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浅论跨文化交际中的中美文化差异时间:2014-05-23 来源:未知作者:8029 点击: 8875 次摘要：随着中国改革开放的不断深入，有着不同的中西文化背景的人们在进行跨文化交际中，文化冲突的事例层出不穷，严重影响了交往的顺利进行，这大多是由于不同文化之间的差异所造成的。
因此，我们很有必要找出其深层次的原因，避免文化冲突，使交流能顺利进行。
本文论述了中美文化的主要差异，分析了导致中美文化差异的渊源。
旨在说明：了解中美两种文化不仅有助于加深理解东西方文化，更有助于东西方文化的交流。
关键词：跨文化交际文化差异儒家思想随着我国改革开放的石投资副总经理王玲：迎来更可靠的5000点我们对2016年股市充满了信心，牛市将再现。
不仅如此，曾经给人们带来伤痛的5000点，或许会再次被突破，只是这次，我们迎来的可能是更加牢靠的5000点，而不是危机四伏的5000点。
首先，2016年经济不会出现硬着陆，整体来说经济会有一个企稳复苏的迹象；其次，资金面和政策面。
目前政府还是把股市像10年前的房市一样提到非常高的地位。
政府的工作重点就是供给侧改革，需要资本市场强有力支持，种种中央的信号表明对资本市场的支持力度2016年还是非常大的。
我们建议围绕供给侧改革或者十三五掘金，其中梳理三条主线，就是智能制造、节能环保、消费。
重阳投资总裁王庆：2016年结构化明显整个的市场风险已经得到相当的释放，从机会上来讲，支持市场的一些重要基本面的因素本质上没有发生变化。
前瞻性的看，2016年可能这个市场将会表现出愈益明显的结构性特征，因为系统性的机会，短期内不大可能再发生，市场将更多的表现出这种慢牛行情的可能性更大。
尚雅投资董事长石波：资产荒的时代还会延续资产荒的时代还会延续，因为利率在降低，对收益率优良的资产越来越稀缺，2016年股市仍然是一个平衡，区间在3000点到4000点。
从布局来看，2016年要关注新股热和并购热，行业方面，新兴产业的市值我们认为2020年会超越传统产业，其中看好教育、科技、文化、卫生、医疗、体育、美丽产业。
一、简单介绍人通过不同的方式进行交际，其中最重要的方式之一当然是通过语言。
当语言被记载下来的那一刻，语言就可以完全从它发生的语境中脱离出来，它可以被看作是一个独立的，自我包含的过程。
对人类来说，很显然语言是非常重要的部分，但它却不是人类交际的全部。
非语言交际的研究是语言研究的一个有力的补充。
通过对非语言交际的研究，人可以更好的了解他人。
一些学者发现，语言和非语言交际，两者是互相依附的。
这在大部分的情况下确实是正确的。
但是在某些场合下，肢体的行动与所说的相互对立。
当这一情况发生时，我们就要去找到进一步的信息，或者通过语境来猜测说话者表达的真正含意。
二、学习非语言交际中身势语的重要性及必要性尽管我们也许没有意识到，当我们与别人交流时，我们所使用的远远超出了语言本身。
通过表达，我们同时也在用肢体来表达我们的感情，比如说微笑或是伸出手来表示欢迎等等。
在大家看来，点头意思是“是”，张开手挥舞是在说“再见”，在别人说话或是听讲座是靠在椅背上或是打哈欠表示缺乏兴趣，感觉无聊。
但是，在某些文化背景下，以上所提到的身势语却表达了其他的含意。
对斯里兰卡人、尼泊尔人、一些印度人、一些爱斯基摩人来说，点头不是“是”而是“不是”。
所以为了用外语和别人有效的交际，我们应该知道伴随语言同时产生的姿势、身体运动所表达的意思。
三、身势语在中国和美国的具体种类和应用（一）交流时的安全距离不同的人对人们在交流时应保持的安全距离有着不同的见解。
研究表明，在美国，人们在社会和商业关系中，主要有四种距离：亲密、个人、社会和公共。
其中，亲密距离是指４５厘米到直接肢体接触之间，产生于关系亲密的人之间，如丈夫和妻子；个人距离指４５厘米—８０厘米，主要发生于朋友、熟人、亲戚之间；社会距离指１．３米—３米；而那些在一起公事或在社交聚会中谈话的人通常都要保持更远的距离，这就是公共距离，通常情况下在公众发言或教师在教室中都属于公共距离。
还有一点我们要时刻记住，那就是大多数的英语国家都不太喜欢人们靠他们太近。
跨文化交际中中美文化价值观差异内容摘要：跨文化交际学属于社会语言学，是一个起源于美国的较新学科。
随着全球化的进展，文化差异已成为跨文化交际的障碍。
在跨文化交际中，不同国家和民族的不同价值观会造成双方交流的误解。
本文对这两种价值观作了探讨，并分析了产生这两种价值观的文化差异，以有利于减少和防止跨文化交际中的误解或冲突。
关键词：跨文化交际中美文化差异价值观一.跨文化交际中中美价值观差异形成的原因跨文化交流最需要克服的因素不是通常意义上的语言和习俗，而是价值观之间的差异，那么中美两国之间由于地域和文化的不一样，在价值观的形成上也有各自的路径，值得被认真进行研究。
那么在对中美两国之间的价值观进行比拟的过程当中，认真分析这些形成因素，能够对两国之间的交流起到正面积极的作用。
〔一〕家庭因素家庭作为社会最根底的单位，是由夫妻两人达成的，这既是这个社会最根本的一种关系，也是社会中最主要的一种关系。
他们作为人际关系中最亲密的一种，如何能够处理好两人之间的关系，成为了很多夫妻在意的焦点。
而婚姻作为每一个人生命中极重大的事情，要了解中美婚姻观念的差异，就要知道中美文化当中最大的两个不同，第一便是在美国，最主流的思想是言论自由，注重个人的权益，尊重每一个个体的思想;而中国却不一样，我们一直以来所推崇的就是集体主义，主张人与人之间的联系和依存。
第二就是美国人在心里上更喜欢冒险，有很强的进取精神和掠夺精神;但是中国人以和为贵，更中立的心态，不喜欢纷争，爱好和平。
因此从上述的区别中就可以看出来，两个国家是两种完全极端的心理。
当然这两种比拟只是一种数据上的表达，并不能说是严格的代表了中美两个国家的所有人，而比拟文化的探究，是一般的趋势，特殊的例外是难免的。
〔二〕历史因素作为古文明的发起国，中国历史悠久，是一个传统的文明古国。
而美国的建国时间短，更多的是受到欧洲历史的影响。
因此两国之间不管是历史背景还是开展历程包括地理位置都是完全不一样的两个国家，彼此之间的差异太过明显：1.伦理观的差异中国文化儒家思想的影响久远，可以说“忠孝礼仪〞几大点已经成为了中国人做人做事的标杆。
跨文化交际中的中西方人际关系认知差异中西方文化在人际关系认知方面存在着一定的差异，这种差异源于两种文化背景和价值观的不同。
在跨文化交际中，了解这些差异对于顺利沟通和交流至关重要。
本文将从交际方式、性别角色、隐含规则和表达方式等方面探讨中西方在人际关系认知中的差异。
中西方在交际方式上存在明显的差异。
在中国文化中，人们更注重合群和团体意识，强调人际关系的亲密和互助。
在中式文化中，人们更倾向于通过间接、隐蔽的方式来表达自己的想法和情感。
而在西方文化中，个人主义和自我表达的特点更加突出，人们更倾向于直接、坦率地表达自己的观点和情感。
这种差异在跨文化交际中很容易引发误解和冲突。
在商务活动中，一位中国人可能会避免直接拒绝对方的要求，而是通过委婉的方式来表达自己的立场，而这在西方文化中可能会被认为模棱两可和不诚实。
中西方在性别角色认知上也存在一定的差异。
在中国传统文化中，男女在社会角色和权利上存在着明显的差异，男性更加强调权威和责任，而女性更加强调柔和和忍让。
在中式人际关系中，男性通常会承担起更多的责任和义务，而女性则更多地承担起家庭的责任。
而在西方文化中，男女更加强调平等和自由，男女之间的社会角色和权利更加平衡。
这种性别角色的差异在跨文化交际中也会导致一些问题，在商务谈判中，西方女性可能会更加直率和自信地表达自己的意见，而这在传统的中式文化中可能会被认为不够女性化和不合适。
在隐含规则和表达方式上也存在着差异。
在中国文化中，人们更加重视隐含规则和非言语交际，比如面子、尊重和礼节等。
在中式人际关系中，人们更注重言外之意和非言语交际，比如微笑、眼神和姿态等。
而在西方文化中，人们更注重直接和明确的表达方式，更加强调言语交际和逻辑推理。
这种差异也会在跨文化交际中导致理解和沟通的困难，比如一个西方人可能会认为对方的笑容是表示同意或赞许，而这在中国文化中可能只是一种礼貌性的表示。
中西方在人际关系认知中存在着一定的差异，这种差异源于文化的不同背景和价值观。
跨文化交际中的中美文化差异分析跨文化交际中的中美文化差异，了解中美两种文化不仅有助于加深理解东西方文化，更有助于东西方文化的交流。
随着我国改革开放的深入发展，不同国家、不同文化之间的人们的交往日益增加，特别是中国加入WTO 以后，中国和西方国家的交往日益频繁，西方社会的人和事物越来越多地走进了我们的视野，在这种情况下，跨国域、跨民族、跨文化的经济和社会交往将会与日俱增，这对于加深我们的西方社会的理解是一件好事，但这并不是一件简单的事情，因为我们所面对的是来自陌生的文化和国家，思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式与我们迥然不同的人，在与之交往的过程中，不可避免地会出现文化冲突的现象。
例如，英语中的Blue Room ，如果不了解这是指美国白宫中总统接见至亲好友的那个粉刷成天蓝色的房间，你就不可能准确地把它翻译成内客厅。
这种由于不了解对方文化而造成的跨文化交际方面的误解与损失，简直不胜枚举。
作为东西方文化的代表，中美两国有着迥异的文化特征。
一、中美文化的差异 1.中国文化 中国是个有着五千年文明史的东方大国，历史文化源远流长。
中华民族上下五千年，孕育了悠久灿烂的东方文明，形成了神秘而古朴的东方文化。
它是一个独特的文化体系，深深植根于儒家、道家和佛家思想。
中国文化涉及到了人与自然、人与社会、物质与精神的方方面面，是一种由善到美，带有浓厚的人化色彩的文化。
中国文化的核心是天人合一的宇宙观，和而不同的哲学观，刚健有为的进取观，以天下为己任的价值观，崇礼重德的伦理观。
其特点是相对内敛、温和、沉稳。
中国的传统价值观认为，个人的价值是通过个人对社会的贡献体现出来的。
个人不仅要对自己负责，还要对别人和社会负责。
中国人强调集体主义，认为集体利益高于个人利益。
当两者产生冲突时，个人利益应该作出必要的牺牲以保全集体利益。
以儒家思想为核心的中国传统文化，历来主张尊卑有别、长幼有序，尤其是在人与人交往时都必然要受到各自的地位和角色的制约，否则就是失礼。
Contrastive Analysis on Intercultural Business Communicationbetween China and America中美跨文化商务交际对比分析摘要：本文主要对比分析了中美两国在商务交际中体现的文化差异。
中美两国的文化有着重大的不同，例如，中美对历史与未来的看法、对集体与个人的观点，以及国人冒险精神的差异等。
这些差异会对中美的许多交流活动产生重要的影响。
如今中美的商务交际越来越频繁，在交际过程中，要特别注意这些文化差异，避免因此而产生的纠纷。
关键词：文化差异；商务交际；对比分析Contrastive Analysis on Intercultural BusinessCommunication between China and AmericaAbstract:This paper make a contrastive analysis on the cultural differences in business communication between China and America. Chinese culture is much different from American, for example, Chinese and American views on history and future, people’s opinions on collective and individual ideas in the two countries, and differences of the spirit of adventure of their countries, and so on. Many of these differences will have an important impact on many interchange activities. At present, business communication between China and America becomes more and more frequent. We should pay more attention to the cultural differences in the communication process so that we can avoid some unnecessary disputes during the activities.Key words: cultural differences; business communication; contrastive analysis1IntroductionCulture is a shared and learned behavior which is transmitted from one generation to another for purpose of promoting individual and social survival, adaptation, growth and development. Culture has both external and internal representations [1]. People always mean quite different things when they talk about culture.Intercultural communication is the circumstance in which people with diverse cultural backgrounds interact with each other [1]. The crucial element in this form of communication is that culture has the impact on their communicative behaviors. Intercultural business communication has become relevant hot issue presently, it is a communication by members of different cultures for business or workplace purposes. It can deal with the issues of communication and business within the discipline of the intercultural communication [3]. Intercultural business communication takes place in a business context, which means the need for business context should be emphasized. Without business context, intercultural business is ill-focused and not effective. Therefore, the study of intercultural business communication needs the knowledge of business and intercultural communication.For the purpose of helping people to distinguish the differences of different cultures, many researchers have put forward different models. A critical point is that we can analyze different dimensions [2]. In this paper, I will introduce five different dimensions to analyze the differences between China and America. Here are the five terms: 1) past orientation or future orientation; 2) individualism or collectivism; 3) large power distance or small power distance; 4) high context culture or low context culture; 5) strong uncertainty avoidance or weak uncertainty avoidance.2Literature ReviewAmerica is a future orientation country, while Chinese regard past as important. American pay more attention to individualism. That means they care more about private interest. In other way, Chinese think collective interest is more important than privacy. Thirdly, in China, there is a large power distance between boss and employee,but in America, people think a small power distance makes it easier to communicate with each other, and this will promote the development of matters. Forth, China is a high context culture country, while America will not add a lot of other meanings when communicating, they talk more directly.Chinese think highly of their past, while American pay more attention to future. This situation is based on the history of this two countries. America is a country which has developed very well in the last two hundred years. The pace makes people pay more attention to their future life because their got less history stories to recall. It is the opposite in China. Time orientation is a relative stable factor in cultural differences. Liu W.Q (2012) discussed the relationship between time orientation and history. In general, countries with a long history will get a past orientation, while countries, like America, with a short history will pay more attention to future. She also said that the differenc e can be showed in people’s attitude to “old”. Chinese use “old” to present an attitude of respect, while American think “old” means negative, so they try to avoid using “old” in daily life.When we talk about individualism and collectivism, we can’t stop paying more attention to their differences. Yuan jin and Guo chun xia(2012) have studied this term based on the theory of S-Dimension. In China, people are taught to protect the collective interest when they were young. Moreover, all the Chinese education teach people to protect collective interest first, so that spirit of collectivism is strong in China. However, the American pay more attention of privacy, they believe interest of their own is the most important thing in their life. Actually, history and the development of the society result in the difference.The power distance reflects the relationship between employers and employees. Xia meiqing discussed the relationship under different properties of power distance. She contrasts power distance of China and American, countries has the reverse attitude to power distance. China is a typical high power distance country, while America is the opposite. In America, boss and the employees have the equal position.Another difference between China and America we should pay attention is their context culture. China is a high context country. Liu yudong and Zhou yin(May, 2011)analyze the characters of high context culture and low context culture. They think high context culture will use a lot of knowledge which people have already known to explain their meaning, they always express indirectly. In the other hand, the American always talk directly, they pay more attention to the definition of their expression, so that others will understand them easily. This is a method to improve the efficiency, the effect is more distinct in their work.When talking about the uncertainty avoidance, people will think that the American is the group who has the attitude of weak uncertainty avoidance which means they will probably choose the uncertainty in order to make a higher interest. However,3Discussion3.1Past orientation or Future orientationTime orientation means the attitude that people treat time and the process that people use time [16]. China is a typical country with past orientation, while America is a future orientation country.China is a nation with 5000 years of splendid civilization, its heritage shaped the people of the past time orientation.The history of the United States is shorter, and they don't have much to review. People in America are more for the future, they focus on the foreseeable future or the recent future. They think closely related to the success of the future, so they work hard to earn tomorrow's happiness. Most American feel difficult to understand the waste of time of other countries’ people.In business, different time orientations have an important influence on communication [7]. For example, when Chinese businessman talk about something old, or put forward to follow the rules, American will always stop the idea. They think we should create something new to break the rules, so that we can earn more attention. We can understand this difference from the promotion of time-travel TV drama. Promotion in China always stress the encounter of leading role and some historical events. In China, people tend to focus on the past history, the concrete embodiment of the value orientation in the film and television entertainment culture is Chinese herotravel back to ancient times. Based on historical events to show the hero's love/hate [6]. American time-travel through time, however, in contrast to China, the hero crossing into the future. American through the show is more subjective to create the future [10].In business activities, idiom is also a very important element in communication. “Youth look forward and age backward” is a typical taste of American idiom. American won’t spend and waste their time thinking about the past, but looking at the plan for the future. However, there is not such a distant futu re, the ideal “future”, always means life in the schedule plan in order to realize the "future" [15]. In other way, Chinese idioms such as “姜还是老的辣”，“不听老人言，吃亏在眼前” indicate that “old” i n China stand for abundant experience [15]. In business activities, Chinese think we should follow the rules, while American call for break the tradition and create a new system.3.2Collectivism or IndividualismValue is one kind of social awareness. It leads the thinking model and behavioral norms of people. Collectivism stands for people pay more attention to the interest of group, while individualism indicate that people think more about private interest. Actually, this two awareness results from two completely different social systems. China is a socialism country while America is a typical developed and socialism country.Culture is closely linked to value. People of different cultural background will have different values [14]. Collectivism and individualism, as the product of different culture, embodied the value differences between east and west. With the development of cross-cultural communication and economic and cultural aspects of the comprehensive globalization, under the background of a culture, there may be various, not only the values, in a variety of values, of course, there will be a kind of values as the mainstream values, and coexist with other values.American individualism index reach to 91, it is a country attaches great importance to the value of individualism. In business communication, they are often alone. Decisions generally willing to be made by their own and try not to ask forinstructions from bosses. On this dimension (20) in China, the collective interests above all else, personal achievement is often represented to the name of the collective.In business communication, Chinese businessmen should comply with American independent personality [8]. American are fond of alone, they are not willing to accept others' help. When communicating with them, Chinese business man should follow their independent personality and free space to give as much as possible.Collectivism and individualism differences will result to barriers in business communication between China and America [6]. Chinese businessmen are more conservative, they pay attention to status and are particular about manners. In the process of negotiations, Chinese businessmen use to negotiate principles and discuss more about details. They care much about the establishment of harmonious interpersonal relationship in the negotiation. Compared with Chinese businessmen particular about "form" and "face", the western businessmen pay more attention to practical benefits. In the negotiations, the western businessmen tend to eschew principle to renegotiate conditions.3.3Large power distance or small power distancePower distance is a kind of culture differs from another culture. It is the first dimension, refers to the social recognition and acceptance of the scope of the unequal distribution of power in the organization. Power distance, refers to the low status of people accept the degree of power distribution inequality. Whether they are willing to accept or not willing to accept [6].China belongs to the preface-structure and social structure, the western culture belongs to parallel social structure. Chinese value social identity and status, therefore, they care more about etiquette, it is the same in business activities. They also pay attention to the team members' position and level, respect for high-rise and authority. Even the final resolution, they also tends to be collective discussion, care leadership decision. Westerners advocate freedom and equality, emphasis on personal subjective initiative in the business activities, specific to each work, the responsibility can even considering the necessary decisions and have the necessary task power.In business activities, power distance always indicate difference between people. Communication between China and America should pay more attention to the other side. When it comes to the status, we businessmen should take note. Man of high position should have more respect. When communicate with the Chinese from the large power distance cultures, more attention should be paid in detail, so that it may reflects the status of high and low points of people in group. For example, when accommodate for the Chinese business group, we should put people of higher status in tall buildings while person of low position in the relatively lower floors of the building. In other terms, when table group members business cards one by one, we should be strictly in accordance with its membership from higher status to low, or it will be make the visitors feel awkward or even refuse to accept.When presenting Chinese delegation members gifts one by one,we should not only to ensure that people of higher status to receive gifts first, but also on the choice of gift according to the other party status [4]. That is to say, the man of high position should obtain more exquisite gifts. Highlighted the position high and low points of behavior in large power distance culture is seen as a respect for the power and authority, is the reflection of social order in communication. In small power distance culture, superior and subordinate often exchange and communication, and trying to make myself look less powerful, in order to weaken the position of each other.3.4High context culture or low context cultureContext refers to the verbal communication and nonverbal communication basis or implied by the social, historical and cultural background, as well as the actual environment of space and time (verbal and non-verbal) or within the context of the text (written).In different cultures, the interpersonal communication may generate huge differences because of different context [12]. In high context culture communication, more information is expressed by social and cultural environment and situation, or internalized in the communicator's deep thinking or memory. Explicit code load by a relatively small amount of information and the communicator are sensitive to thenuances of environment.In low context culture, a lot of information is expressed by explicit code, so that invisible environment will express a relatively small amount of information. It is generally believed that eaten countries belong to high context culture, while western culture to the low context culture [12].In business communication, the talking norms play an important role in negotiation. Difference in American and Chinese concentrated in the preference for straight and euphemism.American from low context cultures prefer to call a spade, attaches great importance to the direct and simple way to communicate. They try to avoid silence. In western cultures, silence is considered as a "lack of confidence" in the interpersonal communication, or even escape topics or responsibility. Silence also means that the negotiations may have failed. It is the interruption of communication. In the process of negotiations, they tend to make clear and definite answer to the problem.High linguistic and cultural background of the Chinese emphasizes the har monious, they won’t directly express their emotions [9]. Because of the complicated communication, the sensitivity and ability of receivers attaches great importance to the indirect communication and information. Chinese regard silence as a kind of important communication function. Pause and silence is rich in meaning, as well as approving wordless. So in high context culture, keep silence is a praiseworthy act [11]. In the process of negotiations, high context culture participants tend to its twists and turns of expression.3.5Weak uncertainty avoidance or strong uncertainty avoidanceUncertainty avoidance is mainly about people’s attitude to uncertainty about the future. A strong uncertainty avoidance culture is often rule orientation. It uses to establishing a series of laws, regulations, system, which limits to reduce uncertainty. A weak uncertainty avoidance culture has high tolerance for uncertainty situation and resilience. It is usually more willing to change, to take risks [13].Chinese culture belongs to strong uncertainty avoidance culture while Americanculture belongs to the weak one. When it comes to the attitude to difference, Chinese traditional thinking is hard to tolerate different opinions, and "eccentric" is regarded as very dangerous [13]. Because difference can lead to conflict, uncertainty may generate adverse consequences.On the other hand, American advocate the spirit of criticism which make people dare to question, to rebut the arguments made by the others or even the authority. Businessmen in the United States enjoy discussing with his partners who can put forward different views.Uncertainty avoidance perform in all aspects of communication. In intercultural business communication, the strength of the uncertainty avoidance degree is very obvious. A strong uncertainty avoidance habit of culture communication like planning carefully or arranging in advance. A weak uncertainty avoidance habits of cultural communication is just the opposite, they often leave room when making arrangements or plan [13].4ConclusionIntercultural conflicts occurring in the business communication between Chinese and American participants are resulted from the different expectations of cooperative and polite behaviors [5]. According to the discussion in the above chapters, we sum up that the cultural difference will have an important effect on communication in business. People are always going to suit others culture, while they also can’t pay attention to all of the cultural difference. This will cause misunderstanding, or even conflict in business.The five aspects I have discussed above are the basis terms which we should pay more attention. We should think more about others in business, and don’t be confused when we can’t understand. That’s may be the key t o intercultural communication in business..References[1] Fan S.S. Cultural influences on the business context in interculturalcommunication [J] Overseas English 2014(14):294-295[2] Huang D.Y. A study on intercultural business negotiation—Based on a case [J]Overseas English 2013(15):283[3] Li J.N. The ways of intercultural communication contribute towardsbusiness: Focusing on intercultural business communication model [J] Overseas English 2012(19):274[4] 陈振峰，刘先福论霍夫斯泰德权力距离文化维度对跨文化商务交际的启示[J] 赤峰学院学报2012(V ol.33,No.3):133[5] 鞠燕娥中美商务交流中的跨文化冲突[D] 青岛大学2008[6] 刘娜中西跨文化商务交际中的文化因素探究[J] 产业与科技论坛2014（V ol.13,No.6）:122[7] 刘雯祺跨文化交际中的中美时间观之对比分析[J] 创新2009（7）：28-29[8] 刘茵中美商务跨文化冲突策略研究[J] 中共福建省委党校学报2012（12）：110-111[9] 刘育东，周迎全球化背景下中美高低语境文化的对比研究[J] 河北学刊2011(V ol.31,No.3):234[10] 牛健强从中美穿越剧折射出的时间取向差异看中美文化差异[J]文学评论2015（2）：56-57[11] 孙千惠，史顺良浅析高低语境视角下中美汽车广告的语言[J]兰州交通大学学报2014（V ol.33）:86-87[12] 吴翠萍浅析高低语境文化差异对中美贸易谈判的影响[J] 中国外资2012(12):36[13] 伍先禄，彭爱和从不确定性规避理论看中美跨文化交际的心态调整[J]湘潭师范学院学报2009(V ol.31,No.5):99[14] 原晋，郭春霞跨文化交际中的个人主义与集体主义—S维度论[J]中国高等教育2012(7):145[15] 张琪从习语分析中美时间取向的差异[J] 商界评论2015(3)：239，258[16] 周艳春论中美时间观的文化差异[J] 作家2010(8):159-160；.。
中美恋爱文化差异英文作文英文：When it comes to the cultural differences in dating between China and the United States, there are definitely some interesting contrasts to consider. In the US, datingis often seen as a more casual and relaxed process, where people may go on multiple dates with different partners before committing to a relationship. On the other hand, in China, dating is often viewed as a more serious and purposeful endeavor, with the goal of finding a long-term partner from the start.One major difference is the concept of "dating around" versus "exclusive dating". In the US, it's common forpeople to date multiple individuals at the same time, andit's not considered taboo to do so. This is because datingis seen as a way to get to know different people and figure out what you're looking for in a partner. However, in China, it's more common for people to focus on one person at atime, with the expectation that the relationship will become exclusive fairly quickly.Another difference is the role of family in dating. In China, family plays a much larger role in the dating process, and it's not uncommon for parents to be involvedin setting their children up on dates or even arranging marriages. In the US, while family opinions are important, individuals have more autonomy in their dating decisions.In terms of expressing affection, there are also differences between the two cultures. In the US, public displays of affection are common and it's not unusual to see couples holding hands or kissing in public. However, in China, public displays of affection are much less common and are often seen as inappropriate.Overall, these cultural differences can lead to misunderstandings and challenges for individuals from different countries who are dating. It's important to be open and understanding of these differences in order to build a successful cross-cultural relationship.中文：当谈到中美两国的恋爱文化差异时，有一些有趣的对比是值得考虑的。
跨文化交际研究中中美身体语言对比研究跨文化交际研究中中美身体语言对比研究摘要：人类的交际通常可分为言语交际和非言语交际。
中国和西方在非言语行为上的文化差异主要体现在不同文化通过不同的手势或动作传达相同的信息，和同一手势或行动在不同的文化中表达不同的意思。
本文对比研究了中美两国生活中经常出现的非言语交际形式的不同。
首先介绍了身势学相关概念，然后从体势、手势、面部表情、目光接触、触摸五个方面对比分析了中美肢体语言的差异。
从而得出了启示：我们必须注意本土语言和目标语言中非言语行为的差异，并在跨文化交流中加以合理运用。
关键词：身体语言；文化差异；跨文化交际H030A1 . 前言人类的交际通常可分为两种：言语交际和非言语交际。
事实上，在日常生活中，我们不仅通过言语交流，在非言语交际上也花费了大量的时间，通过这一手段传达了丰富的情感信息。
我们应注意到，有些非言语交际的行为在众多相异的文化中是共通的，但其规则仍受文化的影响。
有时，不同文化之间的差异可能会给非言语交际带来误解。
随着中美两国直接联系的日益增多，提高对两种文化的理解也越发变得重要。
非言语交际影响着来自两国个体之间的交往方式，影响双方最终是达成理解还是产生误解。
因此，理解两种文化的差异对于建立和谐的关系尤为重要。
本文旨在帮助读者理解并认同中美两国人们在日常交流过程中非言语交际的差异。
以下行文中将着力介绍身体语言。
2 . 身势学2 . 1 体势体势是指人们常见的身体姿势。
体势通常可以分为三种：站立、屈膝姿势（包括坐、蹲、跪）和躺卧。
虽不乏共通因素，但在每种文化中，各个体势都有其独特的非言语交际含义。
体势和就坐的习惯可以折射出一种文化的根本框架，对于中美文化而言均是如此。
中美两国人们站立和就坐的习惯上存在众多差异，双方可能都会对此感到困惑。
在中国，当被引见时，无论男士还是女士都应该起立；而在美国，当一位女士被介绍给一位男士时，除了对方的社会地位很高，否则女士无需起身。
Intercultural communication姓名：董美辰学号：20102237学院：数学与统计学院专业：统计学（金融与精算方向）Thesis statement：This paper is intended to make a comparison about the dating between Chinese and American to see their differences and similarities. The illustration of dating would mainly contain two parts: the actions and the thoughts and the cultural reasons and revelation will be analyzed finally.Outline：1. Introduction2. Comparison between Chinese and American dating2. 1 Similarities2. 2 Differences2.2.1Behaviours2.2.2Activities2.2.3Purpose and Attitude3.Reasons for different behaviors and attitudes between China and America3.1 religious and traditional values3.2 relationship with marriage3.3 expressing ways4.Revelation5. ConclusionReference1.IntroductionAs start point of the path towards marriage, the function and meaning of dating is obviously very important. Accordingly, if we want to have a better and comprehensive understanding of the different views on marriage between American and Chinese, it is necessary to analyze the difference in dating customs between people from the two countries.As we know, dating includes all the activities that men and women do together for having a better understanding of each other and developing a further relationship. Taken in this sense, it is the same for every one over the world. However, due to the great difference between American and Chinese in culture, tradition and belief, people in America and those in China have different customs in dating.Considering the above, I'd like to illustrate the topic in two main aspects: the behaviors and the thoughts. That just match along with human's body and soul. The actions of body will be demonstrated by the behaviors and the activities ,while the souls will be elaborated by the purpose and attitude. Thus ,we shall understand both cultures and manage the dating in our life in a better way.parison between Chinese and American dating2. 1 SimilaritiesAs a critical step for two people's relationship, dating is a way for them to get a better understanding of each other. People are always changing and growing. They have a date aiming to have a further relationship with the other. Also,dating relates to all the romantic things and lovely memories.Inevitably, sometimes couples may quarrel and even break up when they are dating. So all dates show this character: uncertainty. The affair develops unpredictable as it depends on the feelings of two people.In addition, festivals celebrating the love exist in both countries. Chinese have the Tanabata Day and Americans have the Valentine's Day. People date on the special day to show their love to their half apples.2. 2 DifferencesDifferences are reflected by the actions of body and rooted in their souls.The actions of body will be demonstrated by the behaviors and the activities ,while the souls will be elaborated by the purpose and attitude.2.2.1BehavioursThe behaviors varies in the two countries. So here, three typically specific cases will be illustrated to explain it.Firstly, how many dates shall a single have?In America, it is normal for people to have a date with different persons of the opposite sex in a period. But it is hard to imagine that this scene will appear in China.Plato once said ,"Maybe God wants us to meet a few wrong people before meeting the right one, so that when we finally meet the person, we will know how to be grateful." This has become a widely accepted western thought. So in Americans' opinion, only by coming into contact with many persons who have different character, different hobbies and different backgrounds, she or he can get the man or woman who is the most suitable one.Most of Chinese people agree with that viewpoint, but they still have a date with only one person in a period, following their customs and traditions. For Chinese, dating with only one person shows their sincerity and respect to each other. This custom relates to Chinese traditional culture, whichemphasizes the respect to others. It will provoke criticism in China if one dates with different men or women in the same period. However, as above, it is normal in America.Secondly, who is more active when dating?Emphasizing punctuality, most American will arrive the appointed place on time. The woman may call or directly invite the man if she has a good feeling for him. Women are as active as men.On the contrary, Chinese women are too shy to do that. They prefer to show the missish appearance ,never being too active. Sometimes they are allowed to be a little late for the dating and the men seldom get angry for that. So relatively,men are more active.Thirdly, whose treat?Lovers usually have dinner and other entertainments together. Americans tend to go Dutch when they have a date. On one hand, it reflects the independence which is a part of Americans' characters. On the other hand, it also depend on their view and attitude towards dating. Since the dating is just a kind of social activities, they certainly do as well as daily. And in America, women don't want special treatment, going Dutch is a good way to avoid offence.It's obvious that Chinese people hold different opinions. Under the influence of Chinese traditional culture, people in China, especially men, tend to pay for the bills after dating. By this action, men want to show their good manners and respect to women. Different from American women, Chinese women don't regard this action as peculiarity and most of them think it as deserved. They even appreciate this action called male chauvinism.2.2.2ActivitiesSince the dating is a common way of social activities, it leads to a inside world of a person .Americans behave relaxingly.Their conversation and activities base on their mutual hobbies. A party is an excellent and common occasion for dating. In the party, they can dance, talk , making less embarrassed feelings. Here are more activities can make the same effects.Watching a popular game like Baseball Bugs or American Football game together can be a good choice for these sports fans. Many American couples also do sports together. Quiet ones may choose to watch an opera or a concert in their free time. Once they have the same hobbies, they can get closer more easily.It is different in China. Due to the close relevance to marriage, most people are serious towards their dating. Chinese choose decent restaurants or clubs.On dating, man and woman try to show their good manners and behave overcautiously. They talk about themselves in brief and ask some basic questions about each other's job, family, incomes and so on. So is the first dating. A park or a movie theater is the routine place for dating in China. Shy Chinese ones tend to talk about some individual things,thus leading to a slower progress of the relationship. Americans may have sex with the dates regardless of their dating times. It's obviously that few Chinese think of that at the beginning .Chinese always try to get all the aspects of a person and make a decision through only one short date. It's not much reasonable. Compared with Americans' dating, Chinese people are too cautious to cover their nature and it is hard to know each other well by dating. So, maybe it is easier for Americans to show their characters and have a understanding of each other by this way.2.2.3Purpose and AttitudeThe purpose and attitude are linked to people's souls or, in other words, their thoughts.The purpose of dating of Americans seems pure. As Plato said," Don't try so hard, the best things come when you least expect them to."For American, dating does not have close connection with marriage. The man and woman will develop friendship rather than love relationship. It is a long time before they establish the formal love relationship even if some of them already have sex. Usually, thedating makes no fruits or convert into a social activity. In short, Americans enjoy dating and seldom hurry to draw a final conclusion to a relationship.Traditionally,Chinese people tend to find a suitable mate by dating, which makes a close connection with marriage. Mao Zedong, the hero for Chinese ,once said,"One who don't take marry as the goal love is playing the hoodlum."So as we can see, they often base their prospective marriage on the dates. Often, Chinese would be compelled to date if he or she is still single when he or she approaches about 30. So, dating is important for Chinese, especially the singles.In a sense, Americans regard dating as a kind of entertainment or a way to show themselves and make friends. In China, with its five-thousand-year history, traditional culture affects people deeply. Chinese people think of the dating as a way to marriage. So ,they treat it seriously and pay more attention to their manners.3.reasons for different behaviors and attitudes between China and America3.1 religious and traditional valuesFirst and foremost, the values of two different cultures result the discrimination.The value of personal freedom and independence has a great influence on the dating behaviors and attitudes in America. They believe that love affairs should not bounded with some irrelevant things. The nationalities ,the ages ,the status ,the money ,the appearance--every thing can be ignored as long as love exists.In China, the long history and the civilization leave people the conception to be honest to others and conservative themselves. So dating with different people in one period must be criticized and estranged. At the same time ,if females are too active, they may leave the public some bad impressions.3.2 relationship with marriageSecondly, the relationship between dating and marriage makes a big difference.For Americans, marriage is a completely personal matter. Everyone has his freedom to choose his marriage and is not influenced by the society and others. So for their future happiness, they will try their best to find a man or woman who is the most suitable by dating with different people. In this sense, the custom is not obscure.With the influence of the traditional culture, marriage, for Chinese, is not a personal business. For thousands of years, Chinese insist a opinion well-matching in social and economic status, which is a contradiction to the Americans' opinion.It is a complex made up by the society, families and traditional beliefs, such as the Confucianism. So people have to try another way to find their love which is not against their traditions. They will start a new date until the former ends. Women are educated to be reserved and elegant, while men are taught to act gentle in front of women.3.3 expressing waysThe last reason for the existent differences is the entirely different expressing ways. Usually, Americans mostly have the low-context communication , they like to express themselves in an explicit way. They seldom give an ambiguous answer to the other. So after several times of dating ,they would show their attitude clearly: friend or lover. Oppositely in China, people tend to talk in a high-context way. The implicit expressions often make people confused about the attitude of the other. So the dating may last a long time with no actually progress.4.revelationNowadays, people are no longer limited to date in a stubborn pattern because of the cultural penetration. They appreciate new ways and emphasize unique feelings or things no matter in China or in America. Of course in China, dating with various persons in one period may bring some pressure tothe one, but it's worth trying. Regardless of the gender, people should be brave and active to persue their true love. As the saying goes , love is boundless. So whatever people do is reasonable in this case. For Americans, sometimes dating may become a game, a thoughtless thing. After all, dating has great influence in everyone's life. People may as well think it over when they make any decisions.In this high-speed developing and changeable era, dating in a free way and be harmonious with one-selves living environment may be a better choice. Last but not least ,wherever and whoever you are dating , keep your own value!5. ConclusionVarious discriminations exist in Chinese and American dating, rooted in their own culture. Chinese way of dating is the product of the traditional Confucianism and other Conservative thoughts, while American way of dating is the product of mixed values and the free and individual thoughts affected by the religions and other factors. Both dating ways have their virtues and their faults. The ways not only reflect certain aspects of their people's value but also bring people different means of happiness. A comparison of Chinese and American dating can not only help students realize the marvelous world but also lead them to a mature thought that they should cope with their individual problems in a correct way．Love ,in a way that you love. Date in a way that you enjoy yourself. Anyway ,it's the most wonderful thing in the world.ReferenceSymposium.Plato.Hertfordshire:Wordsworth Editions Ltd,1998.The Rules (TM) Dating Journal.Ellen Fein, Sherrie Schneider.New York：Grand Central Publishing, 1997.我爱故我在.熊哲宏.北京：北京大学出版社，2011.跨文化交际.张爱琳.重庆：重庆大学出版社，2008.。
