Guide to Harvard Referencing

Harvard referencing: a guide for SoM students IntroductionAcademic work demands that you consider the work of other writers and researchers. To use their work without acknowledgement is to steal the ideas of other people and is called plagiarism.You should acknowledge the sources which have informed your work by citing them in the text of your work, and referencing them at the end of your essay, project report, dissertation or thesis. Otherwise, you run the risk of being accused of academic misconduct.There are several widely used methods for writing references. The School of Management uses the Harvard system. If you do not use this method properly you will lose marks. What sources of information should I be reading?Before you use any document, you should consider the quality of the information it provides. Articles published in refereed academic journals are the most authoritative, because they have been through a thorough checking process known as peer review. Books may not have been checked so rigorously by their publishers. Articles in newspapers and trade magazines are not checked as carefully as those in refereed academic journals so may not be as reliable. And information found on the Internet needs to be treated with caution, as anyone can put material there, accurate or otherwise!How do I put a citation in my text?To avoid being accused of plagiarism, you need to put a citation in the text you are writing whenever you mention another person’s work. This applies whether you are summarising or paraphrasing their ideas or quoting their words directly.Basically, all you need to do is to write the author’s or editor’s surname and the year of publication like this (Hales, 1986) or like this as discussed by Hales (1986). You may sometimes have a corporate author, rather than a personal author, like this (British Retail Consortium, 2007). If you have used two documents by the same author published in the same year, distinguish them by adding a suffix like this (Lowe, 2005a; Lowe, 2005b). If there are two or more authors or editors for a document, put them all in your citation like this (Riley, Ladkin and Szivas, 2002). If you want to cite several works together, because they all support your argument about a particular point, list them chronologically, and if there is more than one for a particular year put those in alphabetical order, like this (Hales, 1986; Wrigley and Lowe, 1996; Howard, 2001; Sigala, Lockwood and Jones, 2001; Riley, Ladkin and Szivas, 2002; Lowe, 2005b; Key Note, 2006; Lee-Kelley, 2006; Sadler-Smith, 2006).If you are quoting another author’s words, it is important that you make this clear by using quotation marks and including the page numbers in your citation like this “Many businesses now operate in a knowledge economy that is networked, digital, virtual, fast-moving, global and uncertain.” (Sadler-Smith, 2006, p.30).How do I write a reference?The full reference for each of the documents you have cited in your text should be put in a list of references at the end of your work.For a journal article, you need to include the author or authors (surname followed by initials), the year of publication (and suffix if used) (in brackets), the title of the article (in quotation marks), the name of the journal (in italics), the volume number, the part or issue number (in brackets), and the page numbers (use p. for one page, pp. for more than one page).Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003a) "The effects of waitexpectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268.For some journals, you may have to put the date instead of the volume and part numbers.Howard, M. (2001) "If it ain't broke, don't fix it", Financial Management, May, p.14.Pettit, L. (2005) "Forte at sixty", Caterer and Hotelkeeper, 8 December, pp.26-30.For a book, you need to include the authors or editors (use ed. in brackets for one editor, eds. for more than one editor), the year of publication, the title of the book (in italics), the edition (except for the 1st edition; use edn. for edition), the place of publication, and the publisher.Bender, D.A. and Bender, A.E. (1999) Bender's dictionary of nutrition and foodtechnology. 7th edn. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.Wrigley, N. and Lowe, M.S. (eds.) (1996) Retailing, consumption and capital:towards the new retail geography. Harlow: Longman.For a chapter in an edited book, you need to include the author of the chapter, the date of publication, the title of the chapter (in quotation marks), the word in, the editor of the book, the title of the book (in italics), the edition, the place of publication, the publisher, and the page numbers of the chapter.Baxter, I. and Chippindale, C. (2005) "Managing Stonehenge: the tourism impact and the impact on tourism", in Sigala, M. and Leslie, D. (eds.) International culturaltourism: management, implications and cases. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, pp.137-150.If you used an electronic version of a journal article or a book, you should also include the name of the online database (in italics), the word Online [in square brackets], the phrase Available at followed by the URL, and the word Accessed followed by the date you read the document (in brackets).Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003b) "The effects of waitexpectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268. ScienceDirect[Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 26 November 2007).Sadler-Smith, E. (2006) Learning and development for managers: perspectives from research and practice. Oxford: Blackwell. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2007).For a web page, you need to include the author, the date of publication (or last updated), the title, the URL, and the date you read the document.Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) Whistleblowing. Available at: /subjects/empreltns/whistleblw/whistle.htm?IsSrchRes=1(Accessed: 30 November 2007).What should my list of references look like?Something like this. Note that all types of publication are included in a single list, and that the list is arranged alphabetically.Baxter, I. and Chippindale, C. (2005) "Managing Stonehenge: the tourism impact and the impact on tourism", in Sigala, M. and Leslie, D. (eds.) International cultural tourism: management, implications and cases. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, pp.137-150.Bender, D.A. and Bender, A.E. (1999) Bender's dictionary of nutrition and food technology. 7th edn. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing.British Retail Consortium (2007) British Retail Consortium 2007. Norwich: The Stationery Office.Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (2007) Whistleblowing. Available at: /subjects/empreltns/whistleblw/whistle.htm?IsSrchRes=1 (Accessed: 30 November 2007).Chef2Chef Culinary Portal (2007) Available at: / (Accessed: 4 December 2007).Egmond, T. van (1999) Het verschijnsel toerisme: verleden, heden, toekomst. Leiden: Toerboek.Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003a) "The effects of wait expectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268.Grewal, D., Baker, J., Levy, M. and Voss, G.B. (2003b) "The effects of wait expectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions in service-intensive retail stores", Journal of Retailing, 79(4), pp.259-268. ScienceDirect [Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 26 November 2007).Hales, C.P. (1986) "What do managers do?: a critical review of the evidence", Journal of Management Studies, 23(1), pp.88-115.Howard, M. (2001) "If it ain't broke, don't fix it", Financial Management, May, p.14.Key Note (2006) Mobile telecommunications: market report. Hampton: Key Note. Leatherhead Food International (no date) FoodlineWeb. Available at:/FoodWeb/ (Accessed: 4 December 2007).Lee-Kelley, E. (2006) Trust and identification in the virtual team : exploring the bases of trust and the processes of intra-group identification. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Surrey.Lowe, M.S. (2005a) "The regional shopping centre in the inner city: a study of retail-led urban regeneration", Urban Studies, 42(3), pp.449-470.Lowe, M.S. (2005b), "Revitalizing inner city retail?: the impact of the West Quay development on Southampton", International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 33(9), pp.658-668.Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005) Cite them right: the essential guide to referencing and plagiarism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books.Pettit, L. (2005) "Forte at sixty", Caterer and Hotelkeeper, 8 December, pp.26-30.Riley, M., Ladkin, A. and Szivas, E. (2002) Tourism employment: analysis and planning. Clevedon: Channel View.Sadler-Smith, E. (2006) Learning and development for managers: perspectives from research and practice. Oxford: Blackwell. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2007).Sigala, M., Lockwood, A. and Jones, P. (2001) "Strategic implementation and IT: gaining competitive advantage from the hotel reservations process", International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13(7), pp.364-371.Wrigley, N. and Lowe, M.S. (eds.) (1996) Retailing, consumption and capital: towards the new retail geography. Harlow: Longman.What do I do if there is no author?If there is no obvious personal author or corporate author, the title can be used instead, both as the citation in your text (Chef2Chef Culinary Portal, 2007) and in your reference list.Chef2Chef Culinary Portal (2007) Available at: / (Accessed: 4December 2007).What do I do if there is no date of publication?If there is no obvious date of publication, you should put (no date).Leatherhead Food International (no date) FoodlineWeb. Available at:/FoodWeb/ (Accessed: 4 December 2007).Can I include documents in languages other than English?Yes, these should be included in their original language.Egmond, T. van (1999) Het verschijnsel toerisme: verleden, heden, toekomst. Leiden: Toerboek.What about other types of publication, such as newspaper articles, company reports, and market research reports?There is a longer list of examples of references at/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/LIBRARY/FINDING/BIBREFS/HARVARD %20REFERENCING%20SOM.PDF. This covers all the types of publication that are likely to be used by management students, including custom textbooks, conference papers, law reports, and theses and dissertations. For further information, see a book by Pears and Shields (2005).Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2005) Cite them right: the essential guide to referencing and plagiarism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Pear Tree Books.What is secondary referencing?There may be occasions when you want to mention someone’s work which has been referred to in a document you have read, even though you haven’t actually read the original piece of work yourself. This is known as secondary referencing.In your text you might say something like this. Barney in 1999, quoted by Sadler-Smith (2006, p.30), said that ... . In your list of references you should include Sadler-Smith but not Barney. If anyone wants to read Barney’s document, they will be able to find the details of it in Sadler-Smith’s list of references.What is a bibliography? And how does it differ from a list of references?A bibliography is a comprehensive list of all the documents published on a particular subject. The list of references that you put at the end of your academic work should only include the documents that you have read for that particular piece of work. Check that everything you have cited in your text (except secondary references) is included in your list of references, and that everything in your list of references has been cited in your text.I’m worried that I haven’t done my references properly. Do you have any further advice?The purpose of writing a reference for a document you have read is to enable someone else to find a copy of the same document. So check that the details you have given are correct and complete. In particular, double check the spelling of the author’s name and the accuracy of volume numbers, page numbers, dates and URLs. And make sure you have made a note of all the details you need for the reference, while you have the original document in front of you - if you photocopy a chapter from a book and forget to write down which book it came from, you could waste a lot of time later trying to find out which book it was!。

References/BibliographyHarvard StyleBased on Style manual for authors, editors and printers/ revised by Snooks & Co. 2002Quick guide - How to USE IT•There are various ways of setting out references / bibliographies for an assignment.NOTE •Before you write your list of references/bibliography check with yourlecturer/tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the AcademicDepartment.•The following are examples of one style previously known as the Harvard style based on AGPS style but now revised by Snooks & Co, 2002. The style is based on the author-date system for books, articles and “non-books”.•Your bibliography should identify an item (e.g. book, journal article, cassette tape, film, or internet site) in sufficient detail so that others may identify it and consult it.•Your bibliography should appear at the end of your essay/report with entries listed alphabetically.•If you have used sources from the Internet, these should be listed in your bibliography.FOR A BOOKThe details required in order are:1. name/s of author/s, editor/s, compiler/s or the institution responsible2. year of publication3. title of publication and subtitle if any (all titles must be underlined or italicised)4. series title and individual volume if any5. edition, if other than first6. publisher7. place of publication8. page number(s) if applicable• One authorBerkman, RI 1994, Find it fast: how to uncover expert information on any subject, HarperPerennial, New York.Explanation of above citation• Two or more authorsCengel, YA & Boles, MA 1994, Thermodynamics: an engineering approach, 2nd edn,McGraw Hill, London.Cheek, J, Doskatsch, I, Hill, P & Walsh, L 1995, Finding out: information literacy for the21st century, MacMillan Education Australia, South Melbourne.• Editor(s)Pike, ER & Sarkar, S (eds) 1986, Frontiers in quantum optics, Adam Hilger, Bristol.Jackson, JA (ed.) 1997, Glossary of geology, 4th edn, American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Va.• Sponsored by institution, corporation or other organisationInstitution of Engineers, Australia 1994, Code of ethics, Institution of Engineers, Australia, Barton,A.C.T.• SeriesBhattacharjee, M 1998, Notes of infinite permutation groups, Lecture notes in mathematicsno.1698, Springer, New York.• EditionZumdahl, SS 1997, Chemistry, 4th edn, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.• Chapter or part of a book to which a number of authors have contributedBernstein, D 1995, ‘Transportation planning’, in WF Chen (ed.), The civil engineering handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton.• No author or editorKempe's engineer's year-book 1992, Morgan-Grampian, London.The details required, in order, are:1. author2. year of submission3. title4. name of degree5. name of institution issuing degree6. location of institutionExelby, HRA 1997, ‘Aspects of gold and mineral liberation’, PhD thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane.The details required, in order, are:1. name/s of author/s of the article2. year of publication3. title of article, in single quotation marks4. title of periodical (underlined or italicised)5. volume number6. issue (or part) number7. page number(s)• Journal articleHuffman, LM 1996, ‘Processing whey protein for use as a food ingredient’, Food Technology,vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 49-52.Explanation of above citation• Conference paper (published)Bourassa, S 1999, ‘Effects of child care on young children’, Proceedings of the third annual meeting of the International Society for Child Psychology, International Society for Child Psychology, Atlanta, Georgia, pp. 44-6. (Example from Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002)• Conference paper (unpublished)Bowden, FJ & Fairley, CK 1996, ‘Endemic STDs in the Northern Territory: estimations ofeffective rates of partner change’, paper presented to the scientific meeting of the RoyalAustralian College of Physicians, Darwin, 24-25 June. (Example from Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002)• Newspaper articleSimpson, L 1997, ‘Tasmania’s railway goes private‘, Australian Financial Review, 13 October, p. 10.The details required are the same as for a book, with the form of the item (eg videorecording, tape, computer file, etc.) indicated after the year.Get the facts (and get them organised)Williamstown, Vic.Dr Brain thinking gamesThe details required, in order, are:1. corporate body issuing standard2. year of publication3. title of standard4. number of standard including identifier of issuing country or body5. publisher of standard6. place of publicationInternational Organization for Standardization 1982, Steels - Classification - Part 1: Classification of steels into unalloyed and alloy steels based on chemical composition, ISO 4948-1:1982,International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.The details required, in order, are:1. name/s of inventor/s2. date of issue3. title of patent4. number of patent, including country of issueCookson, AH 1985, Particle trap for compressed gas insulated transmission systems, US Patent 4554399.The details required, in order, are:1. issuing body2. date3. title of map4. series5. publisher6. place of publicationDepartment of Mines and Energy, Queensland 1996, Dotswood, Australia 1:100 000 Geological Series, Sheet 8158, Department of Mines and Energy, Queensland, Brisbane.•This could include sources from full text compact disk products, electronic journals or other sources from the Internet.•The basic form of the citations follow the principles listed for print sources (see above)1. name/s of author/s2. date of publication Note: If you cannot establish the date of publication, use n.d. (nodate).3. title of publication4. edition, if other than first5. type of medium, if necessary6. date item viewed7. name or site address on internet (if applicable)Weibel, S 1995, ‘Metadata: the foundations of resource description’, D-lib Magazine, viewed 7January 1997, </dlib/July95/07weibel.html>.ASTEC 1994, The networked nation, Australian Science, Technology and Engineering Council,Canberra, viewed 7 May 1997, <.au/astec/net_nation/contents.html>.• If no author is given, the title is used as the first element of a citation.Dr Brain thinking games 1998, CD-ROM, Knowledge Adventure Inc., Torrance, California.Information obtained by interview, telephone call, letter, email, etc. should be documented in the text. “Details of a personal communication do not need to be included in a reference list” i.e. You may not need to include personal communications in the list of references at the end of the essay.When interviewed on 15 June 1995, Dr Peter Jones explained that …This was later verbally confirmed (P Jones 1995, pers. comm., 15 June).There are variations on documents produced by government agencies.The following example includes both the name of the sponsoring agency and the specific author.Department of Veterans’ Affairs 2000, Payments to Vietnam veterans: a summary, report prepared by S Baslum, Department of Veteran Affairs, Canberra.The following example requires the name of the sponsoring agency only.Institution of Engineers, Australia 1994, Code of ethics, Institution of Engineers, Australia, Barton,A.C.T.• In an author-date, a textual citation generally requires only the name of the author(s) and the year of publication (and specific page(s) if necessary).• This may appear at the end of a sentence, before the full stop.• Alternatively, the author’s surname may be integrated into the text, followed by the year of publication in parentheses.• The full reference must be listed at the end of your essay.• If two or more works by different authors are cited at the same time, separate them with a semicolon.• If two or more works by the same author are cited at the same time, do not repeat the author's name. Separate the years of publication by a comma.• If there are more than two works by the same author, published in the same year, add the letters 'a', 'b', etc. to the year to distinguish the works. Also add these letters to the year in the list ofreferences at the end of the essay.• If there are more than three authors, list only the first, followed by 'et al.'• If you cannot establish the year of publication, use 'n.d.' (no date).ExamplesIt is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir & Jessel 1991).It is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir & Jessel 1991, p. 94).Moir and Jessel (1991) have shown that it is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable.Moir and Jessel (1991, pp. 93-4) have shown that it is futile to maintain that the sexes areinterchangeable.The implications for land degradation have been much debated (Malinowski, Miller & Gupta 1995;Thomson 1999).Subsequent investigation confirmed these results (Watson & Clark 1996, 1998).Public housing remains a neglected area (ACOSS 1997a, 1997b).Other researchers have questioned these findings (Larson et al. 1987).Recent advances have been made in this area (Bolton n.d.).NOTE: • A list of references contains details only of those works cited in the text.• A bibliography includes sources not cited in the text but which are relevant to the subject, listed alphabeticallyIf you require further information, refer to:For print sources Snooks & Co 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, rev.Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons, Canberra.For electronic sourcesLi, X & Crane, N 1993, Electronic style: a guide to writing electronic information,Meckler, Westport.Ask at the Information Desk in any Branch Library or check theLibrary’s Web Page ~ .au/useit/Updated 19 May 2003。

The Harvard Style of referencing is widely accepted in scholarly circles. Each reference is indicated in the text by the author and date of the publication cited, sometimes with added information such as page numbers. The full details of these references are listed at the end of the text in a Reference list.Always follow information given to you be your lecturer regarding referencing.The information and examples are derived from the following source:Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Australia.In-text references:Single author(Note that citations can be at the beginning, middle or end of the sentence) ••In a study by Brightman (2003), financial ruin was investigated.••…financial ruin was investigated (Br ightman 2003).••Brightman (2000, p. 48) states that ‘financial ruin was more common in the1980s.’ (Note: page no. for quotes.)When an author has published more than one cited article in the same year, distinguish each article by using a lowercase letter after the year within the brackets (this is also written in the reference list): ••In a study by Brightman (2003a), financial ruin was investigated.Two or three authors••…and this is therefore not appropriate (Sleeman & Jones 2004).••Stewart, Millar and Jones (2003) state that…Note that an ampersand (&) is used between the names only when they appear in brackets.Four or more authors••…should be used only when appropriate (Smith et al 2001).••Smith et al (2001) conclude that…Edited work••(eds. Muller, Cloete & Badat 2001)••edited by Muller, Cloete and Badat (2001)More than one citation is provided in your sentenceList all citations alphabetically, with a semi-colon to separate.••There are indications that passive smoking is potentially threatening to health(Applebee 1997; Cookson 1997; Sheldon & James 1998).Secondary citationThis is when you refer to the work of one author cited by another.••Jones (cited in McKenzie 2003) believes that…••…to improve learning (Jones, cited in McKenzie 2003).In the Reference List you refer to the author of the text from which your information came (in this case, McKenzie).Website documentsMany electronic sources do not provide page numbers, unless they are in PDF format. If quoting or paraphrasing from a website, that is NOT a PDF, then use as part of the in-text reference either:••a section heading, (eg. United Nations 2007, Article 1)••a paragraph number (eg. United Nations 2007, para.10)Personal communicationPersonal communication may only be cited in the text, NOT in the Reference List. The information, including day, month and year, is provided in the text, or parenthically. Details of the organisation that the person represents may also be included. Note that initials precede the family name.••W hen interviewed on 24 April 1999, Ms S Savieri confirmed…..••M s S Savieri confirmed this by facsimile on 24 April 1999.••I t has been confirmed that an outbreak occurred in Shepparton (S Savieri 1999,pers. comm., 24 April).••M s S Savieri (Australian Institute of Criminology) confirmed this by email on 24 April 1999.Encyclopaedia or dictionaryEncyclopaedias and dictionaries may only be cited in the text, NOT in the Reference List.••(Literacy in America: an encyclopedia2001, p.25) states……••The Macquarie dictionary(1997) defines it as……Reference list examples:Book – single authorJones, B 1995, Sleepers, wake!: technology and the future of work, 4th edn, Oxford University Press, Melbourne.Book – two or three authorsStein, B & Reynolds, JS 2000, Mechanical and electrical equipment for buildings, 9th edn, John Wiley & Sons, New York.Book – four or more authorsYarbro, CH, Frogge, MH, Goodman, M & Groenwald, SL 2000, Cancer nursing, 5th edn, Jones and Bartlett, Boston.Book chapterCrawford, RJ 1998, 'Plastics available to the designer', in Plastics engineering, 3rd edn, Heinemann-Butterworth, Oxford, pp. 6-18.
Edited bookMuller, J, Cloete, N & Badat, S (eds.) 2001, Challenges of globalisation: South African debates with Manuel Castells, Maskew Miller Longman, Pinelands, Cape Town. Journal articleZivkovic, B & Fujii, I 2001, 'An analysis of isothermal phase change of phase change material within rectangular and cylindrical containers', Solar Energy, vol. 70, no.1, pp. 51-61.e-journal article from a databaseEasthope, G 2004, 'Consuming health: the market for complementary and alternative medicine', Australian Journal of Primary Health, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 68-75, viewed 30 March 2005, Australian Public Affairs Full Text.Newspaper articleTobler, K & Kerin, J 2002, ‘Hormone alert for cancer’, The Australian, 10 July, p. 1. Note: if the newspaper article does NOT have an author then provide details as anin-text citation only, NOT in the Reference List. For example: The Australian (10 July 2002, p.1) states……Website documentsUnited Nations, 2007, Universal declaration of human rights, United Nations, viewed 19 March 2007, /Overview/rights.html.Course notes from RMIT University Library reserveDixon, C 2002, Mechanical design 2: project resource material, course notes fromMIET1068, RMIT University, Melbourne, viewed 22 July 2005, RMIT University Library.Course notes from RMIT University Library e-reserveHolland, J 2004, Lecture notes 3: bulldozers and land clearing, course notes from CIVE1057, RMIT University, Melbourne, viewed 22 July 2005, RMIT University Library <.au/ereserve/notes02/cive1057/31259006935782.pdf>. Course notes from Online @ RMITSmith, H 2005, Metadata, course notes from ISYS6655, RMIT University, Melbourne, viewed 8 July 2005, Online@RMIT.Conference paperKovacs, GL 1994, ‘Simulation-scheduling system using hybrid software technology’, in Computer Integrated Manufacturing and Automation Technology: Proceedings of the 4th International conference, Troy, New York, October 10-12, 1994, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, California, pp.351-356.。

Harvard Referencing System GuideMotivation For This DocumentIn academic work, you are expected to follow certain rules of conduct in your study. Specifically, whenever you create an assignment, essay, presentation, group project, or other work which will be submitted for discussion or for evaluation, then your work needs to be of academic standard. Not doing so may cause your grade to be reduced significantly, perhaps even to the point of failure.“Academic standard” is quite a vague term and can be di fferent things to different people. However, for business students you can imagine that your work should try to emulate the work of other people in the field of business. In particular, this includes work which you see in professional journals, the work of your professors and the writers of your textbooks.Of course, you are not expected to be able to produce leading edge content in your work, but the format of your work should follow the same academic standard as professional writers in your field at least in terms of structure, referencing, and layout.This document only discusses the elements of referencing which are required for “Academic standard” work. Other elements of your work such as its structure and layout are also important, but these are not discussed here.Referencing can be done in many ways. For your programme, the standard method of referencing is the “Harvard System of References”. This system is very common world-wide, and is nearly universally understood. However in your professional career or in other other academic programmes, you may be required to use other systems of referencing. You are responsible for being aware of the local standards required in any work which you produce.In most reference systems, the idea is to leave the main text of your work uncluttered, but to still provide clear hints to the reader about where they can look for further information. Thus, most reference systems are actually implemented in two parts: a citation, and a bibliographic entry. A citation is just a shorthand marker that you insert into the body of your work to allow the reader to find a resource such as a book or an article or a television programme or whatever. The format for this is specified by the system of referencing you are using. In the case of the Harvard System, a citation looks like “Smith (2002)”. A bibliographic entry provides a complete description of the actual resource in a standard form. It contains just enough information for readers to find the resource for themselves. Again, the Harvard System of referencing has its own unique way of expressing this information.What This Document IsThis work is taken largely from an online guide to the Harvard System at the University of the West of England website (UWE, 2005).This is a guide to the Harvard System of References and is based on British Standards 1629:1989 and 5605:1990. As these standards do not yet include references to electronic resources we include our own recommendations for these below. These recommendations follow current common practice.This document provides a series of guidelines for citations (also known as attributions) and their accompanying bibliographic entries. These guidelines however are not completely rigid: you have some flexibility in how you do both citations and bibliographic entries. But it is important that you decide, within the flexibility allowed by the guidelines, your specific way of making them. Whatever that way is, you should be absolutely consistent within your work (i.e., within yourassignment/report/presentation). Inconsistency is sloppy and viewed as unprofessional. Of course, if your professor or supervisor imposes other constraints on you, then you should follow those as well.General Comments About Electronic ResourcesThe general recommendation for electronic resources is that you need to include all the usual information for print resources. In addition, you need to indicate that the resource is online, where it was found online, and when it was found online. Details of this are provided below.Furthermore, for any electronic resource which has a printed counterpart (e.g., an electronic book, or electronic newspaper, etc.), you should present the information in a similar way in both cases. For example, if your bibliographic entries to printed books includes the title of the book quoted and in italics (“like this”) then your bibliographic entry to electronic books should also present the title in the same way.Citation in the text of your work.IntroductionA citation is simply a reference to a resource. The resource could be a page in a book, a magazine article, a television programme, or even a telephone call. In the Harvard System, a citation is simply the author's name, plus the date of publication (though in the case of an authour who publishes more than one resource in a given year, you need to add an optional letter “a”, “b”, etc., to distinguish between these resources). This simple method lets you look up the bibliographic entry easily, and also lets you see directly who is being quoted or referenced. The full details of the resource (the title of the book and the publisher, for example) are provided in the bibliography section.Here is an example of a citation:...the work of Jones (1991a) shows that lipids are...When you write a report or give a presentation you include citations for a number of reasons:•As a shorthand method of allowing your readers to understand any background material which may be important in understanding your work.•As a way of giving credit to other people for their ideas, techniques, opinions, or theories•As a way of proving that statements you make have a foundation in reality (e.g., that your quotations were really made by some other persons, that the theories or results that you mention are really published somewhere, that the data you quote is real, etc.)•As a way of giving specific references to other data, ideas, techniques, opinions and theories which you are using in your work, so that other people can evaluate your work and/or compare it to the work of others.When do you create citations in your work? Here are some situations where you should create citations:•Whenever you mention a theory or a definition of a concept, you should provide a reference to the reader so that they can look up exactly what you mean. Ideallythe reference you choose would be one which provides further information onyour theory/concept, but perhaps also a general discussion of the area with othercompeting theories or alternative definitions.•Whenever you quote data that you did not gather yourself through primary research, then you need to say where you got it from, and you do this by citing the source of the data which you mention.•Whenever you mention an opinion or quotation of somebody else, you should provide a reference to the reader so they can look it up.Where do you create citations in your work? The citations you provide in your work are put into the text just after the place where the theory/concept/data/quotation/opinion (or whatever it is that needs explanation)It is important to note that every citation in your work should be linked to a corresponding bibliographic entry at the end of your work. In general, if you wish to cite a particular book at several places in your work (e.g, you reference a theory on p.17 of the book, a quotation from p.39 of the book, and some data from p.82 of the book), then you should:•make individual citations at each place in your work, and noting the page number in the book. e.g.,•...according to the theory of Smith (Smith, 1996, p.17)...•...and Smith (1996, p.39) stated: “economics is a pure science”, by which...•...but other data indicates that only 0.9% (Smith, 1996, p.82) of...•Make a single bibliographic entry describing the book. e.g.,•Smith, J. 1996. “Economics”. Toronto. University of Toronto Press. In general, don't duplicate your references.Primary Resources（第一手资料）Almost all of the time you will reference primary resources. “Primary resources” are simply resources which you have actually seen/heard/read. In the text of your work you make a reference to a primary resource simply by using the author's surname and year of publication. There are a number of equivalent ways to do this, depending on the style you wish to employ.If the author's name occurs naturally in a sentence, then just give the year in brackets:...as defined by Mintzberg (1983)If not, then both name and year are shown in brackets:In a recent study (Handy, 1987) management is described as..If the same author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are distinguished by lower case letters attached to the year of publication:Drucker (1989a)If there are two authors both names should be given before the date:Gremlin and Jenking (1981)...If there are three or more authors only the surname of the first author should be given, followed by 'et al.' (which is the short form of a phrase meaning, “and others”): Kotler et al. (1987)If the author is unknown, use ‘Anon.’ to indicate “anonymous author”:Anon. (1967)Secondary Resources（二手资料）In some cases you may wish to quote some resource that has been referred to in something you have read. This generally happens when the original resource is not available to you. Such resources are called “secondary resources”. Secondary resources should be avoided if at all possible.The general principle to follow in this case is that you must create a bibliographic entry to describe the primary resource (i.e., to the book which you have read). This bibliographic entry is done in the normal way. However, the citation in the body of your work will be a little different: you must cite both the secondary resource and the primary resource you have read.Here are some examples which will make this clearer:Examples:Rowley (1991) cites the work of Melack and Thompson (1971) whodeveloped the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Melack and Thompson (1971, cited by Rowley 1991) developed the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Rowley (1991, citing Melack and Thompson 1971) refers to the McGillArchaeology questionnaire.In each of these cases, in your list of references the work by Rowley would be the only one included.Creating Bibliographic References.（建立参考书目格式）Every citation in your work will link to exactly one bibliographic entry. However, onebibliographic entry might be linked to many citations.Where do you put your bibliographic entries? In the Harvard System, they are all placed in one sectio n of your work, usually titled something like “Bibliography” or “References”. The Bibliography section follows the main body of your work.Format of the Bibliography Section（参考书目的格式）The format of the bibliography section is quite simple. It begins with something which announces that this is the bibliography section. For example, a title at the top of the first page, “Bibliography” which is in larger type and centred on the page. Or, a separate page with the title “References” in large type and centre d on the page. In either case, following this section heading are the bibliographic entries.In the Harvard System, the bibliographic entries are listed in sorted order. The sorting is done based on the following elements, in order of importance:•the first author's surname.•The first author's initials.•The date of publication.•An optional letter (a,b,c,d,...) distinguishing different publications by the same author in the same year.You will note that these elements are the same ones which make up the citation which you will use in the body of your work. This makes a clear link between any citation in the body of your work, and the bibliographic entries. Some examples will make this clear:Anderson, B. 2005. “...”Jones, H. 2004. “...”Jones, Q. 1996. “...”Jones, Q., 1999. “...”Jones, Q., 1999a. “...”Jones, Q., 1999b. “...”Smith, A. 1762. “...”Between each bibliographic entry you should normally insert a little space to allow the reader to see where one entry ends and another one begins. For example, a blank line or blank half line between entries would make your bibliography easier to read. All modern word processing software can do this for you.When you are doing research, you should collect references to each kind of material in a consistent way. If there is a resource to which you wish to make a reference, but is of a kind which is not mentioned here, then you should consult a more detailed source. There are many such sources available on the internet.Individual Bibliographic Entries（建立可供读者查阅的参考书目格式）The most important principle in making references is that the reader should be able tolocate the resource solely from the bibliographic information that you have provided. The rest of this section describes what information needs to be provided when creating bibliographic references for different kinds of resources.Note that electronic versions of resources (e.g., electronic books or articles) which can be also found in other media (e.g., printed) are referenced through bibliographic entries which are identical to their non-electronic counterparts, but with a somewhat standard additional part. Thus, an online book would be referenced as for a printed book, but would have in addition to the information needed for a printed book the following: After Title:“[online]”After Remainder of Bibliographic Entry:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Reference to a book or a report.（书、报告）You need to provide the following information, in order:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title. (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Plus for electronic resources the following phrases and data:After Title:“[online]”After Place of Publication:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（书）HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide toimproving your understanding of written French. : McGraw-Hill.DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework fordiabetes: delivery strategy. : Department of Health.Online Examples:HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide toimproving your understanding of written French [online]. : McGraw-Hill.Available from: [Accessed 25 August 2004].DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework fordiabetes: delivery strategy [online]. : Department of Health. Available from: /assetRoot/04/03/28/23/04032823.pdf [Accessed 5May 2004].For books without individual authors use ANON.Example:ANON. 1991. Turbo assembler: users' guide version 2.0. , CA: Borland. Reference to a contribution in a book.（注释）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Contribution.“eds.” List o f Editor(s)for each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials “in” Title of Book (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Page numbers of contribution.Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（注释）SMITH, C.,1980. Problems of information studies in history. In: S. STONE, ed. Humanities information research. : CRUS, 1980, pp 27-30.WESTMORLAND, L., 2000. Taking the flak: operational policing, fear and violence. In: G. LEE-TREWEEK, ed. Danger in the field: risk and ethics in social research [online]. : Routledge, pp 26-42. Available from:/ [Accessed 25 May 2004].NOTE: When referring to specific pages in a book 'pp' is used. Use 'p' if referring to a single page.Reference to a journal article.（期刊）Some journal articles are published in print only, some in print and online (of which someare exact copies and some will appear in a different format), and some online only. In all cases, the version you cite should be the version that you have seen.The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article.Title of Journal.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Volume NumberPart Number. (in brackets).Page numbers. (optional)Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（期刊）NICOLLE, L.,1990. Data protection: laying down the law. ManagementComputing, 13(12), pp 48-49, 52.CHRISTENSEN, P., 2004. The health-promoting family: a conceptualframework for future research. “Social Science and Medicine” [online],59(2), pp 223-243. Available from:/science/journal/02779536 [Accessed 5 May 2004].SANDLER, M.P., 2003. The art of publishing methods. “Journal of Nuclear Medicine” [online], 44, pp 661-662. Available from:/content/vol44/issue5/index.shtml [Accessed 5May 2004].C.M., KROESEN, K., et al., 2004. Complementary and alternativemedicine: a concept map. “BMC Complementary and AlternativeMedicine” [online] 4:2 (13 February 2004). Available from:/content/pdf/1472-6882-4-2.pdf [Accessed 5 May 2004].Reference to a newspaper article.（报纸）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article.Title of Newspaper.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Date Published.Page numbers. (optional)Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（报纸）BOOTH, J., 2004. Blair plans annual UK-China summit. Guardian [online]11 May, p 6. Available from:/guardian/2004/05/11/pdfs/gdn_040511_brd_6 _2263446.pdf [Accessed 25 May 2004].HASSELL, N., 2004. Gilts investors take profits. Times [online] 10 August.Available from: /xchange-international[Accessed 8 August 2004].Reference to a conference paper.（会议论文）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of contribution“in” (in italics)List of Editor(s) of the Conference Proceedingsfor each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials.Title of Conference Proceedings.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Date of Conference.Place of Conference.Publisher (if known)Page numbers.Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（会议论文）SILVER, K.,1989. Electronic mail the new way to communicate. In: D.I.RAITT, ed. 9th International Information Meeting, 3-5 December 1988. :Learned Information, pp 323-330.Reference to an Act of Government.（政府法案）Reader needs to know:Name of Issuing BodyYear of PublicationName of Act (in italics and/or underline and/or quoted)Other Identifier Numbers/Codes/Chapter NumbersPlace of PublicationPublisher.Example:（政府法案）Parliament. 2002. Football (disorder) (Amendment) Act 2002. Chapter 12. : The Stationery Office.Reference to a Command paper.（行政公文）Reader needs to know:Name of Committee/Department/Working Group/CommissionYear of PublicationTitle (in italics and/or underlined and/or in quotes)Place of PublicationPublisher.Other Identifying Codes, if any, in brackets.Example:（行政公文）Department of Trade and Industry. 2001. Productivity and enterprise: aworld class competition regime. : The Stationery Office. (Cm 5233). Reference to a thesis.（论文）Use similar method to a book.Example:LEVINE, D.,1993. A parallel genetic algorithm for the set partitioningproblem. Ph.D. thesis, Illinois Institute of Technology.Reference to a film, video and television broadcast.（电影、视频和电视广播）The reference for films and videos should include: title, year, material designation, subsidiary originator (director is preferred), production details - place: organisation. Example:。

NBS GUIDELINES TO THE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEMThis is a brief overview of how to use the Harvard Referencing System. Only the commonest form of referencing material has been used. For other, more obscure materials that you may reference to, please use the full version of Cite Them Right./sd/central/library/ir/orginfo/?view=StandardWhen writing a piece of academic work (normally assignments or third year dissertation), one of the greatest challenges that students face is how to reference correctly. This is because:➢Students don’t understand why they need to reference, and➢Students don’t understand how to referenceWHY:There are three reasons why you need to reference your work:➢To bring evidence to your work of your research and reading➢To give authority and credence to the work you are presenting➢To enable the reader to locate the information that you have used within your work (refer to the NBS Leaflet: ‘How Not toPlagiarise – A Guide for Students’)HOWFirstly, when you are referring or citing to a piece of work within the body of the text, there is one simple rule – you only quote the author’s surname and the year. The main exception to this is when you have used a direct quote, you would normally also include the page reference. However, author and year is the key. There is a good reason for keeping it simple: long, complex references spoil the flow of the text, and can spoil the look of well structured work.Secondly, within the reference list, you need to use the following chart to identify the correct order of the key components:be in alphabetical order, using the author’s surname. This makes it easy for the reader to find where you have taken your quote from. The first two items that you use in the reference are shown in bold in the above table – this should match exactly what you have used in your text, except that in the reference list the author’s initial is added. This way, if you have lots of references in your text, it is easy for the reader to find the full information within the reference list.OTHER SIMPLE RULES:Use of brackets within the text – the general rule is that if the author’s name is part of the sentence, you only bracket the year (because this is not part of the sentence). If the author’s name isnot part of the sentence, both the name and year are shown in brackets.If you are citing two different publications by an author published in the same year, they should be labelled a, b, c and so on after the date.Reference lists and bibliography lists – you should provide both. The difference between the two is that:➢The reference list shows what you have directly quoted, or paraphrased, in the body of your text➢The bibliography list shows what you have generally read to produce your work, but which is not referred to in any way inthe text.Do NOT reproduce in your bibliography all of your references.Secondary referencing seems to cause problems. The correct approach is that you only provide details of the source you have read in the reference list, but that you include both the secondary and original source in the text.EXAMPLES:Note that either example (1) or (2) is acceptable for secondary referencing.（注：素材和资料部分来自网络，供参考。

Guide to Referencing and developing a BibliographyImportant Note for Law Students: Whilst these referencing pages will be useful for most students, Law students should note they are specifically required to use the OSCOLA referencing guidelines (Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities), please see our OSCOLA guide for detailed guidelines and examples/laureate/upload/LawSchoolCitationGuide2009.pdfAlso see these online guides to the OSCOLA referencing formathttps:///citingreferences/index.html#oscolaAlso see our pages on Refworks and other citation software for managing your references and developing your Bibliography.What is referencing?It is very important that whenever you find a reference you immediately make a note of all the relevant bibliographical (author, title etc) details. It can be very difficult to retrace the details later and you will need the information to cite the references at the end of your assignment or dissertation.When you write your assignment or dissertation you are required to refer to the work of other authors. Each time you do so, it is necessary to identify their work by making reference to it - both in the text of your assignment (called 'in-text' referencing) and in a list at the end of your assignment (called a 'Reference List'). This practice of acknowledging authors is known as 'referencing'.References must be provided whenever you use someone else's opinions, theories, data or organisation of material. You need to reference information from books, articles, videos, web sites, images, computers and any other print or electronic sources. A reference is required if you:•paraphrase (use someone else's ideas in your own words)•summarise (use a brief account of someone else's ideas)•quote (use someone else's exact words)•copy (use someone else's figures, tables or structure)1References enhance your writing and assist your reader by:•showing the breadth of your research•strengthening your academic argument•showing the reader the source of your information•allowing the reader to consult your sources independently•allowing the reader to verify your dataAlways remember to use referencing because if you use someone else's work and don't reference it correctly, it is plagiarism, which is a serious offence of academic misconduct. Please also see our Web pages on Plagiarism and how to avoid it.Note on use of encyclopedias (Wikipedia etc.)The Board of Studies has taken a "middle way" policy on the use of encyclopedias (Wikipedia etc.). Use, and referencing, of an encyclopedia (Wikipedia or any other) is accepted as the initial reference that serves the student to get acquainted with the subject. But it must be followed with further research from "content specific" sources and cannot be accepted as the sole reference. The Board considered all encyclopedias as "digested content" which was summed up by someone else than the student and thus, unless in very specific cases, cannot be accepted as research fitting the requirements of a University of Liverpool taught postgraduate programme.How to reference using the Harvard SystemThe Harvard system is an established method of referencing and has advantages of flexibility, simplicity, clarity and ease of use both for author and reader.There are two parts to referencing using the Harvard System:•Citing in the text of your work - this means acknowledging, within your text, the sources that you have used.•Your Bibliography (containing bibliographic citations) - these are the details of the sources you have used. You list them in alphabetical order at the end of your work.This is your reference list.Citing in the text of your workWhen you refer to another document you must acknowledge this within the text of your work, by citing the author's surname and the date of publication, and where appropriate and available, the page number.You must include the page number when you:2Use a direct quotation from an original sourceSummarise an idea from a particular pageCopy tables or figuresProvide particular details, such as a dateHowever, when your sentence summarises the main view expressed in an article/book etc. and this does not come from a particular page you are not required to use page numbers, e.g.Artificial intelligence (AI) may be defined as the branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent behaviour (Lugar, 2001).Put short quotations (around twenty words or less) in inverted commas within the text, e.g. It can be seen that "Korean companies have been traditionally characterized by long-term contracts" (Chang, 2003, p.77), which has affected...The following formats would also be acceptable:Chang (2003, p.77) stated that "Korean companies have been traditionally characterized by long-term contracts and seniority-based management".Chang (2003: 77) stated that "Korean companies have been traditionally characterized by long-term contracts and seniority-based management".Long quotations should typically be indented in a separate paragraph, in a smaller font and without quotation marks. Cite the author and date in the same font and in brackets at the right margin of the page, under the quotation, e.g.:Despite the fact that advanced computer technology, including Client/Server and distributed-object computing, and Internet/WEB technology, provides reliable and relevant mechanisms and tools for Product Data Management in the large, companies still deal with intricate and non flexible corporate information systems.(Zarli & Richaud, 1999: 2) However the following formats would also be acceptable if you wish to continue an argument directly from the quotation:"Despite the fact that advanced computer technology, including Client/Server and distributed-object computing, and Internet/WEB technology, provides reliable and relevant mechanisms and tools for Product Data Management in the large, companies still deal with intricate and non flexible corporate information systems" (Zarli & Richaud, 1999, p.2), therefore it can be seen that..."Despite the fact that advanced computer technology, including Client/Server and distributed-object computing, and Internet/WEB technology, provides reliable and relevant mechanisms and tools for Product Data Management in the large, companies still deal with intricate and non flexible corporate information systems" (Zarli & Richaud, 1999: 2), therefore it can be seen that...Secondary ReferencingThere may be times when you want to quote a piece of work that has been referred to in something you have read - this is called 'secondary referencing' as you have not read the original work. Strictly speaking you should try and read the original work, but this may not be3possible. If you still want to refer to the work you must make it clear in your text that you have not read the original but are referring to it from a secondary source.For example:The results of the research found that.... (Smith, 1980 cited in Jones, 1986, p.5).ORThe results of the research found that.... (Smith, 1980 cited in Jones, 1986: 5).For example:The results of the research by Smith (1980 cited in Jones, 1986, p.5) found that...ORThe results of the research by Smith (1980 cited in Jones, 1986: 5) found that...When citing the reference in the reference list, cite only the work that you have read. In the example above you would include only the source you have read, that is, the work by Jones (1986).How to cite works with more than one authorWhen a book or document you want to cite has three or less authors, cite all the authors. If there are more then three authors cite the first author only followed by “et al” (from Latin meaning "and others").For citing one to three authors:(Two authors)Marks and Yardley (2004) explained that....(Three authors)Marks, Thompson and Yardley (2004) explained that....OR(Two authors)Research has found that....(Marks and Yardley, 2004).(Three authors)Research has found that....(Marks, Thompson and Yardley, 2004).In your reference list, the publication would be listed as:(Two authors)Marks, D. & Yardley, L. (2004) Research methods for clinical and health psychology. London: Sage.(Three authors)Marks, D., Thompson, B. & Yardley, L. (2004) Research methods for clinical and health psychology. London: Sage.For citing four or more authors, use 'et al.'Harris et al. (2006) have argued thatORIt has been argued that....(Harris et al., 2006)4In your reference list, a publication with four authors would be listed with all authors shown, you should list these in the same order they appear on the publication:Harris, A., Robinson, K., Smith, P. & Turner, G. (2006) Management skills. Oxford: Oxford University Press.If you include a reference in your bibliography with more than four authors, use the et al. e.g. Harris, A. et al. (2006) Management skills. Oxford: Oxford University Press.How to cite two works by an author published in the same yearThere may be times when you have to cite two publications by an author published in the same year. To do this, you need to distinguish between the items in the text and the reference list by allocating letters.For example:The results of the survey showed that the standard of living was higher in the coastal regions (Williams, 2004a, p.4). Further research revealed that employment figures were also higher (Williams, 2004b, p.10).ORThe results of the survey showed that the standard of living was higher in the coastal regions (Williams, 2004a: 4). Further research revealed that employment figures were also higher (Williams, 2004b: 10).In your reference list, the publications would be shown as:Williams, A. (2004a) Survey of living standards in the coastal regions. London: Survey Press.Williams, A. (2004b) Employment figures for the coastal regions. London: Survey Press. How to cite works which have no obvious authorIf possible, try to avoid citing works where the author is not obvious. However if you do need to cite a work which appears to have no author use the abbreviation Anon (for Anonymous).For example:A recent article (Anon, 2007) stated that...However, if it is a reference to newspapers where no author is given the name of the paper can be used in place of author or Anon whichever seems most helpful. You will need to use the same style in the reference list so the name of the newspaper may be more helpful.For example:The Times (2007) stated that....5Web resources should be treated slightly differently. If you are citing a web page in the text, you should cite by the author if there is one clearly stated. If there is no author you should cite by the title. If neither author nor title is available use the URL.For example:The latest study (http://www.........., 2006) revealed....How to cite works with no publication dateIf there is no obvious publication date in the work you want to reference, use the abbreviation n.d. to denote this.For example:Morris (n.d.) has argued thatOR(Morris, n.d.)In your reference list, the publication would be listed as:Morris, D. (n.d.) History of Business. London: Business Press.How to cite quotations that you have translated from a source not written in the English languageIf in your research you read books that are not written in the English language and you then include quotations that you have translated in your essay or dissertation, you should refer to the fact that you have translated the text.For example:Van Hook (2002, p.33, own translation from the Dutch text) argues that "The results of the analysis established that his theory was correct".ORVan Hook (2002: 33, own translation from the Dutch text) argues that "The results of the analysis established that his theory was correct".If you are including many quotations that have been translated from another language, you may want to instead include a general statement, such as "All quotations from Dutch texts are translated into English by this author, unless otherwise stated" rather than repeatedly acknowledge this after every quotation.In the reference list, the publication would be listed in the normal Harvard manner. Developing a BibliographyFull bibliographic citationsBibliographical references given at the end of the text should be sufficient to identify the publications referred to in your text fully. The first two parts of the reference, the authors surname and the date, provide the link to the citation you made in the text. A reference list listing all of the sources you have cited appears at the end of your work with the citations6listed in alphabetical order of the author's surname. Examples of how to cite different types of information are shown in the following sections of this guide.The reference list lists all of the sources you have cited and appears at the end of your work. The citations should be listed in alphabetical order of the author's family name.For example:Chang, E. (2003) 'Composite effects of extrinsic motivation on work effort: case of Korean employees', Journal of World Business, 38 (1), February, pp.70-79.Fedchak, E. & Duvall, L. (1996) 'An engineering approach to electronic publishing', Proceedings of the International Workshop on Multimedia Software Development, 25-26 March, Berlin. Los Alamitos, California: IEEE Computer Society Press, pp.80-88.Financial Services Authority (2005) What we do [Online]. Available from:/Pages/About/What/index.shtml (Accessed: 2 February 2006).Harris, A., Robinson, K., Smith, P. & Turner, G. (2006) Management skills. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Hilario, M. (2000) 'Architecture and techniques for knowledge-based neurocomputing'. In: Cloete, I. & Zurada, J. (ed.) Knowledge-based neurocomputing. London: MIT Press, pp.27-52.Jones, S. (SJones@), 20 June 2006. Re:How to cite an email. Email to P. Smith (p.smith@).Lugar, G.F. (2001) Artificial intelligence: structures and strategies for complex problem solving. 4th ed. Boston: Addison Wesley.Marks, D. & Yardley, L. (2004) Research methods for clinical and health psychology. London: Sage.Minnick, D. & Ireland, R. (2005) 'Inside the new organization; a blueprint for surviving restructuring, downsizing, acquisitions and outsourcing', Journal of Business Strategy, 26 (1), pp.18-25, IngentaConnect [Online]. DOI: 10.1108/02756660510575014 (Accessed: 11 February 2005).Morris, D. (n.d.) History of Business. London: Business Press.Nature Podcast (2006) Podcast [Online]. Available from:/environmental/index.html (Accessed: 25 May 2006 GMT 18:11:06).Pears, R. & Shields, G. (1995) Cite them right: referencing made easy [Online] Northumbria: Northumbria University. Available from: /central/isd/cite/index.htm (Accessed: 21 May 2004).Shea, D. & Holzschlag, M.E. (2005) The zen of css design: visual enlightenment for the web, Safari Tech Books Online [Online]. Available at:7/0321303474/ch01lev2sec4 (Accessed: 18 April 2006).University of Liverpool (2004) University of Liverpool crest [Online image]. Available from: /images/logo.gif (Accessed: 20 June 2007).University of Liverpool/Laureate Online Education (2007) Lecture notes from Managing People Module Seminar 4 [Online]. Available from: University of Liverpool/Laureate Online Education VLE (Accessed: 28 February 2007).Vaughan, T. (1998) Multimedia: making it work. 4th ed. California: Osborne/McGraw-Hill. Williams, A. (2004a) Survey of living standards in the coastal regions. London: Survey Press.Williams, A. (2004b) Employment figures for the coastal regions. London: Survey Press. Zarli, A. & Richaud, O. (1999) 'Requirements and technology integration for IT-based business-oriented frameworks in building and construction', Electronic Journal of Information Technology in Construction, no. 4, December [Online]. Available from:/1999/4 (Accessed: 20 June 2007).Books and other printed worksA reference to a book or another printed work, such as a report, should include the following information, in this order:Author(s), editor(s) or corporate authorYear of publication of book (in round brackets)The title and any subtitle, which should be in italicsSeries title and number (if they appear)The edition if it is not the firstPlace of publicationPublisherFor example:Lugar, G.F. (2001) Artificial intelligence: structures and strategies for complex problem solving. 4th ed. Boston: Addison Wesley.Electronic BooksA reference to an electronic book, should include the following information, in this order:8Author(s), editor(s) or corporate authorYear of publication of book (in round brackets)The title and any subtitle, which should be in italicsName of e-book supplierOnline (in square brackets)Available at: URL(Accessed: date)For example:Shea, D. & Holzschlag, M.E. (2005) The zen of css design: visual enlightenment for the web, Safari Tech Books Online [Online]. Available from:/0321303474/ch01lev2sec4 (Accessed: 18 April 2006).Guide to Referencing and developing a BibliographyJournal articles (accessed in hard copy format)A reference to a journal article should include the following information, in this order:•The author(s) of the article•The month and year of publication (in round brackets)•The title of the article (in quotation marks)•If you are referencing an editorial put [editorial]•The title of the journal, which must be in italics•The volume and part number•The first and last page numbers of the articleFor example:Chang, E. (2003) 'Composite effects of extrinsic motivation on work effort: case of Korean employees', Journal of World Business, 38 (1), February, pp.70-79.Note: Manuscripts that have been accepted for publication but are not yet published should be cited with the designation "(In press)" following the journal title.9Electronic journal articles (accessed online)A reference to an e-journal, including those that have come from an e-journal collection, such as Business Source Premier, Emerald Fulltext, Science Direct, should include the following information in this order:•The author(s) of the article•Date of publication (in round brackets)•The title of the article (in quotation marks)•The title of the journal, which must be in italics•Volume number and issue numbers•Name of e-journal collection if applicable•[Online]•State where the article is available online from:•Quote the DOI number (the Digital Object Identifier). The Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a system for identifying content objects in the digitalenvironment. DOIs are names assigned to any entity for use on digitalnetworks. Information about a digital object may change over time, includingwhere to find it, but its DOI will not change.•If a DOI is not available, quote the URL of the home page of the e-journal or e-journal collection•See the examples below for information about using DOI numbers in your reference.•Accessed: followed by the date accessed (round brackets)You can usually find the DOI number when you view the article details - either on the summary page after you have done a search or contained in the full-text document of the article itself (alternatively, try the Cross Ref DOI search tool/05researchers/37guest_login.html).You can show DOI information in either of several formats within your article reference: •By displaying the DOI as a Web link:The usual format for direct links to journals in our online subscription systems is as follows:10/ followed by the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) number, e.g. /10.1108/09600039610150479For example:Al-Madhoun, M. & Analoui, F. (2004) 'Developing SME managers under fire: negotiating obstacles and weaknesses in Palestine', Journal of Management Development, 23 (5),pp.479-495, IngentaConnect [Online]. Available from:/10.1108/09600039610150479 (Accessed: 9 June 2005).Note. The DOI link should provide direct access to the article within one of our subscribed systems, however in order for an individual to access the resource, they must have a University of Liverpool (MWS) login. Also see the later section in this guide on adding direct links (URLs) to electronic resources.•By displaying the DOI number:For example:Al-Madhoun, M. & Analoui, F. (2004) 'Developing SME managers under fire: negotiating obstacles and weaknesses in Palestine', Journal of Management Development, 23 (5),pp.479-495, IngentaConnect [Online]. DOI: 10.1108/02621710410537083 (Accessed: 9 June 2005).•Or by indicating the Journal system or Web site you used, thus allowing the reader to locate the item themselves, e.g.For example:Al-Madhoun, M. & Analoui, F. (2004) 'Developing SME managers under fire: negotiating obstacles and weaknesses in Palestine', Journal of Management Development, 23 (5),pp.479-495, IngentaConnect [Online]. Available from: / (Accessed: 9 June 2005).Obviously you need to follow the prefered method required by your tutor(s), contact your tutor or Student Support Manager for details.Journal articles in internet journalsA reference to an e-journal article from a journal that is only published on the internet, with no printed issue available, you should include the following information, in this order: •The author(s) of the article•Date of publication (in round brackets)•The title of the article (in quotation marks)•The title of the journal, which must be in italics11•Volume number and issue numbers•[Online]•Available from: followed by the URL•Accessed: followed by the date accessed (in round brackets)For example:Zarli, A. & Richaud, O. (1999) 'Requirements and technology integration for IT-based business-oriented frameworks in building and construction', Electronic Journal of Information Technology in Construction, no. 4, December [Online]. Available from:/1999/4 (Accessed: 21 May 2004).Adding direct links to electronic resourcesIt is possible to add a URL link in your bibliographic reference to an electronic resource.•Create a direct link to an e-journal article using the Document Object Identifier number (DOI)•Create a direct link to an e-journal article using the e-journal search tool•Create a direct link to resources in WestLaw (Law database)Create a direct link to an e-journal article using the Document Object Identifier number (DOI)Please note - a number of our subscribed systems cannot be linked using the normal method below, also see special instructions for the WestLaw law collection.To create a direct link to a resource on our systems, you should try to obtain the Document Object Identifier number (DOI).You can usually find the DOI number when you view the article details - either on the summary page after you have done a search or contained in the full-text document of the article itself (alternatively, try the Cross Ref DOI search tool/05researchers/37guest_login.html to locate a DOI number).a DOI number looks like this: 10.1108/0960003961015047912You can also find DOI numbers for resources using a Bibliographic Index (see the E-Journals search page, then click on the link to Bibliographic Indexes in the left hand menu.You can show DOI information in either of several formats within your article reference:Method 1:You can use a DOI number to create a direct link to the resource (so the reader can 'follow' this link to the resource):The usual format for creating direct links to journals in our online subscription systems is as follows:/ followed by the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) number, e.g./10.1108/09600039610150479For example:Al-Madhoun, M. & Analoui, F. (2004) 'Developing SME managers under fire: negotiating obstacles and weaknesses in Palestine', Journal of Management Development, 23 (5),pp.479-495, IngentaConnect [Online]. Available from:/10.1108/09600039610150479 (Accessed: 9 June 2005).Note. The DOI link should provide direct access to the article within one of our subscribed systems, however in order for an individual to access the resource, they must have a University of Liverpool (MWS) login.Method 2:You can also provide access to a resource by simply displaying the DOI number in your reference:For example:Al-Madhoun, M. & Analoui, F. (2004) 'Developing SME managers under fire: negotiating obstacles and weaknesses in Palestine', Journal of Management Development, 23 (5),pp.479-495, IngentaConnect [Online]. DOI: 10.1108/02621710410537083 (Accessed: 9 June 2005).Method 3:Or simply indicate the Journal system or Web site you used, thus allowing the reader to locate the item themselves, e.g.For example:Al-Madhoun, M. & Analoui, F. (2004) 'Developing SME managers under fire: negotiating obstacles and weaknesses in Palestine', Journal of Management Development, 23 (5),pp.479-495, IngentaConnect [Online]. Available from: / (Accessed: 9 June 2005).13Obviously you need to follow the prefered method required by your tutor(s), contact your tutor or Student Support Manager for details.Create a direct link to an e-journal article using the e-journal search toolIf the DOI number is unavailable, ou can also create a persistent link to an e-journal article using our e-journal search tool.1. Visit our e-journals page and use the search tool called Go straight to an article.2. Complete the fields as accurately as possible (e.g. Journal title (not article title),Volume, Issue etc.3. Click 'Find', you should be shown a new screen with details of our subscription to thejournal (if available).4. To copy the URL in the aqddress bar to the clipboard, either......select/block the URL in the address bar with your mouse then right-click (rightmouse button) and select 'Copy'.You can then paste the URL into Word or another application. ...Or... select/ blockthe URL in the address bar and hold down the CTRL+C keys on the keyboard (onlyworks in Windows), the URL is now copied to the clipboard and can be pasted inanother application.Creating Direct links to WestLaw resourcesWestLaw resources cannot be linked directly using the normal method described above.There are two sets of instructions, one for WestLaw International and another for WestLaw UK, so you must be able to identify the source of the required resource from either of these two collections.Create a direct link to resources in WestLaw International1. Go to Westlaw International and obtain the citation to the item that you want to link to(or obtain the citation from other source)2. Go to /uk/tools/linkbuilder/intCiteBuilder.asp3. Type in the citation, e.g. 93 A.L.R.5th 474. Type in a name for the link (doesn't really matter what you type)5. Type in our proxy url: /login?url=6. Type in our sponsor code: ukliverpool-000 (a different one is used in Westlaw UK)7. Click the Build Link button14。

∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙sicet alYou read a paper by McLaren (2006) that discusses the work of Cole published in1997. The citation will be:∙∙∙∙et al.∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙Text atlas of podiatricdermatologyDiscovering statistics using SPSS,∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙Medical pharmacology and therapeutics∙∙∙∙∙∙∙Globalization: Theory and practice∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙Infection Control: A psychosocial approach to changingpractice∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙Globalization: Theory and practice∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙Infection control: A psychosocial approach to changing practice.∙∙∙∙∙∙∙Midwifery,In this example the author’s name is not provided, so the name of the magazine hasbeen used as the corporate author (see p.8).The Spectator∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙BMC Dermatology∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙) 9thInternational Online Information Meeting∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙Internal performance management with UK highereducation; strategising and performancingInnovation and competition in a memory process∙∙∙∙∙Funding higher education in Uruguay: a policy questionExploring strategy: Text & cases∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙Flash Memory, Inc∙∙∙∙∙∙The GuardianThe TimesThe Independent∙∙∙∙∙Vision and strategy.∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙The community telecentre cookbook forAfrica: Recipes for self-sustainability: How to establish a multi-purpose community telecentre in AfricaAnnual report∙∙∙∙∙The new NHS: Modern and dependable.∙∙∙∙∙Income Support (Pilot Scheme) Regulations∙∙∙∙∙∙Companies Act 2006∙∙∙∙NewsnightThe Young OneThe Bottom Line∙∙∙∙∙The King ’s Speech∙∙∙∙∙∙Living anatomy∙∙∙∙∙∙Media futures – Internet age∙∙∙∙∙∙Avenue Library open on both May BankHolidays (Mon 6th & 27th) from 09.00-16.55. Come and join us in the Spring sunshine!∙∙∙∙∙∙A brief history of management theory (Part 1)∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙The Andrew Marr Show∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙Financing of Student Unions∙∙∙∙∙∙∙Tabletingsugar and compositions containing itTin can manufacture and method ofsealing∙∙∙∙∙BS 5555:1990: Recommendations for wiringidentificationISO 690 - 2: Information and documentation:Bibliographical references: Electronic documents∙∙∙∙∙∙∙World Development Indicators∙∙Funding higher education in Uruguay: a policy question∙∙∙∙The girl with the dragon tattooFundamental principles of the metaphysic of moralsDie Blechtrommel The Tin DrumA guide to referencing your work: Faculty ofHealth Sciences, University of SouthamptonHarvard systemBU guide to citation in the Harvard styleBS 5605:1990: Recommendations for citing andreferencing published materialHarvard referencing guideCite them right: The essential referencing guide,A Literature Review, by Harry Gibbs (2007)DataShare is a collaborative project led by the University of Edinburgh, with the University of Oxford, the London School of Economics (LSE) and the University of Southampton. Its central aim is to develop a model for the deposit of social science datasets in institutional repositories (IRs). Lewis et al. (2007, p.99) note that, whilst many institutions have outputs,‘…there is currently no equivalent drive to manage primary data in a co-ordinated manner.’The Digital Repositories Roadmap, published last year, is intended to infor m JISC’s future work on digital repositories and presents a vision for data access in 2010. It sees a place for IRs in filling gaps where no suitable data archive is available and states that ‘Institutions need to invest in research data repositories’ (Heery, 2006, p.16). However, Heery goes on to caution that,No single institution is likely to have the appropriate mix of individualsto maintain and migrate for the future all the data and metadata it hasproduced in the previous 12 months, let alone ove r the institution’sdigital lifetime. It is therefore unlikely that departmental or institutionalrepositories will be the long term home of academic research data forpreservation purposes (Heery, 2006, pp.17-18).Both Lewis et al. (2007) and RIN (2007a) found considerable unease towards IRs amongst stakeholders.RIN (2007a)repositories to remain dominant, at least for the time-datasets than with publications.local or departmental repositories (Smith, 2007).The SPECTRa Project reported that there was generally more trust in departmental repositories than in centralised institutional services, and as a result(2007)during the embargo period and transfer it to the IR once it can be made more widely available.On a broader level, policy makers cite cost-effectiveness as one of the key drivers for making data available (OECD 2007; RIN 2007b).ReferencesHeery, R. (2006) Digital repositories roadmap: Looking forward. Oxford: Polity Press. Lewis, L., O’Hagan, J. and Richards, T. (2007) Working with drelationships. Journal of Electronic Information, 24 (2), 97-112.and users’ perspectives. Higher Education Review, 40 (4), 365-381.Tonge, A. and Morgan, P. (2007) A guide to project SPECTRa.Harvard citation of official publicationsCite them right: the essential referencing guide,sic.‘sic。

∙APAreferencingguide ∙AustralianGuidetoLegalCitation(AGLC)∙HarvardAGPSreferencingguide Harvard AGPS referencing guideAcademic conventions and copyright law require that you acknowledge when you use the ideas of others. In most cases, this means stating which book or journal article is the source of an idea or quotation.To help you get started have a look at a short Breeze presentation a guide to Harvard AGPS(requires Flash) and the accompanying printable version brief guide to Harvard AGPS referencing (PDF 350 KB).On this page:∙List of references∙How to cite references within the text of an assignment ∙Additional HelpList of referencesAt the end of your essay, place a list of the references you have cited in the text. Arrange this in alphabetical order of authors' surnames, and chronologically (earliest publication date first) for each author, where more than one work by that author is cited. The author's surname is placed first, followed by initials or first name, and then the year of publication is given. If the list contains more than one item published by the same author in the same year, add lower case letters immediately after the year to distinguish them (e.g. 1983a). These are ordered alphabetically by title disregarding any initial articles (a, an or the).∙Books (print and online)∙Journal and newspaper articles∙Web documents and sites∙Micfroforms, patents, standards and maps∙Audiovisual examples∙Legislation and legal authorities∙Unpublished works∙USQ course materials∙Lists, weblogs, wikis and podcastsBooks (print and online)Journal and newspaper articlesFor journals, include the volume number, issue number or other identifier, and page numbers separated by commas where allthese elements are available. If the journal issue has both a number and an identifier such as a month or quarter, choose one and use it consistently. If there is no volume number, the issue number or identifier should follow the journal title.Web documents and sitesMicroforms, patents, standards and mapsAudiovisual examplesThe following details should be provided in a reference list - title, date of recording, format, publisher, place of recording. Any special credits and other information that might be useful can be noted after the citation.Legislation and legal authorities∙Legislation is only included in a list of references if it is important to the understanding of the work(preferably in a separate list under the subheading'Legislation').∙The titles of pieces of legislation should be cited exactly. Neither spelling or capitalisation should bealtered to suit the referencing style. Articles (a, anor the) should not be omitted.∙Even if viewed electronically, legislation is generally referenced as if in print (unless only availableelectronically).∙Legal authorities (cases) are only included in a listof references if they are important to the understandingof the work under the subheading 'Legal authorities'.Unpublished worksUSQ course materialsLists, weblogs, wikis and podcastsHow to cite references within the text of an assignmentThese are also called in-text references. When you use another's ideas you should immediately acknowledge your sources. Always give the surname of the author and the date of publication. Use the author-date method of citation for quotations and paraphrasing.QuotesQuotations or quotes are when you use the exact words of another author. Quotations must always be referenced with page numbers.ParaphrasingParaphrasing is when you summarise the ideas, concepts or words from the work or one or more authors.Please note:changing only a few words from another author does not constitute paraphrasing.Additional helpHelpful hints for Web documents∙You must specify the date on which you accessed the item, since Web documents can change or disappear at any time.∙If a Web document includes both a date of creation anda date it was last updated, use only the date it was lastupdated.∙If you find a document on the Web which is a series of linked pages, use the information from the main or "home"page.∙If you have trouble identifying the title, look at the top of the Web page above FILE on your browser.∙The date a Web document was created is usually listed right at the bottom of the document.More information and additional guidesPlease note: University policy mandates the use of the HarvardStyle (AGPS) defined by the USQ Library's referencing guides. Other guides are available at:∙University of Tasmania Library 2009, Referencing and assignment writing: Harvard, online guide, Universityof Tasmania, viewed 25 February 2009,</content.php?pid=27520&sid=199808>.∙University of Melbourne Library 2005, Harvard (author/date) style, online guide, University ofMelbourne, viewed 25 March 2008,<.au/cite/harvard_dis/>.Need additional help applying these guides?Contact the Library or refer to the Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, 6th edn, Wiley Australia. Call number 808.02 Sty. Copies held in the Main Collection and Reference (also held at Fraser Coast and Springfield campus). Please note:The Library is not responsible for checking lists of references. We can, however, refer you to our referencing guides and the published manuals listed to help you ensure the accuracy of your referencing.Assignment helpHelp with assignment writing and referencing is also available from The Learning Centre.。

2nd Edition: Updated December 2007University of WollongongAuthor-Date (Harvard) Referencing Guide2008This guide was jointly produced by staff in the University Library, Learning Development and CEDIRThe style has been adapted from the publicationStyle Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers 2002 (6th edition)About this GuideAccurate referencing is critical to quality academic writing and avoidance of plagiarism. To assist students to develop this important skill, the need for a nominated style – in the absence of an established discipline-specific style – was identified by the University's Academic Senate: That Academic Senate approve the proposal that the University adopt the HarvardReferencing System as the default referencing system to be used in the absence ofdocumented Faculty/Discipline preferred referencing techniques, to be effective from2004Academic Senate 2003, Resolution 111/03, Minutes from 19/11/2003, UOW, WollongongAs the Harvard Referencing System has many variations, the Library, Learning Development and CEDIR have collaborated to produce the UOW Author-Date (Harvard) Referencing Guide.The Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers (2002) was used as the basis for tailoring the Guide. Other reputable sources were consulted for consistency, particularly when dealing with resource types not addressed in the Style Manual. Reference entries for additional resource types were developed based upon those included in the Style Manual. It is still not possible to include all variations, particularly as new resources are constantly emerging.At times you will still need to adapt the existing reference type examples to create an appropriate equivalent.Feedback on the guide may be sent to.au/scripts/WebObjects.exe/ccc.woa/wa/feedbackHow to Use this Guide•Remember, the keys to good referencing are1. Accuracy2. Consistency – make sure you apply the same principles and conventions through the entiredocument3. Verification – make sure there is enough information to help your reader locate the resourceIf the examples provided do not exactly match the elements of the resource youwish to reference:•Look carefully at a similar reference type and use the Format of keyelements, together with the examples provided, to construct entries in-text and within the reference list•If some of the key elements cannot be found, include as much detail asyou can•Always check with your lecturer or tutor for clarification, as the accuracy of your referencing is part of the assessment of your work•Refer to the Glossary for definitions of resource types, terms used and standard abbreviations AcknowledgementsStyle Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers 2002, 6th edn, John Wiley, Queensland.Learning Connection 2006, Referencing Using the Harvard Author-Date System, University of South Australia, accessed 23/6/2006,.au/learningconnection/student/learningAdvisors/documents/harvard-referencing.pdf2nd Edition: Updated December 2007AReference type Example of in-text reference Example of entry in reference listABS/AustralianBureau of StatisticsSee Statistics PublicationAdvertisement See Ephemera: AdvertisementAnnual Report See ReportArchival Material Note: Archival material needs to be referenced in accordance with National Archives of Australia guidelines. Please see UOW Archives' Citing Archival Material .au/archives/guides/citearch.htmlMcCaffrey’s thoughts suggest … (NWUA: McCaffrey; D92/5, Notebooks). Wollongong University Archives: Francis McCaffrey; D92, Francis McCaffrey Collection, 1865-1932; D92/5, Notebooks.Artwork Format of key elementsArtist’s family name, Initial(s) year of production, Title of Artwork, material, held at location of gallery, museum, etc.Painting Lysistrata 1 (Boyd 1971) illustrates a key image of … Boyd, A 1971, Lysistrata 1, painting, held at Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney.Photograph(Online)The presentation of Pompeii by Levin (1995) is aclassic …Levin, A 1995, Levin-1, photograph, Pompeii Forum Project ArchivalProjects: General Views, accessed 9/1/2007,/pompeii/images/b-w/levin/small/levin-1.gifPhotograph (Unpublished)The photo of the protea … (Smith 2006). Smith, G 2006, ‘Flowers in our garden 4’, photograph, in possession of theauthor, Shellharbour, NSW.When a work is unpublished, the title is placed in quotation marks and notitalicised. See Image In Another Source for a photograph appearing withinanother source.Sculpture The Lawrence Hargrave Memorial (Flugelman 1988) demonstrates … Flugelman, B 1988, Lawrence Hargrave Memorial, sculpture, held at Mt Keira escarpment, base of the walk to the Summit Track, Keiraville, NSW.Audiovisual Work Format of key elementsTitle year of production/broadcast, format, Publisher, Place of Recording, day and month of broadcast.Notes:•Only include the day and month of broadcast when applicable•This list of audiovisual works is not exhaustive. Use this reference format as a guide to help reference other audiovisual worksFilm The film, An Inconvenient Truth (2006), suggestsa … An Inconvenient Truth 2006, film, Paramount Classics and Participant Productions.Radio Program The plight of indigenous communities was talkedof … (Blackchat with Paulette Whitton 2006). Blackchat with Paulette Whitton 2006, radio program, Koori Radio, Strawberry Hills, NSW, 12 October.Television Program Several problems related to media control werepresented … (Lateline 2006). Lateline 2006, television program, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Sydney, 20 September.Video Director, Pellizzari, frames the narrative from …(Rabbit on the Moon 1987).Rabbit on the Moon 1987, videorecording, Australian Film and Television.Video (DVD)Discipline involves … (Positive Discipline 2006). Positive Discipline: A Creative Alternative for Parents and Teachers 2006,DVD, Meridian Education Corporation, Bloomington, Illinois.Video (Online)See Website: Web VideoBReference type Example of in-text reference Example of entry in reference listBlog SeeWebsite: Weblog4 of 29Book Format of key elementsAuthor’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title of Book, Publisher, Place of Publication.ORAuthor’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title of Book, Series Title, description of work, edition, Editor (ed.) or other contributor,Publisher, Place of Publication.Note: The second version above expands on the first to include elements less commonly found. Include the following elementsonly if applicable:• Series Title•description of work - such as catalogue number or organisation for which a work is prepared•edition - only include for an edition other than the first edition•Editor (ed.) or other contributor - may include compiler (comp.), reviser (rev.), translator (trans.) or illustrator (ill.)1 Author Levy (2007) illustrates these issues … Levy, J 2007, Racing through History: Stock Cars then to Now, Children’sPress, New York.2 or3 Authors This view is noted by Sulsky and Smith (2005,p43) …OR… is one of the causes of stress (Sulsky & Smith2005, p43). Sulsky, L & Smith, C 2005, Work Stress, Thomson/Wadsworth, Belmont, California.When an in-text reference forms part of asentence, use the word and to link authors'names. Use an ampersand (&) when the in-textreference is inside brackets.Always use an ampersand (&) for multiple authors in the reference list.McCrum, Cran and MacNeil (1986) note that … McCrum, R, Cran, W & MacNeil, R 1986, The Story of English, Faber &Faber, London.More than 3 Authors Based on this premise, the study (Malinowski etal. 1999, p106)supports …Malinowski, W, Larsen, AA, Ngu, B & Fairweather, S 1999, Human Geography, Routledge, New York.No Author A History of Reclamation in the West (2000) is an interesting work that provides ... A History of Reclamation in the West 2000, History Program, Bureau of Reclamation, Salt Lake City, Utah.No Date Aguilar (n.d.) creates a character who … Aguilar, G n.d., Home Influence, James Nisbet, London.E-book Library Catalogue The electronic age has demanded changes inleadership (Cohan 2002, p6) where once …Cohan, PS 2002, E-leaders, Capstone Publishing, Oxford, UK, accessed31/8/2006, University of Wollongong Library.5 of 29E-book Database Rubin’s (2001) comprehensive coverage of thelatest animated and other videos …Rubin, M 2001, The Little Digital Video Book, Peachpit Press, Berkeley,California, accessed 17/11/2006, Safari Books Online database.E-book Online Totten’s (1836) text about algebra led the way fora ...Totten, S 1836, A New Introduction to the Science of Algebra: Designed forStudents in Colleges, and the Higher Schools and Academies, FJHuntington, Hartford, accessed 17/11/2006,/books?vid=OCLC05752750&id=Rn8AAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=science&as_brr=1The trend towards digitising classic literature canbe seen in the release of … (Dickens 1997).Dickens, C 1997, The Project Gutenberg eBook of Bleak House, accessed12/1/2007 /dirs/etext97/blkhs12h.htm2nd or Later Edition A program should reflect in its design a logicalpathway ... (Farrell 2007). Farrell, J 2007, Programming Logic and Design: Comprehensive, 4th edn, Thomson Course Technology, Boston, Massachusetts.Edited, Revised or Compiled, NoAuthor Cinema during the Great War was anothermedium for propaganda … (Wexman 2006).Wexman, VW (ed.) 2006, A History of Film, 6th edn, Pearson/A & B, Boston.Edited, Revised or Compiled, WithAuthor The tragic flaw of the main protagonist inCoriolanus (Shakespeare 1976) …Shakespeare, W 1976, Coriolanus, The Arden Shakespeare, PhilipBrockbank (ed.), Methuen, London.Include the publication date of the edition used. The Arden Shakespeare isthe Series title.Edited, More Than 3 Editors The editors Horngren et al. (1996) claim politicalprofessional ethics …Horngren, CT, Foster, G, Datar, SM, Black, T & Gray, P (eds) 1996, CostAccounting in Australia: A Managerial Emphasis, Prentice Hall, Sydney.In a Language OtherThan English Sand (1932) describes ... Sand, G 1932, Histoire de ma Vie (History of my Life), Calmann-Levy, Paris.ORSand, G 1932, History of my Life (in French), Calmann-Levy, Paris.In a Language OtherThan English, Personal Translation Dante (1975, p5) began his poem with “Nelmezzo del cammin di nostra vita” [In the middleof our lives (my translation)].Dante 1975, La Divina Commedia, Piccola Biblioteca Einaudi Testi, Torino.In a Language OtherThan English,PublishedTranslation The author (De Certeau 1984) concludes … De Certeau, M 1984, The Practice of Everyday Life, trans. S Rendall,University of California Press, Berkeley.Give the publication date of the edition being used if it is not the same dateas the original edition.6 of 29Chapter Restraint is crucial in maintaining … (Rose 2002).Rose, DB 2002, ‘Good hunters’, in Country of the Heart: An IndigenousAustralian Homeland, Aboriginal Studies Press for the Australian Institute ofAboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Canberra, pp77-113.Chapter in an EditedBook Community and ideas of nationhood are complex… (Anderson 1995).Anderson, I 1995, ‘Aboriginal nation(s)?’, in S Perera (ed.), Asian & PacificInscriptions: Identities, Ethnicities, Nationalities, La Trobe University Schoolof English, Bundoora, Victoria, pp65-82.Multiple Works by the Same Author Research (Hess 1993, 1997) has concluded … Hess, DJ 1993, Science in the New Age: The Paranormal, its Defenders andDebunkers, and American Culture, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison,Wisconsin.Hess, DJ 1997, Can Bacteria Cause Cancer? Alternative Medicine ConfrontsBig Science, New York University Press, New York.Multiple Works by the Same Author in the Same Year Recent studies have revealed the causes ofnurses’ absence are … (Preston 1990a, 1990b).Preston, AC 1990a, Multivariate Analysis of Nurses’ Absence Behaviour,Business Research and Development Fund of the Confederation of WesternAustralian Industry, East Perth, WA.Preston, AC 1990b, Theories and Causes of Labour Absence: Reconcilingthe Economic and Psychology Approaches, Business Research andDevelopment Fund of the Confederation of Western Australian Industry, EastPerth, WA.Material Accompanying aBook Supplementary tables (Keller 2005) indicatetrends …Keller, G 2005, Statistics for Management and Economics, 7th edn, CD-ROM, Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont, California.Book Citing AnotherSourceSee Work Citing Another SourceBrochure See Ephemera: BrochureCReference type Example of in-text reference Example of entry in reference list Chapter SeeBook: ChapterBook: Chapter in an Edited BookComputer Program See Software7 of 29ConferenceUnpublished Paper Mayoral et al. (2005) suggest that surgery … Mayoral, R, Tsagarakis, N, Petrone, M, Clapworthy, G, Caldwell, D &Zannoni, C 2005, ‘Integration of haptic and visual modalities for a total hipreplacement planning system’, paper presented to the Third InternationalConference on Medical Information Visualisation - Biomedical Visualisation(MediVis 2005), London, England, 5-7 July 2005.Published Paper(Online)It has been suggested that planning for total hipreplacement … (Mayoral et al. 2005).Mayoral, R, Tsagarakis, N, Petrone, M, Clapworthy, G, Caldwell, D &Zannoni, C 2005, ‘Integration of haptic and visual modalities for a total hipreplacement planning system’, in Proceedings of the Third InternationalConference on Medical Information Visualisation - Biomedical Visualisation(MediVis 2005), London, England, 5-7 July 2005, accessed 3/10/2006, IEEEXplore database.Published Paper(Print)O’Connor (2005) suggests that academic writingis often …O’Connor, L 2005, ‘Writing, identity and ways of knowing in science’, inProceedings of the 2005 Annual International Conference of the Associationof Tertiary Learning Advisors Aotearoa/New Zealand (ATLAANZ), Dunedin,New Zealand, 15-17 November 2005.Proceeding Grigg and Bond (2005) highlighted the issues in learning support so that … Grigg, G & Bond, C (eds) 2005, Supporting Learning in the 21st Century: Proceedings of the 2005 Annual International Conference of the Association of Tertiary Learning Advisors Aotearoa/New Zealand (ATLAANZ), Dunedin, New Zealand, 15-17 November 2005.Course Material See •E-reading•Lecture/PresentationCourse Reader Kegan-Gardiner (2005) argues that men … Kegan-Gardiner, J 2005, ‘Men, masculinities and feminist theory’, in Kimmel,MS, Hearn, J & Connell, RW (eds), Handbook of Studies on Men andMasculinities, Routledge, London, pp35-50, SOC330 Gender and SocietyCourse Reader Spring 2006, University of Wollongong.DReference type Example of in-text reference Example of entry in reference listDictionary Entry See Encyclopedia/DictionaryDiscussion SeePersonal Communication8 of 29EReference type Example of in-text reference Example of entry in reference list eduStream SeeLecture/PresentationElectronic Book See Book: E-bookEmail SeePersonal CommunicationEncyclopedia/ Dictionary Note: If no author or editor is identified in an encyclopedia/dictionary, the necessary information is given in the text and an entry in the reference list is optional.No Author The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (1993, p66)defines ‘amercement’ as … The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 1993, 4th edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford.With Author/Editor(Online)A weblog is … (Ince 2001). Ince, D (ed.) 2001, A Dictionary of the Internet, accessed 29/11/2006, OxfordReference Online database.With Author/Editor(Print)A bureaucracy is … (Bendix 1968).Bendix, R 1968, ‘Bureaucracy’, in International Encyclopedia of the SocialSciences, vol.2, pp206-217.Ephemera Format of key elementsPrint: Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title, format, Publisher, Place of Publication.Object: Author’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title, format, viewed date, location details.Notes:•It is important when citing ephemera to describe the item and provide details of the source in the appropriate format•This list of ephemera is not exhaustive. Use this reference format as a guide to help reference other forms of ephemera•For online examples, see also Website: Web PageAdvertisement Advertisements like Lindt’s (2005) ‘IntenseIndulgence’ seduce consumers with … Lindt 2005, ‘Intense Indulgence’, Vogue Entertaining & Travel, Aug/Sept, p161.… the reminder to motorists displayed…(RTA n.d.). RTA n.d., How Fast are You Going Now?, billboard, viewed 7/1/2007, Princes Highway, Heathcote, NSW.Brochure (Online)The plan (Library Business Plan Summary 2006)hopes to …Library Business Plan Summary 2006, University of Wollongong Library,Wollongong, NSW, accessed 4/10/2006,.au/about/planning/pdfs/busplansummary.pdfBrochure(Print)The brochure (Opera: 2007 Sydney Opera HouseLife Amplified 2006) advertises the program for …Opera: 2007 Sydney Opera House Life Amplified 2006, brochure, Sydney.9 of 29Theatre/ConcertTicket The design of Chris Isaak's concert tickets ...(Chris Isaak Concert 2006).Chris Isaak Concert 2006, concert ticket, WIN Entertainment Centre, 20November.Equation See FormulaE-reading Notes:•When the e-reading is a link to a database, cite as for a Journal Article•When the e-reading is a link to a web page, cite as for a web page•When the item is scanned by the Library, add the access date and the words University of Wollongong Library e-readings Chapter It has been suggested … (Kell 2001, p34). Kell, P 2001, ‘Futures in the new globalised education markets’, in MKalantzis & A Pandian (eds), Literacy Matters: Issues for New Times,Common Ground, Altona, Victoria, accessed 25/10/2006, University ofWollongong Library e-readings.Journal Article It is important to note … (Cotterall 1995). Cotterall, S 1995, ‘Developing a course strategy for learner autonomy’, ELTJournal, vol.49, no.3, pp219-227, accessed 1/9/2006, University ofWollongong Library e-readings.FReference type Example of in-text reference Example of entry in reference listFilm SeeAudiovisual Work: FilmFigure The data as presented in Figure iv (Crystal 1997,p227) ...However, if the figure, table or graph isreproduced in your work, also include a referenceto the original within your caption or label, e.g.... (Crystal 1997, p227, fig.iv). Crystal, D 1997, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 2nd edn Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Formula … as an exemplar of a complex application(Johnson 2003, eqs 5.2-5.6).Johnson, P 2003, Equations in Modern Science, Palgrave, London.10 of 29Reference type Example of in-text reference Example of entry in reference list GovernmentPublicationSee also Legal MaterialHansard/ ParliamentaryDebate (Commonwealth)Mr Braithwaite (Australia, House ofRepresentatives, Debates, 1989, p379) drewattention to ...Australia, House of Representatives 1989, Debates, vol.HR165, pp379-552.(Online)Mr Braithwaite (Australia, House ofRepresentatives, Debates, 1989) drew attentionto ... Australia, House of Representatives 1989, Debates, vol.HR165, pp379-552, accessed 14/2/2007,.au/piweb/TranslateWIPILink.aspx?Folder=HANSA RDR&Criteria=DOC_DATE:1989-03-02%3BSEQ_NUM:147%3BParliamentary Paper Sources of funding report … (Australia,Parliament 1999, Aboriginal and Torres StraitIslander Commercial Development CorporationAnnual Report 1998-99, Parl. Paper 414). Australia, Parliament 1999, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commercial Development Corporation Annual Report 1998-99, Parl. Paper 414, Canberra.Report Ergas (1986, p23) identified two consequences created by geographical dispersion. Ergas, H 1986, Telecommunications and the Australian Economy, Report to the Department of Communications, AGPS, Canberra.Report by a Government Agency The Australian Sports Drug Agency (2004, p16)lists alcohol, beta blockers ...Australian Sports Drug Agency 2004, Anti-Doping Information Handbook,Australian Sports Drug Agency, Canberra.Graph SeeFigure HReference type Example of in-text reference Example of entry in reference list Hansard See Government Publication: Hansard/Parliamentary DebateReference type Example of in-text reference Example of entry in reference listImage In Another Source See also •Artwork•FigureBook The filmmaker often depicts characters viewed through a windshield, as the actor Dennis Hopperappears … (Cook & Gemunden 1997, p224). Cook, RF & Gemunden, G (eds) 1997, The Cinema of Wim Wenders: Image, Narrative, and the Postmodern Condition, Wayne State University Press, Detroit, Michigan.Newspaper Article The Traveston Dam site is captured byphotographer Mechielsen (in Roberts 2007, p4),providing background to …ORThe Traveston Dam site is captured byphotographer Mechielsen (2007, p4), providingbackground to ...Roberts, G 2007, ‘Dam blow for Beattie from federal Labor’, The Australian, 9 January, p4. Photograph by Les Mechielsen.When credit is given to the creator of the image in another source, list the creator at the end of the reference for that source.ORMechielsen, L 2007, ‘Inappropriate’, photograph, The Australian, 9 January, p4.Web Page Barnes’ (n.d.) image of the type of sculpture is … Barnes, G n.d., Wollongong - Monuments and Statues - Nike, P06\P06805,Wollongong, JPEG, accessed 12/02/2005.au/IllaIms/jsmall/P06/P06805.jpg Interview SeePersonal CommunicationJ-KReference type Example of in-text reference Example of entry in reference listJournal Article Format of key elementsAuthor’s family name, Initial(s) year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal, volume, issue number, page range, accessed date,database name (or URL).Note: Only include access date and database name (or URL) for journals accessed online1 Author Feinstein’s (2006) positive review claims … Feinstein, S 2006, ‘After daybreak: the liberation of Bergen-Belsen, 1945’,History, vol.34, no.3, pp89-90.2 or3 Authors Although Wong and Pang (2000, pp14-15)suggest that the moral character of a nurse …Wong, T & Pang, S 2000, ‘Holism and caring: nursing in the Chinese health care culture’, Holistic Nursing Practice, vol.15, no.1, pp12-21.Strong, Silver and Perini (1999) provide a strong connection between …OR... (Strong, Silver & Perini 1999).When an in-text reference forms part of a sentence, use the word ‘and’ to link authors' names. Use an ampersand (&) when the in-text reference is inside brackets. Strong, R, Silver, H & Perini, M 1999, ‘Keeping it simple and deep’, Educational Leadership, vol.56, no.6, pp22-24.Always use an ampersand (&) for multiple authors in the reference list.More than 3 Authors Weber et al. (2007) reported … Weber, F, Negreiros, R, Rosenfield, P & Steiner, M 2007, ‘Pulsars asastrophysical laboratories for nuclear and particle physics’, Progress inParticle and Nuclear Physics, vol.59, no.1, pp94-113.No Author In the article ‘Get familiar with glucosamine’ (2005) it describes … ‘Get familiar with glucosamine’ 2005, Holistic Nursing Practice, vol.19, no.6, p296.(Online)Madden (2002) argues “the demand forintermediation is not necessarily reduced by e-commerce” which is … Madden, G 2002, ‘Internet economics and policy: an Australian perspective’, Economic Record, vol.78, no.242, pp343-358, accessed 16/11/2002,ABI/INFORM Global (ProQuest) database.ORThe warlike characteristics of the game … (Blair 1996). ORBlair, DJ 1996, ‘Beyond the metaphor: football and war, 1914-1918’, Journal of the Australian War Memorial, no.28, accessed 15/5/2007,.au/journal/j28/j28-blai.htmMultiple Worksby the Same AuthorSee Book: Multiple Works by the Same Author and apply the same principlesJournal CitingAnother SourceSee Work Citing Another SourceLReference type Example of in-text reference Example of entry in reference listLecturePresentation Adams (2006) noted that … Adams, M 2006, The Stolen Generation, lecture, ABST150 Introduction toAboriginal Australia, University of Wollongong, delivered 10 August.Audio (eduStream)Adams (2006) spoke about … Adams, M 2006, The Stolen Generation, audio recording of lecture,ABST150 Introduction to Aboriginal Australia, University of Wollongong,delivered 10 August.Lecture Notes(Online)Lu (2006) discussed ... Lu, X 2006, MATH142 ‘Sequences and series’, lecture notes, accessed25/10/2006, eLearning@UOW.For online lecture notes available through e-readings, see E-reading.Lecture Notes(Print)Puotinen provides practice in … (2006, p12).Puotinen, M 2006, EESC304 Geographic Information Systems Ex2.3Practical Exercise Notes, Faculty of Science, University of Wollongong.Legal Material Notes:•The list of legal materials is not exhaustive. Use the examples as a guide to help reference other forms of legal material•See also Government PublicationAct The Commonwealth Native Title Act 1993 (s.23)makes provision for common law rights andinterests.ORMining, commercial and agricultural leases…(Native Title Act 1993 (Cwlth), ss.245-247).Native Title Act 1993 (Cwlth).Bill The Companion Animals Amendment Bill 2006(NSW) (cl.2) makes provision for amending …Companion Animals Amendment Bill 2006 (NSW).Case Lord Buckmaster in Donahue v Stevenson [1932]AC 562) at 566 …Donahue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562.It was the opinion of Mason CJ and Brennan Jthat … (Mabo and others v. Queensland (no.2)(1992) 175 CLR 1 at 2).The number after the word ‘at’ refers to thespecific page number you are discussing.Mabo and others v. Queensland (no.2) (1992) 175 CLR 1.Reference type Example of in-text reference Example of entry in reference list Magazine See Newspaper/Magazine ArticleManuscript (Unpublished)Format of key elementsAuthor’s family name, Initial(s) year, ‘Title’, manuscript/format if applicable, held at location of library/archive/museum OR held by name and location of private collection.Note: It is important when citing an unpublished manuscript to describe the item and provide details of the sourceThe manuscript notes … (Buckingham 1964). Buckingham, J 1964, ‘Journey to Russia’, manuscript, held by G Langton,Perth, WA.Map Format of key elementsOriginator’s family name, Initial(s) year, Title, map, scale, Series, sheet number, Publisher, Place of Publication, ‘Cited locationtitle’, coordinates.Notes:•Originator can be the cartographer, surveyor, or compiler•Include Series and/or sheet number only if applicable•Include Cited location title and coordinates only if citing a specific location on the mapThe map of Manilla (Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics 1973) shows the … Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics 1973, Manilla, NSW, map, 1:250,000, SH56-9, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics.ORBureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics 1973, Manilla, NSW, map, 1:250,000, SH56-9, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, ‘Black Jack Mountain’, 30° 55’S 151° 07’E.Media Release The treasurer, Peter Costello (2006), announcedthat … Costello, P 2006, Treasurer Announces National Competition Council Appointments, media release, accessed 15/1/2007,.au/tsr/content/pressreleasesMicroform Brandt’s (1982) photographs depict … Brandt, B 1982, Bill Brandt, Early Photographs, 1930-1942, microform,Chadwyck-Healey, Cambridge.Minutes of a Meeting The members (Learning Development Committee2006) put forward a motion to …Learning Development Committee 2006, Minutes from 8/11/2006, Universityof Wollongong, Wollongong.Music Score Beethoven’s (1976) composition displays … Beethoven, L 1976, Fourth and Fifth Symphonies, musical score, Dover,New York.。

Coventry UniversityHarvard ReferenceStyle GuideThis Guide shows you how to write in-text citations and aList of References in the CU Harvard Reference StyleFor more information and the latest version of this Guide:/cawThis Guide is updated annually. Version 3.0.1 Sept2009.© Deane, M. (2006) Coventry University Harvard Reference Style Guide.Unpublished booklet. Coventry:Coventry University.Produced in collaboration with Ray Summers (Illustrations),Lisa Ganobcsik-Williams (editorial assistance), and Catalina Neculai,Erik Borg (Editors), with input from the Coventry University Harvard Reference Style Working Party.Table of contentsForeword to the Coventry University Harvard Reference Style Guide (3)Introduction (4)I Can’t Find an Example of My Source! (4)Part One: In-text citations (8)I. In-text Citations: Frequently Asked Questions (8)1. What should I do if I can’t find the date on a web site? (8)2. How should I cite an author’s name? (8)3. What should I do if I cannot find the author of a source? (8)4. Where in the sentence should I put in-text citations? (9)5. Can I cite lots of sources in the same sentence? (9)6. How do I cite a single source with multiple authors using ‘et al.’? (9)7. Does the full stop go before or after in-text citations? (9)8. When should I use italics? (9)9. When should I give page numbers? (10)10. When should I omit page numbers? (10)II. In-text Citations: Numerical Data (10)III. In-text Citations: Printed Written Sources (10)1. A whole book (10)2. A chapter or essay by a particular author in an edited collection of essays (11)3. Multiple authors (11)4. A corporate author (11)5. A journal article (11)6. Personal communication (11)7. A book in the Bible or the Koran (11)8. A Government Bill (11)9. Hansard official report of a Parliamentary debate (12)IV. In-text Citations: Electronic Written Sources (12)1. Electronic texts (12)2. A website (12)3. An online discussion forum/mailing list (JISCMAIL or Listserv) (12)4. A blog (12)V. In-text Citations: Electronic Visual or Audio Sources (12)1. A video film or a sound recording accessed electronically (DVD, CD, streamlined) (13)2. A broadcast or a podcast (13)3. A programme video recording (from TV) (13)4. A recorded radio broadcast (13)VI. In-text-Citations: Printed or Exhibited Visual Sources (13)1. An image or an art figure in a book, magazine or catalogue (14)2. An advertisement (14)3. An exhibition stand or an item in an exhibition (14)4. A map (14)VII. In-text Citations: Spoken Sources (15)1. A Lecture (15)2. An interview you have conducted (15)VIII. In-text Citations: Secondary Sources (15)Part Two: The List of References (16)I. List of References: Frequently Asked Questions (16)1. What should I do if I list more than one source by the same author? (16)2. How do I find the date in a book? (16)3. How should I reference a first, second, etc. or revised edition? (17)4. How do I find the place of publication in a book? (17)5. Where should I put an editor or the editors? (17)6. What do I do if I have both an editor and an author? (17)7. Where should I put a translator? (17)8. What should I do if I cannot find an author in a printed source? (17)9. How should I reference a book written in a foreign language? (17)II. List of References: Numerical Data (18)III. List of References: Printed Written Sources (18)1. A whole book (18)2. A book produced by an organisation (a corporate author) (18)3. A book with multiple authors (18)4. A chapter or essay by a particular author in an edited collection of essays (18)5. A printed journal article (18)6. A report (19)7. An unpublished booklet or departmental handbook (19)8. A leaflet (19)9. A newspaper article (19)10. A conference paper within conference proceedings (19)11. Conference proceedings (19)12. A thesis or dissertation (20)13. A UK patent (20)14. An international patent (20)15. A standard (20)16. A Statutory Instrument (20)17. A technical paper (20)18. A personal communication or letter (20)19. An encyclopaedia entry (21)20. A dictionary (21)21. The Bible or other sacred text (21)22. A House of Commons / Lords Report (21)23. A Government Bill (21)24. An Act of Parliament (21)25. A Government Green or White Paper (22)26. Hansard official report of a Parliamentary debate (22)27. An official report of a Parliamentary debate in a Standing Committee (22)28. A music score (22)IV. List of References: Electronic Written Sources (22)1. An electronic journal article (22)2. A web site (or other online media) (23)3. An electronic book (23)4. Electronic Newspaper Article (23)5. Electronic lecture notes or transcript (24)6. Personal communication: an email (24)7. Online discussion forum/mailing list (JISCMAIL or Listserv) (24)8. A report accessed electronically (24)9. A thesis or a dissertation online (24)10. A blog (25)11. Computer Software (25)V. List of References: Electronic Visual and Audio Sources (25)1. An image, a video film or a sound recording accessed electronically (DVD, CD, streamlined) (25)2. A broadcast or a podcast (25)3. A programme video recording (from TV) (26)4. A Lecture: audio recording (26)5. An advertisement in a magazine or newspaper accessed (26)electronically (26)6. An artwork or image in a magazine accessed electronically (26)VI. List of References: Printed or Exhibited Visual Sources (27)1. An image or an art figure in a magazine (27)2. A work of art, photograph, illustration or item in an exhibition or exhibition stand (27)3. An exhibition catalogue or an art book (27)4. An advertisement in a printed magazine or newspaper (27)5. A map (28)6. An Ordnance Survey map (28)7. An exhibition stand (28)VII. List of References: Spoken Sources (28)1. A Lecture: students’ written notes (28)2. An interview you have conducted (28)3. An interview in an edited book or collection (28)VIII. List of References: Secondary Sources (29)1. A secondary reference in a book (29)2. A secondary reference in a journal (29)List of FiguresFigure 1. The two elements in a sample paper (5)Figure 2. In-text citations (6)Figure 3. The List of References (7)Figure 4. In-text citation of numerical data (10)Figure 5. In-text citation of an image accessed electronically (13)Figure 6. In-text citation of a printed image (14)Foreword to the Coventry University HarvardReference Style GuideThe Coventry University Harvard Reference Style is a customisation of an author-date or Harvard referencing system. Our version, created by the Centre for Academic Writing, provides a stable instrument with which to refer to sources in academic writing. By providing a common version, Coventry University’s academic community will have a shared system that will allow readers to exchange new ideas and access the sources that form the basis for these ideas in a simple and consistent manner.Explicit indication of the sources of information and ideas is one of the characteristics of academic writing in Britain and in many other countries, but not all. Explicit referencing of sources distinguishes academic writing from other types of writing, including newspapers, novels, and much workplace writing. Academic writers show where they got the information or ideas for their texts through referencing systems, such as Coventry University’s Harvard Reference Style (CU Harvard). They do this for a number of reasons:•To respect intellectual property;•To strengthen arguments by indicating the source of ideas;•To demonstrate knowledge of the field in which you are writing;•To establish your own voice in your academic writing;•To meet marking criteria;•To avoid accusations of plagiarism.By using the CU Harvard Reference Style, you will join an academic conversation maintained through our written texts.The CU Harvard Reference Style Guide is organised into two parts. Part One deals with in-text citations, the indication in your text that you are referring to a source. Part Two deals with the List of References, which is where you provide all the information a reader needs to find the source. Any written assignment that refers to sources must contain both in-text references as they occur in the body of the text and an alphabetic list of the sources you have used at the end. Each part of the guide has a group of ‘Frequently Asked Questions’, followed by source types: printed or electronic, written, spoken/audio, and visual. The Guide is accompanied by a Glossary that defines the most useful terms used in referencing.A brief word about referencing software tools:Software tools can simplify the process of accurately referring to sources and including appropriate references in your List of References. Coventry University supports RefWorks, a referencing software programme that allows a writer to enter the information needed for a full reference only once, and then simply and easily add citations to that source. The programme will format and alphabetise the list of references in CU Harvard Reference Style. Microsoft Word 2007 includes a referencing facility that will format references in APA style, another author-date style. References formatted this way will need a limited amount of manual change to conform to CU Harvard Reference Style. At an even simpler level, the “sort” function in Microsoft Word can be used to alphabetise the List of References after it has been manually entered.IntroductionWhenever you borrow information, ideas, images, or numerical data from other sources you must document the source in two ways:• Provide an in-text citation of the source in the main body of your writing: give the author’s surname or the corporate author, the year of publication, and page number if you quote or paraphrase, or if you summarise information on a specific page of thesource.•Enter the source in the List of References at the end of your document: give all the publication or internet details in the correct format (see the Contents Page of thisGuide for details).It is important that there is a link between these two elements, as illustrated in Figure 1, which shows that the author and date given in your in-text citation must correspond to the author and date given at the start of your List of References entry.I Can’t Find an Example of My Source!The purpose of this Guide is to help you become a confident and independent writer and researcher, so do not be afraid to use your own judgement if you encounter an unusual source. In this Guide a balance has been struck between listing every possible type of source and keeping the guidelines concise and reader friendly. Therefore, on rare occasions you may need to cite and reference an unusual type of source that is not included in this Guide (a jam jar label for instance). Do not panic if you cannot find precise guidelines in such a case, but consider these tips:In-text citations are easy because you just give the author or corporate author and the date (plus page numbers if relevant). See the Introduction to Part One of this Guidefor a list of all the pieces of information you should include in an in-text citation inwhich order, and adapt these principles if necessary.•The List of References entry is also simple when you know how! See the Introduction to Part Two of this Guide for a list of all the pieces of information youshould include in a List of References entry, in which order, and adapt theseprinciples if necessary.• Follow the ARC of Successful Citing and Referencing:How do I integrate research sources into my writing?For guidance on how to quote, paraphrase, and summarise, see the Coventry University Harvard Reference Style website and Glossary at: /caw.The relationship between in-text citations and the List of ReferencesAn in-text citation gives formal recognition of a source you have used. To ‘cite’ means to refer to a source in the main body of your academic paper. An ‘academic paper’ is the scholarly term for an essay, assignment or other document. The List of References provides sufficient information for readers to locate each source you have cited. To ‘reference’ means to enter full details of a source in this list that goes on a separate page at the end of your academic paper.The List of References is organised alphabetically according to the surname of the author or corporate author. Every line after the first should be indented so that author stands out. There is a line of space between each entry.Figure 1 shows a sample page from an academic paper with the List of References page superimposed. This figure shows that these two elements are linked, and that they each start with the same author or corporate author and date. A source should only appear once in the List of References even if there are many in-text citations for that source in your paper.Figure 1. The two elements in a sample paperAn example of in-text citationsFigure 2 shows in-text citations in the main body of an academic paper. This sample paper is about Queen Elizabeth I, who ruled England during the second half of the sixteenth century. You must give in-text citations each time you borrow ideas, information, images, or numerical data from a source in order to display intellectual honesty about the sources you have used.Figure 2. In-text citationsThis writer has undertaken independent research and learnt how to cite and reference with skill. By marshalling evidence from other sources, you can advance your own original argument in a convincing way to become a scholarly and authoritative writer. Make sure you credit the intellectual property of other scholars.An example of the List of ReferencesFigure 3 shows a sample List of References. It demonstrates that sources are referenced differently depending on the type, and there is a special format for books, journal articles, online journal articles, web sites, etc. See the Contents Page of this Guide for a list of different types.The List of References is organised alphabetically according to the surname of the author or corporate author. Every line after the first should be indented so that author stands out. There is a line of space between each entry.Make just one list and do not divide the entries into separate categories. There is no full stop at the end of each entry. Put the List of References on a separate page at the end of your paper, but, if you include an Appendix, this goes after the List of References.Figure 3. The List of ReferencesPart One: In-text citationsThis section of the Guide explains how to write in-text citations. The basic principle is to give the surname of the author or the corporate author and the year of publication in brackets (author date), plus the page number if you quote or paraphrase, or if you summarise information on a specific page of the source.•Example of citing a quote or paraphrase: Higgins argues that land fill sites are ‘not cost efficient’ (2005: 68).• Example of summarising an entire book or article: A recent study reveals new information about child health (Wikes 2006).• Example of summarising a point made on two consecutive pages of a book or article: The book provides examples of how the eating habits of parents directlyinfluence children (Wikes 2006: 19-20).I. In-text Citations: Frequently Asked Questions1. What should I do if I can’t find the date on a web site?For the purpose of accuracy, if you can’t find the date, it is best to write ‘n.d.’, which means ‘no date’. Example:Students are gaining increasingly high grades (National Student Forum n.d.).2. How should I cite an author’s name?You have two options, and you may vary the practice throughout your academic paper. Option 1If you mention the author’s name in your own writing, just give the date (and page number if you quote, paraphrase, or summarise specific information) in your in-text citation. Example: Shah (2005: 66) maintains that in recent years Coventry has become Britain’s most important industrial city.Option 2If you do not mention the author’s name in your writing, give the author’s surname and date (and the page number if you quote, paraphrase, or summarise specific information) in your in-text citation. Example:Wavelets are an effective means of disease detection (Qureshi 2006: 95).3. What should I do if I cannot find the author of a source?If the source is anonymous, you can write ‘Anon.’ instead of the author. Example:At the turn of the twentieth century, research in biology was influenced by scientific positivism (Anon. 1900).4. Where in the sentence should I put in-text citations?You can either place in-text citations near the start of your sentences, or near the end. Be aware that writers in different disciplines follow different practices in this regard.5. Can I cite lots of sources in the same sentence?Readers need to know exactly who made each point you have borrowed as you advance your own argument, so only cite more than one author in the same sentence if they make similar points or use similar methods or evidence. Example:Shaw (2001: 15) argues that therapists are losing their skills. Similarly, Higgins (2004: 72) maintains that there has been a decrease in skills development.If you cannot avoid citing more than one source because various authors all argue the same point, put the sources in alphabetical order and separate each one with a comma. Example: Health informatics will radically change the nature of the National Health Service by the year 2010 (Brown 2002: 3, Lee 2006: 44 and Padda 2005: 14).6. How do I cite a single source with multiple authors using ‘et al.’? For up to three authors, give all the authors’ surnames in your in-text citation. Example: Cox, Patel, and Pavliotis (2004) discuss Britain’s future adoption of the euro.However, if there are more than three authors use ‘et al.’ which is short for ‘et alii’ meaning‘and others’ in Latin. Note that there is a full stop after ‘al.’ because it is an abbreviation (a shortened form of the original word). Remember that although only one surname is given, you are referring to multiple authors, so the next verb in your sentence must agree in the plural rather than the singular. Example:Fletcher et al. (2006: 88) suggest that in this century global climate change has caused billions of dollars worth of damage.7. Does the full stop go before or after in-text citations?Even when quoting, do not use a full stop until AFTER your in-text citation in brackets because the in-text citation is part of your sentence. Example:Anderson posits that vitamin E has ‘life-changing effects’ (2006: 8).8. When should I use italics?•Put the title of a print publication in italics (do not use bold or underline). The titles of all the main documents must be italicised, such as titles of books, titles ofjournals, titles of websites etc. so that readers can see at a glance which physicalsources you have cited. Example: Dickens wrote many novels, but Hard Times(Jones 2004: 16) is the most interesting from a philosophical perspective.•Put all foreign words in italics, including et al.•Do not use italics for the title of journal articles or book chapters. Instead use single quotation marks. The title of any sub-document or sub-section of a maindocument, such as the article or chapter that sits within a publication, must sit withinsingle quotation marks. Example: Peterson’s recent article on oncology entitled‘Meningioma Detection’ (2006) makes a real contribution to cancer research.•Do not use italics when quoting. Instead, use either double or single quotation marks, and whichever you choose, be consistent throughout your document.Example: Although there are many approaches to disaster planning, the Smartsonmodel ensures both ‘effectiveness and efficiency’ (Smartson 2004: 65).9. When should I give page numbers?Give a page number in your in-text citation when you QUOTE or PARAPHRASE a source because this enables readers to locate the exact passage you have cited for their own use, or to check that you have quoted or re-phrased the source accurately. Also give page numbers when you SUMMARISE a point that appears on a specific page or pages of a source. Example of a quote: Crude oil price rises have been ‘alarming’ (Brown 2006: 5).10. When should I omit page numbers?If you are summarising what an author has argued in a book or article, you do not need to give page numbers. Example: McArthurs has undertaken new research into alternative therapies (McArthurs 2006).II. In-text Citations: Numerical DataEvery time you borrow a date, statistic or other numerical data from a source, give an in-text citation. Example: The number of heart attacks has risen dramatically in recent years and there has been an increase of 10% since 1992 (Department of Health 2005: 65).If you present numerical data visually, label it as a figure or table and include a List of Figures or Tables in your Contents Page. If the figure is from a paginated source, you must give the page number in your in-text citation. In your own writing, explain who compiled the data because the in-text citation only tells readers your source. Give the figure a title and an in-text citation with the author or corporate author and date of the source in brackets. Discuss the significance of the data in full.Example of how to cite a Figure in your paper:Figure 4. In-text citation of numerical dataIII. In-text Citations: Printed Written Sources1. A whole bookGive the author’s surname and the year of publication in brackets. Example:Applied research has boosted pedagogical practice (Anderson 2006).2. A chapter or essay by a particular author in an edited collection of essaysIf your source is just one chapter within a collection of essays by various different authors, give an in-text citation for the author of the chapter you want to cite, and the date of the edited book. Example:Recent developments in the field of pedagogical research have revolutionised teaching practice (Taylor 2006: 47).3. Multiple authorsFor up to three authors, give all the authors’ surnames in your in-text citation. Example: Cox, Patel, and Pavliotis (2004) discuss Britain’s future adoption of the euro.However, if there are more than three authors use ‘et al.’ which is short for ‘et alii’meaning‘and others’ in Latin. Note that there is a full stop after ‘al.’ because it is an abbreviation (a shortened form of the original word). Remember that although only one surname is given, you are referring to multiple authors, so the next verb in your sentence must agree in the plural rather than the singular. Example:Fletcher et al. (2006: 88) suggest that in this century global climate change has caused billions of dollars worth of damage.4. A corporate authorSometimes sources are produced by an organisation, not individuals. This is known as a corporate author. Give an in-text citation as usual but cite the organisation as the author. Example:It is essential to plan for emergencies (Disaster Agency 2006).5. A journal articleGive the surname of the author of the article and the year the journal was published in brackets. Example:Evidence-based practice has many positive effects (Smithson 2006).6. Personal communicationGive the surname of the person you are citing and the date in brackets. In your own writing give the full name of the person you are citing. Example:In a personal communication, Androulla Athanasiou explained that she is ‘completely against’ recent moves to erect a new football stadium in Coventry (Athanasiou 2006).7. A book in the Bible or the KoranWithin brackets give the title of the chapter in place of the author, then give the chapter number (for the Bible), add a colon, then give the verse number. Example:David was a mighty warrior (2 Kings 10:3).As the chapter, ‘The Star’ shows, the cosmic universe has a powerful symbolism for Arabic people. (The Star: 1)8. A Government BillIn your own writing within brackets write ‘HC Bill’ or ‘HL Bill’ and in new brackets give the Parliamentary Session, then give the Bill serial number in square brackets. Note that every time a Bill passes through Parliament, it is re-numbered. Give an in-text citation within brackets with ‘HC’ for House of Commons or ‘HL’ for House of Lords then the date and page number if appropriate. Example:It was revealed today in the House of Commons (HC Bill (2000-1) [30]) that housing tax is likely to be revised (HC 2001: 56).9. Hansard official report of a Parliamentary debateIn your own writing within brackets write ‘HC Deb.’ or ‘HL Deb.’ and in new brackets give the Parliamentary Session, then outside these brackets give the volume number, add a comma, then write ‘col.’ for the column number, and state the column number. Give an in-text citation within brackets with ‘HC’ for House of Commons or ‘HL’ for House of Lords then the date and page number if appropriate. Example:Pattern hounded the Prime Minister (HC Deb. (2000-1) 203, col. 346) over international debt (HC 2001: 42).IV. In-text Citations: Electronic Written SourcesFollow the same practice as when you cite printed sources by giving the author and date, but no page number is required for online sources.1. Electronic textsFor any source accessed online including an electronic journal article, electronic book, electronic lecture notes, etc. give the author’s surname or the corporate author and the date in brackets. Example:White noise has been under-researched (Wallace 2006).2. A websiteGive the corporate author and the date in brackets. DO NOT give the full web address (called the URL) in your in-text citation because this goes in the List of References. Example:There are many software packages for detecting plagiarism (Referencing 2006).If you cannot find the date, for the purpose of accuracy, it is best to write ‘n.d.’, which means ‘no date’. Students are gaining increasingly high grades (National Student Forum n.d.).Note: If the website has both a copyright and a ‘last updated’ date, then give the ‘last updated’ date in brackets!3. An online discussion forum/mailing list (JISCMAIL or Listserv) Give the surname of the author of the email you wish to cite and the date of the email in brackets. Example:Neurological rehabilitation has been under-funded for years (Lango 2005).4. A blogGive the surname of the author of the blog and the date it was written. Example:Chaos theory has impacted seriously on literature as well as science (Richards 2006). V. In-text Citations: Electronic Visual or Audio SourcesEvery time you borrow a picture, painting, photograph, diagram, or other image from a source, give an in-text citation. Label it as a figure and include a List of Figures in your Contents Page. If the figure is originally from a printed source you can give the page number in your in-text citation. In your own writing, explain who the artist is, because the in-text citation only tells readers your source. Give the figure a title and an in-text citation with the author or corporate author and date of the source in brackets. Discuss the significance of the figure in full.Example of how to cite a Figure when the source is accessed online:Figure 5. In-text citation of an image accessed electronically1. A video film or a sound recording accessed electronically (DVD, CD, streamlined)Give the director’s or the producer’s surname as the author, or the corporate author if no other information is available, then the date in brackets. Example:Dance is an effective form of therapy (Anderson 2006).2. A broadcast or a podcastGive the title of the broadcast in italics and the date in brackets. Example:Contemporary politicians are more image-conscious than ever (Have I Got News for You 2005).3. A programme video recording (from TV)Give the title of the programme in italics and the date in brackets. Example:Farmers are required to diversify in order to survive (Farming Today 2005).4. A recorded radio broadcastGive the title of the programme as the author in italics and the date in brackets. Example: Political life has changed since the election of New Labour (Radio4 News 2005).VI. In-text-Citations: Printed or Exhibited Visual Sources。