北京市清华大学中学生标准学术能力诊断性测试2020年11月测试高三英语试题

2020年清华中学高三英语期末考试试卷及答案第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项ALocated besideLake Geneva, the Olympic Museum houses more than 10,000 artificial objects and hours of interactive contents highlighting some of the best moments during the Olympics. Here are some of the museum’s most moving moments.The Olympic ParkThe journey through the Olympic Museum begins in the Olympic Park, an 8,000-square-meter outdoor area in front of the museum overlooking Lake Geneva and theAlps. The park contains artwork and sculptures that show respect to the world of sport.The first Olympic SymbolThe “Olympic Rings” flag was designed by Coubertin in 1913. The rings represent the five continents that participate in the Olympics: Africa, Asia,America,AustraliaandEurope. The six color1 s include at least one color1 that is represented on the flag of every country.The StadiumsThe stadiums that host the Olympic Games are as much of a celebration of design as the games are a celebration of sportsmanship. Guests can explore plans and models of Olympic stadiums’ past and present, including one of the games’ most attractive stadiums, the Bird’s Nest from Beijing 2008 Olympics.The Olympic MedalsHave you ever wondered what an Olympic medal looks like? The Olympic Museum has a room that houses every bronze, silver, and gold medal from every Olympic Games dating back to the first modern Olympics of 1896. Each medal design is a unique representation of the year and location in which the games were held.1.Which moment do you see first when exploring the Olympic Museum?A.The Olympic Park.B.The first Olympic Symbol.C.The Stadiums.D.The Olympic Medals.2.What can you do in the section of The Stadiums?A.Celebrate the glory of a sportsman.B.Meet the designers of the stadiums.C.Explore the future stadiums.D.Enjoy the model of the Bird’s Nest.3.In which column of a newspaper may this text appear?A.Entertainment.B.Science.C.Travel.D.Business.BEvery racehorse has different abilities．Like humans，some are short- distance runners，while others are marathoners．Figuring out which is which and how to pace them can be the difference between failure in the finish and taking the award home．Jockeys（赛马骑师）and trainers have traditionally relied on centuries of experience and data from previous races to plan their races．Amandine Aftalion，a mathematician in Paris，thought she could add to that．Since 2013，she has been analyzing the performances of world champion runners like Usain Bolt．She has found that short-distance runners tend to win when they start strong and gradually slow down toward the finish line．Butin medium-distance races，runners perform better when they start strong，settle down，and finish with a burst of speed．Her model shows how those winning strategies maximize the energy output of muscles reliant on two different pathways：powerful aerobic（有氧的）ones that require oxygen，which can be in limited supply during a race，and anaerobic ones，which don't need oxygen but build up waste products that lead to tiredness．Aftalion wondered which strategy would be best for horses．So she and Quentin Mercier，anothermathematician，took advantage of a new GPS tracking tool inserted in French racing saddles（马鞍）．The two studied patterns in many races at the Chantilly racetracks north of Paris and developed a model that accounted for winning strategies for three different races：a short one(1，300 meters)，a medium one (1,900 meters)，and a slightly longer one (2,100 meters)，all with different starting points on the same track．The model takes into account not just different race distances，but also the size or friction fromthe track surface．The results might surprise jockeys who hold horses back early for bursts of energy in the last finish．Instead，a strong start leads to a better finish，the team found．“That doesn't mean those jockeys are wrong，though．If the start is too strong，it can bedevastatingas well，leaving the horse tired by the end，” Aftalion says．4. What should a runner do to get an award according to the text?A. Make a good start．B. Plan for the race early．C. Run slowly on the starting line．D. Try runningquickly all the time．5. What formed the basis for Aftalion's studying horse race?A The experience and data from previous horse races．B. The benefit of knowing horses' different abilities．C. The success in studying runners' winning strategies．D. The performance of horses on different race distances．6. What does the underlined word“devastating”in the last paragraph mean?A. Boring．B. Damaging．C. Astonishing．D. Puzling．7. What can we infer from the text?A. Runners have the same energy output of muscles．B. Aftalion's findings may help horses to win the race．C. What Jockeys and trainers do makes no sense to horses．D. World champion runners made a contribution to the study．CChimps use loud calls and gestures to make their feelings known but until now, the exact meaning for individual movements has remained a mystery. Now researchers believe they have translated the key gestures used in the chimp community and identified their intentions for the first time.From 4,351 gestures, experts were able to identify 66 that are used for 19 specific message meanings, including showing a foot to tell a child they can climb on their back. The researchers were able to narrow down these 66 gestures to 36 that are used intentionally to achieve 15 purposes. The translations were made by Dr Catherine Hobaiter and her colleagues at St Andrews University in Scotland.Dr Hobaiter used behavior sampling and filmed all recorded cases of gestural communication. Other gestures include stomping their feet to ask another chimp to stop what they are doing, and slapping objects together to ask another to follow them. Of the 19 meanings,17 encouraged interactions to start, or to develop, such as “move closer,” and “change play”. Some of the gestures were found to have more than one meaning. and only 10 of the 66 gestures were used for only a single meaning.Researchers collected a total of 471 video clips from two social groups of chimps at a shelter near Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. As well as identifying what the gesture means, they also discovered the technique needed to increase the chances of success.“Human children use gestures to communicate before they produce their first words, and their earliest gestures typically appear around 10 months of age,” explained the researchers. “In great apes, there is good evidence that language-trained individuals are capable of acquiring and understanding signals, but this is far less clear in their natural communication. ”8. Chimps slap the objects to____________.A. tell others to stop what they are doingB. ask others chimps to join themC. gather other chimps to move closerD. encourage interactions to start9. What did researchers find after studying 471 video clips?A. Chimps trained in language are good at understanding signals.B. Two social groups of chimps live at a shelter near Kinshasa.C. Language-trained individuals do well in natural communication.D. Chimps’earliest gestures appear around 10 months of age.10. How is the last paragraph developed?A. By analyzing causes.B. By examining differences.C By making comparisons. D. By following time order.11. What can be a suitable title for the text?A A New Research on Chimps B. Human Children and ChimpsC. Getting the Chimps Trained for LanguageD. Translating the Sign Language of ChimpsDBritish anthropologists (人类学家) Russell Hill and Robert Barton of the University of Durham, after studying the results of one-on-one boxing, tae kwon do, Greco-Roman wrestling and freestyle wrestling matches at the Olympic Games, conclude that when two competitors are equally matched in fitness and skill, the athlete wearing red is more likely to win.Hill and Barton report that when one competitor is much better than the other, colour has no effect on the result. However, when there is only a small difference between them, the effect of colour is enoughtipthe balance. The anthropologists say that the number of times red wins is not simply by chance, but that these results are statistically significant.Joanna Setchell, a primate (灵长目动物) researcher at the University of Cambridge, has found similar results in nature. She studies the large African monkeys known as mandrills. Mandrills have bright red noses that stand out against their white faces. Setchell’s work shows that the powerful males — the ones who are more successful with females — have a brighter red nose than other males.As well as the studies on primates by Setchell, another study shows the effect of red among birds. In an experiment, scientists put red plastic rings on the legs of male zebra finches and this increased the birds’ success with female zebra finches, Zebra finches already have bright red beaks (鸟喙), so this study suggests that, as with Olympic athletes, an extra flash of red is significant. In fact, researchers from theUniversityofGlasgowsay that thebirds’ brightly coloured beaks are an indicator of health. Jonathan Blount, a biologist, andhis colleagues think they have found proof that bright red or orange beaks attract females because they mean that the males are healthier. Nothing in nature is simple, however, because in species such as the blue footed booby, a completely different colour seems to give the male birds the same advantage with females.Meanwhile, what about those athletes who win in their events while wearing red? Do their clothes give them an unintentional advantage? Robert Barton accepts that “that is the implication” of their findings. Is it time for sports authorities to consider new regulations on sports clothing?12. According to their research. Hill and Barton conclude that ________.A. the colour of clothing has an effect on most sport eventsB. red should be the choice of colour for clothing in sportsC. red plays a role when competitors are equally capableD. athletes perform better when surrounded by bright red13. The underlined word “tip” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ________.A. achieveB. advanceC. keepD. change14. The example of the blue footed booby proves that ________.A. male birds use different body parts to draw attentionB. red is not the only colour to attract female birdsC. blue gives female birds the same advantageD. blue can indicate how healthy a bird is15. What can be inferred from the passage?A. The colour red gives male animals the most advantage.B. Male zebra finches prefer to have red plastic rings on their legs.C. Rules on sports clothing are going to be changed.D. Athletes wearing red may have an advantage over their opponents.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

中学生标准学术能力诊断性测试2020 年11 月测试英语试卷本试卷共150 分，考试时间100 分钟。

第一部分阅读理解（共两节，满分60 分）第一节（共15 小题；每小题 3 分，满分45 分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C 和D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

AAutumn is great for European walking: paths are mud-free, temperatures are mild, crowds are few and beautiful colors abound. The following are four European adventures to walk your way through autumn. The unknown CilentoSouth of Italy’s Amalfi Coast hides a much less discovered wonderland. After stopping to view the marvelous Greek temple remains at Paestum, Sherpa’s next destination concentrates on the Cilento National Park —first following its rugged seashore past the occasional myrtle grove (小树林), and sandy beach, then leaving modernity behind and venturing inland to medieval (中世纪的) hilltop towns. Home-cooked dinners conclude exciting days of goat tracks and ghost villages before a scenic path leads back to the seaside. Four nights £630 half board, including transport, luggage transfers and walking notes. Last departure October 31. Turkish delightsFollow an impressive section of Turkey’s expansive Lycian Way, gradually moving from cliffs to coastline. You’ll begin in pine-filled peaks, typically on shaded paths to sea views, and stop at both a pool- boasting upscale hotel and one of the Yanartas region’s ever-burning flames —possibly fueled by a monster below. A fine fish restaurant comes next, then a mile-long sandy beach ahead of two days on lonely Cape Gelidonya, finishing by its lighthouse. Six nights £790, including ten other meals, transport, luggage transfers and walking notes. Last departure in early November.Carpathian clambersPoland and Slovakia are separated by the Carpathian Mountains and their large forest-filled valleys. Starting and ending in Krakow, this trip covers both countries. Some days include the option of climbing to snowy peaks or taking easier, lower-altitude options, and you’ll likely meet the Gorals —a culturally- distinct group known as “highlanders”. Most memorable activity will be walking along the 300m-high Dunajec River to spa town Szczawnica. Seven nights £630, including transport, luggage transfers and walking notes. Last departure October 24.Flowers and fetaGreece’s Pelion Peninsula is a place known as the “Land of the Centaurs (人首马身的怪物)” for its association with the mythological horse-human hybrids. Between villages of whitewashed, flower-decorated stone houses, walkers can follow old paths onto mountainsides, and wander through olive groves or beside the glittering Aegean Sea. Some days yield swimming opportunities, and others the chance to recharge in a local pub of some bean soup and feta-cheese bread. Seven nights £535, including transport, luggage transfers and walking notes. Last departure October 23.1.What can you do when you are in the unknown Cilento?A．Swim in a pool. B．Have a spa.C．Explore medieval towns. D．Walk through olive groves.2．Which destination is your best choice if you intend to travel to Europe after October?A.Turkey. B．Cilento. C．Greece. D．Krakow.3.Which of the following is true according to the passage?A．It is a monster that fuels the fire in Yanartas region.B.Meals are free when you are taking the first adventure.C.You can enjoy a spa from Gorals in the town Szczawnica.D.Bean soup can be served in the pub of Greece’s Pelion Peninsula.BLou Gehrig (1903-1941) was a baseball player with the New York Yankees for 17 seasons. He was a powerful hitter known as “The Iron Horse”. Gehrig was a strong, tough and very moral man. His father was often out-of-work because he was an alcoholic and his mother was a maid. His two sisters and only brother died young. As a young boy, Gehrig helped his mother with her work. However, he never let his tough start hold him back. He started playing for the Yankees in 1923 after attending Columbia University, setting many major league records during his career. This included the most consecutive games played (2130 games), a record only broken 56 years later in 1995.Sadly, at the age of 36, he started to tire mid-season and his speed and cooperation ability faded. He resigned. Soon after he was diagnosed with a form of motor neuron disease named amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). He delivered his farewell-to-baseball speech to his teammates and fans on 4 July of the same year at the Yankee Stadium.After his speech, the crowd stood and clapped for almost two minutes. The New York Times reported that it was “one of the most touching scenes ever witnessed on a ball field”. Gehrig died two years later of the disease. This increased awareness of the disease and its symptoms; in North America it is still commonly known as “Lou Gehrig’s disease”. The Lou Gehrig Memorial Award is given each year to the Major League Baseball player who best exhibits Gehrig’s integrity and character.4.When did Lou Gehrig give his speech?A．in 1903. B．in 1923. C．in 1939. D．in 1940.5.Who are the audience for Lou’s speech?A．His family. B．His friends. C．His opponents. D．His supporters.6.Why is the illness known as “Lou Gehrig’s disease”?A.Lou Gehrig named the disease.B.This disease is related to playing baseball.C.People get to know the disease due to Lou Gehrig.D.The disease had never appeared before Lou Gehrig caught it.7.What word can best describe Lou Gehrig according to the passage?A．Determined and persistent. B．Emotional and patient.C．Wealthy and humorous. D．Gentle and generous.CWe know that the pandemic(流行病)has had a far-reaching impact on our minds —so much so that it may have changed the very fabric of our society altogether. Mental health professionals think that those with social anxiety will not emerge from the pandemic unaffected. Counselling Directory member Beverley Blackman says, “For people with social anxiety, lockdown will make them deeply anxious in one way, and yet a relief in an other.” He added, “On one hand, a person with social anxiety may feel relieved that they no longer have to socialize in person, but they may also feel that they have lost the opportunity to socialize with the people they feel safe and secure spending time with, meaning that they feel a new level of isolation and a different level of anxiety about socializing in any form. Without the security of those they feel safe with, self- confidence may very well decrease rapidly. Lockdown may have had a negative impact on those with social anxiety.”Dr Daria J. Kuss, associate professor in psychology at Nottingham Trent University, says: “Following the lockdown, people in this country were allowed to meet up again, which for individuals with social anxiety may have led to stress and worry. They may not be comfortable being expected to be ‘social’ again, especially when in larger groups, and may worry about saying the wrong things and asking the wrong questions as they are reintegrating into their offline social lives.” Furthermore, Beverley says our even bigger reliance on social media and digital communication in the midst of lockdown could also have a negative impact on people with social anxiety. She says “For some people with social anxiety, communication by media can be even harder than communication in person. We know that words form only roughly 7-10% of the way in which we communicate and that we rely on body language, facial expression, tone of voice, and unconscious signals behind words to convey our thoughts and feelings.”When it comes to what people with social anxiety can do to feel better as the lockdown situation continues to shift, Dr. Kuss says “I recommend being open and honest with their social environments. Friends and family will empathize when the concerns are voiced openly. Engaging in focused breathing and relaxation may also help alleviate feelings of worry and discomfort. Finally, negative thinking (e.g., “I don’t know what to say”) may be replaced with positive ones (e.g., “I am good enough” and “My friends want to see me”).” 8．Why do people with social anxiety feel relieved during the lockdown?A.There is no one disturbing their life.B.There is no need for them to socialize.C.They have increased their self-confidence.D.People can no longer communicate with each other.9.What does the underlined word mean in the third paragraph?A．Stimulate. B．Relieve. C．Begin. D．Develop.10.What can be the good advice for those with social anxiety during the lockdown?A．Stay at home alone. B．Communicate online.C．Open heart to strangers. D．Take a positive attitude.11.What can we learn from the passage?A.Stay with safe people can bring more confidence.B.Lockdown can help people overcome the feeling of anxiety.C.For people with social anxiety, lockdown is a double-edged sword.D.It is a suitable way for people of social anxiety to communicate by media.DMost of the 500 whales stranded (搁浅)off Tasmania have now died. Dozens more stricken whales have been found in Australia’s largest ever mass stranding. The estimated total now stands at around 500, with the majority of that number dead and a tenth rescued by authorities on the Island state of Tasmania. Experts believe all of the animals would have been part of one large group. Officials began working to rescue survivors among an estimated 270 whales found on Monday on a beach and two sandbars near the remote coastal town of Strahan. Then another 200 whales were spotted from a helicopter on Wednesday less than 10 kilometres (six miles) to the south. All 200 had been confirmed dead by late afternoon. They were among the 380 whales that have died overall, with estimates from earlier today suggesting that 30 that were alive but stranded and 50 had been rescued since Tuesday, Mr Deka, Wildlife Service manager explained. He added, “We’ll continue to work to free as many of the animals as we can. We’ll continue working as long as there are live animals.”It is not known what caused the animals to run aground. While stranding events are not unheard of, they are very rare in such large numbers. About 30 whales in the original stranding were moved from the sandbars to open ocean on Tuesday, but several got stranded again. About a third of the first group had died by Monday evening.Australia’s largest mass stranding had previously been 320 pilot whales near the Western Australian town of Dunsborough in 1996. This week’s incident is the first involving more than 500 whales in Tasmania since 2009. Marine Conservation Programme wildlife biologist Kris Carlyon said the latest mass stranding was the biggest in Australia in terms of numbers stranded and died.Marine scientist Vanessa Pirotta said there were a number of potential reasons why whales might become beached, including navigational errors. She explained, “They do have a very strong social system; these animals are closely bonded and that’s why we have seen so many in this case unfortunately in this situation. Rescuing them does not always work, because they are wanting to return back to the group, they might hear the sounds that the others are making, or they’re just disoriented and, in this case, extremely stressed, and just probably so exhausted that they in some cases don’t know where they are.” she added.12.What can be inferred from the first paragraph?A．270 whales were rescued on Monday.B．380 whales were found dead on Tuesday.C．500 whales were found stranded and dead.D．200 whales spotted from a helicopter were dead.13.Why did Kris Carlyon say this event is the biggest in Australia?A.Rescue work is not done in time.B.The number of the death is large.C.The cause of the event is still a mystery.D.There was no other similar event in recent years.14.Which of the following is Not the cause of the stranding of the whales?A．Navigational errors.B．Overhunting of the human beings.C．Whales’ group living style.D．Whales’ confusion and exhaustion.15.Where does this passage possibly come from?A．A newspaper. B．A magazine. C．A textbook. D．A travel brochure. 第二节（共5 小题；每小题3 分，满分15 分）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。

中学生标准学术能力诊断性测试2020年11月测试英语参考答案1-5 CADCD 6-10 CABBD 11-15 CDBBA 16-20 EBCGD21-25 CDABD 26-30 BBACD 31-35 DAABC 36-40 ABCCD41．is celebrated 42．as43．is based44．phenomena45．when46．Appreciating47．having48．to express49．accompany50．relaxing短文改错Of all the people I have encountered in my life, a person I admire most is my English teacher. Working for ourthe as class teacher, she has to work around the clock to take good care of us as well as giving lectures and grade homework.giveShe always walks towards the bus stop, carrying a bag full of notebook or a big folder with assessmentnotebooksreports she makes the night before. She is the one whom we spend major part of our day and she is the one who made withconstant encourages us to break barriers and to be extraordinary. We owe all of our success to him. I will not forget constantly herher instructions but I would like to express to my deepest gratitude to her.and书面表达Don’t waste foodMy dear classmates,Recently, I have noticed a horrible food waste phenomenon in our class, to which we must attach our attention. Some classmates don’t cherish the food. They buy a lot of food but eat only a little. Then, the rest is thrown away.What a shame! After all, every bite of the food you throw away contains the hard labor of the producers, including the farmers and the workers. Additionally, many people in the world still don’t have enough food to eat. If you can save the food, they will have more chances to have something to eat.From where I stand, I do appeal to all of us to cherish food and never waste it. This is our duty.。

2020届清华中学高三英语期末考试试题及答案解析第一部分阅读（共两节，满分40分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项AHottest Travel DestinationsSometimes figuring out the best place to go can be difficult. Here are some hottest travel destinations that offer some of the most beautiful, artistic, and fashionable places on the globe.Ibiza, SpainWhile Ibiza is knownas a party city, there is far more to do in this historic town than simply drink and dance under the stars. Built mainly in the second century, it’s a world heritage site with architecture dating back to as early as the 7th century. Don’t miss Charo Ruiz, Ibiza’s most famous fashion brand. Plus, the Ibiza Fashion Festival takes place every June.Tangier, MoroccoKnown as the “door to Africa”, Tangier has a rich and complex history dating back thirty centuries. It has all the beauty of the natural world. After spending a morning sunbathing by the Mediterranean Sea, get in some amazing shopping and discover great deals on everything. Before you head home, stop off in Marakesh to visit some of the top Moroccan designers.Havana, CubaStepping onto the streets of Havana feels like stepping back in time. For a day of sightseeing, check out the remaining architecture of Old Havana, which was built ten centuries ago. You can easily do it with one of the area’s many walking tours. Or visit the Museum of Rum for a taste of the island’s most popular wine. You might come across a clothing shop offering some classic finds!Melbourne AustraliaBuilt largely during the 1850s gold rush, Melbourne remains as alive as ever. Make sure to check out the hottest Australian brands. Moreover, visit the Block Arcade in Collins Street to see some of the 19th century architectural details the world has to offer. And, if you want to catch the largest consumer fashion festival in the world, grab tickets for the yearly Virgin Australia Melbourne Fashion Festival.1.What can visitors do in both Ibiza and Havana?A.Taste local wine.B.Visit modern Museums.C.Appreciate ancient buildings.D.Enjoy parties under the stars.2.To attend the globally largest consumer fashion festival, you have to go to ________.A.SpainB.MoroccoC.Havana.D.Australia3.Which of the following cities is the oldest?A.Ibiza.B.Tangier.C.Havana.D.Melbourne.BAge has never been a problem for 16-year-old Thessalonika Arzu-Embry. After all, she’s already got her master’s degree.The North Chicago-area teen started homeschooling at the age of 4. She began having an influence on others soon after. When she was 6 years old, she was an inspirational speaker at an organization called Tabitha House Community Service, which is for people who were forced to leave their homes because of earthquake, flood and other natural disasters.At the age of 11, she graduated from high school and then earned her bachelor’s degree in psychology in 2013. She completed those classes online as she was traveling for church events and leadership meetings.She doesn’t stop there, though. The teen plans to focus on aviation psychology (航空心理学) for her further study, a decision inspired by her father who is a pilot. She grew up around airplanes and took fights all the time. Her goal is to use it to help pilots deal with problems that could have deadly results once the plane takes off — a topic that has been in the news lately. For her, it’s a mix of two of her interests.In her free time, Thessalonika enjoys playing tennis, swimming and being active in her youth group at church. She also has three self-published books, which are on her site. Jump the Education Barrier is written to help students finish college, and in the future aims to help business owners with trends. Her third book The Genius Race is designed to help people to be talents in various areas of life.4. Which of the following is TRUE about Thessalonika?A. When she was 6 years old, she started homeschooling.B. She gained her master’s degree at the age of 11.C. She majored in science and technology.D. In 2013 she got her bachelor’s degree through completing courses online.5. What is her next plan according to the passage?A. Major in aviation psychology.B. Deliver inspiring speeches for church events and leadership meetings.C. Be active in her youth group at church.D. Write another book to help people to be talents.6. Why does she write the book Jump the Education Barrier?A. It aims to help people to be geniuses.B. It is intended to give students a hand to complete college.C. It is designed to arouse people’s awareness of psychology.D. The author hope to share her own experience with others.7. Which ofthe following can be the best title for the text?A. The Story of ThessalonikaB. To be a talentC. Three Published BooksD. HomeschoolingCWhy isn’t science better? Look at career incentive(激励).There are oftensubstantial gaps between the idealized and actual versions of those people whose work involves providing a social good. Government officials are supposed to work for their constituents. Journalists are supposed to provide unbiased reporting and penetrating analysis. And scientists are supposed to relentlessly probe the fabric of reality with the most rigorous and skeptical of methods.All too often, however, what should be just isn’t so. In a number of scientific fields, published findings turn out not toreplicate(复制), or to have smaller effects than, what was initially claimed. Plenty of science does replicate — meaning the experiments turn out the same way when you repeat them -but the amount that doesn’t is too much for comfort.But there are also waysin which scientists increase their chances of getting it wrong. Running studies with small samples, mining data for correlations and forming hypotheses to fit an experiment’s results after the fact are just some of the ways to increase the number of false discoveries.It’s not like we don't know how to do better. Scientists who study scientific methods have known about feasible remedies for decades. Unfortunately, their advice often falls ondeaf ears.Why? Why aren't scientific methods better than they are? In a word: incentives. But perhaps not in the way you think.In the 1970s, psychologists and economists began to point out the danger in relying on quantitative measures for social decision-making. For example, when public schools are evaluated by students’ performance onstandardized tests, teachers respond by teaching “to the test”. In turn, the test serves largely as of how well the school can prepare students for the test.We can see this principle—often summarized as “when a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure”—playing out in the realm of research. Science is a competitive enterprise. There are far more credentialed (授以证书的) scholars and researchers than there are university professorships or comparably prestigious research positions. Once someone acquires a research position, there is additional competition for tenure grant funding, and support and placement for graduate students. Due to this competition for resources, scientists must be evaluated and compared. How do you tell if someone is a good scientist?An oft-used metric is the number of publications one has in peer-reviewed journals, as well as the status of those journals. Metrics like these make it straightforward to compare researchers whose work may otherwise be quite different. Unfortunately, this also makes these numbers susceptible to exploitation.If scientists are motivated to publish often and in high-impact journals, we might expect them to actively try to game the system. And certainly, some do—as seen in recent high-profile cases of scientific fraud(欺诈). If malicious fraud is the prime concern, then perhaps the solution is simply heightened alertness.However, most scientists are, I believe, genuinely interested in learning about the world, and honest. The problem with incentives is that they can shape cultural norms without any intention on the part of individuals.8. Which of the following is TRUE about the general trend in scientific field?A. Scientists are persistently devoted to exploration of reality.B. The research findings fail to achieve the expected effect.C. Hypotheses are modified to highlight the experiments' results.D. The amount of science that does replicate is comforting.9. What doesdeaf earsin the fourth paragraph probably refer to?A. The public.B. The incentive initiators.C. The peer researchers.D. The high-impact journal editors.10. Which of the following does the author probably agree with?A. Good scientists excel in seeking resources and securing research positions.B. Competition for resources inspires researchers to work in a more skeptical way.C. All the credentialed scholars and researchers will not take up university professorships.D. The number of publication reveals how scientists are bitterly exploited.11. According to the author, what might be a remedy for the fundamental problem in scientific research?A. High-impact journals are encouraged to reform the incentives for publication.B. The peer-review process is supposed to scale up inspection of scientific fraud.C. Researchers are motivated to get actively involved in gaming the current system.D. Career incentives for scientists are expected to consider their personal intention.DMark Bertram lost the tips of two fingers at work in 2018 when his hand became trapped in a fan belt. “It’s life-changing but it’s not life-ending,”he says.After two surgeries and occupational therapy, Bertram decided to ask Eric Catalano, a tattoo artist, to create fingernail tattoos. The idea made everyone in the studio laugh—until they saw the final result. “The mood changed,” Catalano recalls from his Eternal Ink Tattoo Studio in Hecker, Illinois. “Everything turned from funny to wow.”Catalano posted a photo of the tattoos, and it eventually was viewed by millions of people around the world. The viral photo pushed Catalano, 40, further into the world of paramedical tattooing. Now people who want to cover their life-altering scars come from as far away as Ireland to visit his shop.Leslie Pollan, a dog breeder, was bitten on the face by a puppy. She underwent countless surgeries but those gave her no hope. She ultimately traveled six hours for a session with Catalano. HecamouflagedPollan’s lip scar, giving her back confidence.Though he is now known for his talent with intricate fingernail, Catalano uses the techniques he picked up years ago while helping breast cancer survivors. Those tattoos are among the most common paramedical requests. His grandmother had breast cancer, and her battle with the disease is one reason Catalano is so dedicated to helping those with the diagnosis.Catalano performs up to eight reconstructive tattoos each “Wellness Wednesday”. While he charges $100 per regular tattoo, he doesn’t charge for paramedical tattoos: A GoFundMe page established last year brought in more than $16,000, allowing Catalano to donate his work.“Financially, it doesn’t make sense,” Catalano says. “But every time I see emotions from my customers, I am 100 percent sure this is something that I can’t stop doing.”12. How did people in the studio react to Bertram’s idea at first?A. They took it lightly.B. They found it creative.C. They were confused.D. They were impressed.13. What does the underlined word “camouflaged” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A. Exposed.B. Hid.C. Ignored.D. Removed.14. What does Catalano say about his work with paramedical tattoos?A. It is flexible.B. It is demanding.C. It is profitable.D. It is rewarding.15. Which of the following can best describe Catalano?A. Humorous and experienced.B. Devoted and generous.C. Cooperative and grateful.D. Professional and tolerant.第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

中学生标准学术能力诊断性测试2019 年11 月测试理科综合试卷(一卷) 可能用到的相对原子质量：H1 O16 Fe56 Cu64 S32 一、选择题：本题共13 小题，每小题6分，共78分。

在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。

1. 美国免疫学家詹姆斯·艾利森和日本免疫学家本庶佑因发现了用于治疗癌症的免疫调节抑制策略而获得了2018 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。

他们发现在T 细胞表面有CTLA －4 蛋白，在识别目标并接受启动信号时，使T 细胞活性降低，起到免疫刹车作用，从而减弱对癌细胞的攻击，以下理解错误的是A. CTLA －4的形成需要T 细胞内的核糖体、内质网、高尔基体参与B. 同一个体中的癌细胞与T 细胞的核基因是不同的C. 可通过注射CTLA －4 抗体的方式，使癌细胞逃脱免疫系统的监控D. 癌细胞被攻击清除主要依靠细胞免疫产生的效应T 细胞，此过程属于细胞凋亡2. 最新研究发现，“细胞外烟酰胺磷酸核糖转移酶” (eNAMPT ，蛋白质类)不仅能延长小鼠的寿命，还逆转了老鼠身体机能的衰老，这一研究可让人的“返老还童”成为可能。

有关酶的说法错误的是A. eNAMPT 可与双缩脲试剂反应产生紫色络合物，高温变性后仍能与该试剂变色B. eNAMPT 可降低反应的活化能，可在最适温度和最适pH 条件下保存C. eNAMPT 由基因控制合成，影响代谢进而控制生物的性状D. eNAMPT 的催化具有高效性和专一性，其作用的发挥离不开特定的空间结构3. 细胞信号转导是指细胞通过受体感受信息分子的刺激，经胞内信号转导系统转换，从而影响细胞生物学功能的过程。

下图表示两种细胞信号转导形式，有关叙述错误的是A. 甲图的激素可以表示性激素，以自由扩散的方式穿膜，与细胞膜的基本支架有关B. 甲图可说明信息分子可影响基因表达过程，②③的碱基互补配对方式不同C. 甲图中的 d 基本骨架为独特的双螺旋结构， e 为mRNA 可作为翻译的模板D. 乙图可以反应细胞膜具有细胞间的信息交流的功能，图中的受体化学本质为糖蛋白4. 下表为适宜浓度的α－萘乙酸(NAA) 和赤霉素(GA 3)溶液对燕麦胚芽鞘生长的影响，据表分析，下列说法错误的是A. 该实验的自变量为溶液种类不同，表中“？”处理方式为清水处理B. 若实验用的NAA 浓度为m，则改用低于m 浓度的NAA 时，胚芽鞘长度不一定减少C. NAA 与GA3 可调节植物基因表达，二者混合使用具有协同作用D. NAA 与GA3 是由植物产生，由产生部位运输到作用部位且具有微量而高效的特点5. 将果蝇的一个精原细胞放在3H 标记的胸腺嘧啶脱氧核酸的培养液中培养完成减数分裂产生精子。

2020届清华大学高三中学生标准学术能力诊断性测试（11月）物理试卷★祝考试顺利★本试卷共300分，考试时间150分钟。

二、选择题：本题共8小题，每小题6分，共48分。

在每小题给出的四个选项中，第14～18题只有一项符合题目要求，第19～21题有多项符合题目要求。

全部选对的得6分，选对但不全的得3分，有选错的得0分。

14.如右图所示，ABC是半径为R的半圆弧，AC是水平直径，半圆弧与地面相切于B点，从A点水平向右抛出一个可视为质点的小球，小球运动的轨迹与圆弧相交于D点，C、D间的距离正好等于圆弧半径R，重力加速度g＝10m/s2，不计空气阻力，则小球抛出时的初速度大小为A.2m/sB.3m/sC.4m/sD.5m/s15.如右图所示，在地面上固定的两根竖直杆a、b之间搭建两个斜面1、2，己知斜面1与a杆的夹角为600，斜面2与a杆的夹角为300。

现将一小物块先后从斜面1、2的顶端(a杆处)由静止释放，两次到达斜面底端(b杆处)所用时间相等，若小物块与斜面1、2之间的动摩擦因数分别为µ1和µ2，则12µµ等于1 2 D.1316.北京时间2019年4月10日21时，天文学家召开全球新闻发布会，宣布首次直接拍摄到黑洞的照片，如图所示。

黑洞是宇宙空间内存在的一种密度极大，体积极小的天体，它的引力很大，连光都无法逃脱。

若某黑洞表面的物体速度达到光速c 时。

恰好围绕其表面做匀速圆周运动，己知该黑洞的半径为R ，引力常量为G ，则可推测这个黑洞的密度为A.2234c GR πB.2243c GR πC.34cR G πD.43cR Gπ 17.如图所示电路中，电源内阻及线圈L 1的电阻均不计，当滑动变阻器的滑片自左端匀速向右滑动时，用丝线悬挂的闭合金属环的运动状态可能为A.保持静止B.向左摆动C.向右摆动D.有向下运动趋势18.有一回旋加速器，两个D 形盒的半径为R ，两D 形盒之间的高频电压为u ，偏转磁场的磁感应强度为B 。

清华大学2021届11月中学生标准学术能力诊断性测试语文试卷本试卷共 150 分，考试时间 150 分钟。

一、现代文阅读（36 分）（一）论述类文本阅读（本题共 3 小题，9 分）阅读下面的文字，完成 1～3 题。

城市治理是国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要内容。

中国人对城市治理的理解，是随着城市化率的节节攀升而不断深入的。

2018 年底，中国的常住人口城镇化率已经达到59.58%。

越来越多的人成为城市人，越来越多的大型、特大型城市开始崛起，城市群、都市圈加速形成，人们对城市功能和城市生活有了更深入的理解，并逐步告别以往粗放式的城市管理方式。

如何克服各种各样的“城市病”？如何打造包容、协作、智慧的现代城市？如何走出一条中国特色的城市治理新路子？时代的发展，为城市治理出了一道道颇有难度的考题。

解决这些问题，需要转变治理思维、提升治理能力、完善治理体系。

城市加速发展，治理要从精细处入手，从群众的操心事、烦心事、揪心事做起。

客观来说，当前一些城市在治理上还存在不精细、不科学的地方。

比如，针对路面上电动车较多的现实情况，一些地方出台拟禁行电动车的规定，引发了对一刀切式管理的质疑。

又如针对车辆超载等群众反映强烈的问题，各地出台了不少管理办法，但问题在于落实不细、不严。

精细化的管理，不仅是一种态度，更是一种能力。

小到一个井盖，大到城市的规划布局，唯有推动治理重心下移、力量下沉，才能让治理的针脚更细密，城市的运行更顺畅。

城市是人民的，城市治理说到底要坚持以人民为中心的发展思想。

唯有坚持问计于民，才能提升治理的科学有效性，找到精准治理的发力点。

近年来，党中央围绕城市治理，推出了一系列落地有声、群众叫好的扎实举措：为改善群众的居住条件，加快实施棚户区改造；围绕群众反映强烈的环境问题，推进城市垃圾分类、河湖长制治理、“厕所革命”……一系列城市治理的难题得以破解，一个重要原因就在于将“人”这个最重要因素放在城市治理的中心位置。

绝密★启用前2020年5月清华大学2020届高三毕业班中学生标准学术能力诊断性测试英语试题本试卷共150 分，考试时间100 分钟。

第一部分阅读理解（共两节，满分60 分）第一节（共15 小题；每小题 3 分，满分45 分）ASummer is that time of this year 2019 when everyone looks to escape from the boring activities of life.So bring your kids to join us to have fun in the summer camp.Outdoor Word Game:All you need to do is setting up many huge letters that can be easily moved. These letters will help kids spell out certain words. Teenagers would also love something like this as it gives them the opportunity to invest their time in learning new words.Spray Painting:To bring out the creativity in a person， an activity centered on spray painting is the perfect way to get those creative juices flowing. All you need to do is providing plain white T-shirts and some cans of colored spray paint. It will be quite surprising to see some of the original ideas that will flow from individuals.Outdoor Twister:A person will be in charge of monitoring the game and will call out colors which can be placed outdoors. Participants have the task of placing either their hands or legs on the same color. A fun and exciting game focuses on hand-eye coordination（协调）.The Maze（迷宫）:One of the funniest games is the hallway maze game where a maze is constructed from either toilet paper or strings of paper. The chosen participant is then asked to make his way through the maze within a limited time without touching paper. This is one of the best and entertaining summer camp ideas for kids and adults also.1.Which activity most probably needs some imagination?A．Outdoor Word Game. B．Spray Painting.C．Outdoor Twister. D．The Maze.2.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A.The maze is made of toilet paper in The Maze.B.You have to spray juice on your T-shirt in Spray Painting.。