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鲁人窃糟文言文翻译第一篇：鲁人窃糟文言文翻译鲁人窃糟文言文是刘基的作品！下面让我们来了解一下鲁人窃糟文言文翻译的更多内容吧！欢迎阅读！鲁人窃糟文言文翻译原文：客有好佛者，每与人论道理①，必以其说驾②之，欣欣然自以为有独得焉。
郁离子③谓之曰：“昔者鲁人不能为酒，唯中山之人善酿千日之酒，鲁人求其方④，弗得。
有仕⑤于中山者，主酒家，取其糟粕，以鲁酒渍之，谓人曰‘中山之酒也。
’鲁人饮之，皆以为中山之酒也。
一日，酒家之主者来，闻有酒，索而饮之，吐而笑曰：‘是余之糟粕也。
’今子以佛夸予，可也；恐真佛之笑子窃其糟也。
”【注释】①道理：这里指宋元道学、理学。
②驾：驾驭、统摄。
③郁离子：原为刘基所著的书名，这里借为作者自称。
④方：酒方。
⑤仕：做官。
译文：客人中有一个喜好佛教的人，每当和人们谈论道理，必定用他那一套佛家的说教凌驾于人，欣欣然自以为有独特的心得了。
郁离子对他说：“从前鲁国人不会酿酒，只有中山人善于酿造千日的好酒，鲁国人寻求酿酒的方法，没有得到。
有个在中山国做官的人，从酿酒作坊里，窃取了那里的酒渣拿回家，用鲁国的酒浸泡那酒糟，便对人夸耀说‘这是中山的好酒啊。
’鲁人喝了它，都认为真是中山的酒了。
一天，中山酿酒作坊的主人来了，听说有了酒，便索要来，喝了一口，吐出来笑着：‘这是用我的酒糟泡过的酒啊！’现在，你在我面前炫耀佛家的道理或许可以，我恐怕真佛会笑话你窃取了他的酒糟【练习题】【小题1】下面一句话没有标点符号，请用“/”标示出需要加标点符号的位置。
（3分）昔者鲁人不能酒唯中山之人善酿千日之酒鲁人求其方弗得。
【小题2】解释下列句中划线词（4分）A．主酒家（）B．以鲁酒渍之（）C．索而饮之（）D．今子以佛夸之（）【小题3】用现代汉语写出文中画线句的意思。
（2分）欣欣然自以为有独得焉。
【小题4】本文讽刺了什么样的人？（3分）参考答案【小题1】昔者/鲁人不能酒/唯中山之人善酿千日之酒/鲁人求其方弗得。
（3分）【小题2】主管、掌管浸泡索要、索取夸耀【小题3】自鸣得意地自以为有了独到的见解。
《老子五千言》(道德经)全文及译解前言：<为老子五千言正名>:2500多年前，老子避世隐居时路过函谷关，被关令尹喜挽留，相谈甚恰。
尹喜深感老子讲的内容无比重要，恳请老子写下来以传后世。
于是，老子写下了五千言。
尹喜为了不让老子五千言失传，亲自操刀刻简，使老子之说得以传世，称为《老子》。
至于称老子五千言为《道德经》，是道教发展之后才出现的。
先秦的韩非作《解老》、《喻老》。
司马迁《史记》说言道德之事五千言。
东汉顺帝时张道陵作《老子想尔注》。
随着道教的发展，道教中开始称老子五千言为《道德经》，从曹魏王弼注释《道德经》可见一斑。
老子五千言博大精深，是中国文化之根。
但是，在很长一段历史中，都把老子五千言称之为《道德经》，这实在是一种错误。
因此，必须为老子五千言正名，定名为《老子》。
尊重历史，还老子五千言之名的本来面目。
春秋战国，是我国历史上思想最为活跃的年代，百花齐放，百家争鸣，史称诸子百家。
虽然，老子为诸子百家之源，在其上而不在其内，但传世之初也称之为《老子》。
因此，将老子五千言定名为《老子》，才符合历史事实。
尊重老子，真实体现老子本人的意愿。
老子在世之时，没有组织宗教团体。
老子应邀而写的五千言，也并非宗教著作。
后来，被道教奉为祖师，再后来被道教恭称为《道德经》。
显而易见，《道德经》名字的出现，是道教发展的结果。
在道教之内如何称呼老子五千言，那是宗教界的事情，但是在学术界应称老子五千言为《老子》，这才是尊重老子，因为这才符合老子本人的意愿。
尊重科学，准确反映老子五千言之内涵。
老子五千言，包括“道”、德、修道、行道（圣人）四个方面内容，称为《道德经》没有完全反映老子五千言的内涵。
因此，称为《老子》才能够准确地涵盖老子五千言的内容。
为老子五千言正名，定名为《老子》，既有利于弘扬中国传统文化，更有利于使老学发扬广大。
道的含义：1、构成世界的本体。
2、创造宇宙的原动力。
3、促使万物运转的规律。
4、作为人类行为的准则。
Unit 12A Case of "Severe Bias"Patricia Raybon1 This is who I am not. I am not a crack addict. I am not a welfare mother. I am not illiterate. I am not a prostitute. I have never been in jail. My children are not in gangs. My husband doesn’t beat me. My home is not a tenement. None of these things defines who I am, nor do they describe the other black people I’ve known and worked with and loved and befriended over these forty years of my life.2 Nor does it describe most of black America, period.3 Yet in the eyes of the American news media, this is what black America is: poor, criminal, addicted, and dysfunctional. Indeed, media coverage of black America is so one-sided, so imbalanced that the most victimized and hurting segment of the black community －a small segment, at best －is presented not as the exception but as the norm. It is an insidious practice, all the uglier for its blatancy.4 In recent months, I have observed a steady offering of media reports on crack babies, gang warfare, violent youth, poverty, and homelessness －and in most cases, the people featured in the photos and stories were black. At the same time, articles that discuss other aspects of American life －from home buying to medicine to technology to nutrition －rarely, if ever, show blacks playing a positive role, or for that matter, any role at all.5 Day after day, week after week, this message －that black America is dysfunctional and unwhole －gets transmitted across the American landscape. Sadly, as a result, America never learns the truth about what is actually a wonderful, vibrant, creative community of people.6 Most black Americans are not poor. Most black teenagers are not crack addicts. Most black mothers are not on welfare. Indeed, in sheer numbers, more white Americans are poor and on welfare than are black. Yet one never would deduce that by watching television or reading American newspapers and magazines.7 Why do the American media insist on playing this myopic, inaccurate picture game? In this game, white America is always whole and lovely and healthy, while black America is usually sick and pathetic and deficient. Rarely, indeed, is black America ever depicted in the media as functional and self-sufficient. The free press, indeed, as the main interpreter of American culture and American experience, holds the mirror on American reality －so much so that what the media say is is, even if it’s not that way at all. Themedia are guilty of a severe bias and the problem screams out for correction. It is worse than simply lazy journalism, which is bad enough; it is inaccurate journalism.8 For black Americans like myself, this isn’t just an issue of vanity －of wanting to be seen in a good light. Nor is it a matter of closing one’s eyes to the ve ry real problems of the urban underclass －which undeniably is disproportionately black. To be sure, problems besetting the black underclass deserve the utmost attention of the media, as well as the understanding and concern of the rest of American society.9 But if their problems consistently are presented as the only reality for blacks, any other experience known in the black community ceases to have validity, or to be real. In this scenario, millions of blacks are relegated to a sort of twilight zone, where who we are and what we are isn’t based on fact but an image and perception. That’s what it feels like to be a black American whose lifestyle is outside of the aberrant behavior that the media present as the norm.10 For many of us, life is a curious series of encounters with white people who want to know why we are “different” from other blacks －when, in fact, most of us are only “different” from the now common negative images of black life. So pervasive are these images that they aren’t just perceived as the norm, they’re accepted as the norm.11 I am reminded, for example, of the controversial Spike Lee film Do the Right Thing and the criticism by some movie reviewers that the film’s ghetto neighborhood isn’t populated by addicts and drug pushers －and thus is not a true depiction.12 In fact, millions of black Americans live in neighborhoods where the most common sights are children playing and couples walking their dogs. In my own inner-city neighborhood in Denver －an area that the l ocal press consistently describes as “gang territory” －I have yet to see a recognizable “gang” member or any “gang” activity (drug dealing or drive-by shootings), nor have I been the victim of “gang violence”.13 Yet to students of American culture －in the case of Spike Lee’s film, the movie reviewers － a black, inner-city neighborhood can only be one thing to be real: drug-infested and dysfunctioning. Is this my ego talking? In part, yes. For the millions of black people like myself －ordinary, hard-working, law-abiding, tax-paying Americans －the media’s blindness to the fact that we even exist, let alone to our contributions to American society, is a bitter cup to drink. And as self-reliant as most black Americans are －because we’ve had to be self-reliant －even the strongest among us still crave affirmation.14 I want that. I want it for my children. I want it for all the beautiful, healthy, funny, smart black Americans I have known and loved over the years.15 And I want it for the rest of America, too.16 I want America to know us －all of us －for who we really are. To see us in all of our complexity, our subtleness, our artfulness, our enterprise, our specialness, our loveliness, our American-ness. That is the real portrait of black America －that we’re strong people, surviving people, capable people. That may be the best-kept secret in America. If so, it’s time to let the truth be known.“强烈偏见”之实话实说帕特里夏·雷本1 我不是通常想象的那种黑人。
应对恐怖主义的技术毒素嗅探器、导弹人为干发射机、放射性核弹探测器：“9·11”事件后闪电式的保卫行动不仅影响着公共安全——还在改变着科学的进程。
史蒂芬·汉德曼[1] 在防止未来的“9·11” 事件式攻击—或更恶劣的攻击—的竞赛中，华盛顿以前苏联发射人造地球卫星以来所未有的规模对美国的科学机构做了安排。
自2003 年以来，联邦政府对国土防卫研究的投资猛增到近40 亿美元，而这只不过是安全总开支的沧海一粟。
更重要的是，加快的开支把以前截然不同的科学项目结合了起来：软件工程师、流行病学家和生物学家合作开发保护空气与食物不遭受生物恐怖手段破坏的技术。
核物理学家和生物恐怖活动专家如今与行为科学最好的智囊人物合作，设计减少核走私与自杀式炸弹威胁的方法。
[2] 然而有些专家认为，这么大的开支实际上只能提供一种安全上的错觉。
《超脱恐惧：明智地考虑变幻莫测世界的安全问题》的作者布鲁斯·施奈尔说：“ 这当中有许多都是做表面文章的保安技术，目的是让你感到更安全。
” 他指出，高技术防护措施大量涌入了从白宫到各地市政厅等标志性建筑内，他声称这就会将恐怖分子的注意力引向地铁与体育场等“ 较软性” 目标。
但政府似乎也赞同此观点。
不断扩大的国土保安措施不仅包括了大目标，而且也包括了国家广大易受攻击的区域。
下面是5 个风险最高的领域以及今后几年会出现的一些保卫它们的技术。
空气、水、食品[3] 这个领域里最大的难题之一是研制一系列传感器，它们能觉察出对从田地里的庄稼到公共场所的空调系统等各样事物所发动的攻击。
环保局和疾病控制预防中心及联邦调查局协作，在美国30 个城市部署了一个微型毒素检测器的网络，作为叫做“ 生物警卫” 的3 亿美元项目的一部分。
它的各个过滤器收集空气中的毒物，而后这些毒物被送到实验室去分析。
[4] 劳伦斯·利弗莫尔国家实验室的科学家用他们的病原体自动检测系统(APDS) 进一步贯彻了这种意图。
Biochemistry. 2013 Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print]Molecular Origin ofthe Binding of WWOX Tumor Suppressor to ErbB4 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase.Schuchardt BJ, Bhat V, Mikles DC, McDonald CB, Sudol M, Farooq A.Author informationAbstractThe ability of WWOX tumor suppressor to physically associate with the intracellular domain (ICD) of ErbB4 receptor tyrosine kinase is believed to play a central role in downregulating the transcriptional function of the latter. Herein, using various biophysical methods, we show that while the WW1 domain of WWOX binds to PPXY motifs located within the ICD of ErbB4 in a physiologically relevant manner, the WW2 domain does not. Importantly, while the WW1 domain absolutely requires the integrity of the PPXY consensus sequence, nonconsensus residues within and flanking this motif do not appear to be critical for binding. This strongly suggests that the WW1 domain of WWOX is rather promiscuous toward its cellular partners. We also provide evidence that the lack of binding of the WW2 domain of WWOX to PPXY motifs is due to the replacement of a signature tryptophan, lining the hydrophobicligand binding groove, with tyrosine (Y85). Consistent with this notion, the Y85W substitution within the WW2 domain exquisitely restores its binding to PPXY motifs in a manner akin to the binding of the WW1 domain of WWOX. Of particular significance is the observation that the WW2 domain augments the binding of the WW1 domain to ErbB4, implying that the former serves as a chaperone within the context of the WW1-WW2 tandem module of WWOX in agreement with our findings reported previously. Altogether, our study sheds new light on themolecular basis of an important WW-ligand interaction involved in mediating a plethora of cellular processes.PMID:24308844[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]既往研究表明肿瘤抑制子WWOX通过与ErbB4的胞内结构域结合从而调控后者下游的转录功能。
爱莲说原文及翻译赏析爱莲说原文及翻译赏析《爱莲说》是北宋理学家周敦颐创作的一篇散文。
下面是小编收集整理的爱莲说原文及翻译赏析，欢迎阅读参考！爱莲说宋代：周敦颐水陆草木之花，可爱者甚蕃。
晋陶渊明独爱菊。
自李唐来，世人甚爱牡丹。
予独爱莲之出淤泥而不染，濯清涟而不妖，中通外直，不蔓不枝，香远益清，亭亭净植，可远观而不可亵玩焉。
(甚爱一作：盛爱)予谓菊，花之隐逸者也；牡丹，花之富贵者也；莲，花之君子者也。
噫！菊之爱，陶后鲜有闻。
莲之爱，同予者何人？牡丹之爱，宜乎众矣。
译文水上、陆地上各种草本木本的花，值得喜爱的非常多。
晋代的陶渊明只喜爱菊花。
从李氏唐朝以来，世上的人十分喜爱牡丹。
而我唯独喜爱莲花从淤泥中长出却不被污染，经过清水的洗涤却不显得妖艳。
它的茎内空外直，不生蔓不长枝，香气远播更加清香，笔直洁净地立在水中。
人们只能远远地观赏而不能玩弄它啊。
我认为菊花，是花中的隐士；牡丹，是花中的富贵者；莲花，是花中品德高尚的君子。
唉！对于菊花的喜爱，陶渊明以后就很少听到了。
对于莲花的喜爱，像我一样的还有什么人呢？对于牡丹的喜爱，当然就很多人了！注释甚：很，十分。
说：一种议论文的文体，可以直接说明事物或论述道理，也可以借人、借事或借物的记载来论述道理。
之：的。
可爱：值得怜爱。
甚：很，非常。
蕃：多。
自：自从。
李唐：指唐朝。
唐朝皇帝姓李所以称为“李唐”。
独：只，仅仅。
之：主谓之间取消句子独立性。
出：长出。
淤（yū）泥：污泥。
染：沾染（污秽）。
濯（zhuó）：洗涤。
清涟（lián）：水清而有微波，这里指清水妖：美丽而不端庄。
通：贯通；通透。
直：挺立的样子。
中通外直：（它的茎）内空外直。
不蔓（màn）不枝：不生蔓，不长枝香远益清：香气远播，愈加使人感到清雅。
益：更加。
清：清芬。
亭亭净植：笔直地洁净地立在那里。
亭亭：耸立的样子。
植：树立。
可：只能。
亵玩:玩弄。
亵（xiè）：亲近而不庄重。
Unit 12A Case of "Severe Bias"Patricia Raybon1 This is who I am not. I am not a crack addict. I am not a welfare mother. I am not illiterate. I am not a prostitute. I have never been in jail. My children are not in gangs. My husband doesn’t beat me. My home is not a tenement. None of these things defines who I am, nor do they describe the other black people I’ve known and worked with and loved and befriended over these forty years of my life.2 Nor does it describe most of black America, period.3 Yet in the eyes of the American news media, this is what black America is: poor, criminal, addicted, and dysfunctional. Indeed, media coverage of black America is so one-sided, so imbalanced that the most victimized and hurting segment of the black community －a small segment, at best －is presented not as the exception but as the norm. It is an insidious practice, all the uglier for its blatancy.4 In recent months, I have observed a steady offering of media reports on crack babies, gang warfare, violent youth, poverty, and homelessness －and in most cases, the people featured in the photos and stories were black. At the same time, articles that discuss other aspects of American life －from home buying to medicine to technology to nutrition －rarely, if ever, show blacks playing a positive role, or for that matter, any role at all.5 Day after day, week after week, this message －that black America is dysfunctional and unwhole －gets transmitted across the American landscape. Sadly, as a result, America never learns the truth about what is actually a wonderful, vibrant, creative community of people.6 Most black Americans are not poor. Most black teenagers are not crack addicts. Most black mothers are not on welfare. Indeed, in sheer numbers, more white Americans are poor and on welfare than are black. Yet one never would deduce that by watching television or reading American newspapers and magazines.7 Why do the American media insist on playing this myopic, inaccurate picture game? In this game, white America is always whole and lovely and healthy, while black America is usually sick and pathetic and deficient. Rarely, indeed, is black America ever depicted in the media as functional and self-sufficient. The free press, indeed, as the main interpreter of American culture and American experience, holds the mirror on American reality －so much so that what the media say is is, even if it’s not that way at all. Themedia are guilty of a severe bias and the problem screams out for correction. It is worse than simply lazy journalism, which is bad enough; it is inaccurate journalism.8 For black Americans like myself, this isn’t just an issue of vanity －of wanting to be seen in a good light. Nor is it a matter of closing one’s eyes to the very real problems of the urban underclass －which undeniably is disproportionately black. To be sure, problems besetting the black underclass deserve the utmost attention of the media, as well as the understanding and concern of the rest of American society.9 But if their problems consistently are presented as the only reality for blacks, any other experience known in the black community ceases to have validity, or to be real. In this scenario, millions of blacks are relegated to a sort of twilight zone, where who we are and what we are isn’t based on fact but an image and perception. That’s what it feels like to be a black American whose lifestyle is outside of the aberrant behavior that the media present as the norm.10 For many of us, life is a curious series of encounters with white people who want to know why we are “different” from other blacks －when, in fact, most of us are only “different” from the now common negative images of black life. So pervasive are these images that they aren’t just perceived as the norm, they’re accepted as the norm.11 I am reminded, for example, of the controversial Spike Lee film Do the Right Thing and the criticism by some movie reviewers that the film’s ghetto neighborhood isn’t populated by addicts and drug pushers －and thus is not a true depiction.12 In fact, millions of black Americans live in neighborhoods where the most common sights are children playing and couples walking their dogs. In my own inner-city neighborhood in Denver －an area that the local press consistently describes as “gang territory” －I have yet to see a recognizable “gang” member or any “gang” activity (drug dealing or drive-by shootings), nor have I been the victim of “gang violence”.13 Yet to students of American culture －in the case of Spike Lee’s film, the movie reviewers － a black, inner-city neighborhood can only be one thing to be real: drug-infested and dysfunctioning. Is this my ego talking? In part, yes. For the millions of black people like myself －ordinary, hard-working, law-abiding, tax-paying Americans －the media’s blindness to the fact that we even exist, let alone to our contributions to American society, is a bitter cup to drink. And as self-reliant as most black Americans are －because we’ve had to be self-reliant －even the strongest among us still crave affirmation.14 I want that. I want it for my children. I want it for all the beautiful, healthy, funny, smart black Americans I have known and loved over the years.15 And I want it for the rest of America, too.16 I want America to know us －all of us －for who we really are. To see us in all of our complexity, our subtleness, our artfulness, our enterprise, our specialness, our loveliness, our American-ness. That is the real portrait of black America －that we’re strong people, surviving people, capable people. That may be the best-kept secret in America. If so, it’s time to let the truth be known.“强烈偏见”之实话实说帕特里夏·雷本1 我不是通常想象的那种黑人。
初中课外文言文及翻译(一)杨时求学杨时字中立，南剑将乐人。
幼颖异，能属文，稍长，潜心经史。
熙宁九年，中进士第。
时河南程颢与弟颐讲孔、孟绝学于熙、元之际，河、洛之士翕然师之。
时调关不赴，以师礼见颢于颖昌，相得甚欢。
其归也，颢目送之，曰：“吾道南矣。
”四年而颢死，时闻之，设位哭寝门，而以书赴告同学者。
至是，又见程颐于洛，时盖年四十矣。
一日见颐，颐偶瞑坐，时与游酢侍立不去，颐既觉，则门外雪一尺矣。
〔译文〕杨时字叫中立，是剑南将乐地方的人。
小的时候就很聪颖显得与众不同，善写文章。
年稍大一点既潜心学习经史，宋熙宁九年进士及第，当时，河南人程颢和弟弟程颐在熙宁、元丰年间讲授孔子和孟子的学术精要(即理学)，河南洛阳这些地方的学者都去拜他们为师，杨时被调去做官他都没有去，在颍昌以学生礼节拜程颢为师，师生相处得很好。
杨时回家的时候，程颢目送他说：“吾的学说将向南方传播了。
又过了四年程颢去世了，杨时听说以后，在卧室设了程颢的灵位哭祭，又用书信讣告同学的人。
程颢死以后，又到洛阳拜见程颐，这时杨时已四十岁了。
一天拜见程颐，程颐正闭着眼睛坐着，杨时与同学游酢(音zuò)就侍立在门外没有离开，程颐已经察觉的时候，那门外的雪已经一尺多深了。
(二)《游白水书付过》绍圣元年十月十二日，与幼子过游白水佛迹院。
浴于汤池，热甚，其源殆可熟物。
循山而东，少北，有悬水百仞。
山八九折，折处辄为潭，深者缒石五丈不得其所止。
雪溅雷怒，可喜可畏。
水崖有巨人迹数十，所谓“佛迹”也。
暮归，倒行观山烧，火甚。
俯仰度数谷，至江山月出，击汰中流，掬弄珠璧。
到家二鼓，复与过饮酒，食余甘煮菜。
顾影颓然，不复甚寐，书以付过。
东坡翁。
作者于绍圣元年六月接到惠州安置之命，遣家还阳羡（今江苏宜兴），独与幼子苏过同行。
十月到惠州。
本文是与幼子过游览白水后，写给他的一篇游记小品。
文中记述了温泉、瀑布、佛迹及百姓烧山的景观，文末流露出孤独颓唐的情绪。
白水，指惠州白水山。
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请翻译下列划线句子【解析】本题考查考生理解和翻译文中句子的能力。
【方法点拨】翻译句子要以直译为主,意译为辅，字字落实，达到“信、达、雅”的标准。
同时要注意实词:一词多义、词类活用、古今异义、通假字的翻译；还要注意一些虚词,一些虚词，也有意义；再就是注意一些特殊句式的翻译也要到位.二、节选自《宋史郭浩传》（全国大纲卷10.3(朝廷）选派将.4、金州残弊特甚,户口无几诸路.以直达。
（54,三、节选自《后汉书阴兴传》(山东卷10分）5、兴每从出入，常操持小盖，障翳风雨,躬履涂泥，率先期门（4分）（56、帝后召兴，欲封之，置印绶于前，兴固让曰:“臣未有先登陷阵之功，而一家数人并蒙爵士，令天下觖望，诚为盈溢。
臣蒙陛下、贵人恩泽至厚，富贵已极，不可复加，至诚不愿。
(4分）（6)。
7、明年夏，帝风眩疾甚,后以兴领侍中，受顾命于云台广室。
会疾廖，召见兴，欲以代吴汉为大司马。
兴叩头流涕，固让曰：“臣不敢惜身，诚亏损圣德，不可苟冒。
”分）（7)了他（的要求）。
四、节选自《元史•彻里》（江西卷12分)8、时行省理财方急，卖所在学田以价输官。
彻里曰：.还朝以闻，帝嘉纳焉。
（4分）8(关键词：所以、安、鬻）9(4分）9(关键词：毁诋、左右、批其颊.)10、汀、漳剧盗欧狗久不平，遂引兵征之，号令严肃，所过秋毫无犯.有降者，则劳以酒食而慰遣之，曰：,的确：“古人秉烛夜游，~有以也"2.一年的收成，年景：～凶（年成歉收）。
《阿丽思漫游奇境记》（赵元任译）Alice's Adventures InWonderland[英] Lewis Carroll著赵元任译（英汉对照）商务印书馆1998年5月第一版，定价2.15元《爱丽丝漫游奇遇记》的第一部中译本陈子善今年初，英国作家刘易斯·卡洛尔（1832－1898）的儿童文学名著《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》（以下简称《爱丽丝》）1865年初版本在纽约佳士得艺术品拍卖会上以150万美金成交，创下儿童文学初版本有史以来最高的拍卖纪录，令海内外文坛瞩目。
《爱丽丝》自诞生之日起，不仅在英国广受孩子们甚至成人们的喜爱，在全世界也已家喻户晓，据本世纪40年代的统计，就已译成20多种文字，有评论家认为此书文学价值达到了除莎士比亚和《圣经》之外无可比拟的程度。
此书初版本存世22本，其中 17本已为各国图书馆珍藏，流传在外仅5本。
这册附有卡洛尔为了出版一种适应年纪更小的孩子阅读的简易版本而作的改编计划笔记的初版本拍得如此高价，也就不足为奇了。
从《爱丽丝》初版本的拍卖，我不禁想起此书的中译本来。
《爱丽丝》第一种中文全译本出自赵元任（1892－1982）手笔，1922年1月商务印书馆初版。
我藏有一册得之于冷摊的1935年2月“国难后第3版”（“国难后第1版”是1933年4月），书品上好，得暇翻翻，竟翻出不少名堂来。
赵元任在本世纪的我国文化史上是位难得的博学多才的人物。
他是美国哈佛大学哲学博士，又是数学家、物理学家、音乐家和语言学家，后专攻语言学，有“汉语言学之父”的美誉，曾与梁启超、王国维、陈寅恪一起被聘为清华学校国学研究院导师，他为刘半农诗《教我如何不想他》谱写的歌曲也是风行一时，脍炙人口。
但赵元任在文学上最为得意的是早年所译的这本“处女作”《爱丽丝》。
《爱丽丝》是赵元任在1921年上半年翻译的。
其时，英国哲学家罗素正在华讲学，赵元任担任翻译，同时，赵元任还与其后来的夫人杨步伟在热恋中。
地理专业词汇英语翻译(U地理专业词汇英语翻译(U-Z)地理专业词汇英语翻译(U-Z)u shaped valleyu形谷ubiquists随遇植物udalf湿淋溶土udershrub小灌木udert湿变性土udoll湿软土udometer雨量器udult湿老成土ulexite钠硼解石ullmannite锑硫镍矿ulmic acid棕腐酸ulmin棕腐质ultimate form终地形ultimate plain终平原ultimate wilting point极限凋萎点ultisol老成土ultra microchemistry超微量化学ultrabasic rock超基性岩ultraclay超粘土ultrafiltration超滤ultrafine dust超细粉末ultramafic rock超基性岩ultrametamorphism超变质ultramicrofossil微化石ultramicroscope超显微镜ultraplankton超微浮游生物ultraviolet image紫外影像ultraviolet microscope紫外线显微镜ultraviolet radiation紫外线辐射ultraviolet spectroscopy紫外线光谱学ultraviolet spectrum紫外线光谱umbraquult暗色潮老成土umbrept暗始成土umbric epipedon暗色表层unavialable water无效水uncomformity不整合unconditioned reflex非条件反射unconformity不整合unconformity spring不整合泉unconscious selection无意识的选择uncontaminated soil未污染土壤undefined structure无定型结构under soil心土underclay底粘土undercurrent暗流undercut slope暗掘坡underdevelopment显影不足underdrainage地下排水underexposure曝光不足underflow潜流underground flow地下水流underground part地下部underground resources地下资源underground river地下河underground water潜水undergrowth林下植物underlying bed下伏层underrun潜流undershrub小灌木丛undersize筛下产品underthrust俯冲断层underwater acoustics水中声学underwater camera水下照相机underwater television水下电视undifferentiated alluvium均匀冲积物undisturbed sample原状试样undulant fever布鲁菌病undulating land波状土地undulation波动undulation of the geoid大地水准面起伏undulatory movements波形运动uneven settlement不均匀沉降unfilled porosity非饱和孔隙度unfixed soil非固定土壤ungulates有蹄类unhumified organic matter未腐解有机物质uniaxial volcano单轴火山uniform development均匀发育uniform flow等速流uniform motion匀速运动uniform profile均质剖面uniformitarianism均变说uniformity coefficient均匀性系数unirrigated soil非灌溉土壤unit area单位面积unit cell单位晶格unit of enzyme酶单位unit value of symbol地图符号价值单位unit weight单位重量unity整体universal theodolite万能经纬仪universal time世界时universal transverse mercator projection通用横墨卡托投影universe宇宙unpaired electron不成对电子unproductive soil不毛之土壤unsaturated rock不饱和岩unsaturated soil不饱和土壤unsaturated solution不饱和溶液unstable channel不稳定河槽unstable equilibrium不稳定平衡unstable isotope不稳定同位素unstable stratification不稳定层结unsymmetrical fold不对称褶皱unweathered mineral soil未风化矿质土壤updraft向上气流upheaval隆起uphill sloping profile升坡剖面upland高地upland moor高位沼泽upland savanna高地热带琉林uplide motion上滑运动upper air observation高空气象观测upper atmosphere高层大气upper clouds高云upper crust上地壳upper culmination上中天upper layer clouds上层云upper mantle上地幔upper pool上水池upper pool elevation上游水位upper trade高空信风upper wind observation高空风测upright fold直立褶皱uprise of salts盐分上升uprooting挖除伐根upslope fog上坡雾upstream deposits上游沉积物upstream facing of weir堰的上游护面upthrow fault上投断层upthrow side上投侧upthrust fault上投断层upward evolution of relief地形的隆起演化upward movement of water水分上升运动upwarping向上挠曲uraninite沥青铀矿uranite铀云母uranium铀uranium deposit铀矿床uranium mine铀矿uranium ore铀矿uranocircite钡铀云母uranophane硅钙铀矿uranopilite铀钙矿uranothorite铀钍矿uranyl compound铀酰化合物urban agglomeration城市群urban ecological system城市生态系统urban environment城市环境urban function城市功能urban information system城市信息系统urban morphology城市形态urban photogrammetry城市摄影测量urban planning城市规划urban planning information system城市规划信息系统urban remote sensing城市遥感urban sewage城市污水urban size城市规模urbanization城市化urea尿素usefull mineral有用矿物ustalf干淋溶土ustert干变性土ustoll干软土ustox干氧化土ustult干老成土uvala坞洼uvanite钒铀矿vacant field空地vacant lattice site未填满晶格结点vaccin菌苗vacuum frame抽气晒版机vadose water渗廉valence原子价valence crystal价晶格valence electron价电子valency原子价valent state价态valentinite锑华valley谷valley bog河地沼泽valley bottom谷底valley breeze谷风valley fill河谷填积valley fog谷雾valley glacier谷冰川valley in valley谷中谷valley pattern河谷型valley slope河谷坡降valley water divide河谷分水界valuation评价value值value class数值等级vanadite钒铅锌矿vanadium钒vanadium pollution钒污染vapor pressure deficit饱和差vaporous water气态水variability变异性variability index变化指数variable变量variable standardization变量标准化variable wind转向风variance方差variance analysis方差分析variant of association变异群落variation变异variation diagram变化图variation of latitude纬度变化variegated sandstone杂色砂岩variegation彩斑variety变种variogram变量图variolite球颗玄武岩variometer升降速度表varve clay纹泥varved clay带状粘土vascular plant维管植物vauclusian spring龙潭vector analysis向量分析vegetable garden菜园vegetable remains植物残余vegetal reign植物界vegetation植被vegetation coverage map植被覆盖度图vegetation deterioration植被破坏vegetation form植被型vegetation index植被指数vegetation maps植被图vegetation parameter植被参数vegetation regionalization植被区划vegetation resources植被资源vegetation succession植被演替vegetation type植被型vegetation type map植被类型图vegetation zone植被带vegetative hybrid无性杂种vegetative propagation营养繁殖vegetative season生长期vegetative shoot营养枝veil灰雾vein rock脉石veinlet细脉velocity速度velocity head临水头velocity measurement速度测定velocity meter速度测量器测速计velocity of propagation传播速度veneer复面层veneer rock覆盖层ventilated psychrometer通风干湿表verification检验verification scheme检查简图verisimilitude逼真性vermiculite蛭石vermudoll填土动物穴湿软土vermuth step蒿草原vernacular name土名vernadskite水铜矾vernalization春化处理vernalization stage春化阶段vernier游标vernier microscope游标显微镜vernier reading游标读数vernier theodolite游标经纬仪vertebrate palaeontology脊椎动物古生物学vertebrates脊椎动物vertic cambisols变性始成土vertic chernozems变性黑土vertic luvisols变性淋溶土vertical垂线vertical aerial photography垂直航空摄影vertical angle竖角vertical circle竖直度盘vertical displacement竖直位移vertical distribution竖直分布vertical exaggeration垂直夸张vertical fault垂直断层vertical fold直立褶皱vertical ground visibility垂直地面可见度vertical hill shading直照晕渲法vertical line垂线vertical parallax上下视差vertical photography竖直摄影vertical plane竖直平面vertical position竖直位置vertical scale垂直比例尺vertical section垂直剖面vertical seismograph垂直震仪vertical stratification垂直成层结构vertical surface竖面vertical temperature gradient温度垂直梯度vertical thread竖直丝vertical velocity curve临垂直分布曲线vertical visibility垂直视距vertical wind shear风的垂直切变vertically distributed agriculture立体农业vertigo眩晕vertisols变性土very large scale integrated circuit超大规模集成电路vesicular structure多孔状构造vetch巢菜viability生活力vibrating screen振动筛vibration spectrum振动光谱vicariad替代种vicarism替代性video amplifier视频放大器video camera digitizer电视摄像数字化仪video data可视数据video disk电视唱片video file可见文件video frequency视频video information system视频信息系统video monitor可视监视器video signal视频信号vidicon光导摄像管viewfinder取景器viewing观察viewing angle视场角vignetting渐晕village自然村vinyl乙烯基vinyl alochol乙烯醇vinyl chloride乙烯基氯vinylon维尼纶violent earthquake大地震virgation分岐virgin forest原始林virgin land处女地virgin soil生荒地virtual image虚象virtual memory虚拟存储器virtual model虚模型virtual temperature虚温virus disease病毒疾病virus infection病毒感染viscosity粘度viscous consistence粘滞结持visibility可见度visibility curve可见度曲线visibility meter可见度测定器可见度测定计visible cloud image可见光云图visible horizon视地平visible radiation可见光visible region可贝区vision视力vision angle视角visual acuity视敏度visual balance of elements on a map地图表示因素的低visual field视野visual interpretation目视判读visual line视线visual observation目力观察visual range可视距离visual remote sensing可见光遥感visual sense视觉visualization目测vital capacity生存能力vitality生活力vitrain镜煤vitrandept碎屑火山灰始成土vitreous lustre玻璃光泽vitric andosols玻璃质暗色土vitric tuff玻璃凝灰岩vitriol spring硫酸盐泉vivianite蓝铁矿void孔隙void ratio孔隙比volatilization蒸发volcanic action火山活动volcanic ash火山灰volcanic ash soil火山灰土volcanic block火山块volcanic breccia火山角砾岩volcanic chain火山脉volcanic clay火山粘土volcanic cone火山锥volcanic conglomerate火山砾岩volcanic cycle火山轮回volcanic detritus火山岩屑volcanic detritus soil火山岩屑土volcanic dome火山穹丘volcanic dust火山尘volcanic earthquake火山地震volcanic ejecta火山喷出物volcanic explosion火山爆发volcanic front火山前沿volcanic gases火山气体volcanic hazard火山灾害volcanic islands火山岛volcanic lake火山湖volcanic landscape火山景观volcanic mountains火山volcanic mud火山泥volcanic mudflow火山泥溜volcanic plateau熔岩高原volcanic plug火山栓volcanic product火山喷出物volcanic rent火山裂缝口volcanic rock火山岩volcanic row火山列volcanic rumbling火山地震声volcanic sand火山沙volcanic soil火山土壤volcanic spine火山碑volcanic thunderstorm火山雷雨volcanic tremor火山脉动volcanic tuff凝灰岩volcanic vent火山口volcanic zone火山带volcanism火山酌volcano火山volcano tectonic depression火山沉陷地volcanogenic soil火山土volubile plant缠绕植物volume体积volume of flood flow洪水量volume of reservoir水库容积volume of runoff径量volume shrinkage容积收缩volume weight容重volumetric coefficient容积系数volumetric flowmeter体积量计volumetric method of measuring discharge容积法测流volumetric procedure容量法vomiting呕吐vortex涡旋vortex chain卡曼涡voyage航海wacke玄土wad锰土wadi干谷walking步行wall map挂图wall rock alteration围岩蚀变walnut mountain forest胡桃山林wandering fan徘徊扇wandering river游荡性河流waning development凹坡发育warm air mass暖气团warm current暖流warm front暖锋warm high暖高压warm sector暖区warm temperate zone暖温带warm tongue暖气舌warm trough暖槽warm wave热浪warning coloration警戒色warp淤积物warp clay淤积粘土washed off soil淋洗土壤washed out soil淋洗土壤washing洗涤washing bottle洗瓶washing water洗水waste岩屑waste disposal废物处理waste gas废气waste heat废热waste land荒地waste lye废液waste oil废油waste paper废纸waste pile废石堆waste product废产物waste rubber废橡胶waste water废水waste water treatment废水处理water水water absorbing capacity吸水能力water absorption吸水water and soil reservation information system水土保持信息系统water balance水分平衡water bearing bed含水层water bearing formation含水层water bird水禽water bloom湖靛water body水团water bottle采水器取水器water budget水分平衡water capacity容水量water clouds水云water conductivity水分传导度water consumption水分耗损water content含水量water content of snow雪含水量water control水分控制water control pivot水利枢纽water course水道water culture溶液培养water cycle水循环water delivery供水water dispersion halo水分散晕water divide分水岭water droplets in clouds云水滴water economy水利water edge水边;水边线water equivalent水当量water equivalent of snow雪的水当量water equivalent of snow cover积雪水当量water erosion水蚀water evaporimeter水蒸发器water extract水提取物water gage水尺water gall水蚀穴water gap峡谷water hemisphere水半球water holding capacity持水量water intake进水口water leaf水叶water level水位water level amplitude水位变幅water level fluctuations水位波动water level recorder水位计water line水位线water management水管理water mass水团water microorganism水微生物water migration水迁移water migration coefficient of element元素的水迁移系数water molecule水分子water of crystallization结晶水water of infiltration渗入水water parting divide分水界water percolating capacity水分渗透能力water perocolation渗水water plane水面water plants水生植物water pollution map水污染地图water power plant水电站water quality水质water quality monitoring水质监测water regime水分状况water regime of soil土壤的水分状况water relationship水分状况water representation水系表示法water requirement需水量water reservoir贮水池water resources水资源water resources management水资源管理water retaining capacity保水能力water retention保水water saturation含水饱和度water self purification水体自净酌water solubility水溶性water sprout徒长枝water stage measurement水位测定water storage蓄水water stream水流water supply给水water surface水面water surface slope水面坡度water table地下水位water table contour地下水位等高线water temperature水温water tight structure不透水结构water vapor水汽water vapor cloud image水汽态云图water vein水脉water year水文年;水年water yield硫总出水量watercourse水道waterfall瀑布waterfall erosion瀑布侵蚀watering灌溉waterlining波状水线waterlogged soil渍水土壤watershed分水岭watershed area分水岭地区watershed line地形线waterspout海龙卷waterstable aggregate水稳性团聚体waterway水道wave analyzer波形分析器wave band波段wave base波浪酌的限界深度wave crest波锋wave current波流wave cut notch浪蚀龛wave cut plain浪蚀平原wave cut platgorm浪蚀台wave cut terrace海蚀阶地wave cyclone波动性气旋wave deformation波的变形wave diffraction波浪绕射wave erosion浪蚀wave height波高wave length波长wave mark波痕wave of translation移动波wave particle duality波粒二象性wave path波道wave reflection波反射wave refraction波折射;波浪折射wave sand body浪成沙体wave velocity波速wavemeter波长计waves波waxing development上升发展weak acid弱酸weak earthquake弱震weak rock软弱岩石weak structure脆弱结构weakened profile弱发育剖面weakly leached brown soil轻度淋溶棕壤weather天气weather analysis天气分析weather analysis and forecasting天气分析和预报weather chart气象图weather conditions气象条件weather divide天气区划分weather doppler radar天气多普勒雷达weather forecast天气预报weather information气象情报weather map天气图weather map analysis天气图分析weather message天气报告weather radar气象雷达weather satellite气象卫星weather station气象站weather surve气象服务weather system天气系统weathered pebble风化砾weathered zone风化带weathering风化weathering agent风化因子weathering crust风化壳weathering residues风化残留物weathering sequence风化系列weathering solutions风化溶液wedge of high pressure高压楔wedging thin尘灭weed杂草weed control除草weed killer除草剂weeding除草weight权weight coefficient权系数weight function权函数weight method称重法weight of observation观测权weight unit单位权weighted mean加权平均值weighted product加权积weighted sum加权和weighting bottle称瓶weir堰welded tuff熔结凝灰岩well井well curb井口护井圈well drilling凿井well function井函数west point毋westerlies偏午westerly wind偏午wet adiabat湿绝热线wet adiabatic change湿绝热变化wet adiabatic lapse rate湿绝热递减率wet adiabatic process湿绝热过程wet analysis湿法分析wet bulb temperature湿球温度wet bulb thermometer湿球温度表wet meadow soil湿草甸土wet sample湿试样wet soil渍水土壤wet solonchak湿盐土wet year多水年wetted area受潮面积wetting front湿润锋wheat小麦wheat cultivation小麦栽培wheat yield estimation小麦估产whirler旋转涂膜机whirlpool旋涡whirlwind涡旋风white clay高岭土white light白光white mica白云母whitecap白浪whole pipette全量吸移管whooping cough百日咳whorl轮生wichtisite玻基粗粒玄武岩wide angle camera宽角射影机wide angle lens宽角物镜wide bandpass filter宽带滤光片width of the channel渠宽willow stand柳林wilting凋萎wilting coefficient萎蔫系数wilting point凋萎点wilting range凋萎含水量范围wind风wind blown soil风积土wind break forest防风林wind carving风蚀wind current风海流wind damage风害wind direction风向wind direction meter风向测定器wind divide风向界线wind drift飞砂wind driven current吹流风海流wind driven waves强制波wind effected phenomena风力效应现象wind erosion风蚀wind erosion pillar蕈状石wind finding radar测风雷达wind force风力wind forest strip防护林带wind load风压负载wind measurement风速测定法wind path风程wind pollination风媒wind resistance抗风性wind ripples风成波痕wind rose风向图wind rotation风向转变wind sack风向袋wind shear风切变wind shift风向转变wind speed风速wind system风系wind tunnel风洞wind vane风向标wind velocity vector风速向量wind zone风带windbreak风障windfall风倒木windpressure风压windstorm大风windward迎风面windward bank向风岸windward coast向风海岸windward slope向风面wine soil葡萄园土winter dormancy冬眠winter flood冬季洪水winter half year冬半年winter hardiness耐寒性winter solstice冬至wintering越冬woadwaxen brake染料木丛林wolframite黑钨矿wollastonite硅灰石wombat袋熊wood木材wood cutting area伐区wood peat木质泥炭woodcutter's encephalitis春季森林脑炎woody mire木本沼泽woody plant示word length字长work sheet编绘原图workable可耕的workable soil适耕土壤worker职蚁working aperture有效孔径working capacity劳动能力working map工棕图world aeronautical chart世界航空图world atlas世界地图集world map世界地图world map series世界图组world refernece system世界参考系统worm's eye view仰视图wrench fault横推断层xxy 平面x axis横轴x rayx射线x ray absorption spectrumx射线吸收谱x ray camera伦琴室x ray crystallographyx射线结晶学x ray diffractionx射线衍射x ray fluorescence analysisx射线荧光分析x ray imagex射线照片x ray patternx射线图样x ray photographyx射线照相x ray refractive indexx射线折射指数x ray spectrometerx射线分光计x ray spectroscopic analysis伦琴射线光谱分析x ray spectroscopyx射线光谱学x ray tubex射线管x raysx射线xanthic ferralsols黄色铁铝土xanthic pigment黄色色素xanthophyll叶黄素xanthosis黄病xenolith捕虏岩xenomorphic他形的xenon氙xenothermal deposit浅成高温矿床xeralf干热淋溶土xerert季节性干旱变性土xerography静电复印xeroll干热软土xeromorphism旱生形态xerophilous plant旱生植物xerophilous plants喜旱植物xerophils适旱植物xerophyte旱生植物xerophytic vegetation旱生植被xeropsamment季节性干旱砂新成土xerosere旱生演替系列xerosols干旱土xerothermic plant干热植物xerult干热老成土xylem木质部y axisy轴y coordinate纵坐标y planexy 平面year of publication出版年代yearly ring生长轮yeast酵母yellow aphids黄蚜yellow brown soil黄棕壤yellow brown soils黄棕色土壤yellow fever黄热病yellow fever virus黄热病病毒yellow filter黄滤光镜yellow podzolic soils灰化黄壤yellow sand黄沙yellow soil黄壤yellowing黄化yelow mud黄泥yermosols漠境土yew grove紫杉林yield factors产量因素yield forecast单产预报yield index产量指标yield model产量模型yield of grass产草量yield programming产量程序设计yielding收获量yielding capacity生产量young forest幼龄林young mountains幼年山young platform幼年性台地young stage幼年期young topography幼年地形young valley幼年谷ytterbium镱yttrium钇yttrocrasite钛钇钍矿zechstein镁灰岩zenith天顶zenith distance天顶距zenith photography天顶摄影zenith point天顶点zenithal rains天顶季雨zeolite沸石zeolite facies沸石相zeolitization沸石化zero correlation零相关zero direction零方向zero indicator零点指示器zero position零位zeta potential动电位zinc锌zinc blende闪锌矿zinc pollution锌污染zincaluminite锌茂zinnwaldite铁锂云母zircon锆土zirconium锆zirconium deposit锆矿床zirkelite钛锆钍矿zodiacal light黄道光zoisite帘石zonal aberration区域像差zonal circulation纬向环流zonal distribution显域分布zonal flow纬向气流zonal index of circulation纬向指数zonal soil profile分带土壤剖面zonal soils显域土zonal structure带状构造zonal swamp地带性沼泽zonation分带zone带zone of dissipation消融区zone of faulting断层带zone of fracture破裂带zone of mathematical climate数理气候带zone of percolation渗漏带zone of saturation饱和带zone plate波带片zone time区时zoning of primary halos原生晕分带zoobenthos水底动物zoochores动物传布zoochory动物传布zoocoenose动物群落zoogeographic region动物地理区zoogeography动物地理学zoolith动物岩zoology动物学zoom stereoscope可变焦距立体镜zoophilous plant动物媒植物zooplankton浮游动物zootope动物生境zwitter ion两性离子zygospore接合孢子zygote合子zymology酶学地理专业词汇英语翻译(U-Z) 相关内容:。
选择性必修上《论语》十二章原文及翻译1 子曰：“君子食无求饱，居无求安，敏于事而慎于言，就有道而正焉，可谓好学也已。
”（《学而》）【译文】孔子说：“君子，饮食不要求饱足，生活不要求安逸，做事勤勉而语言谨慎接近有道德的人来匡正自己，这就可以说是喜欢学习了。
”2 子曰：“人而不仁，如礼何？人而不仁，如乐何？”(《八佾》)【译文】孔子曰：“一个人没有仁爱之心，还要礼仪做什么？一个人没有仁爱之心，还要奏乐做什么？”3 子曰：“朝闻道，夕死可矣。
”（《里仁》）【译文】孔子说：“早上明白了仁义之道，晚上为它去死也可以。
”“早上明白了道，晚上死了也可以。
”4 子曰：“君子喻于义，小人喻于利。
”（《里仁》）【译文】孔子说：“君子对道义通晓（看重），小人对利益通晓（看重）。
”5 子曰：“见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。
”（《里仁》）【译文】孔子说：“见到有才华的人就向他学习，希望和他看齐；看见没有德行的人自己的内心就要反省是否有和他一样的错误。
”6 子曰：“质胜文则野，文胜质则史，文质彬彬，然后君子。
”（《雍也》）【译文】孔子说：“质朴胜过了文饰就会粗野，文饰胜过了质朴就会虚浮，质朴和文饰恰到好处，然后才可以成为君子。
”7 曾子曰：士不可以不弘毅，任重而道远。
仁以为己任，不亦重乎？死而后已，不亦远乎？（《泰伯》）【译文】曾子说：“读书人不可不志向远大且意志坚毅，因为他任务艰巨而路途遥远。
以实行仁德为己任，不是很艰巨吗？直到死才停止追求，不是很遥远吗？”8.子曰：“譬如为山，未成一篑，止，吾止也；譬如平地，虽覆一篑，进，吾往也。
”（《子罕》）【译文】孔子说：“（做事）好比用土堆山，只差一筐土就堆成了，如果停下来，那是我半途而废停下的；（做事）好比用土平地，即使才倒下一筐，如果能继续做下去，那是我坚持不懈做成的。
”9 子曰：“知者不惑，仁者不忧，勇者不惧。
”（《子罕》）【译文】孔子说：“有智慧的人，不会被迷惑；有仁德的人，不会有忧愁；勇敢的人面不会有所畏惧。
Unit 12 Gender Bias in LanguageLanguage is a very powerful element. It is the most common method of communication. Yet it is often misunderstood and misinterpreted, for language is a very complicated mechanism with a great deal of nuance. There are times when in conversation with another individual, that we must take into account the person’s linguistic genealogy. There are people who use language that would be considered prejudicial or biased in use. But the question that is raised is in regard to language usage: Is language the cause of the bias or is it reflective of the preexisting bias that the user holds? There are those who believe that the language that we use in day-to-day conversation is biased in and of itself. They feel that the term "mailman", for example, is one that excludes women mail carriers. Then there are those who feel that language is a reflection of the prejudices that people have within themselves. That is to say, the words that people choose to use in conversation denote the bias that they harbor within their own existence.There are words in the English language that are existing or have existed (some of them have changed with the new wave of “political correctness” coming about that have inherently been sexually biased against women. For example, the person who investigates reported complaints (as from consumers or students, reports findings, and helps to achieve fair and impartial settlements is ombudsman (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, but ombudsperson here at Indiana State University. This is an example of the gender bias that exists in the English language. The language is arranged so that men are identified with exalted positions, and women are identified with more service-oriented positions in which they are being dominated and instructed by men. So the language used to convey this type of male supremacy is generally reflecting the honored position of the male and the subservience of the female. Even in relationships, the male in the home is often referred to as the “man of the house,” even if it is a 4-year-old child. It is highly insulting to say that a 4-year-old male, based solely on his gender, is more qualified and capable ofconducting the business and affairs of the home than his possibly well-educated, highly intellectual mother. There is a definite disparity in that situation.In American culture, a woman is valued for the attractiveness of her body, while a man is valued for his physical strength and his achievements. Even in the example of word pairs the bias is evident. The masculine word is put before the feminine word, as in the examples of Mr. and Mrs., his and hers, boys and girls, men and women, kings and queens, brothers and sisters, guys and dolls, and host and hostess. This shows that the usage of many of the English words is also what contributes to the bias present in the English language.Alleen Pace Nilsenn notes that there are instances when women are seen as passive while men are active and bring things into being. She uses the example of the wedding ceremony. In the beginning of the ceremony, the father is asked who gives the bride away and he answers, “I do.” It is at this point that Nilsen argues that the gender bias comes into play. The traditional concept of the bride as something to be handed from one man (the father to another man (the husband-to-be is perpetuated. Another example is in the instance of sexual relationships. The women becomebrides while men wed women. The man takes away a woman’s virginity and a woman loses her virginity. This denotes her inability, apparently due to her gender, to hold on to something that is a part of her, thus enforcing the man’s ability and right to claim something that is not his.To be a man, according to some linguistic differences, would be considered an honor. To be endowed by genetics with the encoding of a male would be as having been shown grace, unmerited favor. There are far greater positive connotations connected with being a man than with being a woman. Nilsen yields the example of “shrew” and “shrewd.” The word “shrew” is taken from the name of a small but especially vicious animal; however in Nilsen’s dictionary, a “shrew” was identified as an “ill-tempered,scolding woman.” However, the word “shrewd,” which comes from the same root, was defined as “marked by clever discerning awareness.” It was noted in her dictionary as a shrewd businessman. It is also commonplace not to scold little girls for being “tomboys” but to scoff at little boys who play with dolls or ride girls’ bicycles.In the conversations that come up between friends, you sometimes hear the words “babe,” “broad,” and “chick.” These are words that are used in reference to or directed toward women. It is certainly the person’s right to use these words to reflect women, but why use them when there are so many more to choose from? Language is the most powerful tool of communication and the most effective tool of communication. It is also the most effective weapon of destruction.Although there are biases that exist in the English language, there has been considerable change toward recognizing these biases and making the necessary changes formally so that they will be implemented socially. It is necessary for people to make the proper adjustments internally to use appropriate language to effectively include both genders. We qualify language. It is up to us to decide what we will allow to be used and made proper in the area of language.语言中的性别偏见语言是一个非常强大的元素。
备注序号代码门类、一级学科及专业名称英文翻译101哲学 PHILOSOPHY 20101哲学 PHILOSOPHY 4010102中国哲学 CHINESE PHILOSOPHY 5010103外国哲学FOREIGN PHILOSOPHIES 6010104逻辑学 LOGIC 7010105伦理学 ETHICS 8010106美学 AESTHETICS 9010107宗教学 RELIGIOUS STUDIES 10010108科学技术哲学 PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1102经济学 ECONOMICS 120201理论经济学 THEORETICAL ECONOMICS 13020101政治经济学 POLITICAL ECONOMICS 14020102经济思想史 HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHTS 15020103经济史 ECONOMIC HISTORY 16020104西方经济学ECONOMICS 17020105世界经济WORLD ECONOMY 18020106人口、资源与环境经济学ECONOMICS OF POPULATION, RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT 190202应用经济学 APPLIED ECONOMICS 20020202区域经济学 REGIONAL ECONOMICS 21020203财政学 PUBLIC FINANCE 22020204金融学 FINANCE 23020205产业经济学 INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS 24020206国际贸易学 INTERNATIONAL TRADE 25020207劳动经济学 LABOR ECONOMICS 26020208统计学 STATISTICS 27020209数量经济学 QUANTITATIVE ECONOMICS 280202Z1保险学INSURANCE 290202Z2金融工程FINANCE ENGINEERING 300202Z3精算学ACTUARIAL SCIENCES 310202Z4城市经济学URBAN ECONOMICS 320202Z6物流学LOGISTICS 33020224计算金融学COMPUTIONAL FINANCE 3403法学 LAW 350301法学 LAW 36030101法学理论 JURISPRUDENCE 37030102法律史LEGAL HISTORY 38030103宪法学与行政法学C ONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW 学科专业名称中英文翻译对照表代码为2位的是学位授予门类，代码为4位的是一级学科名称，代码为6位的是二级学科即专业名称。
哲学Philosophy马克思主义哲学 Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学 Chinese Philosophy外国哲学 Foreign Philosophies逻辑学 Logic伦理学 Ethics美学 Aesthetics宗教学 Science of Religion科学技术哲学 Philosophy of Science and Technology经济学 Economics理论经济学 Theoretical Economics政治经济学 Political Economy经济思想史 History of Economic Thought经济史 History of Economic西方经济学 Western Economics世界经济 World Economics人口、资源与环境经济学 Population, Resources and Environmental Economics应用经济学 Applied Economics国民经济学 National Economics区域经济学 Regional Economics法学 LawCommunist Movement中共党史（含党的学说与党的建设) History of the Communist Party of China(including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building)马克思主义理论与思想政治教育 Education of Marxist Theory and Education in Ideology and Politi cs国际政治学 International Politics国际关系学 International Relations外交学 Diplomacy社会学 Sociology社会学 Sociology人口学 Demography人类学 Anthropology民俗学(含中国民间文学） Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature）民族学 Ethnology民族学 Ethnology马克思主义民族理论与政策 Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy 中国少数民族经济 Chinese Ethnic Economics中国少数民族史 Chinese Ethnic History中国少数民族艺术 Chinese Ethnic Art教育学 Education教育学 Education Science教育学原理 Educational Principle课程与教学论 Curriculum and Teaching Methodology教育史 History of Education比较教育学 Comparative Education学前教育学 Pre-school Education高等教育学 Higher Education成人教育学 Adult Education职业技术教育学 Vocational and Technical Education特殊教育学 Special Education教育技术学 Education Technology心理学 Psychology基础心理学 Basic Psychology发展与心理学 Developmental and Educational Psychology应用心理学 Applied Psychology体育学 Science of Physical Culture and Sports体育人文社会学 Humane and Sociological Science of Sports 运动人体科学 Human Movement Science体育教育训练学 Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training民族传统体育学 Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports文学 Literature中国语言文学 Chinese Literature文艺学 Theory of Literature and Art语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics汉语言文字学 Chinese Philology中国古典文献学 Study of Chinese Classical Text中国古代文学 Ancient Chinese Literature中国现当代文学 Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature中国少数民族语言文学 Chinese Ethnic Language andLiterature比较文学与世界文学 Comparative Literature and World Literature外国语言文学 Foreign Languages and Literatures英语语言文学 English Language and Literature俄语语言文学 Russian Language and Literature法语语言文学 French Language and Literature德语语言文学 German Language and Literature日语语言文学 Japanese Language and Literature印度语言文学 Indian Language and Literature西班牙语语言文学 Spanish Language and Literature阿拉伯语语言文学 Arabic Language and Literature欧洲语言文学 European Language and Literature亚非语言文学 Asian—African Language and Literature外国语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics inForeign Languages新闻传播学 Journalism and Communication新闻学 Journalism传播学 Communication艺术学 Art艺术学 Art Theory音乐学 Music美术学 Fine Arts设计艺术学 Artistic Design戏剧戏曲学 Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera电影学 Film广播电视艺术学 Radio and television Art舞蹈学 Dance历史学 History历史学 History史学理论及史学史 Historical Theories and History of Historical Science 考古学及博物馆学 Archaeology and Museology历史地理学 Historical Geography历史文献学(含敦煌学、古文字学） Studies of Historical Literature （including Paleography and Studies of Dunhuang）专门史 History of Particular Subjects中国古代史 Ancient Chinese History中国近现代史 Modern and Contemporary Chinese History世界史 World History理学 Natural Science数学 Mathematics基础数学 Fundamental Mathematics计算数学 Computational Mathematics概率论与数理统计 Probability and Mathematical Statistics应用数学 Applied mathematics运筹学与控制论 Operational Research and Cybernetics物理学 Physics理论物理 Theoretical Physics粒子物理与原子核物理 Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics原子与分子物理 Atomic and Molecular Physics等离子体物理 Plasma Physics凝聚态物理 Condensed Matter Physics声学 Acoustics光学 Optics无线电物理 Radio Physics化学 Chemistry无机化学 Inorganic Chemistry分析化学 Analytical Chemistry有机化学 Organic Chemistry物理化学（含化学物理） Physical Chemistry （including Chemical Physics)高分子化学与物理 Chemistry and Physics of Polymers天文学 Astronomy天体物理 Astrophysics天体测量与天体力学 Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics地理学 Geography自然地理学 Physical Geography人文地理学 Human Geography地图学与地理信息系统 Cartography and Geography Information System大气科学 Atmospheric Sciences气象学 Meteorology大气物理学与大气环境 Atmospheric Physics and Atmospheric Environment海洋科学 Marine Sciences物理海洋学 Physical Oceanography海洋化学 Marine Chemistry海洋生理学 Marine Biology海洋地质学 Marine Geology地球物理学 Geophysics固体地球物理学 Solid Earth Physics空间物理学 Space Physics地质学 Geology矿物学、岩石学、矿床学 Mineralogy, Petrology, Mineral Deposit Geology 地球化学 Geochemistry古生物学与地层学（含古人类学） Paleontology and Stratigraphy (including Paleoanthropology)构造地质学 Structural Geology第四纪地质学 Quaternary Geology生物学 Biology植物学 Botany动物学 Zoology生理学 Physiology水生生物学 Hydrobiology微生物学 Microbiology神经生物学 Neurobiology遗传学 Genetics发育生物学 Developmental Biology细胞生物学 Cell Biology生物化学与分子生物学 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology生物物理学 Biophysics生态学 Ecology系统科学 Systems Science系统理论 Systems Theory系统分析与集成 Systems Analysis and Integration科学技术史 History of Science and Technology工学 Engineering力学 Mechanics一般力学与力学基础 General and Fundamental Mechanics固体力学 Solid Mechanics流体力学 Fluid Mechanics工程力学 Engineering Mechanics机械工程 Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化 Mechanical Manufacture and Automation机械电子工程 Mechatronic Engineering机械设计与理论 Mechanical Design and Theory车辆工程 Vehicle Engineering光学工程 Optical Engineering仪器科学与技术 Instrument Science and Technology精密仪器及机械 Precision Instrument and Machinery测试计量技术及仪器 Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments 材料科学与工程 Materials Science and Engineering材料物理与化学 Materials Physics and Chemistry材料学 Materialogy材料加工工程 Materials Processing Engineering冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering冶金物理化学 Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy钢铁冶金 Ferrous Metallurgy有色金属冶金 Non—ferrous Metallurgy动力工程及工程热物理 Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics 工程热物理 Engineering Thermophysics热能工程 Thermal Power Engineering动力机械及工程 Power Machinery and Engineering流体机械及工程 Fluid Machinery and Engineering制冷及低温工程 Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering化工过程机械 Chemical Process Equipment电气工程 Electrical Engineering电机与电器 Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus电力系统及其自动化 Power System and its Automation高电压与绝缘技术 High Voltage and Insulation Technology电力电子与电力传动 Power Electronics and Power Drives电工理论与新技术 Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering电子科学与技术 Electronics Science and Technology物理电子学 Physical Electronics电路与系统 Circuits and Systems微电子学与固体电子学 Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics电磁场与微波技术 Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology信息与通信工程 Information and Communication Engineering通信与信息系统 Communication and Information Systems信号与信息处理 Signal and Information Processing控制科学与工程 Control Science and Engineering控制理论与控制工程 Control Theory and Control Engineering检测技术与自动化装置 Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment系统工程 Systems Engineering模式识别与智能系统 Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems导航、制导与控制 Navigation， Guidance and Control计算机科学与技术 Computer Science and Technology计算机软件与理论 Computer Software and Theory计算机系统结构 Computer Systems Organization计算机应用技术 Computer Applied Technology建筑学 Architecture建筑历史与理论 Architectural History and Theory建筑设计及其理论 Architectural Design and Theory城市规划与设计（含风景园林规划与设计） Urban Planning and Design （including Landscape Plannin g and Design）建筑技术科学 Building Technology Science土木工程 Civil Engineering岩土工程 Geotechnical Engineering结构工程 Structural Engineering市政工程 Municipal Engineering供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程 Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering防灾减灾工程及防护工程 Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering and Protective Engineeri ng桥梁与隧道工程 Bridge and Tunnel Engineering水利工程 Hydraulic Engineering水文学及水资源 Hydrology and Water Resources水力学及河流动力学 Hydraulics and River Dynamics水工结构工程 Hydraulic Structure Engineering水利水电工程 Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering港口、海岸及近海工程 Harbor， Coastal and Offshore Engineering测绘科学与技术 Surveying and Mapping大地测量学与测量工程 Geodesy and Survey Engineering摄影测量与遥感 Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing地图制图学与地理信息工程 Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering化学工程与技术 Chemical Engineering and Technology化学工程 Chemical Engineering化学工艺 Chemical Technology生物化工 Biochemical Engineering应用化学 Applied Chemistry工业催化 Industrial Catalysis地质资源与地质工程 Geological Resources and Geological Engineering矿产普查与勘探 Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration地球探测与信息技术 Geodetection and Information Technology地质工程 Geological Engineering矿业工程 Mineral Engineering采矿工程 Mining Engineering矿物加工工程 Mineral Processing Engineering安全技术及工程 Safety Technology and Engineering石油与天然气工程 Oil and Natural Gas Engineering油气井工程 Oil-Gas Well Engineering油气田开发工程 Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering油气储运工程 Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering纺织科学与工程 Textile Science and Engineering纺织工程 Textile Engineering纺织材料与纺织品设计 Textile Material and Textiles Design纺织化学与染整工程 Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering服装设计与工程 Clothing Design and Engineering轻工技术与工程 The Light Industry Technology and Engineering制浆造纸工程 Pulp and Paper Engineering制糖工程 Sugar Engineering发酵工程 Fermentation Engineering皮革化学与工程 Leather Chemistry and Engineering交通运输工程 Communication and Transportation Engineering道路与铁道工程 Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制 Traffic Information Engineering ＆ Control交通运输规划与管理 Transportation Planning and Management载运工具运用工程 Vehicle Operation Engineering船舶与海洋工程 Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering船舶与海洋结构物设计制造 Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure 轮机工程 Marine Engine Engineering水声工程 Underwater Acoustics Engineering航空宇航科学与技术 Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology飞行器设计 Flight Vehicle Design航空宇航推进理论与工程 Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering航空宇航器制造工程 Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle人机与环境工程 Man—Machine and Environmental Engineering兵器科学与技术 Armament Science and Technology武器系统与运用工程 Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering兵器发射理论与技术 Armament Launch Theory and Technology火炮、自动武器与弹药工程 Artillery， Automatic Gun and Ammunition Engineering军事化学与烟火技术 Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics核科学与技术 Nuclear Science and Technology核能科学与工程 Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering核燃料循环与材料 Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials核技术及应用 Nuclear Technology and Applications辐射防护及环境保护 Radiation and Environmental Protection农业工程 Agricultural Engineering农业机械化工程 Agricultural Mechanization Engineering农业水土工程 Agricultural Water—Soil Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程 Agricultural Biological Environmental and Energy Engineering 农业电气化与自动化 Agricultural Electrification and Automation林业工程 Forestry Engineering森林工程 Forest Engineering木材科学与技术 Wood Science and Technology林产化学加工工程 Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products环境科学与工程 Environmental Science and Engineering环境科学 Environmental Science环境工程 Environmental Engineering生物医学工程 Biomedical Engineering食品科学与工程 Food Science and Engineering食品科学 Food Science粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程 Cereals， Oils and Vegetable Protein Engineering农产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of Agriculture Products水产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products农学 Agriculture作物学 Crop Science作物栽培学与耕作学 Crop Cultivation and Farming System作物遗传育种学 Crop Genetics and Breeding园艺学 Horticulture果树学 Pomology蔬菜学 Olericulture茶学 Tea Science农业资源利用学 Utilization Science of Agricultural Resources土壤学 Soil Science植物营养学 Plant Nutrition植物保护学 Plant Protection植物病理学 Plant Pathology农业昆虫与害虫防治 Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control农药学 Pesticide Science畜牧学 Animal Science动物遗传育种与繁殖 Animal Genetics， Breeding and ReproductionScience动物营养与饲料科学 Animal Nutrition and Feed Science草业科学 Practaculture Science特种经济动物饲养学（含蚕、蜂等) The Rearing of Special-type EconomicAnimals (including Silkworm, Honeybees, etc.）兽医学 Veterinary Medicine基础兽医学 Basic Veterinary Medicine预防兽医学 Preventive Veterinary Medicine临床兽医学 Clinical Veterinary Medicine林学 Forestry林木遗传育种学 Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding森林培育学 Silviculture森林保护学 Forest Protection森林经理学 Forest Management野生动植物保护与利用 Wildlife Conservation and Utilization园林植物与观赏园艺 Ornamental Plants and Horticulture水土保持与荒漠化防治 Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating水产学 Fisheries Science水产养殖学 Aquaculture Science捕捞学 Fishing Science渔业资源学 Science of Fisheries Resources医学 Medicine基础医学 Basic Medicine人体解剖与组织胚胎学 Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology免疫学 Immunology病原生物学 Pathogenic Organisms病理学与病理生理学 Pathology and Pathophysiology法医学 Forensic Medicine放射医学 Radiation Medicine航空航天与航海医学 Aerospace and Nautical medicine临床医学 Clinical Medicine内科学（含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学） Internal medicine (including Cardiology, Hematology， Respiratory， Gastroenterolog y， Endocrinology and Metabolism， Nephrology, Rheuma-tology, Infectious Diseases）儿科学 Pediatrics老年医学 Geriatrics神经病学 Neurology精神病与精神卫生学 Psychiatry and Mental Health皮肤病与性病学 Dermatology and Venereology影像医学与核医学 Imaging and Nuclear Medicine临床检验诊断学 Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics护理学 Nursing外科学(含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学） Surgery （General Surgery， Orthopedics， Urology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neuros urgery, Plastic Surgery， Burn Surgery， Field Surgery）妇产科学 Obstetrics and Gynecology眼科学 Ophthalmic Specialty耳鼻咽喉科学 Otolaryngology肿瘤学 Oncology康复医学与理疗学 Rehabilitation Medicine ＆ Physical Therapy运动医学 Sports Medicine麻醉学 Anesthesiology急诊医学 Emergency Medicine口腔医学 Stomatology口腔基础医学 Basic Science of Stomatology口腔临床医学 Clinical Science of Stomatology公共卫生与预防医学 Public Health and Preventive Medicine流行病与卫生统计学 Epidemiology and Health Statistics劳动卫生与环境卫生学 Occupational and Environmental Health营养与食品卫生学 Nutrition and Food Hygiene儿少卫生与妇幼保健学 Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health卫生毒理学 Hygiene Toxicology军事预防医学 Military Preventive Medicine中医学 Chinese Medicine中医基础理论 Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine中医临床基础 Clinical Foundation of Chinese Medicine中医医史文献 History and Literature of Chinese Medicine方剂学 Formulas of Chinese Medicine中医诊断学 Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine中医内科学 Chinese Internal Medicine中医外科学 Surgery of Chinese Medicine中医骨伤科学 Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine中医妇科学 Gynecology of Chinese Medicine中医儿科学 Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine中医五官科学 Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of Chinese Medicine针灸推拿学 Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina of Chinese medicine民族医学 Ethnomedicine中西医结合医学 Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine中西医结合基础医学 Basic Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative中西医结合临床医学 Clinical Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine药学 Pharmaceutical Science药物化学 Medicinal Chemistry药剂学 Pharmaceutics生药学 Pharmacognosy药物分析学 Pharmaceutical Analysis微生物与生化药学 Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy药理学 Pharmacology中药学 Science of Chinese Pharmacology军事学 Military Science军事思想学及军事历史学 Military Thought and Military History军事思想学 Military Thought军事历史学 Military History战略学 Science of Strategy军事战略学 Military Strategy战争动员学 War Mobilization战役学 Science of Operations联合战役学 Joint Operation军种战役学（含第二炮兵战役学） Armed Service Operation （including Operation of Strategic Miss ile Force）战术学 Science of Tactics合同战术学 Combined—Arms Tactics兵种战术学 Branch Tactics军队指挥学 Science of Command作战指挥学 Combat Command军事运筹学 Military Operation Research军事通信学 Military Communication军事情报学 Military Intelligence密码学 Cryptography军事教育训练学（含军事体育学) Military Education and Training （including Military Physical Training）管理学 Management Science管理科学与工程 Management Science and Engineering工商管理学 Science of Business Administration会计学 Accounting企业管理学（含财务管理、市场营销学、人力资源管理学） Corporate Management （including Financia l Management， Marketing, and Human Resources Management）旅游管理学 Tourist Management技术经济及管理学 Technology Economy and Management农林经济管理学 Agricultural and Forestry Economics ＆ Management农业经济管理学 Agricultural Economics & Management林业经济管理学 Forestry Economics & Management公共管理学 Science of Public Management。
九年级全册单词表Unit1 Howcanwebecomegoodlearnersn.教科书;课本n.搭档;同伴n.交谈;谈话v.出生adj.天生的adv.大声地;出声地天生具有n.发音;读音n.能力;才能n.句子v.创造;创建adj.有耐心的n.病人n.大脑v.发现;发觉adj.活跃的;积极的查阅;抬头看n.注意;关注n.语法注意;关注v.重复;重做v.（使）连接;与??有联系n.笔记;记录v.注意;指出把??和??连接或联系起来n.朋友;伙伴adv.一夜之间;在夜间n.物理;物理学v.&n.回顾;复习n.化学n.知识;学问v.记忆;记住adj.终身的;毕生的n.模式;方式adv.明智地;聪明地v.发音爱上;与??相爱p.3v.增加;增长安妮（女名）n.速度v.加速亚历山大?格雷厄姆?贝尔n.表情,表达（方式）;表示n.秘密;秘诀;adj.秘密的;保密的Unit2 I think that mooncakes are delicious!n.月饼n.生意;商业n.灯笼v.处罚;惩罚n.陌生人v.警告;告诫n.亲属;亲戚最终成为;最后处于增加（体重）;发胖n.现在;礼物adj.现在的n.磅（重量单位）;英镑n.温暖;暖和adj.民间的;民俗的n.蠢人;傻瓜v.愚弄adj.愚蠢的n.女神n.书店pron.无论谁;不管什么人pron. 没有人摆开;布置澳门n.（饭后）甜点;甜食清迈（泰城城市）n.花园;园子泼水节n.传统中秋节v.欣赏;仰慕母亲节n.领带v.捆;束父亲节adj.有鬼魂出没的;闹鬼的万圣节前夕n.鬼;鬼魂《圣诞欢歌》（小说名）n.花招;把戏复活节n.款待;招待;v.招待;请(客) 情人节n.蜘蛛克拉拉（女名）n.圣诞节圣诞老人n.（长篇）小说查尔斯?狄更斯（英）adj.死的;失去生命的雅各布?马利斯克鲁奇n.（非正式）吝啬鬼n.(尤指宗教节假日的)前夕;前夜v.(stole[st??l],stolen['st??l?n]偷;窃取v.(laid[le?d],laid)放置;安放;产(卵);下(蛋)v.(lay[le?],lain[le?n]）存在;平躺;处于v.(spread,spread)传播;展开n.蔓延;传播Unit 3 Could you please tell me where the restrooms are?n.（美）洗手间;公共厕所n.商场;购物中心n.邮票;印章n.职员n.书店n.拐角;角落prep.在旁边;在附近adv.礼貌地;客气地n.明信片n.&v.要求;请求v.原谅interj.请再说一遍; n.方向;方位n.洗手间;厕所adj.正确的;恰当的n.浴室;洗手间adj.有礼貌的;客气的adv.通常;正常情况下adj.直接的;直率的v.&n.仓促;急促pron.谁;什么人v.建议;提议adj.不礼貌的;粗鲁的路过;经过n.住址;地址;通讯处n.管理人员;职工adj.地下的n.地铁n.葡萄停车场;停车区adj.中心的;中央的n.课程;学科抱歉,对不起;什么adv.忠实地;忠诚地adj.迷人的;有吸引力的n.选择;挑选adj.不昂贵的adj.快的;迅速的adj.不拥挤的;人少的凯文（男名）adj.便利的;方便的蒂姆（男名）adj.意大利\人的;n.意大利人\语adj.东方的;东部的;adv.向东;朝东;n.东;东方adj.附近的;邻近的; adv.在附近;附近n.讲（某种语言）的人;发言者v.邮寄;发电子邮件; n.邮件;信件Unit 4 I used to beaf raid of the dark.adj.有幽默感的;滑稽的n.蚂蚁adj.不说话的;沉默的n.昆虫adj.有用的;有帮助的adv.不常;很少时常;有时v.&n.影响n.&v.得分;打分;进球adj.缺席;不在n.背景n.考试;审查v.采访;面试n.面试;访谈寄宿学校adj.亚洲(人)的;n.亚洲人亲身;亲自对付;应付adv.确切地;精确地n.害羞;腼腆n.自豪;骄傲v.敢于;胆敢为??感到自豪n.人群;观众adj.自豪的;骄傲的n.吨;(pl.)大量;许多为??骄傲;感到自豪adj.私人的;私密的n.介绍n.警卫;看守v.守卫;保卫n.孙子;外孙v.需要;要求葆拉（女名）adj.欧洲（人）的;n.欧洲人艾尔弗雷德（男名）adj.非洲（人）的;n.非洲人比利（男名）adj.英国的;英国人的坎迪（女名）n.讲话;发言埃米莉（女名）n.民众;adj.公开的;公众的杰里（男名）;杰丽（女名）公开地;在别人(尤指生人)面前v.(dealt[delt];dealt)对付;对待adj.普遍的;常规的;总的;n.将军v.不及格;失败;未能（做到）Unit5 What are the shirts made of?n.筷子n.德国n.硬币n.表面;表层n.餐叉，叉子n.材料;原料n.（女士）短上衣;衬衫n.交通;路上行驶的车辆n.银，银器;adj.银色的n.邮递员n.玻璃n.（尤指有帽舌的）帽子n.棉;棉花n.（分手指的）手套n.钢;钢铁adj.国际的n.展览会;交易会n.参赛者;竞争者n.草;草地v.用颜料画;刷漆v.生产;制造;出产adj.它的adv.广泛地;普遍地n.形式;类型以…闻名;为人知晓n.黏土;陶土v.加工;处理;n.过程n.庆典;庆祝活动v.包装;装箱n.气球n.产品;制品剪纸法国n.(pl.)剪刀不论;无论童话故事adj.当地的;本地的adj.（有关）历史的虽然;即使n.热;高温n.品牌;牌子v.磨光;修改;润色v.避免;回避v.完成n.小手提包朝鲜;韩国adj.可移动的;非固定的瑞士adj.每天的;日常的马库斯（男名）n.老板;上司帕姆（女名）n.(pl.leaves[li:vz])叶;叶子圣弗朗西斯科（旧金山，美国城市）adj.自然环境的;有关环境的adj.生气勃勃的;（色彩）鲜艳的Unit 6 When was it invented?n.鞋跟;足跟n.饼干n.勺;铲子n.曲奇饼n.电;电能adj.音乐的;有音乐天赋的n.样式;款式n.器械;仪器;工具n.项目;工程adj.脆的;酥脆的n.高兴;愉快adj.咸的n.(=zip)拉链;拉锁adj.酸的;有酸味的adj.每日的;日常的错误地;无意中有道理n.顾客;客户n.网站奥林匹克运动会n.先锋;先驱v.分开;分散v.提到;说到把……分开adj.意外的;偶然的n.篮;筐偶然;意外地n.受欢迎;普及adv.几乎;差不多不但……而且….n.统治者;支配者钦佩:仰慕v.煮沸;烧开n.英雄;男主角v.保持不变;剩余adj.职业的;专业的n.圣人;圣徒n.目的;目标adj.国家的;民族的柏林（德国城市)发生;出现切尔西?兰曼n.疑惑;疑问v.怀疑罗伊(男名)毫无疑问;的确杰斯?克里亚n.冰箱杰米?埃尔斯沃恩adj.低的;矮的朱莉?汤普森pron.某人;n.重要人物惠特科姆?贾德森v.翻译鲁比（女名）v.锁上;锁住n.锁托马斯?沃森n.地震乔治?克拉姆adj.突然（的）詹姆斯?奈史密斯突然;猛地n.钟（声）;铃（声）v.列表;列清单n.名单;清单n.气味v.(smelt[smelt]smelt; smelled, smelled)发出...气味;闻到n.贸易;交易v.做买卖;从事贸易国家篮球协会（美国职业篮球联赛）中国篮球协会（中国职业篮球联赛）adj.加拿大的;加拿大人的n.加拿大Unit 7 Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes.n.(=licence)证;证件v.&n.感到遗憾;懊悔n.安全;安全性n.诗;韵文v.冒烟;吸烟n.烟n.社区;社团adj.&adv.兼职（的）避免接近;远离v.扎;刺破;穿透n.机会;可能性n.耳环;耳饰自己做决定adj.极小的;微小的v.教育;教导v.&n.哭;叫喊n.社会n.田野;场地挡……的路;妨碍n.&v.拥抱;搂抱v.&n.支持adv.严重的;差;非常v.进来;进去回嘴;顶嘴n.选择;挑选adj.很坏的;讨厌的n.单位;单元毕加索（西班牙画家）n.卧室n.闪光灯;闪光v.闪耀;闪光v.举起;抬高n.电梯;搭便车n.青少年（十三至十九岁之间的）v.完成（困难的事）应付（困难局面）Unit 8 It must belong to Carla.n.卡车;货车n.奥秘;神秘事物n.野餐v.接受;收到n.兔;野兔n.历史学家;史学工作者v.出席;参加n.领导;领袖a.很有用的;宝贵的n.仲夏;中夏adj.粉红色的n.粉红色adj.医疗的;医学的pron.任何人n.目的;目标n.声音;噪音v.阻止;阻挠n.男警察n.精力;力量n.狼n.位置;地方adj.担心的;不安的n.埋葬;安葬n.实验室n.祖宗;祖先adv.在户外;在野外n.胜利;成功n.外套;外衣n.敌人;仇人adj.困倦的;瞌睡的n.一段时间;时期v.着陆;降落adj.工作努力的;辛勤的n.外星人巨石阵追逐;追赶n.衣袋;口袋n.西服;套装v.适合卡拉（女名）v.表示;表达J.K.罗琳（英国作家）同时;一起维克托（男名）n.圆圈v.圈出琼（女名）n.大不列颠保罗?斯托克n.事件;反生的事情(常指不寻常的）v.(=honour)尊重;表示敬意n.荣幸;荣誉adj.&pron.谁的;(特)那个人的Unit 9 I like music that I can dance tov.更喜欢n.悲伤;悲痛n.(pl.)歌词n.痛苦;疼痛;苦恼adj.电子的;电子设备的v.反映;映出v.推断;料想adj.动人的;令人感动的adj.平滑的;悦耳的v.表演;执行n.导演;部门负责人n.一生;有生之年n.情况;实情n.遗憾;怜悯既然那样;假使那样的话总共;合计n.战争;战争状态n.能手;主人v.掌握坚守;固守v.&n.表扬;赞扬adj.悲哀;沮丧v.回忆起;回想起n.(=dialog)对话;对白n.伤;伤口;创伤结尾;结局n.震惊;恐惧n.纪录片 a.令人惊奇;喜的n.戏;剧第二次世界大战pron.大量;众多《黑衣人》(电影名）大量;充足《功夫熊猫》(电影名)v.(shut,shut)关闭;关上《泰坦尼克号》（电影名）关闭;停止运转《帝企鹅日记》(电影名) n.超级英雄《蜘蛛侠》(电影名)偶尔地;间或卡门（女名）adj.有才智的;聪明的丹?德维什n.惊险电影（小说、戏剧）adj.令人痛苦的;令人疼痛的n.总数;合计adj.总的;全体的v.感觉到;意识到n.感觉;意识v.(stuck[st?k],stuck)粘贴;将…刺入adj.澳大利亚(人)的; n.澳大利亚人adj.空闲的;不用的v.抽出;留出Unit10 You're supposed to shake hands.n.风俗;习俗adj.空的;空洞的v.&n.鞠躬adj.基本的;基础的v.&n.亲吻;接吻n.&v.交换v.和…..打招呼;迎接特地;格外努力adj.放松的;自在的使（某人）感到宾至如归v.重视;珍视n.价值adj.十几岁的;青少年的顺便访问;随便进入n.（外）孙女n.首都;国都v.表现;举止毕竟;终归prep.除…之外conj.除了;只是n.正午;中午n.肘;胳膊adj.很生气;疯的adv.逐步地;渐进地大动肝火;气愤习惯于n.努力;尽力n.建议作出努力adv.在某处;到某处n.护照巴西把……擦掉墨西哥n.粉笔卡利（哥伦比亚城市）n.黑板哥伦比亚（南美洲国家）adj.北方的;北部的洛桑（瑞士城市）n.海岸;海滨挪威n.季;季节玛丽亚（女名）v.敲;击凯蒂（女名）adj.东方的;东部的佐藤（日本姓氏）飞机等）起飞;匆忙离开玛丽（女名）;马里（男名）adj.值得;有价值（的）特蕾莎?洛佩斯n.方式;方法(pl.)礼貌;礼仪马克?勒布朗Unit 11 Sad movies make mecry.adv.相当;相反n.柠檬(通常缩写为'd rather)宁愿adj.使人不舒服的;令人不舒服的v.迫使n.重量;分量使人发疯/发狂n.肩;肩膀越……越……n.球门;射门;目标adv.最近;不久前使失望成为某人的朋友n.教练;私人教师不包括;不提及;忽略v.踢;踹n.友谊;友情开除某人n.君主;国王对某人苛刻;对某人要求严厉n.权利;力量adv.而且adj.首要的;基本的n.同队队员;队友n.大臣;部长n.勇敢;勇气首相;大臣而不是n.银行家n.(非正式)家伙;(pl.)伙计们n.名声;声誉v.拉;拖adj.苍白的;灰白的齐心协力;通力合作n.王后;女王n.轻松;解脱v（.仔细地）检查;检验v.点头conj.&adv.也不n.一致;同意既不??也不n.过失;缺点n.王宫;宫殿v.使失望n.财富;富裕伯特（男名）起初;开始时霍莉（女名）a.阴沉的;昏暗的;灰色的Unit 12 Life is full of the unexpected.adj.出乎意料的;始料不及的n.(特定场合穿的)服装;装束在……以前adj.窘迫的;害羞的n.背包;旅行包化妆舞会捎（某人）一程v.宣布;宣告n.街区n.意大利面条(与…… )成一排n.骗局;恶作剧n.工作者;工人卖光v.盯着看;凝视n.发现;发觉n.不信;怀疑n.女士;女子adj.着火的;燃烧的v.取消;终止adj.活着;有生气的n.军官;官员n.机场adj.可相信的;可信任的conj.&prep.到;直到v.消失;不见n.奶油;乳脂v.错过;未得到n.工作日新西兰n.果馅饼;果馅派意大利赶到;露面火星n.豆;豆荚马特（男名）n.市场;集市凯文（男名)在(某时间点)以前卡尔（男名）n.蠢人;傻瓜v.愚弄奥森?韦尔斯v.(burnt[b?:(r)nt];burnt;burned [b?:(r)nd]burned)着火;燃烧v.(overslept[???v?(r)'slep], overslept)睡过头;睡得太久v.(rang[r?nɡ],rung[r??](钟,铃等)鸣;响adv.向西;朝西n.西;西方adj.向西的;西部的prep.在…上面adv.在上面;向上面adj.使人害羞的(难堪的或惭愧的)Unit13 We're trying to savetheearth!v.乱扔n.垃圾;废弃物采取行动n.底部;最下部n.运输业;交通运输n.渔民;钓鱼的人v.回收利用;再利用n.煤;煤块n.餐巾;餐巾纸adj.丑陋的;难看的扔掉;抛弃n.优点;有利条件好好利用某物adj.木制的;木头的拆下;摧毁adj.塑料的n.塑料;塑胶颠倒;倒转n.外卖食物n.大门n.垃圾箱n.瓶;瓶子n.鲨鱼n.负责人;主席;总统n（.鱼）鳍n.铁adj.残酷的;残忍的n.（音乐、艺术）作品adj.有害的n.金属对……有害恢复;使想起;归还在…….顶部或顶端n.创造力;独创性n.链子;链条有关系，作用，影响食物链割掉;砍掉n.生态系统n.方法;措施n.工业;行业野生救援协会（美国）n.法律;法规世界自然基金会adj.科学上的;科学的贾森（男名）参加海斯（姓）v.承担得起(后果);买得起杰茜卡（女名）关掉肯（男名）付费;付出代价马克（男名）adj.可重复使用的; 可再次使用的n.灵感;鼓舞人心的人（或事物）v.(cost,cost)花费n.花费;价钱Unit 14 I remember meeting all of you in Grade 7n.调查首先n.标准;水平v.祝贺n.一排;一列;一行 a.口渴的;渴望的连续几次地渴望;渴求n.键盘式电子乐器;键盘adj.感谢;感激n.方法;措施对某人心存感激n.指示;命令adv.最后modalv.将要;将会n.任务;工作回首(往事);回忆;回顾adv.向前面;在前面弄得一团糟(一塌糊涂) 在……前面v.毕业;获得学位连同;除……以外还沉住气;保持冷静[r?'sp?ns?bl]adj.体贴人的;关心他人的adj.有责任心的pron.我们的对……有责任;负责任adj.级别（或地位）高的n.毕业高中出发;启程n.课文;文本分离;隔开(时间）逝去;过去n.翅膀;翼n.水平pron.没有一个;毫无n.经理;经营者布赖恩（男名）信任;信赖卢克（男名）n.先生格里芬（姓）n.典礼;仪式特伦特（姓）n（.大学）学位;度数;程度adj.单独的;分离的v.[ 'sep?re?t]分开;分离v.(overcame[???v?(r)'ke?m],overcome)克服;战胜v.加倍;是…的两倍adj.两倍的;加倍的。
