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and cargo on board如果上述货物对船舶和船上其他货物造成伤害,托运⼈应负全责Party A shall be authorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after May 28.⾃5⽉28⽇起, 甲⽅已⽆权接受定单或帐单e shall, should, may, will mostlyIt is hereby agreed that Party B shall have no obligating to pay for the costs of such training, other than to pay for their traveling expenses to and from USA and their salaries. 双⽅特此协议, ⼄⽅除⽀付受训⼈员赴美国的往返旅费及其薪⾦外，不负担此类培训费⽤.5.Indirect appellationParty A甲⽅Party B⼄⽅the Seller卖⽅the buyer 买⽅⼆.Sentence featuresUse a lot of complete and long sentences with attribute and adverbial modifier to form the simple sentences and compound sentences三.The stylish features-Correct and preciseHereinafter called…以下称为…Unless otherwise stipulated in…除⾮在…中另有规定This shall prevail over…则以…为准第⼆节商务合同与协议的翻译⼀.The principlese formal words and terminologyThe appendix hereto shall, through the contract period, be deemed to be construed as part of this Contract. 整个合同期间,本合同的附件应被理解为合同的⼀部分.e the correct and precise wordsIn the absence of such statement, the commercial documents will be released only against payment. 如⽆此项说明, 商业单据仅凭付款交付.plete translation⼆.注意事项1.酌情使⽤公⽂惯⽤词语2.慎选容易混淆的词语If Party A insisted on its original quotation, Party B will haveto cover its requirements elsewhere.如果甲⽅坚持原报价, ⼄⽅则只能从其他地⽅购进所需货物3.相关词语连⽤来限定责任或时间(1)和/或and/or(2)强调合同是双⽅签定by and between4.⽤⼤⼩写⽂字重复⾦额5.正确使⽤货币符号A$-AUD-Australian Dollar 澳元US$-USD-United States Dollar美元第三节翻译合同译例分析Contract of BusinessNo.Date.Buyers.SellersThis CONTRACT is made by and between the Buyers and the Sellers; Whereby the Buyers agree to buy and the Sellers agree to sell the undermentioned goods on the terms and conditions stated below: Name of commodity and specifications: Quantity:Price:Packing:Shipment:Port of Destination:Terms of Payment:The Buyers The Sellers商业买卖合同编号⽇期买⽅卖⽅兹经买卖双⽅同意, 由买⽅购进, 卖⽅出售下列货物,并按下列条款签定本合同: 商品名称和规格:数量:价格:包装:装船⽇期:⽬的⼝岸:付款⽅式:买⽅卖⽅。
2014年ACCA考试F4公司法与商法第十二章总汇1本文由高顿ACCA整理发布，转载请注明出处1 Definition1.1 An agent (A) is a person who is appointed by another (Principal) to enter into a contract with a third party (TP).2 Creation of agency2.1 (a) By consent(b) By operation of law(c) By estoppel(d) By ratification2.2 Consent(a) Consent may be express or implied. (Actual authority)(b) Express authority e.g.. by way of contract.(c) Implied authority, two persons may by their relationship or conduct to each other imply an agreement between them that on is the agent of the other e.g.. employer and employee, company and company director.2.3 Operation of law(a) The most important instance in which agency can arise by operation of law is in the case of agency of necessity.(b) Conditions:(i) the agency must have no practical way of contacting the principal to obtain instructions.(ii) there must be some pressing need for action.(iii) the agent must have acted bona fide (in good faith)(iv) the action taken by agent must have been reasonable and prudent.2.4 Estoppel (see 5.7) below.2.5 Ratification(a) The principal must exist and have contractual capacity when contract made.(b) The principal must have been identified at the time of contract.(c) The principal must have been made aware of all material facts.(d) The contract must be valid and legal.(e) The principal must ratify the whole contract.(f) Ratification must be within a reasonable time.更多ACCA资讯请关注高顿ACCA官网：。
法律文件严谨，采取各种语言手段防止误解或歧义；其内容必须字面化、外部化，说一是一，说二是二。
含蓄的表达、深层的蕴涵在法律文件中无施展的余地。
在用词方面，法律文件除了专门术语外，还常用一部分古词、旧词。
特别是here，there，where加介词构成的复合副词，如：hereto，herein，hereunder，hereinabove，thereon，therein，thereof，thereat，therethrough，wherein，whereby，whereof，wherefor等等。
古体副词的大量使用提高法律文件的正式程度，也形成了法律文件特有的稳定性和保守性。
在句法方面，法律文件长句多，几十字、上百字的长句司空见惯。
为了把话说得天衣无缝，不惜运用各种附加语、修饰语、说明语，以致句法成分前后编插、枝权横生，句子结构膨胀，语法关系复杂，读来不畅。
行文中少用代词，宁可重复名词。
在篇章结构方面，有的甚至通篇不用逗号表示停顿。
但是，为了突出内容要点和逻辑程序，法律文件也采用一定的版面手段，如大小写，变换字体、序列和布局等。
根据法律文件的特征，翻译上有如下要求：Legal Document TranslationFrom stylistic point of view, the legal document is rigorous, so it adopts every language method to prevent misunderstanding or ambiguity. Its content must be literally clear and outspoken. Theexpressions must be clear and definite rather than implicit and profound.With regard to words, the legal document adopts technical terms, as well as some ancient words; particularly the compound adverbs of “here”, “there”, “where” etc. adding a preposition, such as “hereto”, “herein”, “hereunder,” “hereinabove”, “thereon”, “therein”, “thereof”, “thereat”, “therethrough”, “wherein”, “whereby”, “whereof”, “wherefor” and so on. The massive application of ancient adverbs enhances formality of legal document, and has formed a unique stability and conservativeness of this document.On syntax, legal document uses many long sentences. Sentences with decades of or even a hundred words are commonly seen. In order to make the statements flawless, legal document will use various kinds of addition, modifier, and explanation; as a result, the syntax ingredients become interlocking, the sentence structure expanding, and the grammar relation complex. In addition, legal document seldom uses pronouns but repeats the preceding nouns.On chapter structure, legal document sometimes doesn’t use any comma to express a pause in the whole text. However, in order to lay stress on the main points of contentand the logical program, the legal document also uses certain methods, like capital or small letters, typeface transformation, sequence and layout and so on.According to the stylistic characteristics of legal document, the translation should stick to the following principles:一、用词精当注意同义词在不同译文中的差别，保持词义在上下文中的一致性，使语句严谨。
