下载文档原格式
新概念第一册1-20课语法重点新概念1-20课重点语法一．名词复数规则1．一般情况下，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds 2．以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches3．以"辅音字母+y"结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries4．以"f或fe"结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives 5．不规则名词复数：man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children foot-feet, tooth-teethfish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese写出下列各词的复数I _________him _________this ___________her ______watch _______child _______photo ________diary ___ ___day________ foot________ book__ _____ dress ______ __tooth_______ sheep ____ __box_______ strawberry ___ __thief _______yo-yo _ _____ peach_____ _ sandwich ____ __man_____ _ woman_ ______ paper _______ juice___________water________ milk________ rice__________ tea__________二、人称代词和物主代词1、人称代词主格和宾格的区别：主格通常位于句中第一个动词之前（有时候位于than 之后），宾格一般位于动词或介词之后。
CAD常用命令缩写及全拼(绘图命令/修改命令/尺寸标注)作者：微笑的花出自：生活&设计&生活&设计&生活浏览/评论：188/0 日期：2009年10月12日 14:021、对像特性：adc===adcenter(设计中心“ctrl+2”)ch,mo===properties(修改特性“ctrl+1”)ma===matchprop(属性匹配)st===style(文字样式)col===color(颜色)la===layer(图层操作)lt===linetype(线形)lts===ltscale(线型比例)lw===lweight(线宽)un===units(图形单位)att===attdef(属性定义)ate===attedit(编辑属性)bo===boundary(边界创建，包括创建闭合多段线和面域)al===align(对齐)exit=quit(退出)exp===export(输出其它格式文件)imp===import(输入文件)op,pr===options(自定义CAD设置)print===plot(打印)pu===purge(清除垃圾)r===redraw(重新生成)ren===rename(重命名)sn===snap(捕捉栅格)ds===dsettings(设置极轴追踪)os===osnap(设置捕捉模式)pre===preview(打印预览)to===toolbar(工具栏)v===view(命名视图)aa===area(面积)di===dist(距离)li===list(显示图形数据信息)2、绘图命令：Po===point(点)L===line(直线)Xl===xline(射线)Pl===pline(多段线)Spl===spline(样条曲线)Pol===polygon(正多边形)Rec===rectangle(矩形)C===circle（圆）A===arc（圆弧）Do===donut(圆环)El===ellipse(椭圆)Reg===region(面域)Mt===mtext(多行文本)T===mtext(多行文本)B===block(块定义)I===insert(插入块)W===wblock(定义块文件)Div===divide(等分)H===bhatch(填充)3、修改命令Co===copy(复制)Mi===mirror(镜像)Ar===array(阵列)O===offset(偏移)Ro===rotate(旋转)M===move(移动)E,del===erase(删除)X===explode(分解)Tr===trim(修剪)Ex===extend(延伸)S===stretch(拉伸)Len===lengthen(直线拉长)Sc===scale(比例缩放)Br===break(打断)Cha===chamfer(倒角)F===fillet(倒圆角)Pe===pedit(多段线编辑)Ed===ddedit(修改文本)4、视窗缩放P===pan(平移)Z+空格+空格===实时缩放Z===局部放大Z+P===返回上一视图Z+E===显示全图5、尺寸标注Dli===dimlinear(直线标注) Dal===dimaligned(对齐标注) Dra===dimradius(半径标注) Ddi===dimdiameter(直径标注) Dan===dimangular(角度标注) Dce===dimcenter(中心标注) Dor===dimordinate(点标注)Tol===tolerance(标注形位公差)Le===qleader(快速引出标注)Dba===dimbaseline(基线标注)Dco===dimcontinue(连续标注)D===dimstyle(标注样式)Ded===dimedit(编辑标注)Dov===dimoverride(替换标注系统变量)二、常用ctrl快捷键【CTRL】＋1 ---PROPERTIES(修改特性) 【CTRL】＋2 ---ADCENTER（设计中心）【CTRL】＋O ---OPEN（打开文件）【CTRL】＋N、M ---NEW（新建文件）【CTRL】＋P ---PRINT（打印文件）【CTRL】＋S ---SAVE（保存文件）【CTRL】＋Z ---UNDO（放弃）【CTRL】＋X ---CUTCLIP（剪切）【CTRL】＋C ---COPYCLIP（复制）【CTRL】＋V ---PASTECLIP（粘贴）【CTRL】＋B ---SNAP（栅格捕捉）【CTRL】＋F ---OSNAP（对象捕捉）【CTRL】＋G ---GRID（栅格）【CTRL】＋L ---ORTHO（正交）【CTRL】＋W ---（对象追踪）【CTRL】＋U ---（极轴）三、常用功能键【F1】 ---HELP（帮助）【F2】 ---（文本窗口）【F3】 ---OSNAP（对象捕捉）【F7】 ---GRIP（栅格）【F8】 ---ORTHO（正交）LT, *LINETYPE 线型管理器-LT, *-LINETYPE 线型管理器（命令行输入）LTYPE, *LINETYPE 线型管理器-LTYPE, *-LINETYPE 线型管理器（命令行输入）LINEWEIGHT, *LWEIGHT 线宽LTS, *LTSCALE 设置全局线型比例因子TOR, *TORUS 圆环（三维）WE, *WEDGE 楔体3P, *3DPOLY 三维多段线3F, *3DFACE 三维面IN, *INTERSECT 交集UNI, *UNION 并集SU, *SUBTRACT 差集EXT, *EXTRUDE 拉伸（三维命令）REV, *REVOLVE 旋转（通过绕轴旋转二维对象来创建实体）HI, *HIDE 消隐SHA, *SHADEMODE 着色SL, *SLICE 剖切（用平面剖切一组实体）SEC, *SECTION 切割（用平面和实体的交集创建面域）INF, *INTERFERE 干涉3A, *3DARRAY 三维阵列3DO, *3DORBIT 三维动态观察ORBIT, *3DORBIT 三维动态观察器RPR, *RPREF 渲染系统配置RR, *RENDER 渲染DC, *ADCENTER 设计中心ctrl+2ADC, *ADCENTER 设计中心DCENTER, *ADCENTER 设计中心MA, *MATCHPROP 特性匹配TP, *TOOLPALETTES 工具选项板ctrl+3CH, *PROPERTIES 特性ctrl+1-CH, *CHANGE 修改现有对象的特性PR, *PROPERTIES 特性ctrl+1（控制现有对象的特性）PROPS, *PROPERTIES 特性ctrl+1（控制现有对象的特性）MO, *PROPERTIES 特性ctrl+1（控制现有对象的特性）PRCLOSE, *PROPERTIESCLOSE （关闭“特性”选项板）PRE, *PREVIEW 打印预览PRINT, *PLOT 打印ctrl+pTO, *TOOLBAR 工具栏/自定义（显示、隐藏和自定义工具栏）--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Z, *ZOOM 实时缩放P, *PAN 实时平移-P, *-PAN 实时平移（命令行输入）OS, *OSNAP 对象捕捉设置-OS, *-OSNAP 对象捕捉设置（命令行输入）SN, *SNAP 捕捉（规定光标按指定的间距移动）PU, *PURGE 清理（删除图形中未使用的命名项目，例如块定义和图层）-PU, *-PURGE 清理（命令行输入）R, *REDRAW （刷新当前视口中的显示）RA, *REDRAWALL 重画RE, *REGEN 重生成REA, *REGENALL 全部重生成REN, *RENAME 重命名-REN, *-RENAME 重命名（命令行输入）AA, *AREA 面积AL, *ALIGN 对齐AP, *APPLOAD 加载应用程序...ATT, *ATTDEF 定义属性...-ATT, *-ATTDEF 定义属性...（命令行输入）ATE, *ATTEDIT 单个...（编辑块插入上的属性）-ATE, *-ATTEDIT 单个...（命令行输入）ATTE, *-ATTEDIT 单个...（命令行输入）BO, *BOUNDARY 边界创建...-BO, *-BOUNDARY 边界创建...（命令行输入）CHK, *CHECKSTANDARDS 检查...（检查当前图形的标准冲突情况）COL, *COLOR 颜色...（设置新对象的颜色）COLOUR, *COLORDBC, *DBCONNECT 数据库连接管理器DOV, *DIMOVERRIDE 替代DR, *DRAWORDER 显示顺序DS, *DSETTINGS 草图设置-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DV, *DVIEW 定义平行投影或透视视图FI, *FILTER 为对象选择创建可重复使用的过滤器G, *GROUP “对象编组”对话框-G, *-GROUP “对象编组”对话框（命令行输入）GR, *DDGRIPS 选项（...选择）IAD, *IMAGEADJUST 图像调整（控制图像的亮度、对比度和褪色度）IAT, *IMAGEATTACH 附着图像（将新的图像附着到当前图形）ICL, *IMAGECLIP 图像剪裁（为图像对象创建新的剪裁边界）IM, *IMAGE 图像（管理图像）-IM, *-IMAGE 图像（命令行输入）IMP, *IMPORT 输入文件。
i 5-7-g f e d c b a e d c b a i h g f ed c ba h g f e d cb a h g f e dc b a 6-4-3-1-2-i h g f ed c b a C=C -C(O)-CH 3CH-CH CH-CX F u n c t i o n a l G r o u p I n t e r c o n v e r s i o nC=CC C C=CC C RCH 2-SO 2Ph RC CHC C C-NH 2; C-NO 2C-OHC(OR)2; C(SR)2C=C-OR; C=C-SR C C C NC=N-OH, C=N-H C=SC=O C=O C-C(O)Z C=C C=O C-OH C-X C-N C-H C-N C=O C---OH C-OC(O)R C-X C-OCH 2OR C-NH 2C-OR C-H C-OH C=C C-H C(O)OR C-(OR)2C-OH C-ORC-CHO C-CO 2H C-CN C=C C=O C-S C-X C-OH C-H C=C j C(O)XhC Nj kC-HC-Br 8-C-Xi C-OHC-OH C(O)Z d c b a e d c b a f C-NH 2C-Hj CX-CYC CXC=O h g f iC CH RCH(CO 2H)-CH 3-C(O)-CH 3O OOXCRR'=CHXjC O C-NH 2C-CN9-C-CH 3C-Xa e C=O1-adry pyridine: from CaH 2 and distilledtriflatemesylate tosylate S O O O RCH 2CF 3S OO O RCH 2CH 3CH 3CH 3CH 3OH (2). for 3' alcohol:LiAlH 4(1). for 1', 2' alcohol:1-i h g f e dc b a C-CHO C-CO 2HC-CN C=C C=O C-SC-NH 2C-X C-OH C-H CH 3CH3CH 3H n -Bu SnH C S O PhClRCH 2-HCH 3SOO O RCH 2CH 3S OOCl RCH 2OHpurification textbook~ $ 30 / Kg toluenesulfonyl chloride (s)methanesulfonyy chloride (l)~ $ 30 / Kg jC(O)XPh 2SiHCl / InCl 3PhPhPhPhJOC, 2001, 66, 7741.ii. Ph 2SiHCl / InCl 3i. p -TsCl // LiAlH 4i. ClC(S)OPh // n -Bu 3SnH Cl 2via:a unique Lewis acid catalyst, acceleratedeoxgyenationInCl 3indium trichlorideii. Et 3SiH / Lewis acidJ. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 6179JOC, 2000, 65, 6179.CHCl 2rt, 3 hr1-bBu 3SnH: (l), easy to remove Ph 3SnH: (s), hard to remove Me 3SnH: too volatile, toxicunstable in acid, form H 2 gas; stable in weak baseNaBH 3CN: stable at pH 5-6hygroscopic, dried self, suggest: buy small amount each time(Grignard reagent)H OJOC, 1969, 34, 3923.HBrNa / NH 3; Li / NH 3; Na / EtOH Zn; Fe; Sn; Mg(3). metal reduction(2). hydride reduction(1). free radical reductionJACS, 1972, 94, 8905.n -Bu 3SnH HBrNaBH 4 / InCl 3 / CH 3CNradical reagentn -Bu 3SnH / AlBN JA CS, 2002, 124, 906.i iii NaBH 3CNi LiAlH 4i ii ii NaBH 4ii THL, 1969, 3095.JOC, 1976, 41, 3064.iv LiBHEt 3 (super hydride)mechanism uncertain, probably radicalburn filter paper if dryRaney Nickel: Ni - Al alloy, suspensionJCS Perkin Trans I, 1973, 654.(3). L iAlH 4 / CuCl 2NaBH 4 / NiCl 2NaBHEt 3 / FeCl 2 (or CoCl 2, VCl 3)(2). Li / NH 3(1). Raney NiBuLi1-d1-c 4RCH 2-HRCH 2NH 2radical mechanismChemistry:R-SH R-S-R R 2SO R 2SO 2R-SS-Rremove: Hg +; Ni(1).(2).Ar-H2Ar-NH 2RCH 2NH 2RCH 2NMe 3R=CH 2R-CH 3(4).X-RCH 2NMe 3OH -2NaH 2(3).Ar-NH 2Ar-H1-e(2). thioketal:(3). Wolff-Kishner reduction:(6). enol derivatives:SHSH/ BFTf2similar:(4). Pd-C / HCO2NH4(7). Et3SiH / CF3COOH1-fb.p. ~ 230 Chighly toxic, cancer suspected agent?= HMPT: h exa m ethyl p hosphoric t riamide (Me 2N)3P=O 1-g (1). K / Al 2O 3 K / HMPA (2). Na / NH 31-h JOC, 1980, 45, 3227HMPA: h exa m ethyl p hosphor a mide (Me 2N)3P=O yes for white mouse, uncertain for humanmodified to: NN O1-i(1). RhCl(PPh 3)3 (Wilkinson's cat)(2). Rh(DPPD)2+ Cl -DPPD = Ph 2P-CH 2CH 2-PPh 21-jHSiEt 3 / B(C 6F 5)3activator / hydride sourceRCH 2OROO RR OROR RCH 2 OCH 2CH 2OH(1). h ν / HSiCl 32-bN NH/ TBDMS-ClTBDPS-ClEt 3N / TMS-Clacid: H 2SO 4H 3PO 4BF 3-Et 2O RC-OCH 2CH=CH2RC-OCPh 3 = RC -OTr RC-O t Bu RC-OCH 3RC-OSiR 3RC-OCH 2Ph = RC-OBZl = RC-OBni. Willianson synthesis OK: Si - Cl bond longii. stability of silyl in acid/base: RC-O-TBDPS > RC-O-TBDMS >> RC-O-TBS iii. abbrev.: TBDMS = tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl = TBS =Silyl group:(RO-Tr)Trityl group: (tirphenylmethyl)i. S N 1 reactionii. abbreviation: triphenylmethyl = trityl = -CPh 3 = -Tr iii. advantage: high MW, easy to handle (small amount become large amount)baseBr Willianson synthesis (base, S N 2) not work: elimination side-product with base t -Butyl group:i. abbreviation: benzyl = PhCH 2 = Bzl = Bn ii. deprotecting: H 2 / Pd-CPhCH 2-ClPhCH 2-Br: reactivity goodPhCH 2-I: reactivity better than PhCH 2Br, generated in situ, PhCH 2Br + NaIPhCH 2-X: Benzyl- group:i. Williamson ether synthesis, S N 2 typeii. not a good protecting group, too stable to convert back to alcohol Me group:CH 3-X: CH 3I; CH 3OSO 2R; (CH 3)3O + BF 4-, (CH 3)2SO 4base: NaH, n -BuLi, Ag 2O(4). t -Bu: acid cat /(3). allyl: base /Br (6). silyl: Et 3N / R 3SiCl (5). trityl: py // Ph 3C-Br(2). PhCH 2-: base / PhCH 2-X e d cb a 2-RC=C RC-H RC(O)ORRC-(OR)2RC-OH RC-OR (1). Me: base / CH 3-X2-a (7). acetal / ketal: (see 3e)fRC-CNgenerate H 2, or butane gasJOC, 1988, 53, 2985.trimethyloxonium tetrafluoroborateJCS, 1930, 2166.(8). ArF / CsFROHradical mechanism: SiCl 3RaNi with C=S2-c2-d (1). hv / HSiCl 3(2). HCl / tBu-OO-t Bu(4). BF 3 / NaBH 42-eC-OH C-H C-OR C-NH 2C-X 3-a b c d3-a(1). [PhI(OAc)-O]2-Mn(TPP)(2). organic electrochemistry(3). X 2 / hv // OH -3-a.13-a.23-a.3(1) Me 3SiCl // MPCBA//H 3O +(2). O 2, LDA, (EtO)3PJA CS, 1975, 97, 6909.i h g f e C=O C---OH C-OC(O)RC-OCH 2OR C=Cj C O(1). Me: application: deprotecting (2). PhCH 2-(5). trityl:(6). silyl: (3). allyl: (4). t-Bu: RC-OCH 2RC-OSiR 3RC-OCH 3RC-OtBuRC-OCPh 3 = RC-OTr RC-OCH 2CH=CH 232Oi. HOAc: weak acid: good leaving groupii. H 2i. F - : HF, Py-H + F -; n -SiMe 3-SiBuMe 2-SiBuPh 2if HOBr: OK for TMDMSJOC, 1987, 52, 4973.OCOCF 3+3-b triphenylmethylorganic base: TMG3-c(1). O H -(2). K O 2 / D M S O 3-d not practically useful: R -O H cheaper than R -XJO C , 1975, 40, 1678.(2). N a 2[F e(C N )5(N O )] / K 2C O 3 / H 2O3-e(1). S ym m etry:ketal: use H 3O +acetal: use H 3O +(2). unsym etry:R O -M O M R O -M E M R O -M T M R O -T H Pi. H 3O +; ii. H C l / M eO H p -T sO H / M eO Hi. H 3O +; ii. Z nB r 2 / C H 2C l 2H gC l 2 / C H 3C N (aq.)actually, a c e t a l e x c h a n g e (3). A g 2O / H 2OT H L , 1975, 3183.JO C , 1986, 51, 3913.R O 2C(C H 2)3H RN H 2R O 2C(C H 2)3H RO H2323-f(1). base: KHCO 3 (or K 2CO 3, NH 3) / MeOH; NaOH (1 %, or 0.5 N)(3). RED: (2). acid: H 3O +PPh 3 / DEAD / RCO 2H // OH -3-gMitsunobu inversionSynthesis, 1981, 1.JOC, 1987, 52, 4235.common esters:formate = HCO 2R ------------------------ KHCO 3 (or K 2CO 3, or NH 3) / MeOH trifluoroacetate = CF 3CO 2R ------------ KHCO 3 (or K 2CO 3, or NH 3) / MeOHacetate = CH 3CO 2R = ROAc --------- KHCO 3 (or K 2CO 3, or NH 3) / MeOH benzoate = PhCO 2R = ROBz -------- NaOH (1 %) / MeOH pivalate = t Bu-CO 2R = ROPv ------ NaOH (0.5 N) / EtOH*HOi LiAlH 4ii. NaAlH 2(OCH 2CH 2OCH 3)CH 3O 2CCO 2CH 3HOOH3)266hydride:electron:Na / NH 3AGIEE, 2002, 41, 3028.。
/___Part 1 ReadingSanta is giving out presents to the boys. Read what they say and answer the questions.SantaTomBillyJackSanta : Boys, these presents are for you!Tom : Thank you, Santa. Oh! I have a pencil case.Billy : I have some erasers. One, two, three. Three erasers! Tom : Your erasers are nice!Jack : I have a pen.Tom : I have four pens! One, two, three, four …Jack : Look! I have a pencil too!Billy : I have a ruler and six pencils. Great!Boys : Thank you, Santa!/___Fill in the blanks about the boys’ presents.1 Tom has a ____________________ .2 Billy has _________________ s.3 ____________ has a .4 ____________ ________ a .5 ____________ has _________________ s. What is in Santa’s bag? Circle the correct number of things./___Part 2 Language useIt is Tom ’s first day at school. He is meeting his new teacher and friends. Finish what they say. 1234Good _____________ .Good _____________ , ____________ .Hello, I am Tom. What is your name?________ ________is Sally.How old are you?___ ______ six ________ ______ .Hi, I am Ken. What is _______ __________ ?Hi, __________ . My name is Tom.I am five._______ _______ are you?Hi, I am Tom. What is _______ __________ ?I am Jim.7:45 a.m.TomTom/___Part 3 GrammarFill in the blanks with the correct verbs.Part 4 GrammarLily is writing about her things. Fill in the blanks. Write ‘a’ and ‘an’ where necessary.I have four ❶. I have ❷.I have six ❸. I have ❹too.They are long. I have ❺.I have ❻.❶ ❷ ❸ ❹ ❺❻I ❶ Sally. I ❷ seven years old.This is Pam. We ❸ sisters. She ❹ ten years old. We ❺ a dog. It is big.am is are has have/___Part 5 WritingPaul writes about himself. Read what he writes.Name:Paul ChanAge: 6Class: 1 CMy name is Paul Chan.I am six years old.Now write about yourself.Name:Age:Class: 1____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________/___Part 6 ListeningToday is the first day of school. Listen to the conversation. Tick (✓) or write the correct answers.Happy SchoolStudent CardHappy SchoolStudent Card1 Name: A. Perry 3 Name: A. Kelly B. BarryB. LilyC. HarryC. Kerry2Class:____________4Class:____________5 Who is Dan?A. He is my friend.B. He is my brother.C. He is my classmate.Part 11pencil case2three3Jack4Billy, has 5Tom, four(circle 5 pens)(circle 1 ruler)(circle 3 erasers)(circle 7 seven pencils)(circle 1 pencil case)Part 21Good morning.Good morning, Miss Wong.2Hello, I am Tom. What is your name?My name is Sally.How old are you?I am six years old.3Hi, I am Ken, What is your name?Hi, Ken. My name is Tom.4Hi, I am Tom. What is your name?I am Jim.How old are you?I am five.Part 31am2am3are4is5havePart 41books2 a pencil case3pens4two rulers5an eraser6four pensPart 5(Pupils’ own answers.)Part 61 A2 B3 A4 B5 CAudio script:Today is the first day of school. Listen to the conversation. The conversation will be played two times. When you hear a beep (beep), answer the question. You now have 30 seconds to read the student cards and the question. (30-second music) The conversation will begin now.[ Mr Lee : Hello. I am Mr Lee. What is your name?Perry : Hi, Mr Lee. I am Perry.Mr Lee : Sorry, is that Barry?Perry : No, Perry. (beep) (8-second pause)Mr Lee : Nice to meet you, Perry. This is your student card.Perry : Thank you. Oh, I am in Class 1B.Mr Lee : Yes, Class 1B. (beep) (8-second pause)Hi. What is your name?Kelly : Hi. My name is Kelly. K-E-L-L-Y.Mr Lee : Nice to meet you, Kelly. (beep) (8-second pause)This is your student card. You are in Class 1B too.Kelly : Great. Thank you. (beep) (8-second pause)Mr Lee : Perry and Kelly, this is Dan. He is in Class 1B too.Narrator : Question 5: Who is Dan? (beep) (8-second pause) ]Listen to the conversation again and check your answers. The conversationwill begin now.(Repeat [ ] without pauses.)。
