Curriculum
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隐性课程(hidden curriculum)是学校情境中以间接的内隐的方式呈现的课程。
也称潜课程、潜在课程、隐蔽课程,即hidden curriculum、latent curriculnm或implicit curriculum) ,隐性课程研究可以追溯到美国教育家杜威的“附带学习”,即指学习中自然而然产生的情感、态度和价值观等。
“隐性课程”一词是由杰克逊(P.W.Jackson)在1968年出版的《班级生活》(life in classroom)一书中首先提出的,他分析了教室中的团体生活,报偿体系和权威结构等特征,认为这些不明显的学校特征形成了独特的学校气氛,从而构成了潜在课程。
潜在课程由规则、法规和常规构成,对学生的社会化发生着不可避免的影响,并揭示学校是如何潜在地传递和强化各种态度和行为的。
该术语所提供的新的观点超越了传统的对行为对象、涵盖内容、保持秩序、提高考试成绩等的关注。
同时,隐性课程也提出了一些难题,包括如何知晓、证明和理解被掩盖的力量的存在。
如果说显性课程是学校教育中有计划,有组织地实施的正式课程(formal curriculum)或官方课程(office curriculum)的话,那么隐性课程则是学生在学习环境中所学习到的非预期的或非计划的知识,价值观念,规范和态度等。
我国出版的《教育大辞典》对其下的定义是:学校政策及课程计划中未明确规定的、非正式和无意识的学校学习经验,与“显性课程”相对。
我国在20世纪80年代中期开始出现介绍和研究隐性课程方面的论文。
时至今日,隐性课程研究已成为课程理论研究的一个热点问题,而且使课程研究产生一个质的飞跃。
“隐性课程”一词已成为“教育论文中的一个公认的术语”,但对此概念的把握却众说纷纭,尚无一个一致的见解。
道德教育理论家认为,隐性课程是德育的一个重要手段;课程理论家则认为,隐性课程是一个必须正视的重要问题;不少哲学家则从哲学的角度对隐性课程的概念进行澄清.下面是一些有代表性的隐性课程定义:隐性课程(hidden curriculum)是学校情境中以间接的内隐的方式呈现的课程。
Curriculum and SyllabusCurriculum is the complete set of taught material in a school system. It is prescriptive (as opposed to the …descriptive‟ syllabus, which is the outline of topics covered. If the curriculum prescribes the objectives of the system, the syllabus describes the means to achieve them).Curriculum comes from a Latin word which means the course of a chariot race. However, curriculum has come to mean much more than a prescribed one track race and calls for a search for an understanding that gives meaning to education that is both functional and ethicalCurriculum as a guiding document helps teachers in understanding standards that students need to achieve at the end of a developmental stage.The curri culum document will indicate “what” to teach, ”how” the curriculum is to be taught and help in checking “whether” the curriculum is taught as per the document.Over the years, …curriculum‟ has meant different things to different educationists. Some simply equate curriculum to the syllabus that is to be transmitted in the class. “A syllabus gives a more focused outline for particular subjects. It can‟t be equated, because a curriculum is for a course but a syllabus is for a subject,” says Dr. Yasmin Jayathri tha. The curriculum is the superset and syllabus is the subset of curriculum.The syllabus is the content, the list of topics/concepts to be taught, whereas the curriculum is a consideration of the objectives, the content, methods chosen to achieve those objectives. It could/should contain a consideration of the kind of assessment one will use to check progress.“Curriculum is developed keeping in mind the standards students should achieve from well- researched best practices. Curriculum is designed so that the teaching and testing are aligned with the standards set for each developmental stage,” adds Vimala Nandakumar. Some see it as anend-product, which is to be achieved through a prescribed plan with pre-set objectives. For others, it is the interaction between…knowledge‟,students and teachers.A curriculum can be a teacher‟s friend or an enemy depending on how the teacher plans to use it. “The curriculum can be a straight-jacket or a crutch or a spring-board. For a teacher the curriculum stops being stifling if she understands what it is meant to achieve. But most use it, often badly, as a crutch because they make no effort to engage with it or understand what it hopes to achieve. Once a teacher understands that, she can use it or work around it to achieve the same ends,” says Dr. Gurveen Kaur.。
考研教育学知识点:儿童中心课程论儿童中心课程(Child-centered Curriculum)是以儿童的主体性活动和经验为中心组织的课程,即以选择和组织学习经验为基础,用儿童(学习者)的兴趣、需要、问题等组成的课程,其学习形式是通过儿童的活动,解决问题。
儿童中心课程又称活动中心课程(Activity-centered Curriculum)或经验课程(ExperienceCurriculum)。
儿童中心课程论的思想首先应追溯到18世纪法国启蒙思想家卢梭(J.J.Rousseau,1712~1778年)。
他提倡“自然主义”(Naturalism),倡导“自然教育论”,主张采用摆脱封建统治影响的“适应自然”的教育方法,培养“自然人”。
卢梭的课程论的核心,在于创造性地发现儿童内在的“自然性”,教育不能无视儿童的本性和现实生活,必须遵循儿童的“自我活动”,采取适应儿童“年龄发展阶段”的教育方法。
卢梭非常重视“直接经验”,甚至提出:“世界以外无书籍,事实以外无教材”。
在卢梭所写的《爱弥儿》(1762 年)中,已经提出了活动中心课程论的基本思想。
给儿童中心课程以系统的理论基础的是美国实用主义(Pragmatism)哲学家杜威(J.Dewey,1859~1952年),他从垄断资产阶级的政治需要、主观唯心主义经验论以及本能心理学出发,提出“学校即社会”、“教育即生活”、“教育即生长”、“教育即经验的不断改组”、“儿童中心”、“从做中学”等一系列口号和原则。
他说:“学校课程中相关的真正中心,不是科学,不是文学,不是历史,不是地理,而是儿童本身的社会活动”。
他认为应该通过活动和经验来学习,不同意把内容划分为各个学校科目。
因为内容既依赖于学生,又依赖于现实。
他提出用基于实际对象的设计教学代替传统的学科教学。
杜威的学生克伯屈(W.H.Kilpatrick,1871~1965年)创立的“设计教学法”(1918年)把杜威的儿童中心课程论体现得最为完善。
空无课程(null curriculum):是指根据社会需要学校应该有但实际上却没有开设的课程。
空白课程(blank curriculum ),是指学校压缩现有的正规课程,以腾空出来的课程。
而所谓潜在课程(hidden curriculum),是指由学校的校园环境、校园传统、规章制度、人际关系等,对学生构成潜移默化教育作用的所有因素。
“空无课程”(thenull curriculum)是美国著名美学教育家、课程论专家艾斯纳(E.W.Eisner)提出的概念,是思考课程问题的一个独特视角。
我们在思考课程问题的时候,经常碰到的一个问题是:为什么学校和社会在课程变革中选择了现有的课程并将之制度化,而排除了其他的课程?那些被学校和社会在课程变革过程中有意或无意排除于学校课程体系之外的课程,艾斯纳称为“空无课程”。
有些“空无课程”是学校和社会出于某种需要而有意识排除的,也有些“空无课程”是由于习惯势力的影响未意识到其价值而导致的。
艾斯纳从心智过程和内容领域两方面深刻论述了“空无课程”的重要性。
从人的心智过程的角度看,在现有的课程目标中,认知目标受到重视,而情感和动作技能目标被弱化,相应的许多课程成为“空无课程”。
即使是认知目标,也往往偏重了语文和数理逻辑在认知发展中的重要性,殊不知侧重于直觉和感知能力方面的课程对认知发展有举足轻重的作用,然而这类课程也成为“空无课程”。
从内容领域的角度看,艾斯纳分析了许多对人的发展极为重要的课程在现行课程体系中没有位置,变为“空无课程”。
就同一个内容领域而言,艾斯纳又分析了许多重要的内容被有意无意地排除出该门学科之外,变为“空无课程”。
因此,在课程变革中不仅应思考现行的实际课程的合理性,还应思考学校教育中的“空无课程”及其成因如何,以增强课程变革的目的性、合理性。
课程的五个层次
美国课程研究者古德莱德(J. I. Goodlad)区分了,认为不同层次课程的含义不同,课程层次包括:
一、观念层次的课程(ideological curriculum),指尚处于观念之中的课程,由研究机构、学术团体和课程专家所倡导,一旦被官方采用将产生实际影响。
二、社会层次的课程(societal curriculum),指由教育行政部门规定课程计划、课程标准和教材,列入学校课程表中的课程。
三、学校层次的课程(institutional curriculum),指学校有关人员根据学校的特色和需要对社会层次的课程进行选择和修改,由此形成学校层次的课程。
四、教学层次的课程(instructional curriculum),指教师规划并在课堂上实际实施的课程,教学层次的课程体现了教师对课程的理解,也体现了教师在课堂上对课程的实际运作,是“理解的课程”与“运作的课程”的统一。
五、体验层次的课程(experiential curriculum),指学生实际体验的课程。
尽管经历了同样的课程学习,但不同学生会获得不同的学习经验或体验。
古德莱德认为体验层次的课程是所有课程中最重要的课程,是被内化和个性化了的课程,该层次的课程是对课程组织的最终检验,表现了每一个学习者究竟受到怎样的影响。
英文简历单词之教育程度篇education 学历educational background 教育程度educational history 学历curriculum 课程major 主修minor 副修educational highlights 课程重点部分curriculum included 课程包括specialized courses 专门课程courses taken 所学课程courses completed 所学课程special training 特别训练social practice 社会实践part-time jobs 业余工作summer jobs 暑期工作vacation jobs 假期工作refresher course 进修课程extracurricular activities 课外活动physical activities 体育活动recreational activities 娱乐活动 academic activities 学术活动social activities 社会活动rewards 奖励scholarship 奖学金"Three Goods" student 三好学生excellent League member 优秀团员excellent leader 优秀干部student council 学生会off-job training 脱产培训in-job training 在职培训educational system 学制academic year 学年semester 学期(美)term 学期(英)president 校长vice-president 副校长dean 院长assistant dean 副院长academic dean 教务长department chairman 系主任professor 教授associate professor 副教授guest professor 客座教授lecturer 讲师 teaching assistant 助教research fellow 研究员research assistant 助理研究员supervisor 论文导师principal 中学校长(美)headmaster 中学校长(英)master 小学校长(美)dean of studies 教务长dean of students 教导主任dean of students 教导主任teacher 教师probation teacher 代课教师tutor 家庭教师governess 女家庭教师intelligence quotient 智商pass 及格 fail 不及格marks 分数grades 分数scores 分数examination 考试grade 年级class 班级monitor 班长vice-monitor 副班长commissary in charge of studies 学习委员commissary in charge of entertainment 文娱委员commissary in charge of sports 体育委员commissary in charge of physical labor 劳动委员Party branch secretary 党支部书记League branch secretary 团支部书记commissary in charge of organization 组织委员commissary in charge of publicity 宣传委员degree 学位post doctorate 博士后doctor (Ph.D) 博士master 硕士bachelor 学士student 学生graduate student 研究生abroad student 留学生returned student 回国留学生foreign student 外国学生senior 大学四年级学生;高中三年级学生Junior 大学三年级学生;高中二年级学生sophomore 大学二年级学生;高中一年级学生freshman 大学一年级学生guest student 旁听生(英)auditor 旁听生(美)government-supported student 公费生commoner 自费生extern 走读生day-student 走读生intern 实习生prize fellow 奖学金生boarder 寄宿生classmate 同班同学schoolmate 同校同学graduate 毕业生---来源网络整理,仅供参考。
课程英语curriculumTitle: The Evolution of English Curriculum in Modern EducationIntroduction:The curriculum in education represents the sum of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are imparted through a systematic course of study. In the realm of language acquisition, specifically English, the curriculum has undergone significant transformations to meet the demands of a globalized world. This essay will delve into the evolution of the English curriculum, its current state, challenges, and future prospects.Historical Overview:The English language curriculum has its roots in the classical education system, which emphasized grammar, rhetoric, and literature from Greek and Latin traditions.However, with the advent of the industrial age and the rise of English as a lingua franca, the focus shifted towards practicality and functional literacy.In the mid-20th century, there was a surge in the development of English language teaching methodologies such as the Grammar-Translation Method, Direct Method, and Audio-Lingual Method. These approaches were designed to cater to the needs of learners from various backgrounds and to prepare them for real-world communication scenarios.Current State of English Curriculum:In contemporary times, the English curriculum is characterized by diversity and flexibility. It is influenced by various factors including societal needs, technological advancements, and pedagogical research. The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) has played a crucial role in standardizing language proficiency levels andguiding curriculum development across different educational systems.Key components of the modern English curriculum include:1. Language Skills: Emphasis on the four macro skills—reading, writing, listening, and speaking—with an increasing focus on speaking and listening due to the importance of oral communication in the digital age.2. Vocabulary and Grammar: A balance between traditional grammar rules and vocabulary expansion, with an emphasis on practical application rather than rote memorization.3. Literature and Cultural Studies: Analysis of literary texts not only for their artistic value but also for cultural insights and critical thinking development.4. Communicative Competence: Teaching learners to communicate effectively in a variety of contexts, including academic, professional, and social settings.5. Technology Integration: Use of digital tools and platforms to facilitate learning and provide access to authentic language materials.Challenges Faced by the English Curriculum:Despite its progress, the English curriculum faces several challenges:1. Diversity of Learner Needs: With students coming from varied linguistic and cultural backgrounds, it is challenging to design a one-size-fits-all curriculum.2. Resource Allocation: Limited resources, especially in developing countries, can hinder the implementation of innovative teaching methods and technologies.3. Assessment: Standardized assessments often fail to capture the full spectrum of language abilities, particularly communicative skills.4. Teacher Training: Keeping educators abreast of the latest developments in language teaching pedagogy requires ongoing professional development.Future Prospects:The future of the English curriculum is likely to be shaped by the following trends:1. Personalized Learning: Tailoring the curriculum to individual learner needs through adaptive technologies and personalized feedback.2. Collaborative Learning: Encouraging group work and project-based learning to develop teamwork and leadership skills alongside language proficiency.3. Intercultural Competence: Preparing students for cross-cultural interactions by incorporating intercultural awareness into the curriculum.4. Lifelong Learning: Fostering a mindset of continuous learning beyond formal education settings, emphasizing the relevance of English in various life domains.5. Sustainability and Global Citizenship: Integrating themes of sustainability and global responsibility into the curriculum to prepare students for the complexities of the21st century.Conclusion:The English curriculum has come a long way from its classical origins to its current dynamic state. It continues to evolve in response to societal changes and advancements in educational technology. While challenges persist, the future holds promise for a more inclusive, flexible, and relevant curriculum that prepares learners not just for language proficiency, but also for success in a globalized world. As educators, policymakers, and learners navigate the evolving landscape of English language education, collaboration,innovation, and a commitment to lifelong learning will be essential for the continued success and relevance of the English curriculum in modern education.。
curriculum and teaching methodology 检索
摘要:
1.课程设置与教学方法的重要性
2.课程设置应注重全面性与专业性
3.教学方法需结合课程特点和学生需求
4.我国教育体系中课程与教学方法的现状
5.提高课程与教学方法质量的建议
正文:
1.课程设置与教学方法的重要性
课程设置和教学方法是教育体系中至关重要的两个环节。
课程设置关系到学生能否全面、系统地掌握所需知识,教学方法则直接影响到学生对知识的吸收和运用。
因此,课程设置和教学方法的合理性、科学性对于提高教育质量具有重要意义。
2.课程设置应注重全面性与专业性
课程设置需涵盖各个学科领域,保证学生全面了解各个方面的知识。
同时,课程设置还应结合专业特点,为学生提供有针对性的课程,以便他们能在未来工作中发挥所学。
3.教学方法需结合课程特点和学生需求
针对不同课程特点,教师应灵活运用各种教学方法。
例如,理论课程可采用讲授、讨论、案例分析等方式,实践课程则可采用项目实践、实验、实习等形式。
此外,教师还应关注学生的个性化需求,调整教学方法,提高教学效
果。
4.我国教育体系中课程与教学方法的现状
我国教育体系在课程设置和教学方法方面取得了一定的成果,但仍存在一些问题。
如课程设置过于强调应试教育,导致学生实际能力与知识脱节;教学方法过于单一,难以激发学生的学习兴趣和主动性。
5.提高课程与教学方法质量的建议
为提高课程与教学方法的质量和效果,教育部门应加强对课程设置的指导和监管,确保课程设置符合时代发展需求。
同时,鼓励教师进行教学方法改革,引入多元化教学手段,提高教学质量。
Curriculum of "Introduction to Mechanical Engineering"1. Course DescriptionThe status and role of the course:"Introduction to Mechanical Engineering" is a professional foundation courses of mechanical engineering, is a master of mechanical engineering disciplines, but also the basis for follow-up courses and specialized professional basis. Aimed at students of mechanical engineering knowledge to have a more comprehensive understanding, and solve the problem of students of professional education, learning direction, increasing the number of students studying for professional interest and enthusiasm. Professor of the course is just entering high school to study mechanical subjects freshman in the first year, with a very strong driving force for the thirst for knowledge and learning, but knowledge of the machinery, or do not know much about the basic lack of understanding. Course content is very rich and limited class hours. The content of the requirements does not require sophisticated and comprehensive, as far as possible the next four years to students of knowledge to a very specific perceptual knowledge. And taking into account the contemporary status and social capabilities of students, the teaching methods of combining theory and practice was taken in the course.Description:The course to mechanical engineering students in colleges and universities of professional education needs for the purpose of quality, presented a concise overview of mechanical engineering and the range of fields, machine-building industry and manufacturing, mechanical design, engineering materials, materials forming technology, machining technology, advanced manufacturing technology, advanced manufacturing mode of production and management mode and modern mechanical engineering disciplines such as content classification.Teaching objectives and requirements:1) understanding of machinery in the national economy based on the status and role;2) to understand the formation of machinery and machinery components;3) the basic understanding of mechanical design methods and the general steps to understand the typical method of modern design concept, the basic ideas and theoretical foundation, design steps;4) familiar with the common basic properties of engineering materials, the main purpose; understanding of material applications and the general trend of research; understanding ofnew engineering materials and their applications; grasp of the material commonly used modification of the definition of purpose;5) to understand the basic methods of forming materials and its applications; understanding of the material forming the advanced technology and development trends;6) to understand the basic methods of machining concepts, processing equipment and its components, a variety of processing methods of technology features, uses, characteristics; understand the typical concept of the special processing technology, processes, applications;7) to understand the concept of advanced manufacturing technology, technical systems, system components, characteristics, applications and development trends;8) the newly developed understanding of the manufacturing sector of advanced production methods and management concepts, background and characteristics;9) understand the overall training plan and the main objective of the course requirements in the future for our students to learn and to provide guidance on the role of course;10) the initial grasp the basic knowledge of the mechanical structure and understand the assembly process and the importance of matching parts.2. Ways and means of teachingAccording to the specific teaching content and objectives of professional training, extensive use of the following teaching methods:Theory teaching:Multimedia-based teaching, through a large number of pictures, animation and video to their students a strong intuitive feelings, stimulate interest in machinery, but also to understand the meaning of mechanical technology. Each chapter is more than striving to have the machinery to show the real, has a wealth of video information to broaden the horizons of students and thinking space, to achieve the purpose of this course.Practice Teaching:In recent years the ability of university students do community concern, according to Foreign university teaching experience in mechanical disciplines will be dismantling the course of practice as the main link is necessary in practice.4 hours will be a choice of a simple mechanical attachment for disassembly, disassembly machinery by doing, so that students can experience the concept of mechanical parts, mechanical components of the principle, assembly processes, lubrication, power and so the concept of training for future practice lay the foundation.Extra-curricular learning:Students complete assignments consisting mainly of teachers and discuss extra-curricular knowledge and watch the video information as a supplement. Teacher assignments mainly includes mechanical connotation of disciplines and professional awareness of the concept , widening the creation of innovative thinking, the correct mechanical technology learning methods, methods of training the main thesis writing. During the entire course each student will complete two operations and more than four times the video to watch and discuss the composition of one or two times.3. Arrangements for the teaching processChapter1 Mechanics and mechanical engineering[The purpose and requirements] Understand the concept of machinery; machinery services; the content of Mechanical Engineering; the history of mechanical engineering and development. Help through the history and development of mechanical engineering in the national economy and social development has a very important role is to promote academic and social development.[Content]The social production machinery, mechanical engineering profile of the 21st century, mechanical engineering, machine-building industry in the national economy and China's machinery industry development[Difficult] The concept of mechanical engineering, history and development of[Teaching methods] Classroom teaching[Hours] 2 hoursChapter2 Application areas in mechanical engineering[The purpose and requirements]Understanding of machinery a number of areas in the national economy, the introduction of the mechanical understanding of the professional development of the basic situation[Content]Agricultural machinery, forestry machinery, mining machinery, metallurgical machinery, power machinery, chemical machinery, textile machinery, automobile [Difficult]Agricultural machinery, transportation machinery, power machinery of the basic component[Teaching methods] Classroom teaching[Hours] 2 hoursChapter3 Machinery industry and manufacturing[The purpose and requirements] Understand machine-building industry's role in the national economy, the development overview of China's machinery industry.[Content]the role of machinery industry in the national economy and the relationship between the manufacturing.[Difficult] The relationship between the machinery industry and manufacturing [Teaching methods] Classroom teaching[Hours] 2 hoursChapter4 Mechanical design and modern design methods[The purpose and requirements] Understanding of the basic method of mechanical design and the general steps, understand the typical method of modern design concept, the basic ideas and theoretical foundation, design steps.[Content]The basic requirements for mechanical design, methods, and general steps; optimize the design concepts, basic terminology, the design steps to optimize the design of commonly used methods of profile; mechanical reliability of the theoretical basis for the design, commonly used indicators, mechanical reliability of the contents and form of the design; computer aided design concepts, software and hardware environment, CAD component of the system software; modular design concept, design steps, the main design methods and key technologies.[Difficult]Optimal Design of the basic idea and design steps of the key technologies of modular design, finite element method the basic idea.[Teaching methods] Classroom teaching[Hours] 2 hoursChapter5 Engineering Materials[The purpose and requirements] Familiar with the common basic properties of engineering materials, the main purpose; understanding of material applications and the general trend of research; understanding of new engineering materials and their applications; master the technology commonly used in the definition of material modification and uses.[Content] Classification of engineering materials, the application of the modified materials technology and new engineering materials[Difficult]The concept and role of Material modification technology(such as hardening,annealing, tempering, normalizing, aging, etc.)[Teaching methods] Classroom teaching[Assignments] 2 questions depending on the specific circumstances[Hours] 6 hoursChapter6 Material forming technology[The purpose and requirements] Understanding of the basic method of forming materials and its applications, materials forming the advanced technology and development trends [Content] The basic method of forming materials (such as casting, forging, welding, etc.) and their characteristics, applications; material forming technology[Difficult] Material forming the concept of the basic methods of understanding the process of forming process[Teaching methods] Classroom teaching[Hours] 4 hoursChapter7 Mechanical machining technology[The purpose and requirements] Understand the basic concept of processing equipment and its components, a variety of processing methods of technology features, uses, and characteristics; understand the typical concept of the special processing technology, processes and applications[Content]Basic method of machining (turning, milling, cutting, grinding, drilling, boring, reaming) and the typical non-traditional machining technology (electrical discharge machining, electrochemical machining, laser processing, electron beam machining, ultrasonic machining, etc.)[Difficult] Basic methods of machining process, process capabilities, use[Teaching methods] Classroom teaching with the necessary on-site visits or field [Hours] 4 hoursChapter8 Mechanical-electrical integration technology[The purpose and requirements] Understanding of basic mechanical and electrical integration of the understanding of electrical technology, electronics technology, the basic situation of Measurement and Control Technology[Content]Mechanical-electrical integration, Electrical Technology, Electronic Technology overview, testing technology and sensors and automatic control technology overview[Difficult] Electrical technology, electronics technology, the basic situation of Measurement and Control Technology[Teaching methods] Classroom teaching and on-site visits[Hours] 2 hoursChapter 9 Mechanical-electrical integration technology[The purpose and requirements] Understand the concept of advanced manufacturing technology, technical systems, system components, characteristics, applications and trends. [Content]CAD / CAM, CNC technologies, flexible manufacturing systems, computer integrated manufacturing, rapid prototyping and manufacturing.[Difficult] A variety of advanced manufacturing technology systems, characteristics, applications[Teaching methods] Classroom teaching and on-site visits[Hours] 2 hoursChapter 10 Advanced production methods and management models ofmanufacturing[The purpose and requirements] Understand advanced production methods and management concepts of manufacturing, background and characteristics.[Content]Industrial engineering and management, lean production, agile manufacturing, intelligent manufacturing, Green Manufacturing[Difficult] Concepts and basic idea of the advanced production methods and management [Teaching methods] extracurricular study[Hours] self-study4. Test and assessmentMore practical as a result of this course, assessment can be divided into a variety of ways, the academic performance of students of this course consists of two parts: the final exam (40%) + normal results (60%)1)Main V olume: questions can be divided into objective and subjective questions and objective type of topic students focus on basic knowledge test, basic skills and mastery of basic theory; subjective category of the main subject of study students to analyze and solve problems and make comprehensive use of knowledge capacity. Questions have a certain degree of difficulty, it is necessary to pay attention to the cultivation of creative ability ofstudents.The provision of major questions: select, judge, fill in the blank, brief answer, questions, the term explain.The difficulty of the structure of the distribution: 40% of the easy, 40% of the middle, 20% of the integrated.2) Normal: including unit testing, mid-term examinations, as well as the usual assessment of students learning and learning approach, in accordance with the usual experimental students attendance, completion of operations, given a comprehensive score.。