AgeS- An Agent System
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优固洁管道疏通剂作用原理The principle of action of the YOUGUJIE pipeline dredge agent is mainly based on the composition of the product. 优固洁管道疏通剂的作用原理主要是基于产品的成分组成。
The product contains a variety of chemical agents that work together to dissolve and break down the buildup inside the pipes. 该产品含有多种化学成分,这些成分共同作用来溶解和分解管道内的堵塞物。
These agents can include powerful solvents, surfactants, and enzymes that target different types of blockages such as grease, hair, soap scum, and food particles. 这些成分包括强效溶剂、表面活性剂和酶类,可以针对油脂、头发、肥皂渍和食物颗粒等不同类型的堵塞物。
When poured into the pipes, the agents react with the blockages, breaking them down into smaller particles that can be easily flushed out with water. 当倒入管道中时,这些成分会与堵塞物发生反应,将其分解成较小的颗粒,便于用水冲洗排除。
In addition, the agents also have a lubricating effect, which helps to reduce friction and allow for smoother flow of water and waste through the pipes. 此外,这些成分还具有润滑作用,有助于减少摩擦,使水和废物在管道中更顺畅地流动。
不同的血液净化方式对中分子毒素清除的影响随着透析器膜材料和透析设备的快速发展,对尿毒症毒素、透析充分性、透析相关并发症认识的深入,血液净化方式也得到了进一步的拓展。
最初对CRF发病机理的研究将尿素、肌酐等小分子溶质作为主要尿毒症毒素,70年代提出“中分子物质”学说,将毒素分为小分子和中分子物质两大类。
近年研究发现,ESRD患者除中分子肽类外,一些低分子量、甚至较大分子量的蛋白质也因清除或代谢障碍发生量或质的变化,这些变化能导致各种与尿毒症相关的病理生理改变。
目前通常将尿毒症毒素分为三大类:小分子水溶性毒素、中大分子类毒素和与蛋白质结合的毒素。
并认为中大分子毒素(如AGEs、β2-M、PTH等)与尿毒症患者的症状及一些透析远期并发症如心血管疾病(CVD)、β2微球蛋白相关淀粉样变(β2-MG-A)、感染、营养不良、肾性骨病等有关。
晚期糖化终末产物是体内多种蛋白质的氨基酸、脂质和脂蛋白经非酶促糖基化反应产生的终末产物。
不同的透析方式对毒素的清除不同,常规的低通量透析不能有效清除中,大分子毒素1,而血液透析滤过和高通量透析对中分子毒素的清除效果报道不一,本文就不同的透析方式(血液透析滤过、高通量透析和普通血液透析)对中分子毒素的清除效果做一综述。
糖化终末产物AGEs是在非酶促条件下,蛋白质、氨基酸、脂类或核酸等大分子物质的游离氨基与还原糖的醛基经过缩合、重排、裂解、氧化修饰后产生一组稳定的终末产物。
该反应早在1912年就被法国化学家Maillard发现,故又称Maillard反应。
在反应早期,蛋白质的氨基与还原糖的醛基缩合成一不稳定的Schiff碱,该过程需时很短,而且是一可逆过程;然后由Schiff碱经过环化、异构化重排形成醛胺类产物,即Amadori产物;Amadori产物可以经过氧化、降解、脱水、重排产生醛类(aldehyde)、双碳化合物(dicarbonyl)、还原酮类(reductone)等中间产物,这些中间产物可进一步聚合或再与氨基酸、核酸反应形成AGEs1,2。
上海高考词汇句型整理A1.abandon: vt.abandoned house (废弃的房屋)abandon his wife and children (抛妻弃子)abandoned his journey (放弃了旅行)2.ability: n.have the ability to do sth.. 有能力做某事to the best of one's ability (尽其所能)3.about: prep,be about to do. ….when…(当…的时候,某人正要做某事)How I What about (doing) sth. ?(做某事如何?)set about doing sth. (开始着手做…)4.above: prepabove all (首先,首要的是)5.abroad: adv.study abroad I travel abroad (出国留学/出国旅游)home and abroad (国内外)6 absent: adj. absence: n.be absent from (缺席)an absent-minded professor (心不在焉的教授)in the absence of sb./ sth. (在没有…的情况下)7. absorb vt.absorb heat I energy/ (吸收热量/能量)absorb .knowledge (接受知识)be absorbed in (全神贯注于…)8. access n. accessible adj.sb. has access to sth. (有权接近或享用。
)sth is accessible to sb. (某人有权接近,使用某物)9accomplish vt. accomplished adj. (有成就的) accomplishment n.accomplish one's goal10. account vi. & n.account for (说明…的原因)take ... into account / consideration / take account of (把…纳入考虑的范畴) on account of (由于)11 accuse vt.accuse sb. of sth. (指责某人某事)blame sb, for sth. I charge sb. with sth.12. accustomed adj.be /get I become I grow accustomed to doing sth. / sth.(习惯于…)13.achieve vt. achievement n.achieve some victories (取得胜利)achieve one's ambition (实现志向)achieve one's goal实现目标)achieve success (取得成功)achieve nothing (一事无成)14. act vi, vt,&n. action n. actor/ actress n.act as (担任,充当)pass an act (通过一项法案)take action to do sth (釆取行动)15.adapt v.adapt…to. ../ be adapted to sth / doing sth (适应)16. add v. addition n. additional adj.add to (增加)add… to …(将。
doi:10.19677/j.issn.1004-7964.2024.03.004艾力特AT 鞣剂在浸酸与不浸酸工艺体系下的鞣制性能王思懿1,强西怀1*,李闻欣1,段郑军2,张江山2,郑超斌2(1.陕西科技大学轻工科学与工程学院轻化工程国家级实验教学示范中心,陕西西安710021;2.北京泛博清洁技术研究院有限公司,北京102600)摘要:以绵羊酸皮为实验对象,使用新型有机鞣剂艾力特AT 分别在常规浸酸和不浸酸两种工艺体系下进行鞣制,通过坯革的收缩温度、纤维形貌及其热力学性能等分析测试,主要考察艾力特AT 鞣剂在浸酸与不浸酸工艺体系下鞣制性能的差异性。
实验结果表明:在两种工艺体系中,鞣制工艺条件的变化对鞣制效果产生了相似的影响;在艾力特AT 鞣剂用量6%时,两种不同工艺体系下鞣制的坯革收缩温度都可以达到89℃。
此外,鞣制坯革粒面饱满,毛孔清晰,热稳定性和力学性能基本接近。
因此,艾力特AT 鞣剂在浸酸与不浸酸工艺条件下,基本鞣制效应差异性不明显,这对于推广和应用基于艾力特AT 鞣剂的无铬鞣制技术具有一定的理论指导意义。
关键词:艾力特AT;无铬鞣剂;无铬鞣制;制革中图分类号:TS 529.2文献标志码:ATanning Performance of the EIT AT Tanning Agent in Picklingand Non-pickling Tanning Systems(1.College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering,Shaanxi University of Science&Technology,Xi ’an 710021,China;2.Beijing Fanbo Clean Technology Research Institute,Beijing102600,China)Abstract:This study aimed to investigate the tanning performance of a newly organic chromium-free tanning agent,EIT AT.The pickled sheepskins were used in the experiment.By using two different tanning systems:conventional pickling and non-pickling,the shrinkage temperature,fiber morphology,and thermodynamic properties of tanned leather were analyzed.The results showed that the change of variations in tanning process has a similar impact on the tanning effect in two different tanning systems.At the 6%amount of EIT AT,the shrinkage temperature of the crust leather can reach above 89℃;The crust leather exhibited full grain and clear pores,as well as similar thermal stability and mechanical properties in two different tanning systems.Therefore,the tanning effect of EIT AT tanning agent shows less differences with pickling or non-pickling conditions.The results provide a certain theoretical guidance for the popularization and application of chromium-free tanning technology with EIT AT tanning agent.Key words:EIT AT;chromium-free tanning agent;chrome-free tanning;leather manufacture收稿日期:2023-12-06修回日期:2024-01-08接受日期:2024-01-10基金项目:陕西科技大学研究生创新基金第一作者简介:王思懿(1999-),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向:清洁化制革生产。
C hoice A I User G uideIndex1.Choice A I B rief1.1.What i s C hoice A I?1.2.Installing C hoice A I1.3.Adding a d omain1.4.Adding a s ubdomain2.Dashboard3.Smart B anners3.1.What a re S mart B anners?3.2.Creating y our f irst S mart B anner4.Smart P ages4.1.What a re S mart P ages?4.2.Creating y our f irst S mart P age4.2.1.List P agending P age4.2.3.Modified L ist P age4.2.4.Modified L anding P age4.3.Changing P age s ettings a fter p ublishing5.Smart E lements5.1.What a re S mart E lements?5.2.Creating y our f irst S mart E lement5.3.Limiting t he n umber o f d isplayed p roducts5.4.What a re V ariants?5.4.1.Creating y our f irst V ariant5.4.2.Designing V ariants5.4.3.Managing V ariants6.Visual E ditor6.1.What i s t he V isual E ditor?ing t he P lacement E ditor6.3.Basics o f P resets,S tyles,a nd T emplatesing t he H TML E ditor6.5.The P review M ode6.6.Accessing t he S tore T heme6.7.Detecting t he S tore T heme6.8.Importing I mages f rom6.8.1.Facebook,I nstagram,P interest,a nd U nsplash6.8.2.Canva,B annerSnack7.Settings7.1.Enabling/Disabling C hoice A I o n d evices7.2.Allocating t raffic f or C hoice A I7.3.Adding y our m obile w ebsite7.4.Training C hoice A I8.Frequently A sked Q uestions8.1.Do I n eed t o l earn c oding t o u se C hoice A I?8.2.How o ften a re t he p roducts u pdated?8.3.Are c hanges I mmediately V isible?8.4.How t o p ublish a w idget?8.5.How t o h ide a w idget?Choice A I B riefChoice A I i s a p ersonalization e ngine t hat e nables e Commerce s tore owners t o e mpathize m ore w ith t heir c ustomers u sing i ntelligent interfaces.C hoice A I’s I ntelligent I nterfaces r espond t o e ach s hopper’s needs u sing1:1p ersonalization a nd d ynamic c omponents t hat c an change i n r eal t ime.What c omes w ith t he p ackage?Smart B annersInfluence s hoppers’d ecisions w ith A I p owered b anners o n y our eCommerce s tore.S mart b anners p rovide a1:1p ersonalized experience b y c hanging i ts c ontent i n r eal-time t o r eflect e ach s hopper’s interests.Smart P agesCreate i nfinite u ser e xperiences w ith S mart P ages.C hoice A I i dentifies each s hopper’s p references a nd c hanges t he w ebsite c ontent t o s how products a nd o ffers t hat m atch t heir n eeds.I t m akes r elevant p roducts more v isible a nd c reates a u nique p ath-to-purchase f unnel f or everyone.Smart E lementsChoice A I’s S mart E lements a ct a s a n i nterface b etween y our s hoppers and y our w ebsite.I t u nderstands t heir i ntent a nd a ctively s uggests t he appropriate p roducts o r c ollections i n r eal t ime.B y b ringing t he products t o t he s hopper d irectly,t hey a re m ore i nclined t o m ake a purchase.What i s C hoice A I?Choice A I p rovides I ntelligent I nterfaces f or y our e Commerce s tore, essentially c reating i ntuitive p ath-to-purchase e xperiences f or e ach shopper.I t c ollects d ata f rom y our s hoppers i n r eal t ime,a nd c hanges your w ebsite b ased o n t heir n eeds.The m ain a dvantages C hoice A I o ffers a re:●Completely c ustomizable t emplates f or a ll A I w idgets i n o urtoolkit.●Visual E ditor t hat i nvolves n o c oding●Scalable i nfrastructure t hat g rows a s y ou g row●Best-in-class u ser e xperience p ractices f or y our w ebsite●Sell l ike a l arge s cale s tore w ith1:1p ersonalization●Operate m ore e fficiently w ith A rtificial I ntelligenceInstalling C hoice A IYou c an a dd C hoice A I t o y our M agento S tore d irectly f rom y our Magento A dmin P anelStep1:S etting u p y our C hoice A I a ccount●On t he s ignup s creen,y ou w ill s ee a l ist o f p latforms,c hoose“Magento”●You w ill t hen h ave t o f ill i n y our a ccount d etails,v erify i t a nd s et apassword f or y our a ccount●You c an a lso i nstall t he p lugin f irst a nd c reate y our C hoice A Iaccount l aterStep2:U ploading t he M agento p lugin.●Login t o y our M agento A dmin P anel,c lick o n t he S ystem T ab a ndchoose M agento C onnect M anager f rom t he d rop-down l ist.●Use t he“Direct p ackage f ile u pload”o ption t o u se t he f ile f romthis l ink a nd h it u pload●Configuring t he C hoice A I p luginOnce y ou i nstall t he d ata c ollection p lugin,y ou n eed t o e nsurethat t he r ight d omain k ey i s p asted o n t he M agento s ettings p age.●From y our M agento A dmin P anel,s elect t he c onfiguration o ptionfrom t he d rop d own l ist u nder t he S ystems t ab.●On t he C onfiguration p age,y ou w ill f ind C hoice A I l isted u nder t heservices s ection o n t he l eft s idebar m enu,c lick o n i t t o a ccess t he settings f or t he p lugin.●Enable t he p lugin a nd t hen p aste t he D omain K ey f rom t he i nstallpage i n C hoice A I a nd s ave t he c onfiguration.Step3:I mporting p roduct f eedFor c ustomers o n M agento,C hoice A I a utomatically i mports t he product f eed.O nce t he p roduct f eed i mport i s c omplete,y ou c an c lick on t he n ext b utton t o c omplete t he s etup.Adding a d omainYou c an a dd y our d omain t o C hoice A I b y f ollowing t hese s teps:●Click o n y our'Account'a t t he b ottom o f t he S idebar●Select y our e Commerce s tore●Click o n t he‘Add N ew D omain’b utton●Type o ut t he U RL o f y our d omain i n t he t ext b ox t hat a ppears●Click‘Add’t o a dd t he n ew d omainNote t hat t he n ew d omain w ill i ncur a dditional c osts b ased o n t he p lan it's o n.Adding a s ubdomainYou c an a dd a dditional s ub-domains b y f ollowing t hese s teps:●Click o n y our'Account'a t t he b ottom o f t he S idebar●Choose t he‘Setup’o ption●In t he'Get S tarted't ab,y ou w ill f ind a t ext b ox t hat s ays'Subdomains'●Add t he s ubdomain h ere●Click'Next'o nce y ou h ave f inishedFor e xample,i f''i s y our e Commerce s tore,a nd t he sub-domain i s','a dd'm't o t he'Subdomains't ext b ox in s tep3.DashboardTo c ompare h ow w ell C hoice A I h as p erformed,v isit y our d ashboard o r banner l isting p age t o s ee t he m ost r elevant m etrics.H ere,y ou c an f ind the f ollowing s tatistics:●Performance:Provides i nsights o n t he m ost r elevant s tatistics o n e ach o f y ourwidget.●Conversion:Check t he C hoice A I w idget m icro-conversions.●Benchmark:Comparison b etween y our c urrent w ebsite a nd C hoice A I e nabled elements●Engagement:Quantifiable n umbers o n t he e ngagement o f C hoice A IcomponentsSmart B annersWhat a re S mart B anners?Smart b anners c ontain d ynamically c hanging c ontent a nd c reatives t hat aim t o p rovide1:1p ersonalization f or t he e nd-user.A S mart B anner changes i tself b ased o n t he n eed,i nterest,a nd p reference o f t he shopper.Y ou c an u se S mart B anners i n y our e Commerce s tore t o efficiently r un m arketing c ampaigns,i nfluence c onversions,e tc.Creating y our f irst S mart B annerTo c reate a S mart B anner f or y our e Commerce s tore,f ollow t hese steps:●Click o n t he‘Smart B anners’p anel f rom t he S idebar●Click t he‘+S mart B anner’o n t he t op r ight c orner●Choose b etween‘Static B anner’a nd‘Dynamic B anner’●Under'General't ab,c hoose w here y ou w ant t o d isplay t he B anner●Under t he'Device't ab,c hoose t he d evices w hich c an s ee t heBanner●Under t he'Targeting't ab,s elect y our p referred t argeting o ptions●Choose y our p referred l ayout●Enter a‘Banner N ame’●Click‘Install’o nce y ou h ave m ade a ll t hese c hangesSmart P agesWhat a re S mart P ages?Smart P ages l ets y ou c reate u nique l anding p ages f or a ll y our campaigns i n j ust s econds.T he c ontent o n a S mart P age a dapts t o t he tastes o f e ach o f y our s hoppers.F or e xample,C hoice A I d ynamically rearranges y our m erchandise t o s how o nly r elevant p roducts a nd h ide ones t hat t he s hopper i sn’t i nterested i n.R ead t his p ost o n l anding pages f or m ore i nformation.Creating y our f irst S mart P age●List P ageTo c reate a S mart L ist P age f or y our W ebsite,f ollow t hese s teps: ○Click o n t he‘Smart B anners’p anel f rom t he S idebar○Click t he‘+S mart P age’b utton○Choose'List P age'○Under'General't ab,a dd a'Page H andle'a nd c hoose'Whatto P romote'○Click'Next'o nce y ou a re d one●Landing P ageTo c reate a S mart L anding P age f or y our W ebsite,f ollow t hese steps:○Click o n t he‘Smart P ages’p anel f rom t he S idebar○Click t he‘+S mart P age’b utton○Choose'Landing P age'○Under'General't ab,a dd a'Page H andle'a nd'What t oPromote'○Click'Next'o nce y ou a re d one●Modified L ist P ageTo m odify a n e xisting L ist P age f or y our w ebsite,f ollow t hese steps:○Click o n t he‘Smart P ages’p anel f rom t he S idebar○Click t he‘+S mart P age’b utton○Choose'Modify E xisting P age'○Choose'List P age'○Under'General't ab:■Add a n ame f or y our L ist P age■Choose t he S ort B y o ption y ou w ant C hoice A I t o u se ○Under'Device't ab:■Choose t he d evices o n w hich y ou w ish t o d isplay t hepage○Enter a‘Page N ame’○Click‘Install’o nce y ou h ave m ade a ll n ecessary c hanges●Modified L anding P ageTo m odify a n e xisting S earch R esults P age f or y our w ebsite,f ollow these s teps:○Click o n t he‘Smart P ages’p anel f rom t he S idebar○Click t he‘+S mart P age’b utton○Choose'Modify E xisting P age'○Choose'Search R esults P age'○Under'General't ab:■Type o ut t he e xisting s earch p age's U RL■Choose t he S ort B y o ption y ou w ant C hoice A I t oimplement○Under'Device't ab:■Choose t he d evices o n w hich y ou w ish t o d isplay t hepage○Enter a‘Page N ame’○Click‘Install’o nce y ou h ave m ade a ll n ecessary c hangesChanging P age s ettings a fter p ublishingTo c hange t he p age s ettings f or a n e xisting S mart P age,f ollow t hese steps:●Click o n t he‘Smart P ages’p anel f rom t he S idebar●Here,s elect t he p age y ou w ish t o m ake c hanges t o●Click o n t he‘Settings’t ab●Make t he r equired c hanges●Click‘Save’o nce y ou a re d oneSmart E lementsWhat a re S mart E lements?Recommendation W idgets,o r E lements a re d ynamic w idgets t hat c an personalize e ach s hopper's e xperience b y s uggesting p roducts dynamically b ased o n t heir i nterests a nd b ehaviour.Creating y our f irst S mart E lementIf y ou w ish t o a dd t hem t o y our s tore,f ollow t hese i nstructions:●Click o n t he‘Smart E lements’p anel f rom t he S idebar●Press t he‘+'b utton u nder t he r equired p age t ype●Choose b etween'Products R ecommendation'a nd'CollectionsRecommendation'●In t he'General't ab,c hoose t he p age(s)y ou w ish t o a dd t heElement t o●In t he'Device't ab,c hoose w hich d evices c an s ee t his E lement●In t he'Targeting't ab,s et u p t he u ser t ype,t raffic s ource,a ndtargeting b ehaviour●Give t he E lement a n ameLimiting t he n umber o f d isplayed p roductsTo l imit t he n umber o f i tems d isplayed i n t he R ecommendation w idget, follow t hese s teps:●Go t o t he V isual E ditor●Inside t he‘Design’t ab,c lick o n‘Product L isting’●In t he p opup t hat a ppears,c lick o n t he S ettings b utton●In t he‘Total P roducts’f ield,e nter y our d esired q uantity●Click‘Publish’o nce y ou’re d one●Click‘Install’o nce y ou a re d oneWhat a re V ariants?Creating y our f irst V ariantTo c reate a V ariant f or a ny o f y our E lements,f ollow t hese s teps:●Click o n t he‘Smart E lements’p anel f rom t he S idebar●Hover y our m ouse o ver t he E lement a nd c lick'Edit'●Click t he‘+A dd V ariant’b utton u nder t he‘A/B T esting’t ab●You w ill b e t aken t o t he V isual E ditor w here y ou c an c hoose t hetemplate a nd e dit t he d esign●Click‘Publish’o nce y ou a re d oneDesigning V ariantsIf y ou w ish t o e dit t he d esign o f a ny V ariant,f ollow t hese s teps:●Click o n t he‘Smart E lements’p anel f rom t he S idebar●Hover y our m ouse o ver t he E lement a nd c lick'Edit'●Under A/B T esting t ab,c lick o n‘Action‘a nd s elect‘Edit D esign’●You w ill b e t aken t o t he V isual E ditor w here y ou c an m odify i tsdesign●Click‘Publish’o nce y ou a re d oneManaging V ariantsManaging y our V ariants i s r elatively s imple.O nce y ou h ave c reated your v ariants,f ollow t hese s teps t o m odify o r m onitor t heir performance:●Click o n t he‘Smart E lements’p anel f rom t he S idebar●Hover y our m ouse o ver t he E lement a nd c lick'Edit'●You w ill f ind a ll r elevant s tatistics i n t he'A/B T esting't ab h ere●Here,u se t he A ction d rop d own t o E dit,D elete,o r D uplicate t heVariantVisual E ditorWhat i s t he V isual E ditor?The V isual E ditor a cts a s a g o-between f or y our w ebsite a nd C hoice A I. You c an c reate,e dit,o r m odify a ny C hoice A I c omponent w ithin y our website w ith t he V isual E ditor p lugin.●It d oesn't r equire a ny c oding k nowledge●You c an d eploy C hoice A I c omponents d irectly t o y our w ebsite●You c an c reate o r m odify t emplates f or a ny C hoice A I c omponent●It a lso s upports i ntegrations t o i mport i mages f rom v arioussourcesUsing t he P lacement E ditorThe P lacement E ditor i s a t ool u nique t o C hoice A I w hich h elps y ou place a S mart B anner o r E lement o n y our s tore w ithout h aving t o w orry about c ode o r t he s ite s tructure o f t he w ebsite.Y ou c an a lso u se t he Visual P lacement t ool t o e dit t he p lacement o f a ny o f C hoice A I components a fter P ublishing.To u se t he P lacement E ditor,f ollow t hese i nstructions:●Launch t he V isual E ditor f rom t he c omponent t hat n eeds t o b emodified●On t he L eft P anel,c hoose t he p osition o f t he E lement●Hover o ver t he a rea o n y our w ebpage w here y ou w ish t o p lace i tNote:I f a b lue b order d oesn't a ppear,s elect t he'Placement't abon t he l eft t oolbar a nd c lick o n'Repick t he E lement'●Once y ou h ave d ecided w here t o p osition t he E lement,c lick o nthe t ext t hat s ays'Element g oes h ere.C lick s ave t o s ee e lement.'●Click t he'Publish'b utton t o p ublish t he c hanges t o y our w ebsiteBasics o f P resets,S tyles,a nd T emplatesAny C hoice A I c omponent h as t hree t ypes o f p redefined d esign o ptions, which a re:●Presets:P resets a re d esigns f or s ingular p arts o f a ny w idget s uchas a b utton,i mage,t ext,e tc.●Styles:S tyles a re a s ub-class o f c omponents t hat c an b e c hangedper c luster.●Templates:T emplates a re d ifferent d esign v ariations o f t hecomponent w hich y ou c an s witch b etween.Note:A ll t hese o ptions a re c ompletely c ustomizable a nd y ou c an a lso save y our o wn P resets,S tyles,o r T emplates f or a f aster d evelopment flow.Using t he H TML E ditorThe H TML e ditor i s a vailable a s a n a lternative t o t he V isual E ditor f or developers w ho p refer t o t weak c omponents o r m ake m inor c hanges t o the c ode.Y ou c an a ccess t he H TML e ditor b y c licking t he‘Switch t o HTML e ditor’b utton o n t he l eft t oolbar i nside t he‘Design’t ab.W hen you s witch t o H TML m ode a fter y ou m ake a ll c hanges f rom t he V isual Editor,t he c hanges w ill b e r eflected i n c ode.H ere,y ou c an m ake f inal adjustments.The P review M odeThe P review m ode i n t he V isual E ditor c an b e a ccessed b y c licking o n the‘Preview’t ab o r c licking t he‘Esc’k ey w hich s witches b etween‘Preview’a nd‘Edit’m odes.T he P review m ode h as t hree c ombinations of s ettings t o t est b etween●Devices:D esktop/T ablet/M obile●8R esolutions o n a ll d evices●URL t ester f or t esting a s pecific w ebpage o n y our s toreAccessing t he S tore T hemeChoice A I a nalyzes y our w ebsite a nd d etects b rand c olors,s tyles, presets,t ypography,a nd f onts a nd s ets i t u p a s y our S tore T heme. Choice A I w ill a pply t he S tore T heme o nto a ny B anner,P age,o r E lement you c reate w ith i t s o y our u sers c an h ave a f luid,u niform e xperience. With t his,y ou c an c reate a ny c omponent w ithout h aving t o s pend t ime on m atching i t t o y our w ebsite.To a ccess y our S tore T heme,g o t o a ny o f t he A rtificial I ntelligence Panels(Banners,P ages,o r E lements)a nd c lick o n t he‘Theme’i con a t the t op r ight c orner.Detecting t he S tore T hemeIf y ou h ave r ecently r edesigned y our e Commerce s tore a nd w ish C hoice AI t o d o a nother s can o n i t,f ollow t hese s teps:●Click o n t he‘Account’P anel a t t he b ottom l eft c orner o f t hetoolbar●Choose‘Re-Detect T heme’●You w ill b e t aken t o t he T heme D etector w here y ou c an s can y ourwebsite a gainImporting I mages f rom●Facebook,I nstagram,P interest a nd U nsplashTo u se a n i mage o n y our F acebook o r I nstagram o r P interestaccount a s c reative f or y our B anners,j ust f ollow t hese s teps: ○Go t o t he I mage G allery○Choose t he r espective t ab(Facebook/I nstagram/P interest/U nsplash)○Copy t he U RL o f t he i mage o r p age○Paste i t o n t he t ext-box a nd c lick'Go'○Click'Choose'o n t he d esired i mage●CanvaTo u pload a B anner f rom C anva o n y our s tore,f ollow t hese s teps:○Go t o t he I mage G allery○Choose t he'Canva't ab○To c opy t he I mage U RL f rom C anva,■Follow t he i nstructions h ere■Use'Can V iew'i nstead o f'Can E dit'○Paste t he c opied U RL o n t he t ext-box a nd c lick'Go'○Click'Choose'o n t he d esired B anner●BannerSnackTo u pload a B anner f rom B annerSnack o n y our s tore,f ollow t hese steps:○Go t o t he I mage G allery○Choose t he'BannerSnack't ab○To c opy t he I mage U RL f rom B annerSnack,■Click o n y our B anner f rom t he'My B anners't ab■Click o n t he'Copy L ink'b utton○Paste t he c opied U RL o n t he t ext-box a nd c lick'Go'○Click'Choose'o n t he d esired B annerSettingsEnabling/Disabling C hoice A I o n d evicesChoice A I w orks e qually w ell o n a ll d evices.B ut i f y ou w ant t o c ontrol the d evices o n w hich C hoice A I a ppears,f ollow t hese s teps:●Click o n y our‘Account’a t t he b ottom o f t he S idebar●Select‘Settings’i n t he M enu●Select t he‘Target A udience’t ab●Select/Deselect t he d evices o n w hich y ou w ant C hoice A I t o w ork●Click t he‘Save C hanges’b utton o nce y ou a re d oneNote t hat c hanging t he d evice s ettings h ere w ill a ffect a ll c omponents across C hoice A I.I t i s a dvisable t o c hange t hese s ettings i n i ndividual element l evel i nstead.Allocating t raffic f or C hoice A IYou c an a llocate t raffic t o C hoice A I t o m easure i ts p erformance.F ollow these s teps t o s et t raffic:●Click o n y our‘Account’a t t he b ottom o f t he S idebar●Choose t he‘Settings’i n t he m enu●Choose t he‘Traffic A llocation’t ab●Use t he s lider t o a llocate t he p ercentage o f s hoppers t o w homyou w ant t o s how C hoice A I c omponents●Click t he‘Save C hanges’b utton o nce y ou a re d oneNote t hat s etting a v ery l ow v alue m ight i nadvertently a ffect t he performance o f C hoice A I n egatively.Adding y our m obile w ebsiteIf y ou w ish t o a dd a n ew s ub-domain,p lease f ollow t hese s teps:●Click o n y our'Account'a t t he b ottom o f t he S idebar●Choose t he‘Setup’o ption●In t he'Get S tarted't ab,y ou w ill f ind a t ext b ox t hat s ays'Subdomains'●Add t he s ubdomain h ere●Click'Next'o nce y ou h ave f inishedMake s ure y our s ub-domain s tarts w ith m.F or e xample,i f i s y our e Commerce s tore,a nd t he m obile s ite i s','a dd'm't o t he'Subdomains't ext b ox i n s tep3.Training C hoice A ITo l aunch t he t raining m odule,f ollow t hese s teps:●Click o n y our‘Account’a t t he b ottom o f t he S idebar●Select‘Training’i n t he M enu●Click o n t he‘Start T raining’b utton t o l aunch t he t raining m odule ●Click t he‘Finish’b utton o nce y ou a re d one(or)c lick‘Save f or L ater’Frequently A sked Q uestionsDo I n eed t o l earn c oding t o u se C hoice A I?No,i t's n ot r equired f or t he u ser t o h ave c oding k nowledge.T he b est part a bout C hoice A I i s t hat i t's d esigned w ith t he u ser i n m ind b ecause of w hich,w e h ave e liminated a ny r equirement f or c oding i n o ur a pp.A ll creation o f B anners,P ages a nd E lements i s d one i nside t he'Visual Editor'w hich d oes a ll t he c oding f or y ou.How o ften a re t he p roducts u pdated?Choice A I u pdates t he p roduct d ata f eed t hree t imes a d ay.C urrently you d o n ot h ave t he a bility t o c ontrol t he t iming o r f requency o f t hese product u pdates,b ut w e i ntend t o a dd t his f unctionality i n t he n ext update.C heck t his s pace l ater f or m ore n ews.Y ou c an a lso s ubscribe t o our m ailing l ist o r f ollow u s o n t witter f or a ll o ur r egular u pdates.Are c hanges I mmediately V isible?While a ll t he c hanges y ou m ake i n t he V isual E ditor a re p eriodically saved,C hoice A I w ill n ot m ake a ny c hanges t o y our w ebsite u nless y ou click‘Publish’.B ut a fter y ou c lick‘Publish’,t he c hanges y ou m ade w ill b e immediately v isible o n t he w ebsite.How t o p ublish a w idget?You c an p ublish y our S mart B anner,P age o r E lement b y c licking t he‘Edit D esign’f rom t he r espective p ages i n t he a pp a nd o nce i nside t he Visual E ditor,c lick‘Publish’.How t o h ide a w idget?You c an h ide a ny w idget t emporarily b y p ausing a ll i ts V ariants e ither i n the a pp o r i n t he V isual E ditor.I f y ou w ish t o c ompletely r emove i t,t hen you w ill h ave t o d elete t he w idget.For f urther q ueries,t ake a l ook a t o ur s upport d ocumentation o r s endus a m ail a t s****************.。
psychologicalhealthSports and psychological health。
As time goes by,more and more people pay more attention on health.As is konwn to all,our health is a very important thing.So,we must keep healthy by doing some sports.There are many things we can do on sport.For example,we can playbasketball,baseball,football and so on.Not only our body healthy is very important,but also our psychological health as well.Making good psychological health,we can chat with others.Talking with psychological teacher also can help our psychological health.as far as I am concerned,body healthy and psychological health can not be divided.we must keep balance on them.how to improve College Students' Psychological HealthAs the development of our country, more and more people getting involved in the competitive society, including the college students. And it is a common phenomenon that most of the college students have more or less a little psychological problems. For this case, I have some methods to deal with them.First, we should find out the causes of the problem. As a student, most college students worry too much about their study, which lead to constant pressures. So if we want to solve the problem, we should first take everything easy. Paying over attention to the study may drive us crazy and sometimes even cause our depression. Always working out for exercises can be a good way to reduce the pressure. That is the reason why colleges have sport classes.Second, some psychological problems are relevant to the communication between classmates. Some of the college students used to be the focus of the whole family and they are arrogant, indifferent and always keeping to themselves. Meanwhile different opinions among the students may lead to a row. In this case, there should be more group activities and communications which help the students to understand each other and develop friendships.Third, for the students who are going to step into the society, the most important thing is to get a job. Since the job hunters’number has grown, students are not easy to get a job that is suitable. Many students felt depressed and even sometimes they commit suicide. In order to solve this problem, we should have more psychological teachers in our colleges and do some researches. Social practical activities during the school time may improve the confidence of college students and let them understand the society early. And it also helps the student to prepare for their life after graduate when they are at school.In conclusion, psychological problems among the college students need more concerns form the whole society. But the most important is college students should be more aware of their own mental condition. Psychology is the function of the human brain ,it's the brain of the subjective and objective material world reflected. Human psychology, including psychological processes and individual psychological characteristics. Human mental activity has a process of happening,developing and disappearing. when people activities they usually senses the external world by the activities of mind about thinking through the causal relations between things, and accompaning by happy. Anger. Sad .All this is emotional experience. This reflects a series of mental phenomena is the psychological process of the whole process. By their nature can be divided into three areas, namely, the process of cognition. Emotional process and will process, referred to as cognition, emotion and meaning.Health psychology is a relatively new field which is evolving and developing as one of main areasof applied psychology. Although its early beginnings can be traced to the kindred field of clinical psychology, four different approaches to health psychology have been defined: clinical, public health, community and critical health psychology (Marks, Murray et al., 2005).Many researchers believe that physical health may be influenced by psychology through a variety of direct and indirect means. There is some evidence that certain negative mental states (such as depression and anxiety) can directly affect physical immunity through production of stress hormones, such as the catecholamines and glucocorticoids. Although this research is widely debated, there is also some indication that negative psychological states may lead to faster disease progression in certain diseases (such as HIV and heart disease) through these direct biological mechanisms. Negative emotional states may also indirectly affect disease processes through their influence on health behaviors. For example, depression has been related to many risk factors for poor health including overeating, smoking, physical inactivity, and poor medication compliance.Health psychology is the “…use of psychological principles to promote health and to prevent illness" (Taylor 1990); it is also part of clinical treatment for established illness. This approach considers the biological, cognitive, behavioral, emotional, social, psychosomatic and environmental factors as they relate to health, illness and health care at the level of individuals. This approach has adopted what it calls the biopsychosocial model.Clinical health psychology (ClHP)adopts a definition reflecting the fact that the field was originally a branch of clinical psychology; it is also a major contributor to the field of behavioral medicine within psychiatry. Clinical practice includes the techniques of education, behavioral change, and psychotherapy; with additional training, a clinical health psychologist can become a medical psychologist in certain countries and, consequently, prescribe medication.Organizational health psychology (OHP)is the use of health psychology knowledge and techniques as applied to health and illness in the workplace, at the individual and group levels.Public health psychology (PHP) tries to determine causation between psychological factors and health for the population as a whole, and present this information to educators, policy makers, and health care practitioners for the promotion of better public health. It gives prominence to population-level health outcomes and interventions. It is allied to other disciplines in the fields of global and public health including epidemiology, nutrition, genetics and statistics. Interventions are determined and "targeted" using population health statistics which evaluate health needs of various population groups as perceived by health authorities and policy makers. These interventions are "top-down" and tend to have varying levels of effectiveness across diverse population groups.Community health psychology (CoHP) approach tries to understand what is happening at a local level. Interventions are generated collaboratively with coalitions of stakeholders and are aimed to facilitate community empowerment to improve the physical and/or mental health of local people outside of any formal involvement of the health care system.Critical health psychology (CrHP) is concerned with the distribution of power and the impact of power differentials on health experience and behaviour, health care systems and health policy. It prioritises social justice and the universal right to health of peoples of all races, genders, ages, and socioeconomic positions. A major concern is health inequalities. The CrHPist is an agent of change, not simply an analyst or cataloguer. The field was developed through the foundation of the Journal of Health Psychology and the International Society of Critical Health Psychology.Health psychology is both a theoretical and applied field. Many different methods are employed including questionnaires, interviews, controlled studies, and actions designed to bring about change using "action research". Health psychologists conduct health interviews with clients that aim to construct a more holistic picture of each person’s health, one that includes their genes, religious beliefs, social supports, living conditions, emotional state, and beliefs of health, etc. They use this information to work alongside a person’s physicians and therapists to develop a treatment tailored for individual needs or to develop greater empowerment among the community's members so that the community is able to strengthen and sustain its own quality of life.Objectives of health psychologyUnderstand behavioral factorsHealth psychologists seek to identify the behaviors and experiences that promote health, lead to illness, influence the effectiveness of health care, and recommend improvements to health policy in their light. There are many examples of this. Smoking, diet, and regular exercise all contribute to the formation of disease. There are some minor associations between illness and individual characteristics such as personality. For example, it is claimed that individuals with thrill seeking personalities are more likely to drive fast, making them more likely to injure themselves in car accidents. And also that people distrustful of physicians will not get regular checkups.However there are contextual factors in the form of political, economic, cultural, community, social andlifestyle factors that have a more major influence on the health of particular individulas, although theywill not generally recognise these.Factors that lead to the behaviors that cause illness are of interest because they help psychologists to predict who is most susceptible to illness and why. There are many contributing factors that help determine our behaviors, and all of the dimensions of the biopsychosocial model can be applied to understand these interconnectons. Biologically, physical addiction plays an important role in smoking cessation. As does the psychological dependency on tobacco brought about largely by seductive advertising and other forms of tobacco promotion. Psychologically, people with high stress jobs are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease. Socially, people with low incomes have less access to health resources and screening processes. They also are exposed to greater environmental toxigens, lower levels of education, poorer housing, less healthy foods, higher smoking prevalence, and many other toxic socially determined living conditions.Health psychologists also aim to change health behaviors for the dual purpose of helping people stay healthy and helping patients adhere to disease treatment regimens. Cognitive behavioral therapy and behavior modification are techniques often used for this purpose.Prevent illnessPsychologists work towards promoting health through behavioral change, as mentioned above, but they prevent illness in other ways as well. Practitioners emphasize education as a large part of illness prevention, as many people do not recognize the risk to illness present in their lives. Or they are unable to implement the knowledge that they have owing to the pressures of their everyday existence. A common example of this is anti-smoking campaigns. Those least able to afford tobacco products consume them the most. It is a method for controlling emotional states, the daily experiences of stress that characterise the lives of deprived and vulnerable people. Health psychologists also aim at educating health professionals like physicians and nurses in communicating with patients in a way that highlights the psychosocial barriers to understanding, memorising and implementing effective strategies for reducing risk factors and making behaviour changes and that will help them to develop appropriate means for communicating information relevant to diagnosis, treatment and prognosis (Ogden, 2004).Explore the effects of diseaseThere is much to know about how disease affects our mentalwell being. When illness or accidents befall a person, theirentire life is affected. A psychologically healthyindividual who gets severely injured, say, now has manydifferent practical issues to contend with that will in turnaffect their psychological wellbeing. Who will take care ofthem while they recover? If they can’t work, how will theypay for bills or care for dependents? If this person seesthemselves as being self-reliant, how do they handle this newidentity? What if they cannot pursue their usual hobbies andinterests? All of these possibilities can affect a person’srelationships, self-esteem, stress level, happiness andbelief system. Many of these issues are economic and socialin nature rather than psychological but they have a directimpact on psychological wellbeing.This important field of study considers how those with terminal illnesses can lead a better life. When there is little hope of recovery, health psychology therapists can improve the quality of life of the patient by helping them recover their mental well-being.Critical analysis of health policyCritical health psychologists are exploring how health policy can impact on inequities, inequalities and social injustice. This expands the scope of health psychology beyond the level of individual health to an examination of the social and economic determinants of health experience both within and between regions and nations. The individualism of mainstream health psychology has been critiqued and deconstructed by critical health psychologists and newer qualitative methods and frameworks for investigating health experience and behaviour are advocated (Marks, Murray et al., 2005).Health psychologyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchHealth psychology is concerned with understanding how biological, psychological, environmental,and cultural factors are involved in physical health and the prevention of illness. Health psychologists work alongside other medical professionals in clinical settings, work on behaviour change in public health promotion, teach at universities, and conduct research. Although its early beginnings can be traced to the kindred field of clinical psychology, four different divisions within health psychology and one allied field have developed over time. The four divisions include clinical health psychology, public health psychology, community health psychology, and critical health psychology.[1] The allied field is occupational health psychology. Organizations closely associated with the field of health psychology include Division 38 of the American Psychological Association and the Division of Health Psychology of the British Psychological Society.。
网络信息安全英语练习题网络信息安全是现代社会中一个非常重要的议题,它涉及到保护数据不被未授权访问、修改、破坏或泄露。
以下是一些英语练习题,旨在帮助学生更好地理解和掌握网络信息安全的相关概念。
1. Multiple Choice Questions (选择题)Choose the correct answer from the options provided.a) What does "cybersecurity" refer to?- A) The study of cybernetics- B) The practice of protecting information systems from theft or damage- C) The design of computer networks- D) The creation of cyberspaceb) Which of the following is a common method used by hackers to gain unauthorized access to a system?- A) Social engineering- B) Social networking- C) Social media marketing- D) Social sciencec) What is a "firewall"?- A) A physical barrier to prevent fire from spreading- B) A software or hardware that monitors and controlsincoming and outgoing network traffic- C) A type of antivirus software- D) A network protocold) What is the purpose of "encryption" in cybersecurity?- A) To make data unreadable to unauthorized users- B) To increase the speed of data transmission- C) To reduce the size of data files- D) To improve the quality of network connections2. Fill in the Blanks (填空题)Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the list provided.- breach, protocol, phishing, malware, vulnerabilitya) A computer virus is a type of _______ that can cause damage to a system or steal information.b) An email that appears to be from a legitimate source butis actually designed to trick the recipient into revealing sensitive information is known as _______.c) A _______ is a set of rules governing the format and transmission of data over a network.d) A _______ in a system is a weakness that can be exploited by an attacker.e) A _______ of data security occurs when unauthorized accessis gained, often resulting in data loss or corruption.3. True or False (判断题)Determine whether the statements below are true or false.a) Two-factor authentication is a security measure that requires two different methods of verification to access a system. (True / False)b) Public Wi-Fi networks are always secure and safe to usefor online banking. (True / False)c) A strong password should include a mix of upper and lower case letters, numbers, and special characters. (True / False)d) It is not necessary to update software regularly because updates are only for new features. (True / False)e) VPNs (Virtual Private Networks) can provide an extra layer of security by encrypting internet traffic. (True / False)4. Short Answer Questions (简答题)Answer the following questions in a few sentences.a) What is the significance of using strong passwords?b) Explain the concept of "zero-day" vulnerabilities.c) How can users protect themselves from phishing attacks?d) What are some best practices for maintaining network security at home?e) Describe the role of a cybersecurity analyst.These exercises are designed to test and reinforce knowledge on various aspects of network information security. By practicing with these questions, students can enhance their understanding of the subject and be better prepared to tackle real-world cybersecurity challenges.。
Blue F orm B uilderextension f or M agento 2User G uideVersion 2.0Table o f C ontentsI) I ntroduction (5)II) G eneral C onfigurations (6)1) G eneral S ettings (8)2) R eCaptcha (9)3) R eCaptcha3 (10)4) F orm S ummary (11)III) M anage F orms (12)1) L ist o f F orms (12)2) A dd N ew F orm (17)3) F orm E dit P age (23)3.1 M agezon B lue F orm B uilder (25)3.2 S ettings (28)3.2.1 G eneral (29)3.2.2 E mail N otifications (31)a. A dmin (32)b. C ustomer (34)3.2.3 S uccess M essage (36)3.2.4 F orm i n W ebsites (41)3.2.5 C ustomer G roups (42)3.2.6 S earch E ngine O ptimization (SEO) (43)3.2.7 C ustom C SS (44)3.2.8 C ustom J avascript (45)3.2.9 A dvanced (46)3.2.10 E mbed (50)3.3 F orm S ubmissions (51)4) F orm E lements (52)4.1 C ommon S etting T abs (52)4.1.1 A ppearance (52)4.1.2 I con (56)4.1.3 A dvanced (58)4.2 C ommon E lements (62)4.2.1 S ingle L ine T ext (62)4.2.2 P aragraph (66)4.2.3 E mail (68)4.2.4 A ddress (70)4.2.5 D ate P icker (71)4.2.6 T ime P icker (79)4.2.7 F ile U pload (83)4.2.8 N umber (86)4.2.9 S tar R atings (89)4.2.10 W ebsite (91)4.2.11 S ingle C heckbox (92)4.2.12 S ubmit (94)4.3 M ultiple C hoice E lements (97)4.3.1 S elect (97)4.3.2 M ultiple S elect (101)4.3.3 C heckbox L ist (105)4.3.4 R adio L ist (111)4.3.5 C hoice M atrix (116)4.3.6 S ingle S lider (121)4.4 L ayout E lements (124)4.4.1 F ield S et (124)4.4.2 P ages (126)4.5 S ecurity &O ther E lements (137)4.5.1 M agento 2C aptcha (137)4.5.2 R eCaptcha (138)4.5.3 S ingle I mage (140)4.5.4 S ubscribe (159)4.5.5 C urrency (161)4.5.6 G oogle M aps (162)4.5.7 T oggle (166)4.5.8 P hone (167)5) V ariables (168)IV) M anage S ubmissions (174)V) F ile U ploads (183)VI) F orm W idgets (184)VII) F rontend E xamples (195)1) C ontact F orm 1 (195)2) C ontact F orm 2 (196)3) C ontact F orm 3 (197)4) C ontact F orm 4 (198)5) B ook Y our T our (199)6) B ook a n A ppointment (200)7) O nline B ooking F orm (201)8) D elivery F eedback (202)9) C ustomer S atisfaction S urvey (203)10) B uild a P izza (204)11) I T S ervice R equest F orm (205)12) R equest F or Q uote (206)VIII) S upport (207)I) I ntroductionWe b elieve t hat y ou d on't n eed t o h ire a d eveloper t o b uild M agento 2f orms. T hat's w hy we d eveloped B lue F orm B uilder ,a d rag &d rop f orm b uilder e xtension f or M agento 2 with a ll n eeded f eatures f or c reating P OWERFUL f orms E ASILY.●Create a ny f orm t ype●Drag &d rop●File u ploads●Easy f orm e mbedding●10+ f orm t emplates●Auto e mail n otifications●Spam p revention●Multi-page f orms●35+ e lements●Plugin i ntegrations●Fully c ompatible w ith U ltimo T heme, P orto T heme, M agezon P age B uilderNOTE :B lue F orm B uilder w as d eveloped u sing a c ore b uilder l ibrary b ased o n w hich we’ve b uilt a ll o f o ur b uilder e xtensions. T he c ore b uilder l ibrary i ncludes e lements a nd settings t hat a ll b uilder e xtensions h ave i n c ommon. F or d etails, p lease r efer t o M agezon Core B uilder u ser g uide .In t his g uide, w e’ll f ocus o n e lements a nd s ettings t hat a re s pecific t o B lue F orm B uilder.II) G eneral C onfigurationsTo c onfigure g eneral s ettings f or B lue F orm B uilder, n avigate t o C ontent >B lue F orm Builder >S ettings:o r S tores >S ettings >C onfiguration:Expand M AGEZON E XTENSIONS o n t he l eft p anel a nd c lick B lue F orm B uilder .I n t he right s ection, y ou w ill s ee 4t abs:1) G eneral S ettings●Current V ersion l ets y ou k now t he c urrent v ersion o f B lue F orm B uilder.●Enabled :e nable/disable B lue F orm B uilder o n y our w ebsite.●Form R oute: U RL p refix a pplied t o a ll f orm p ages. F or e xample, i n t he a boveimage, w e e nter “form” i n t his field. S o t he U RL o f a f orm p age, f or e xample,contact f orm p age, w ill b e h ttps:/// f orm /contact-form .T he U RL o f adelivery f eedback f orm w ill b e h ttps:/// f orm /delivery-feedback .T hesame f or U RLs o f o ther f orm p ages.2) R eCaptchaThis s ection a llows y ou t o e nable r eCaptcha v2 b y e ntering b oth s ite k ey a nd s ecret k ey. (This k ey p air c an b e o btained b y s igning u p h ere ).Then y ou c an u se t he R eCaptcha e lement t o a dd r eCaptcha v2 t o y our f orm.3) R eCaptcha 3This s ection a llows y ou t o e nable r eCaptcha v3 b y e ntering b oth s ite k ey a nd s ecret k ey. (This k ey p air c an b e o btained b y s igning u p h ere ).Then y ou c an u se t he R eCaptcha e lement t o a dd r eCaptcha v3 t o y our f orm.4) F orm S ummary●Show I P A ddress :i f Y es, t he I P A ddress o f c ustomers w ho s ubmit f orms w ill b edisplayed i n f orm s ubmission g rid a nd i n s ubmission d etail p ages.III) M anage F orms1) L ist o f F ormsIn o rder t o v iew a ll o f y our f orms, n avigate t o C ontent >B lue F orm B uilder >M anage Forms a nd y ou w ill r each t he f orm l isting p age:- T here i s a g rid c ontaining a ll e xisting f orms:●ID :i dentifier o f t he f orm.●Name :n ame o f t he f orm.●URL K ey :p ath o f t he f orm p age i nside y our s tore v iew. T his i s w here y our f ormpage w ill b e o n t he s ite.●Views :n umber o f t he f orm v iews.●Submissions :n umber o f f orm s ubmissions.●Status :w hether t he f orm i s e nabled o r d isabled.●Modified t ime: w hen t he f orm i s l ast m odified.●Action :l ist t he a ctions a vailable f or t he f orm:+Edit t he f orm.+Delete t he f orm.+View t he f orm o n t he f rontend.- T o v iew a ll c olumns o f t he g rid, c lick C olumns d rop-down a bove t he g rid. T ick t he checkboxes o f c olumns t hat y ou w ant t o b e v isible i n t he g rid. U ntick t he c heckboxes o f columns t hat y ou w ant t o b e i nvisible i n t he g rid:- T ick t he c heckboxes o f c orresponding f orms i n t he first c olumn, t hen c lick A ctionsdrop-down a bove t he g rid t o D elete t hese f orms:- Y ou c an filter f orms b y I D, M odified t ime, N ame, U RL K ey, a nd S tatus:- C lick B lue F orm B uilder F orms d rop-down o n t he t op l eft c orner a nd y ou’ll s ee t he following o ptions:●Add N ew F orm :a dd a n ew f orm.●Manage F orms :g o t o t he f orm l isting p age .●Plugins :v iew a ll p lugins o f B lue F orm B uilder.●File U ploads :g o t o t he file u pload l isting p age .●Settings :a ccess t he e xtension’s c onfiguration .●Form S ubmissions :g o t o t he s ubmission l isting p age .Please n ote t hat y ou c an find t his d rop-down l ist i n t he f orm e dit p age ,file u pload l isting page a nd s ubmission l isting p age .2) A dd N ew F ormTo a dd a n ew f orm, y ou c an:- C lick t he A dd N ew F orm b utton o n t he t op-right c orner o f t he f orm l isting p age :- O r n avigate t o C ontent -> B lue F orm B uilder -> A dd N ew F orm :A p opup w ill b e d isplayed w ith 4o ptions:●Blank: c reate a n ew f orm f rom s cratch. A fter e ntering t he f orm n ame a nd c lickingthe S ave F orm b utton, y ou w ill b e r edirected t o t he f orm e dit p age .●Template: c ontain p re-built f orm t emplates.On t he l eft s ection, t here i s a l ist o f f orm t emplates. O n t he r ight s ection, y ou c an p review each t emplate. C lick o n t he p review i mage t o z oom i t o ut.In t he b ox n ext t o t he S ave F orm b utton, y ou c an c hange t he d efault n ame o f t he template. C lick t he S ave F orm b utton t o s ave t he t emplate a nd y ou w ill g o t o t he f orm edit p age w here y ou c an c ustomize t he t emplate.●Duplicate: d uplicate a ny f orm y ou h ave. C lick t he d rop-down i con i n t he c enter o fthe p opup a nd c hoose t he f orm y ou w ant t o d uplicate.Change t he n ame o f t he d uplicated f orm i n t he b ox n ext t o t he S ave F orm b utton.Click t he S ave F orm b utton t o g o t o t he f orm e dit p age .●Import: a llow y ou t o i mport t he f orm files (CSV). T his f unction i s u seful i n c ase y ouhave m ultiple w ebsites t hat a ll i nstall B lue F orm B uilder. S o y ou c an e xport f ormsfrom o ne w ebsite a nd i mport i t i nto a nother w ebsite. C lick U pload F orm F ile i n t he center o f t he p opup t o u pload t he c sv file o f t he f orm.You c an c hange t he n ame o f t he i mported f orm i n t he b ox a nd c lick t he S ave F orm button t o g o t o t he f orm e dit p age .3) F orm E dit P ageThe e dit p age w ill o pen w hen y ou c reate, e dit, o r d uplicate a f orm.On t he t op o f t he e dit p age, y ou’ll s ee t he f ollowing b uttons:●Back :g o b ack t o t he f orm l isting p age .●Delete :d elete t he f orm.●Export S ubmissions :e xport f orm s ubmissions t o C SV file.●View :v iew t he f orm o n f rontend.●Save :+ S ave :s ave t he f orm a nd s tay o n t he p age.+ S ave &N ew :s ave t he f orm a nd c reate a n ew o ne.+ S ave &D uplicate :s ave t he f orm a nd d uplicate i t.+ S ave &C lose :s ave t he f orm a nd r eturn t o t he f orm l isting p age .The f orm e dit p age c onsists o f 3s ections a s f ollows:3.1 M agezon B lue F orm B uilderThe s ection c ontains a b uilder i nterface t hat a llows y ou t o c reate y our f orm.- C lick p lus i con o n t he t op b ar t o a dd e lements f rom a p opup:- C lick t he i con n ext t o p lus i con t o c hoose a t emplate f rom a p opup.●Click t he d rop-down i con t o p review a t emplate.●Click p lus i con t o s elect t he t emplate. T he c hosen t emplate w ill b e d isplayed i n t heform b uilder s ection a nd y ou c an c ustomize i t.For o ther o ptions, p lease r efer t o t his g uide .3.2 S ettingsIn t his s ection, y ou w ill s ee a l ist o f s ettings f or t he f orm.3.2.1 G eneral●Form N ame: e nter f orm n ame.●Enable F orm: i f e nabled, c ustomers c an v iew t he f orm o n t he f rontend s tore.●Enable r eCaptcha3 :i f e nabled, r eCaptcha v3 w ill b e u sed f or t he r eCaptchaelement (please m ake s ure t hat y ou u se r eCaptcha e lement i n t he f orm a nd e nterthe k ey p air f or r eCaptcha v3 ). I f d isabled, r eCaptcha v2 w ill b e u sed f or t hereCaptcha e lement (with k ey p air e ntered ).●Disable F orm P age: I f t he f orm p age i s d isabled, c ustomers c an’t a ccess t he f ormpage.●Show i n T op L inks: d isplay t he f orm l ink o n t he t op l ink b ar o f y our w ebsite, l ikethis:●Position :s et p riority l evel f or t he f orm. T he s maller t he n umber i s, t he h igher t hepriority i s. T his c an b e u sed, f or e xample, i n c ase y ou d isplay m any f orms i n o neposition. S o t he f orm w ith h igher p riority w ill b e d isplayed o n t he t op.3.2.2 E mail N otificationsThis i s w here y ou c onfigure t he n otification e mails t hat a re s ent t o a dmins a nd c ustomers about a f orm s ubmission.a. A dmin- E nable A dmin N otification: e nable/disable s ending e mail n otifications t o a dmin.- S ender N ame: n ame o f t he s ender.- S ender E mail :e mail a ddress o f t he s ender.- R eply T o :e nter t he e mail a ddress t o w hich t he e mail r ecipients w ill r eply.- S end E mail(s) T o :e nter e mail a ddresses o f o ther m embers i n y our c ompany w ho y ou want t o g et n otified o f f orm s ubmissions. W hen a f orm i s s ubmitted, e mail n otifications w ill be s ent t o t hese a ddresses. Y ou c an a dd m ultiple e mails b y s eparating t hem w ith commas.- B BC :s end n otification e mails t o B CC r ecipients. Y ou c an a dd m ultiple e mails b y separating t hem w ith c ommas.- E mail S ubject a nd E mail B ody a llow y ou t o e dit t he c ontent o f e mail s ubject a nd b ody respectively.- C reate d ynamic c ontent f or S ender N ame ,S ender E mail ,R eply t o ,E mail S ubject and E mail B ody b y i nserting v ariables (click t he i cons h ighlighted b y o range c ircles i n t he above i mage a nd y ou w ill s ee a d rop-down l ist c ontaining v ariables). S ee d etails a bout variables h ere .- A ttach file u ploaded t o e mails :b y e nabling t his f unction, y ou c an a ttach u ploaded files to n otification e mails s ent t o a dmins (in c ase y our f orm h as t he file u pload field).b. C ustomerThis s ection a llows y ou t o c ustomize e mail n otifications s ent t o c ustomers.NOTE :I n o rder t o s end e mail n otifications t o c ustomers, first m ake s ure t hat y our f orm includes t he E mail e lement .O pen E mail e lement’s s ettings, t hen i n t he “Advanced” t ab, turn o n t he S end A utoresponder b utton.- Y ou c an c reate d ynamic c ontent f or E mail S ubject a nd E mail B ody b y i nserting variables (click t he i cons h ighlighted b y o range c ircles i n t he a bove i mage a nd y ou w ill s ee the d rop-down l ist c ontaining v ariables). S ee d etails h ere .- A ttach file u pload t o e mails :b y e nabling t his f unction, y ou c an a ttach u ploaded files t o the n otification e mails s ent t o c ustomers (in c ase y our f orm h as t he file u pload field).3.2.3 S uccess M essageWhere y ou c ustomize t he m essage t hat w ill b e d isplayed t o c ustomers a fter t hey s ubmit a form s uccessfully. Y ou c an c ustomize n ot o nly t he c ontent b ut a lso t he h eader a nd f ooterof t he s uccess m essage.- U se W YSIWYG e ditor t o e nter s uccess m essage c ontent. Y ou c an m ake t he s uccess message b ecome d ynamic b y i nserting v ariables. C lick I nsert F orm V ariables a bove t he editor a nd c hoose a ppropriate v ariables f rom t he d rop-down. L earn m ore h ere .In s uccess m essage c ontent, y ou c an i nsert [track_link] v ariable l ike t his:On f rontend, t he [track_link] v ariable w ill b e r eplaced w ith t he l ink b y c licking o n w hich, customers c an v iew t heir s ubmission o n f rontend:- Y ou c an a lso e nter H eader C ontent a nd F ooter C ontent .- T he F ooter C ontent i n s uccess m essage i s r elated t o t he f unction o f r edirecting customers a fter s ubmission.If y ou o pen S ettings >A dvanced ,t hen fill o ut R edirect o n S ubmit a nd R edirect X seconds a fter f orm s ubmit fields, t he f ooter c ontent o f t he s uccess m essage w ill s how up o n f rontend.If y ou e nter [redirect_time] v ariable i n t he F ooter C ontent field, i t w ill b e r eplaced w ith t he value filled i n R edirect X s econds a fter f orm s ubmit w ith r edirect c ountdown.If y ou e nter [redirect_link] v ariable, i t w ill b e r eplaced w ith t he l ink filled i n R edirect o n Submit .Let’s s ee h ow i t l ooks o n f rontend:- C hoose d isplay S tyle f or t he s uccess m essage w ith 2s tyles a vailable.- I f y ou c hoose S tyle1, y ou c an c ustomize C olor f or t he t ext i n h eader a nd B ackground Color f or t he h eader. I n B order &C ircle C olor ,y ou c an c hoose c olor f or t he l ine t hat separates t he h eader a nd t he c ontent b elow.>> S tyle1 o n f rontend:- I f y ou c hoose S tyle2, y ou c an c ustomize t he c olor f or t he i con i n B order &C ircle C olor .>> S tyle 2o n f rontend:3.2.4 F orm i n W ebsitesChoose s tore v iews t o d isplay t he f orm.3.2.5 C ustomer G roupsChoose w hich c ustomer g roups c an v iew t he f orm.3.2.6 S earch E ngine O ptimization (SEO)Where y ou c reate S EO-friendly U RL K ey, M eta T itle, M eta D escription a nd M eta K eywords for t he f orm p age.3.2.7 C ustom C SSThis s ection i s d esigned f or d evelopers t o a dd a ny C SS f or a dvanced c onfiguration.3.2.8 C ustom J avascriptThis s ection i s d esigned f or d evelopers t o a dd J avascript c ode f or a dvanced c onfiguration.3.2.9 A dvanced- W idth: s et w idth (px) f or t he f orm.- A uto S ave F orm P rocess: w ith t his f unction, u sers’ f orm d ata w ould b e a uto-saved a s they fill t he f orm. I t m eans t he d ata t hat u sers filled i n t he f orm w ould s till r emain a fter t hey refresh t he p age, a nd t hey j ust n eed t o c ontinue filling t he f orm i nstead o f filling f rom s cratch.- D isable m ultiple s ubmissions f rom s ame d evice: t his f unction h elps y ou p revent t he form f rom b eing s ubmitted m ultiple t imes b y t he s ame u ser. W hen t he b utton i s t urned o n, you w ill s ee t he f ollowing o ptions:●Disable C ondition :c hoose t he c ondition t o p revent m ultiple s ubmissions f rom t hesame u ser i ncluding: C ustomer I D, I P A ddress a nd F orm F ields. I f y ou c hoose F orm Fields, t hen F orm F ields d rop-down w ill a ppear w here y ou c an s elect y our w anted form fields. R emember t hat y ou c an s elect m ultiple f orm fields.●Message w hen d isabled :t he m essage t hat s hows u p t o n otify w hen a u sersubmits t he f orm m ore t han o nce.- D isable f orm w hen i t r eaches X s ubmissions :d isable t he f orm w hen i ts s ubmissions reach a c ertain n umber.- R edirect o n S ubmit: e nter U RL o f t he p age t o w hich y ou w ant t o r edirect y our customers a fter s ubmitting t he f orm.- R edirect X s econds a fter f orm s ubmit :r edirect c ustomers t o t he p age y ou e nter i n the a bove ‘R edirect o n S ubmit ’field a fter a c ertain n umber o f s econds a fter f orm submission.- S ubmission P refix :a dd p refix t o t he f orm s ubmission I D f or e asy m anagement.- L ayout :c hoose l ayout f or t he f orm p age i ncluding 6o ptions:●Empty● 1 c olumn● 2 c olumns w ith l eft b ar● 2 c olumns w ith r ight b ar● 3 c olumns● 1 c olumn F ull W idth (lets y ou d isplay t he f orm p age i n f ull w idth).- E xport F orm F ile :e xport f orm file t o C SV s o t hat y ou c an i mport i t i nto a ny o ther Magento 2s ites w ith t he e xtension i nstalled.3.2.10 E mbedCopy a nd p aste t he p rovided c ode i nto t he W YSIWYG e ditor o f a p age/block, i nto a template file o r a l ayout file s o t hat y ou c an i nsert t he f orm a nywhere o n y our w ebsite.。
第一单元测评第一部分听力(共两节,满分30分)第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1.What will the woman do this coming weekend?A.Call on her classmates.B.Direct traffic.C.Go hiking.2.Where is the woman going?A.To her new flat.B.To the shop.C.To her company.3.When did the woman buy her own car?st week.st month.st year.4.What does the woman do now?A.A school teacher.B.A tourist guide.C.A university student.5.How does John look?A.Excited.B.Satisfied.C.Worried.第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分,满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟;听完后,各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。
每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料,回答第6、7题。
6.What will the weather be like the day after tomorrow?A.It is rainy.B.It is sunny.C.It is windy.7.What has the man been doing these days?A.Reading books.B.Playing football.C.Going cycling. 听第7段材料,回答第8至10题。
AgeS-An Agent SystemJames KramerUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame,IN46556e-mail:jkramer3@1IntroductionThis document introduces AgeS-an“Agent System”.The material contained in this introduction supplies some background that the reader mayfind helpful in later chapters.In particular,it gives a brief overview of distributed computing,client/server applications,naming services,agents,and agent systems.1.1Distributed ComputingThe term distributed computing refers to using many separate computers to perform a task in a manner that is transparent to the user.This is different from simple computer networking in that connections among computers do not need to be explicitly made.[12]From the user’s perspective,it is not apparent that the computing task they are executing is taking place on“their”computer or using the resources of many computers.1.2Client/Server ApplicationsThe client/server model(Figure1)is a well-known paradigm of software communication.Generally,a client is a program that makes requests,while a server is generally a program that performs some computational work and returns the results of that work to the client.Although the client/server model is applicable to software processes on a single computer,it generally implies some sort of distributed computing,or software that operates on multiple computers.Requests Array ClientServerFigure1:Conceptual diagram of client/server applications.When client/server applications make use of multiple computers,an issue that must be resolved is:how does the client know where the server resides?The answer can take three forms,presented here in ascending level of generality:1.The server location is hard-coded into the client application.This solution can be characterized as beingbrittle,as it requires recompilation of the client source when either the desired server is relocated or when the client desires to use a different server.2.The server location is either part of the client configuration or is given as a parameter to the clientapplication.This solution requires the client to know at run-time whether a particular server is running and the location of that server.3.The server location is stored in a directory that the client contacts.Although the location of the directoryitself must be known at run-time,the location and status of a server can be unknown.The last solution provides a level of abstraction to the user not possible with the others.For instance,servers can be arbitrarily grouped into classes,such that a client can be connected to any server that would provide some desired functionality.1.3Naming(or Directory)ServicesThe directory solution given above is widely used in client/server applications;one of the most well-known examples is the Domain Name Service(DNS)that serves to route network traffic through the Internet.A more common term than“directory service”,as indicated by the use of the word“name”in DNS is naming service.As defined in[7],a naming service is:a centralized resource that a number of applications use as a“phone book”-like resource.That is,itis an easily locatable and well-known application that maps logical names to actual servers so clientprograms can easily locate and use appropriate server applications.At its most basic level then,a naming service simply receives queries from a client regarding a server,then returns data to the client regarding the location of a server.Besides acting as a centralized repository for active parts of the system,the naming service also acts as an intermediary between the client and server,providing a level of indirection that allows the designer of the service to enhance and tailor its functionality for a specific application.In AgeS,the connection between a client and a server is provided through a naming service referred to as the AgeSRegistry,which also provides additional functionality.1.4AgentsMuch research has been done in the past decade or two that uses the notion of agents as its foundation.An agent, as the term is used in computer science,has been defined in a variety of ways:A computer system,situated in some environment,that is capable offlexible autonomous action in order tomeet its design objectives[8]A computational process that implements the autonomous,communicating functionality of an application[6]An active entity that executes specific tasks on behalf of someone or something with some autonomy[1] Software objects that have states and rules of behavior[2]So,it is evident that there is no universally agreed upon definition of an agent.Perhaps the most general and complete definition is Ferber’s[5]:An agent is a physical or virtual entity1.which is capable of acting in an environment,2.which can communicate directly with other agents,3.which is driven by a set of tendencies(in the form of individual objectives or of a satisfaction/-survival function which it tries to optimise),4.which possesses resources of its own,5.which is capable of perceiving its environment(but to a limited extent),6.which has only a partial representation of this environment(and perhaps none at all),7.which possesses skills and can offer services,8.which may be able to reproduce itself,9.whose behaviour tends towards satisfying its objectives,taking account of the resources andskills available to it and depending on its perception,its representations and the communicationsit receives.Although each of the above points is important,this thesis will leave the minor distinctions about what quali-fies as an agent alone.For instance,consider the difference between physical and virtual entities.Continuing with Ferber’s defintions as a foundation,this distinction divides the possible types of agents neatly into two groups, which may also be referred to as embodied(e.g.,robotic or animat)and disembodied(e.g.,shopping or web-spider)agents.At an abstract level,any individual agent–either embodied or disembodied–must have a set of sensors and effectors it uses to gather information about and exert influence on its environment,where“en-vironment”simply refers to anything outside the agent proper.In the case of embodied agents,this would be the physical world,whereas disembodied agents operate within a virtual construct“inside”a single computer or network of computers.Either way,the specific features discussed will apply equally to both embodied and disembodied agents.1.5Agent SystemsVarious researchers have introduced initial attempts at specifying criteria for judging agent systems.Often,these criteria are the result of either investigating what is entailed by particular agent characteristics or from asking high-level questions about the systems themselves.[5,8,9,11]For instance,agents that perform cooperative planning require a system that supports agent communication.Alternately,a system that only supports BDI agent architectures cannot be used to compare a variety of architectures.More recently,Eiter[4]not only provided a set of criteria for agent system analysis(e.g.,agent attitudes or software engineering support),but seems to be thefirst to also apply the standards to systems currently in use.In this thesis,a system classification rooted in practical utility is proposed:differentiating between systems that facilitate the design and implementation of individual agents and those that take a more system-oriented view(i.e.,that concentrate on systems composed of many agents).The former are referred to as single agent systems(SAS),while we follow common convention and refer to the latter as multi-agent systems(MAS).The utility of this division is based on the tendency of systems of one type to have features that are not found in the other,and it is our belief that the combination of feature sets in a single system would prove beneficial to the agent designer.For instance,the designer of a robotic agent should be provided with a standardized interface to sensors and effectors(a SAS feature),allowing her to easily use the same agent architecture and control code with a variety of robots.However,she may also want to provide a naming service(a MAS feature)to facilitate the interaction of a group of these robots.Conversely,a researcher examining cooperative planning among agents should expect the system to provide a communication abstraction(a MAS feature)that makes message passing among agents easy.At the same time,she might also want to simulate the interaction of a group of these agents before trying the control code on real robots.Because these are practical divisions,a greater or lesser degree of functional overlap between divisions is often displayed by a particular system implementation.For instance,Maes[10]approached the issue from the individual agent perspective,subsequently expanding it to a system-oriented view with the recognition that any agent is located in an environment and is typically a part of a society.On the other hand,the Java Agent Development Framework(JADE)[3]focusses on“aspects that are not peculiar of the agent internals and that are independent of the applications”,providing only a skeletal structure as the basis for implementing individual agents.These categories are not mutally exclusive;for instance,an agent system may be geared towards providing a framework in which agents interact while also providing agent architecture examples or templates.However, in practical terms and at this point in time,no single system excels in more than one area.AgeS combines the features of SAS and MAS to benefit the agent designer by providing a set of standards,conventions,and tools that hide the implementation details regularly required of an agent designer.For instance,rather than have an agent designer write their own socket code for communication over a network,AgeS provides a single method call that establishes the communication connection,while also controlling access,monitoring the connection in case of failure,etc.1.6Agent System FeaturesThis section outlines some desirable features of agent systems.The predominant division made in classifying systems is between SASs(used to implement individual agents)and MASs(which provide an infrastructure in which multiple agents interact).Each of the following subsections begins with a brief overview of the type of system under examination,followed by a list of features with a corresponding explanation of each listed item.It should be pointed out that these lists are not meant to be exhaustive;instead,in accordance with the spirit of the divisions thus presented,theyfind their grounding in practical concerns.1.6.1Single Agent Systems(SAS)As defined above,an individual agent is an entity that uses sensors and effectors to interact with its environment. SAS are concerned with the construction of such agents.Although a predominant concern in the design of an agent is its architecture,there are additional concerns involved with a system for designing individual agents.The significant features of a SAS listed below display two primary concerns:the structure and interaction of internal agent processes,and the facilities provided for implementation of agents.This encompasses all of the following:Programming Language Independence–allow an agent designer to write control code in the language of their choice.Simulation–simulating the agent’s environment is often useful for preliminary construction and testing.Variable Device Update Frequency–enable the availability of the most current information in an efficient manner.Concurrency-mechanisms that allow processes internal to an agent to operate in parallel.Distribution-facilitates computation of a single task on more than one host or,more generally,CPU.Architecture Independence-put as few constraints on a designer with regards to an agent’s implementa-tion.1.6.2Multi-agent Systems(MAS)As the name implies,MAS are primarily concerned with the interaction of multiple,often heterogeneous agents in a single system.This category of systems can be further divided into two sub-categories:agent-based modeling (ABM)systems and communication infrastructures.ABM systems provide a set of tools with which to study complex systems;not only are these systems geared towards agent simulation(as the term“modeling”implies), individual agent design and implementation is done entirely within the constraints and conventions imposed by the constructs of that system.The agent designer is generally expected to create a model of the agents,their capabilities,the environment in which they reside,and the methodology for evaluating the system from scratch.A major concern of ABM systems is providing a comprehensive set of statistical analysis munica-tion infrastructures,on the other hand,provide the actual environment in which actual agents operate,placing(hopefully)few constraints on the implementation of agents beyond the requisite mechanisms for agent interop-eration.Further,the features presented in the next section generally appear in both ABM and communication infrastructure systems,making the discussion of infrastructure systems sufficient for the discussion that follows.Significant features of MAS deal with two main areas:the interaction of agents and the structure of the environment.This encompasses all of the following:Agent Communication Language-a standardized language that has a well-defined message syntax and semantics such as KQML or ACL.Communication Layer-a means of passing messages between agents(e.g.,TCP/IP,CORBA,RMI,etc.), irregardless of the physical network connection type.Distribution-mechanisms that facilitate computation across many CPUsSecurity-mechanisms that ensure system integrity(e.g.,only users permitted to access the system are allowed,the components of the system can recover from failure,etc.)and secure communication among agents.Naming service-a mechanism that allows for agent location transparency.Concurrency-mechanisms that allow agents to operate in parallel.Capability mapping-a mechanism by which agents can advertise the services they provide that other agents can request.System Monitor-a mechanism that provides information about agent operation and allows some control of agent interactions.1.7ConclusionSingle agent systems(SAS)and multi-agent systems(MAS)generally exhibit a different set of features,although an example of either type of system may display some features of the other.The features of a SAS are gener-ally concerned with agent implementation,including programming language,simulator availability,device update frequency,concurrency of internal agent processes,support for distributed computing,and architecture indepen-dence.Features of a MAS,on the other hand,are generally concerned with the overall structure of the system.such as agent communication(including an abstraction away from physical connections,a communication language and secure transmission of messages),system integrity,both white-pages(i.e.,a naming service)and yellow-pages (i.e.,capability mapping)services,support for distributed computing and concurrent operation of agents on a system-wide scale,and system monitoring.2AgeS–An Agent SystemAgeS is an agent system that combines features of MAS with those of a SAS to provide a more designer-friendly development environment than is found in either individual type.The following subsections give a functional description of AgeS,starting with an overview of the high-level components,followed by descriptions of available features comparable to those found in SAS and then MAS.2.1AgeS OverviewAgeS is composed of three basic components:An AgeSAgent,which provides one end of the message passing interface used to implement user-defined control code.An AgeSServer ,which provides the other end of the message passing interface and is used to access an agent’s sensors,effectors,and devices.The AgeSRegistry ,which is used to connect AgeSAgent s to AgeSServer s and allows the incopo-ration of many MAS features into AgeS.AgeSServerHostClient (End−user)Host AgeSRegistryFigure 2:Interaction of an AgeSRegistry ,AgeSServer ,and AgeSAgent Numbers represent the order of communications between components.Various combinations of these basic components are possible,but a simple overview of their interaction fol-lows the pattern (see Figure 2):An AgeSRegistry is started on some pre-established host.At least one AgeSServer is started (possibly on a separate host)and registered with the AgeSRegistry .A client (that is,an agent designer executing control code)contacts the AgeSRegistry and requests a connection to an AgeSServer .The AgeSRegistry locates the AgeSServer and relays the request.The AgeSServer returns an AgeSAgent to the AgeSRegistry .The AgeSRegistry relays the AgeSAgent to the client.The client uses the direct connection between the AgeSAgent and the AgeSServer to control agent operation.A “complete”agent,then,is composed of the control code associated with an AgeSAgent and at least one AgeSServer ,which uses the AgeSRegistry to connect them.In effect,the combination of an AgeSAgent and an AgeSServer provides AgeS with SAS functionality,while the AgeSRegistry provides MAS func-tionality.“Complete”agents are not limited to a single AgeSAgent and AgeSServer ,however.To take advantage of the MAS capabilities found in AgeS ,a single,comprehensive AgeSServer can be broken down into smaller computational tasks by creating an AgeSServer for each,which may then be spread out over a number of hosts.These AgeSServer s can communicate with each other in the same way as an AgeSAgent and AgeSServer .Since AgeS provides both a mechanism to start new AgeSServer s on another host and a single procedure call to register the new AgeSServer with the AgeSRegistry ,distributed computing can be done both easily and automatically.2.2SAS Features in AgeSAssuming it is not targetted at a particular platform or task,almost any mature,robust system for designing single agents supports most of the features specified in section1.6.1,as does AgeS.No constraints are placed on the design of an agent architecture,nor is AgeS tied to any particular hardware.The highly threaded nature of AgeS facilitates variable update frequency and concurrency,while the client/server nature of AgeSAgent s and AgeSServer s(or AgeSServer s and AgeSServer s)supports distribution naturally.Programming language independence and simulation are dependent on a particular implementation of AgeS,which are treated in more depth in Chapter3.It is worthwhile to give a more detailed description of the functional design that enables some of these features.2.2.1Sensors,Effectors,and DevicesAs mentioned in Section1.4,an agent makes use of a variety of sensors and effectors to get information about and exert influence upon its environment.Different types of sensors and effectors have different interfaces;for exam-ple,part of the sensory interface for a motor might be getVelocity(),while part of the sensory interface for a camera might be getPicture().At the same time,various models of the same type of sensor or effector may have different specifications and properties;for example,one motor may have a maximum speed of20m/s,while another may have a maximum speed of50m/s.AgeS uses the concept of a device to describe the specifications of the sensors and effectors,with a corresponding programming interface to the device for requesting data(i.e.,a sensor)or sending commands(i.e.,an effector).The different motors mentioned above may have different specifications(e.g.,one has a20m/s maximum velocity,whereas the other has a50m/s maximum velocity),but they should present the same sensor and effector interface to the designer.A uniform interface allows the same control code to be used with a variety of devices of the same type.Further,a device can have both sensor and effector capabilities,but it is not a necessity that it support either.For instance,in addition to a sensor interface,the motor devices mentioned above may also have an effector interface defined,part of which is a setVelocity()command.On the other hand,it may not be meaningful to define an effector interface for the camera mentioned above,as it may only support sensor capabilities.This method of defining devices,sensors,and effectors gives AgeS maximumflexibility while retaining consistency.In AgeS,the properties of devices need not be specified for agent operation.This is due to the fact that data going to or coming from the device is not dependent on its specification within the system.In other words,so long as the sensing and effecting are operating properly,a call to the getVelocity()function for the motor in the example given above does not depend on the specification of the device’s characteristics.However,the ability to specify those characteristics is necessary to make use of some features of AgeS,such as capability mapping or the simulator.2.2.2Device Updates and TimingIn AgeS,each sensor and effector runs in its own thread.As pointed out above,this facilitates both variable update frequencies and concurrent operation.Sensors are individually polled at a specified rate,while commands are sent to effectors only when necessary.This is similar to the operation of the Player/Stage system,where the internal operation of an agent is asynchronous.However,establishing a periodic timing cycle,such as that used by Saphira is easily done.One method is to set all device frequencies to be the same,while another is to buffer the received data in the AgeSServer,only updating the buffers at the desired frequency.2.2.3Failure RecoveryAn issue that should be dealt with explicitly in SAS is failure recovery.AgeS makes use of what are referred to as heartbeats and reapers(see Figure3)as mechanisms for dealing with component failure,such as situa-tions where a robot moves out of range of its wireless connection.A“heartbeat”is a signal sent periodically from an AgeSAgent to an AgeSServer,informing the AgeSServer that the AgeSAgent is still executing.An AgeSServer maintains a “reaper”,which works in tandem with an AgeSAgent heartbeat by periodically checking whether the heartbeat signal has been received from a connected AgeSAgent .If no heartbeat is re-ceived by the AgeSServer ,it is assumed that the AgeSAgent has failed.On the other hand,if the attempt at sending the heartbeat generates an error,it is assumed by the AgeSAgent that the AgeSServer has failed.In either case,some procedure –generally either an attempt at recovery or system shutdown –is executed.The heartbeat/reaper combination is used in support of MAS features also,as outlined in section2.3.2.AgeSServerHost 12Client (End−user)Client IDLast Check−in Client150msAgeSServer ReaperFigure 3:Client heartbeat and server reaper –1.As before,a heartbeat is periodically sent from the client to each AgeSServer it is connected to as a “keep-alive”signal.2.If the server does not receive this signal within a specified amount of time,it assumes the client failed –at which time the reaper can take recovery actions.2.2.4The AgeSSimulatorThe AgeSSimulator is an important tool in the design of agents.It allows the designer to preview the results of their current design for initial testing or to gather results from repeated experimental trials.The device model used in AgeS allows the same control code written for an actual agent to be run in simulation,assuming the simulated environment has functions that support those same devices.Design goals of the simulator are to:Provide a highly configurable and extensible environmentSupport multiple,heterogeneous agents and control code,as supported by the device,sensor,and effector interfacesProvide both graphical and non-graphical operationAllow connections to a running simulation by approved users who are not running an agentThe operation of the AgeSSimulator is directly related to the MAS features of AgeS ,discussed next.2.3MAS Features in AgeSAs mentioned in Section 2.1,an agent is comprised of an AgeSAgent and at least one AgeSServer .To link the AgeSAgent and the AgeSServer ,the user-defined control code contacts an AgeSRegistry ,requesting a connection to an AgeSServer .Since the AgeSRegistry is the contact point for connecting AgeSAgent s and AgeSServer s,it is natural that it provide AgeS with many of the features found in a MAS.Additional details regarding the implementation of the AgeSRegistry can be found in sections 3.1.To provide MAS functionality,the AgeSRegistry has to maintain information about all the other compo-nents currently in use.Besides having a minimal representation of AgeSServer s and AgeSAgent s,it also con-tains user and administrator lists that control access to the AgeSServer resources and to the AgeSRegistry itself.However,since its role is restricted to connecting AgeSAgent s and AgeSServer s,no specific agent communication language is required or supplied,leaving that choice up to the agent designer.2.3.1AgeSRegistry as a Naming ServiceAt its most basic level,the AgeSRegistry provides a location transparent connection service between end-users and AgeSServer s.When an AgeSServer starts up,it registers itself with the AgeSRegistry,providing at least its type(a name given by the designer),its heartbeat pulse(the period at which it sends signals),and the number of connections it supports.The heartbeat/reaper mechanism for failure recovery used with AgeSAgent and AgeSServer is also used with an AgeSServer and the AgeSRegistry.In addition,it also provides an access control mechanism(discussed further as part of security in section2.3.3).The AgeSRegistry stores the AgeSServer’s location,type,name(which is uniquely assigned if not specified),and other AgeSServer properties.Once an AgeSServer is registered,an agent designer is able to contact an AgeSRegistry on a pre-established,well-known host and port with a request for connection.The request can either be to a specifi-cally named AgeSServer,to any one of a particular type of AgeSServer,or even to all of a given type of AgeSServer.The additional information stored by the AgeSRegistry is used to support the functionality described in the following subsections.2.3.2System IntegritySystem integrity can be viewed as part of the overall system’s security(see section2.3.3),but plays a distinct enough role that it is described here separate from other security mechanisms.There are two parts to maintaining the system’s integrity–component availability and failure recovery.Both rely on heartbeats and reapers,men-tioned previously in section2.2.3.Component AvailabilityIn AgeS,an AgeSServer“joins”or makes itself available by registering with an AgeSRegistry.Once it has registered,an AgeSServer establishes a heartbeat connection that is confirmed periodically by the AgeSRegistry,in just the same way an AgeSAgent and AgeSServer maintain their connection’s status. If the AgeSServer cannot confirm that the AgeSRegistry is functioning,no clients can connect to it,indi-cating that some recovery or shutdown procedure should be executed.On the other hand,if the AgeSRegistry does not receive a heartbeat signal,it executes its own recovery procedure,which generally consists of removing the AgeSServer from the available list.Failure RecoveryAny of the three basic components(the AgeSRegistry,an AgeSAgent,or an AgeSServer)can fail during execution.Failure recovery for both AgeSAgent s and AgeSServer s was discussed in section2.2.3,and fail-ure recovery for the AgeSRegistry is performed in a similar manner.This requires building redundancy into the system by replicating the AgeSRegistry(possibly on a second host)and establishing a heartbeat/reaper connection between them.In addition to providing redundancy,this also reduces a potential performance bottle-neck by distributing communication.Each AgeSRegistry has a means of cloning itself and re-establishing its connections with any existing AgeSServer s.It should be noted that once a connection is established between an AgeSServer and an AgeSAgent,the failure of an AgeSRegistry does not affect their interactions. 2.3.3SecurityThere are multiple security features supported in AgeS,some native and some implementation dependent.The first of these–access control–is supported by the information supplied by an AgeSServer when it registers. Two types of access control are facilitated by the AgeSRegistry:connection limits and approved users.To accomplish thefirst of these,an AgeSServer specifies the maximum number of connections it will allow at registration time.It then relays the number of active client connections it is maintaining as part of the heartbeat it sends to the AgeSRegistry,giving the AgeSRegistry the information it needs to refuse connections.This information is maintained automatically as clients connect and disconnect to AgeSServer s.。