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The United States of America HistoryIndians: The “first Americans”The Discovery of the New WorldChristopher Columbus (31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506)a navigator, colonizer, and explorerHe initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the "New World".Pilgrim FathersRelations of American Indians with European settlersThe American War of IndependenceWhat were the causes of the War of Independence?Britain’s colonial policy▪The economy in the 13 colonies developed very fast▪The British government was to bring the development under control and to collect more taxes from the colonies.▪“No taxation without representation”▪( 无代表，不纳税）How was the War of Independence started?▪The “Boston Tea Party”•In 1773, when ships of tea reached Boston to be distributed, severaldozen Boston residents boarded the ship at night and threw $75,000worth of tea into the harbor. This came to be known as the “Boston TeaParty”.▪The start of the war•In 1775, about 1,000 British soldiers were sent from Boston to seize themilitary supplies of the American militia. When they arrived atLexington they were met by the armed militiamen. Suddenly a shot wasfired and the War of Independence began.Boston Tea PartyThe First Continental Congress—September, 1774The Second Continental CongressHeld in Philadelphia in May 1775Assume the functions of a national governmentDeclaration of IndependenceOn July 4, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed.On July 4, 1776, the Congress formally declared the independence•The Declaration states: “We hold these truths to be self-evident: Thatall men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator withcertain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and thepursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights, governments areinstituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent ofthe governed; that whenever any form of government becomesdestructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or toabolish it, …”After being printed, the copies were sent out, broadcast and read to crowds everywhere.▪The document greatly encouraged the struggling people, making them think that they should be independent and have the right to enjoy liberty.▪They were beginning to show more interests in a common cause.▪Both a great influence on the course of the war and a far-reaching influence in world history as well.It dragged on for seven years. (1775-1783)Obstacles for the continental army:▪No enough supplies.▪Tired and hungry, while British troops fresh and well-equipped.▪By the middle of December, 1776, the Revolution seemed lost.The victory at Saratoga (1777, October)—turning point.The assistance from France▪Benjamin Franklin—a messenger to Europe to get help from other countries.▪The French King made two agreements with Franklin:•France would take part in the war against England.•They agreed to trade with each other.•Spain and Holland joined France against England—a quick end to the war.In 1781, a decisive victory at Yorktown in VirginiaOn October 19, 1781, the British general Cornwallis was forced to surrender, the war came to an end.The two parts signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783—America won its independence2.5 The Establishment of ConstitutionOn May 25, 1787, the constitution was drafted.In June 1789, the constitution came into effect in nine states.Ten amendments—The Bill of Rights—were added to the Constitution in 1791.The Civil War (1861-1865)Causes of Civil WarEconomic reason:▪two different economic systemsNorth Capitalist EconomySouth PlantationPolitical reason▪The North—Federal Government as a union▪The South—The Confederate Government: the independence of each stateUncle Tom’s Cabin Published in 1852Harriet Beecher Stowe ( l811-1896 )An antislavery novel which had great political influence."So this is the little lady who made this big war.“ ---LincolnAbraham Lincoln was elected president and opposed the expansion of slavery.Some southern states formed the Confederate States of America in 1861.Union army Vs. Confederate army3.2 Comparison of PowerThe North:▪twenty-three states, 22 million population▪abundant facilities to manufacture arms and ammunition, clothing, andother supplies▪merchant marines and the navy remained in Union hands▪federal government was better able to raise fund for war The South:▪eleven states, 9 million population▪military advantages:▪actively preparing for war▪in possession of many federal forts and arsenals▪superior military leadership: a third of the regular army's officers werefrom the South▪fighting on its own soilEmancipation Proclamationissued by Pres. Abraham Lincoln that freed the slaves of the Confederacy.-This transformed the war from a war to save the Union, to a war to abolish slavery.Battle of Gettysburg (July 1863) The turning pointGettysburg Address“Government of the People, by the People and for the People shall not perish from the earth”Influence of the Civil WarOutbreak of the First World War (1914-1918)▪Inevitable result of contradiction between two groups of imperialist powers: •Allies(协约国)—Britain, France, and Russia•The Central European Powers(同盟国)—Germany, Austria-Hungary andItaly▪The political, economic and colonial rivalries of the great powers.4.1 World War IThe False Prosperity in the 1920’s1920’s = boom, prosperity, isolationisma period of material success and spiritual frustration or confusion and purposelessnessErnest Hemingway (1899-1961)欧内斯特·海明威1. ReputationSpokesman for the Lost GenerationA Nobel Prize winner for literature in 1954Life Story1899Born in Illinois (his father was a highly respected doctor, his mother was a singer and music teacher)1917After graduation from High School, he left home and worked for the Star as a reporter; Rejected by the American Army because of his poor vision in one eye 1918Served as an ambulance driver in France, and then as a soldier in the Italian infantry Wounded on both legs1919Returned home to complete his recovery1925Left for Paris1936Took part in the Spanish Civil War as a journalist, on the Republican side1940Moved to Cuba1954Awarded the Nobel Prize1961Committed suicide by shooting himself with his hunting gunMajor WorksIn Our Time (1925) 《在我们的时代里》Collection of short storiesPortray the world of adulthood as an arena of danger and violenceThe Torrent of Spring (1926) 《春潮》The Sun Also Rises (1926) 《太阳照常升起》The disillusionment of the lost generationA Farewell to Arms (1929) 《永别了，武器》For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) 《丧钟为谁而鸣》A love story, a war novelThe Old Man and the Sea (1952) 《老人与海》a man can be destroyed but not defeated一个人可以被毁灭(physically)，但不能给打败(spiritually)Writing Style4.1 “Hemingway Code heros”Those who survive in the process of seeking to master the code, known as “grace under pressure”, with the honesty, the discipline, and the restraint.eg: Cuban fisherman Santiagofighting a losing battle---loss becomes dignity4.2 iceberg theory of writingHis sentences only give one small bit of the meaning; the rest is impliedThe Great Depression1930’s = Great DepressionThe stock market crash in1929Massive unemployment, factory and mill closings, and mortgage foreclosures Core of the problem—immense disparity between the productive capacity and the ability of people to consumeWorld War II broke out in September, 1939 and ended in August, 1945.Background of the warThe World Spread economic crisisGermany and Italy began their ways of fascism and military expansion.Japan meant to conquer China and Southeast Asia by military expansion.Two opposing military alliances:the Allies (同盟国)and the Axis (轴心国)the deadliest conflict in all of human historyUSA attitude:▪ A sit-on-the-fence policy•do trade with the warring countries, including the aggressors•believe in “glorious isolation”▪Its negative effect:•Isolationism encouraged Nazi and Adolph Hitler to believe that they could rely on American neutrality and their victims could not buymunitions in US.•Japan believed that pacifist US would not fight for the integrity of China. On the morning of December 7, 1941, Japanese air force attacked the US Pacific fleet at Pearl Ha rbor, Hawaii. It was the direct cause for America’s entrance into the war.End of WWII▪The US air force dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima On August 6 and on Nagasaki on August 8.▪On September 2, 1945, Japan surrendered.The Cold War▪United Nations in 1945—a new and better world would emerge from World War II.▪The conflict between the two superpowers Russia and the US increased and later led to the Cold War.Truman Doctrinethe principle that the US should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or Communist insurrection. First expressed in 1947 by US President Truman in a speech to Congress seeking aid for Greece and Turkey, the doctrine was seen by the Communists as an open declaration of the cold war杜鲁门主义（该主义认为美国应支持受苏联军队或共产党叛乱威胁的国家或民族；该主义的首次表述出现于1947年美国总统杜鲁门在国会所作的关于要求对希腊和土耳其提供援助的演说中，这被共产党人视为公开的冷战宣言）NATO▪In 1949, the United States—in company with 11 other powers—entered into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).The Vietnam War▪ A long-time suffering for the US▪Started under Eisenhower and continued by Kennedy and Johnson•In 1965 US sent in troops to prevent the South Vietnamese government from collapsing. Ultimately, a failure•In 1975 Vietnam was reunified under Communist control.The Civil Rights MovementTwo other diplomatic breakthroughs:▪Re-establishing US relations with the People’s Republic of China▪Negotiating the first Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty with the Soviet Union •Table Tennis Foreign Policy/Ping pong diplomacy•Nixon–first US president visited Beijing.•The “Shanghai Communiqué”—a new US policy:–there was one China;–Taiwan was part of China;– a peaceful settlement of the dispute by the Chinese themselveswas in American interest.Watergate Scandal of President Richard Nixon in 1972the illegal sabotage and espionage of Nixon’s Committee to Re-elect the President.Impeachment ---charge (the holder of a public office) with misconduct弹劾（官员） Watergate Scandal⏹To defeat his adversary, Nixon hired five burglars to set up wiretaps(窃听装置) to getconfidential information in the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex ;⏹It was exposed and became the biggest political scandal in the history of America;⏹Because of the pressure of public, Nixon was impeached and resigned in 1974.水门事件与华盛顿邮报1972: 尼克松总统为竞选连任在对手竞选总部安装窃听器被”深喉”举报给<华盛顿邮报>尼克松威胁: 报道误导,不公正<华盛顿邮报纸>不为所动两年之后,尼克松成为美国历史上第一位被被弹劾的总统<华盛顿邮报>记者Carl Bernstein, Bob Woodward获普利策奖America Since 1980’sRonald ReganAt sixty nine, Reagan became the oldest person ever elected as US President in 1980.•Economic program–reductions in income taxes and business taxes–deep cuts in federal spending in every area except defenseGeorge W. Bush Period▪George W. Bush: The 43rd president of the US elected in 2000▪During his first term, three major tax cuts▪Since 2003, America has had the fastest-growing economyThe war against terrorism▪Terrorist Event on September 11, 2001Invasion of Iraq▪On March 19, 2003 an invasion of Iraq by American and British troops started, supported by small contingents from several other countries.•“Trial of century”—the trial of Saddam began on October, 19, 2005 in Baghdad.•Saddam is accused of crimes against humanity.。
Introduction:The United States is a country of the western hemisphere, comprising fifty states and several territories.It is a “super”country in the world and has more than 200 years history, a quite short history than other ancient countries. Within the paper, we are going to talk about the history of America in ten parts. It is the Pre-colonial Era, the Colonial Era, the war for independence, Westward Expansion, the Industrial Revolution, the Civil War, Industrial Expansion, the World War I and II, and the modern times.Body:Pre-colonial Era: In 1492, Columbus landed at one of the Caribbean islands and he called the local people Indians.More than 20,000 years ago, a group of so called Indians wandered into North America from Asia.Amerigo Vespucci first confirmed the fact that a new continent had been discovered.The New World was named America to honor Amerigo Vespucci.The Colonial Era:In 1607, three ships crossed the Atlantic Ocean and landed by the side of a river--the James River. Then the first English colony was founded at Jamestown, Virginia.In 1620, a tiny ship called the “May flower” sailed from England for the New world, with 102 passengers. 50% were Pilgrims. Landed in what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts.During the first 150 years, the British colonies in North America became a “melting pot”.By the early 1760s, English settlers had established 13 colonies along the Atlantic coast.The War for Independence:there are several reasons that lead to the war.Economy: The economy in the 13 colonies developed very fast. However, the British government was to make every effort to press the development. Politics: The British government passed many laws, such as the Quartering Act and the Stamp Act, to impose new taxes from the colonies on sugar coffee and textiles. On the contrary, the colonies kept the belief “No taxation without representation”. Culture: In the long term of communication, they formed the common culture. The national consciousness of thecolonies woke up. In1775, the Continental Congress established a Continental Army under the command of George Washington.On July 4th,1776, the Congress adopted the declaration of independence. That date is now celebrated annually as America’s Independence Day.In 1787, a constitutional convention was organized.The United States Constitution was ratified in1788.Westward Expansion:Beginning in nineteenth Century, thousands of people, over the Appalachian Mountains, move to the west. Some pioneer emigrated to the United States border, even deepened in Mexico territory as well as Alaska，California and Oregon. By 1796, a few more states have been created.In 1803, America buys Louisiana from France.The Industrial Revolution: The Industrial Revolution began in Britain during the 18th century. This movement rapidly spread to America, and by the first half of the 19th century, American inventors were designing a variety of practical machines.The period also witnessed a rapid development in transportation. Such as the National Road, the Oregon, etc. Meanwhile, Americans built many canals. Such as the ErieCanal, this important canal made it possible for boats to carry goods to the West.The Civil War: In the early 1860, 11 Southern states seceded from the union. The other group of government, the North, said that they would pay any price to unity. In 1861, the Fort Sumter made the civil war break out. Americans were face to face with each other in this bloody war. The South has been severely damaged,and left deep scars. The four years of bloody fighting between the North and South had staggering effects on the nation. About 360,000 Union troops and perhaps 260,000 Confederate troops died; no other war in American history has taken so many American lives. It caused enormous property damage, especially in the South where many Southern cities, towns plantations, factories and railroads lay in ruins.Industrial Expansion:America’s industrial expansion was the most important post-war development. Prior to the Civil War, typical American industry was small. Hand labor was widespread, which limited the production capacity of industry. During the postwar period, American industry changed dramatically. Hand labor was replaced by machines, and the productive capacity of industry increased tremendously. Many interrelated developments contributed to the industrial growth of the United States.The USA in World War I: US claimed its neutrality.they stayed out of the war unless their rights and interests were violated.German acts of aggression brought the USA closer to joining the Allies, and the US declared war on Germany on April, 1917. The American Expeditionary force of nearly 2,000,000 soldiers played an important part in the war. The German Army retreated to its homeland, and the war ended inNovember 1918.The World WarⅡ:At first, the US kept the attitude of isolation and neutrality.After the Pearl Harbor, the America entered into the war. Once the war was declared, it quickly mobilized its manpower and industries. It controlled prices and allocated war supplies to the nation's armed forces and allies.Dropped the deadly atomic bomb on two Japanese cities, the US won and World War Ⅱ ended.Modern Times: there are three famous presidents:Bill Clinton(1992-2000),George W. Bush(2001-2009), Barack Hussein Obama(2009-now)Conclusion:Since the founding of more than 200 years, the United States have experienced crucibles, but still stick to liberal democracy political system and become a typical country of constitutional democracy and civil liberties. America's huge economic, culture, science and technology, and military influence throughout the whole of the 20th century. In the first World War and the second World War, the United States and its Allies won together. After decades of the Cold War, Americafinally brought down the Soviet Union and then become the only superpower in the world. We believe that it will continue to play a leading role in the world's economy, politics, technology and popular culture.That’sa conclusion of what we just talked about.Thank you!Reference:“The Society and Culture of Britain and America” (Chapter 1-Origin and History)。
美国文化概况Chapter 1 Population, race and ethnic groups第一章人口和种族1) Introduction①American is the third most populous country in the world, with 255.5 million people. It isa nation of immigrants. Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth. There are many racial and ethnic groups. Between 80% and 90% of immigration in the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic counties. The first immigrants in American history came from England and Netherlands. Population movements are common in America.美国是世界上的第三大人口国，总人口约2.555亿，仅次于中国和印度。
美国是一个移民大国，移民人口是其人口总数增长的重要原因。
美国的有着不同民族和种族的人口。
在目前美国移民人口中，80%-90%来自亚洲和西班牙语国家。
美国历史上最早的移民来自于英格兰和荷兰。
人口迁徙在美国十分普遍。
2) Black people and the Civil Rights Movement①blacks and slaveryThe largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S., which 12.1 per cent of the population; the first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.美国最大的少数人种是黑人，占人口的12.1%；1619年最早的人人作为奴隶被运至美国。
美国历史与文化美利坚合众国（英语：The United States of America，简称：The United States、America、The States，缩写：USA、The US），简称美国，是由50个州和华盛顿哥伦比亚特区组成的联邦共和立宪制国家。
美国本土位于北美洲中部，东临大西洋，西临太平洋，北面是加拿大，南部和墨西哥及墨西哥湾接壤。
除阿拉斯加州和夏威夷州之外，48个州都位于美国本土。
阿拉斯加州位于北美大陆西北方，东部为加拿大，西面和俄罗斯隔着白令海峡。
夏威夷州则是太平洋中部的群岛。
美国在加勒比海和太平洋还拥有多处境外领土和岛屿地区。
此外，美国在全球140多个国家和地区拥有374个海外军事基地。
美国目前有50个州、一个联邦直辖特区及若干境外领土，面积约962.9万平方公里（其中陆地面积915.8960万平方公里，内陆水域面积约20万平方公里，五大湖中美国主权部分约17万平方公里，河口、港湾、内海等沿海水域面积约10万平方公里），位居世界第二或名。
在英语中，亚美利加和美利坚为同一词“America”，只是中译不同，前者指美洲，后者指美国。
[20][21] “哥伦比亚”是美国一度流行的名称，来自哥伦布，一些美国事物至今仍沿用“哥伦比亚”的名称，如华盛顿哥伦比亚特区、哥伦比亚广播公司等。
1.2中文名称在清朝，美国又被称为米国（日本翻译为“アメリカ合衆国”，简称“米国”），比如曾国藩就说过：“米夷质性淳厚，于中国时思效顺”。
中国开始接触美国时，称为“亚美理驾洲大合众国”，简称“美国”或“合众国”，参见1844年《中美望厦条约》：“兹中华大清国、亚美理驾大合众国欲坚定两国诚实永远友谊之条约及太平和好贸易之章程……”，因美国国旗的花样，别称“花旗国”，一些美国事物的中文译名至今仍沿用“花旗”的名称，如美国特产花旗参以及美国最大银行之一花旗银行（Citibank）。
美国的谚文名称“미국”所对应的朝鲜汉字，在韩国（标准韩国语）为“美國”，在朝鲜（文化语）则为“米國”；至于美国在越南国语字中的惯用名称“Hoa Kỳ”，所对应的越南汉字名称为“花旗”。
1) The "discovery" of the New World 发现新大陆①The "first Americans" were the Indians 最早的美国人是印第安人②In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, supported by the Spanish queen, he led his men to sail across the vast ocean in 1492 and reached some small islands in the now west Indies. He thought he had reached Asia and didn't know he had discovered a New Continent.15世纪后期，意大利航海家克里斯多弗.哥伦布，在西班牙女王的支持下,于1492年率领船队穿越浩瀚的大西洋，抵达了现在西印度群岛的一些小岛。
他误以为到达了亚洲，并不知道自己已经发现了一个新大陆。
③Ameriga Vespucci proved that the land was a new continent. Therefore, the land was named America after him.阿美利歌•韦斯普奇证明了这是新大陆，因此，以他的名字命名。
2)Causes of the colonization of the New World 殖民时期Opportunity was a magic word.机遇是一个神气的词①The new Would drew English nobles (who dreamed of getting more land and establishing great new estates.).②Drew other people who could not find jobs in England.③Most of all , it drew the poor and the homeless from the farmlands and villages of Europe.④Many settlers came to the English colonies in search of religious freedom because they had been persecuted in England.1）他吸引了英国的贵族（那些梦想在荒原上创建庞大的新地产的）2）吸引那些在英国无法找到工作的人。
