英语国家概况(阅读)

1．第1题A great moment for the civil rights movement was the March on Washington on August, 1963 when President Kennedy gave the famous " I Have a Dream" speech.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.02．第2题It is not very difficult to generalize about the American way of life.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.03．第3题The most exciting moment in baseball game is a homerun.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.04．第4题According the First Amendament to the Constitution of the United States, there would be a state-supported religion.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.05．第5题In the US, scientific and economic advance and rising material progress have been accompanied by a decline in religious observance.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.06．第6题When people outside the UK talk about England,they mistake it as Britain sometimes.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.07．第7题Cardiff, the capital of Wales, is a large city.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.08．第8题Free press has the function of keeping an eye on the government, and therefore it is called the watchdog of parliamentary democracy.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.09．第9题In Britain, class and educational differences are reflected in the newspaper people read.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.010．第10题The world' s oldest daily newspaper is The Observer.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.011．第11题Easter is the biggest and best loved British holiday.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.012．第12题Under a Constitutional Amendament passed in 1951, a president can be elected to only one term.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.013．第13题The 10 very short paragraphs which guarantee freedom and individual rights and forbid interference with lives of individuals by the government are called the Bill of Rights.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.014．第14题Super Bowl will decide the champion baseball team of the year in the US.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.015．第15题Ireland is part of Great Britain您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.016．第16题Sinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern Ireland.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.017．第17题Northern Ireland today is governed by separate juristictions: that of Republic of Ireland and that of Great Britain.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.018．第18题Critics of the affirmative action programs are of the opinion that this results in reverse discrimination.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.019．第19题Harvard College was originally founded to train government officials.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.020．第20题" We Shall Overcome!" is a very famous song during the 1960s.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.021．第21题The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the US now is the blacks, or Afro-Americans.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.022．第22题George Washington, Banjamin Franklin, and Abraham Lincoln were regarded as the founing fathers of the USA.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.023．第23题Drug abuse in the US has come to be regarded asone of the most challenging social problems facing the nation.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.024．第24题Yellowstone National Park is the oldest national park in the US.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.025．第25题John F. Kennedy was the first Catholic elected as the US president.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.026．第26题The theory of poltiics of the American Revolution came from John Locke, a French philosopher in the 17th century.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.027．第27题Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.028．第28题It is no doubt that Britain is the oldest representative democracy in the world.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.029．第29题Queen Elizabeth II is both the head of the state and the head of government in the UK.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.030．第30题Secrecy is an important part of the voting process.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.031．第31题The Labour Party is the oldest party in the UK.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.032．第32题The Conservative Party is the party that spent most time in power.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.033．第33题The first English permanent settlement was founded in California.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.034．第34题The purpose of British education is not only to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills but also to socialize children.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.035．第35题Public schools in the UK are part of the national education system and funded by the government.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.036．第36题You must have the A-level qualification to enter British university.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.037．第37题Britain is no longer an imperial country.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.038．第38题Scotland was never conquered by the Romans.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.039．第39题The tradition of having Sunday off derived from the Christian Church.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.040．第40题Segregating blacks into separate schools was unconstitutional after the decision of the Supreme Court in 1954.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.041．第41题The US was founded on the principle of human equality, and in reality the nation has lived up to that ideal.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.042．第42题In the early 20th century, those dominating American life were mostly WASPs.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.043．第43题In 1863, President Lincoln signed The Emancipation Proclamation which together with the 13th Amendament to the Constitution legally abolished the slavery.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.044．第44题There are more Catholics thatn Protestants in the US.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.045．第45题The Commonwealth of Nations includes all European countries.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.046．第46题Most people in Scotland speak the old Celtic language, called " Gaelic" .您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.047．第47题The title of Prince of Wales is held by a Welsh according to tradition.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.048．第48题The British media play an important role in shaping a national culture.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.049．第49题To advertise in a British newspaper, the only thing you have to worry about is the cost.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.050．第50题The game of golf was invented by the Scottish.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.051．第51题Horse racing is the true royal sport.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.052．第52题The president has the authority to appointfederal judges, and all such court appointment are subject to confirmation by the House of Representatives.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.053．第53题There is more violence in the US than in other industrialized countries.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.054．第54题The state of Hawaii is a big island in the central Pacific Ocean.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.055．第55题Most British people are Protestants while most Irish people are Catholics.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.056．第56题The Good Friday Agreement was approved on 10 April 1998.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.057．第57题According to the textbook, larger American universities are always better, and more desirable universities are always more expensive.您的答案：错误此题得分：1.058．第58题American university students have always liked to get degrees that are aimed at preparing them specifically for certain professions.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.059．第59题The anti-war teach-in by white students in Berkeley began the civil rights movement in the 1960s.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.060．第60题When the civil rights movement began,non-violent, direct action tactics like "sit-ins" and boycotts were he chief vehicle for social protest.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.061．第61题President Nixon' s administration was toppled because of the Watergate Affair.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.062．第62题In the 1960s, three groups - Afro-Americans, Asia Americans and women - were dissatisfied with their lives.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.063．第63题Hollywood films give the wrong impressions that all Americans are rich.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.064．第64题Thre are more than 100 Protestants sects in the US today.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.065．第65题Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.066．第66题It is commonly believed that Boxing Day involved the sport of boxing.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.067．第67题Britain has a written constitution like most countries.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.068．第68题In Britain, the process of state-building has been one of evolution rather than revoltuion, in contrast to France and the US.您的答案：正确此题得分：1.069．第69题In the UK, a government cannot stand for longer than five years except in exceptional circumstances.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.070．第70题According to the textbook, there are two major political parties in the UK.您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.071．第71题Aristrocracy as a class no longer exists in the UK.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.072．第72题Northern Ireland is often called " Ulster" after an ancient Irish kingdom once existed in this area.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.073．第73题By the early 1760s, the 13 English colonies in North America were ready to separate themselves from Europe.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.074．第74题The British state actively interferes with the decision of when, where, how and what children are taught.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.075．第75题All secondary schools in Britain are run and supervised by the government.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.076．第76题The Open Univeristy uses many non-traditional ways to teach students, such as TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, and a network of study centers.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.077．第77题The stereotype of the English gentleman never applied to the majority of the British people.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.078．第78题Scotland was unified with England through violent means.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.079．第79题One of the things that decides whether an applicant can be accepted by a college in the USis his/her scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.080．第80题It takes at least four years to get a bachelor' s degree from an institution of higher education in the US.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.0作业总得分：99.0。

Chapter1Land and PeopleGreat Britain is the largest island in Europe. It is made up of England, Scotland, and Wales.Together with Northern Ireland, it forms the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern lreland. This is the full name of the country which constitutes all these places. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, or the United Kingdom, is “the UK" for short. However,most people call the UK ”Britain" or “Great Britain,” and some people simply say “England," which is incorrect and particularly annoys the Scots.According to the 2011 census, the total population of the UK was around 63 million. It is the third-largest in the European Union (behind Germany and France) and the 22nd-largest in the world.The UK is a developed country. According to 2013 statistics it has the sixth-largest national economy in the world (and third-largest in Europe) measured by nominal GDP and eighth-largest in the world (and second-largest in Europe) measured by purchasing power parity (PPP). It was the world's first industrialized country and the world's foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The UK remains a great power because it still has considerable economic,cultural,military,scientific and political influence internationally.The capital of the UK is London, which is among the world's leading commercial, financial,and cultural centers. Other major cities include Birmingham,Liverpool, and Manchester in England, Belfast and Londonderry in Northern Ireland, Edinburgh and Glasgow in Scotland, and Swansea and Cardiff in Wales.I.Geographical Features1. The UK's Geographical Location and Its SizeThe UK is bordered on the south by the English Channel. It is bordered on the east by the North Sea, and on the west by the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The UK's only land border with another nation is between Northern Ireland and Ireland.The UK is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel. The English Channel between England and France is quite narrow and the narrowest part is called the Suraits of Dover, which is only 33 km across. In 1985 the British government and the French government decided to build a channel tunnel under the Straits of Dover so that England and France could be joined together by road. After eight years of hard work this channel tunnel, which is called"Chunnel,” was open to traffic in May 1994.The UK covers a total area of 244,110 sq km. lt runs 1,000 km from north to south and extends,at the widest part, about 500 km. So no part of the UK is very far from the coast and it provides a valuable resource. The British coast is long and has good, deep harbors. Sea routes extend far inland, providing cheap transportation.England is the largest, most populous, and wealthiest division of the UK. It makes up 130,400 sq km of the UK's total area.The area of Scotland is 78,800 sq km, the area of Wales is20,800 sq km, and the area of Northern Ireland is 14,100 sq km.This means that England makes up 53.4% of the area of the UK, Scotland 32.3%, Wales 8.5%, and Northern Ireland 5.8%.2.Rivers and LakesSince the UK has a moist climate with much rainfall, it has many rivers and lakes.Rivers in central and eastern Britain tend to flow slowly and steadily all year long because they are fed by the frequent rain. Many have been navigable, and from the earliest times they have served peoples interested in either commerce or invasion. The Highlands act as a divide and determine whether rivers flow west to the Irish Sea or east to the North Sea.Rivers and streams moving westward down from the Highlands tend to be swift and turbulent; rivers flowing eastward tend to be long and gentle, with slowly moving waters.The Thames and the Severn are the longest rivers in Britain and are almost equal in length. The Severn flows south out of the mountains of central Wales to the Bristol Channel at Bristol. It is 354 km long. The Thames,338 km long, flows eastward out of the Cotswold Hills and weaves through the metropolis of London. The Thames provides water to the city of London and is used to carry commercial freight. Other important rivers in England are the Mersey,which enters the Irish Sea at Liverpool; the River Humber on the east coast,into which the Trent River and several other rivers flow; and the Tyne River in northern England,which flows past Newcastle upon Tyne to the North Sea.In Scotland the important rivers are the Clyde and the Forth, which are joined by a canal. The River Clyde flows northwest, past Glasgow, and empties into the Atlantic at the Firth of Clyde. (Firth is the Scottish name for an arm of the sea that serves as the broad estuary of a river.) The River Forth flows eastward into the Firth of Forth, where Edinburgh rises on its south bank.The most important rivers in Northern Ireland are the Lagan, the Bann, and the Foyle.Most of the large lakes in the UK are located in the upland areas of Scotland and northern England,although Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in the UK. Loch Lomond, on the southwestern edge of the Highlands of Scotland, is the largest on the island of Great Britain, measuring 37 km long and from 1.6 to 8 km ke Windermere is the largest of 15 major lakes in the famous Lake District of northwestern England.It is about 1.6 km wide and more than 16 km long.Ⅱ.Climate1.A Maritime ClimateWhen we say climate we mean the average weather conditions at a certain place over a period of years.We don’t mean the day-to-day weather conditions at a certain place. Though it seems that people are always complaining about the weather in the UK because it is rainy and so changeable and unpredictable,the climate in the UK is in fact a favorable one. The UK has a maritime climate. Winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool,not too hot.It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.It has a small range of temperature.The average temperature in winter in the north is 4—6℃and in summer in the south is 12—17℃.So even in winter one can still see stretches of green grass in the open country,in the parks and round the houses.2.Factors Which Influence the ClimateThe UK is an island country which lies between latitude 50°to 60°north. It lies farther north than even the northernmost par of Heilonjiang Province of China. Compared with other countries of the same latitudes it has a more moderate climate. This is influenced mainly by three factors:(1)The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer. As the sea heats up and cools off relativelyb slowly it brings warm air in winter and cool air in summer.(2)The prevailing southwest winds or the Westerlies (winds which come from the west) blow over the country all the year round, bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate.(3) The North Atlantic Drift, which is a warm current, passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.Since the UK's climate is of the maritime type, it is characterized by cool temperatures, frequent cloudy days and rainstorms. It changes from day to day, and this makes it difficult to forecast. It is so changeable that sometimes one can experience four seasons in the course of a single day. Day may break as a fine spring morning; an hour or so later black clouds may have appeared from nowhere and rain may be pouring down. At midday conditions may really be wintery with the temperatures down to about 8 °C. Then in the Jater atfternoon the sky will be clear, the sun will begin to shine again, and for an hour or two before darkness falls, it will be summer. It has been said that the uncertainty about the weather has had a definite effect upon the Englishman's character. It tends to make him cautious, for example. You may laugh when you see an Englishman going out on a brilliantly sunny morning wearing a raincoat and carrying an umbrella. However, most frequently it comes in drizzles and you don't necessarily need an umbrella.3.RainfallThe UK has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.The average annual rainfall in the UK is over 1,000 mm. It has 750 mm to 1,250 mm of rainfall along the coast in the east and south except a small area in the southeastern corner of the country which receives less than 750 mm. In the west there is as much as 1,250 mm to 2.000 mm of rainfall and in some areas in the northwest it is over 2,000 mm.The Westerlies blow over the UK all the year round, bringing warm and wet air from the Atlantic Ocean. They rise, climb the highlands and the mountains in the west, become colder and then cause heavy rainfall. There is not so much rainfall in the east because after climbing over the highlands and mountains the air gets warmer and drier when it descends and does not give so much rain.As a result of the rainfall distribution in Britain there is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east. Reservoirs have therefore to be built in such highland areas as Central Wales,the Lake District and the Scottish Highlands, so that water can be stored here and then transferred to the more populated and industrial areas of lowland Britain.Generally speaking,the climate in the UK is favorable and equable (neither too hot nor too cold).Extremes of heat or cold, or of drought or prolonged rainfall are rarely experienced. It is estimated that on average about 3-6 cubic meters of rain per person per day fall over the UK. Thisis far more than is needed,but problems still remain. Sometimes there are several months of drought, and at other times too much rain causes flooding. Fog,smog, frost and severe gales are not uncommon and often cause great damage to crops and to people's life. In 1952 the sulphur dioxide in the four-day London smog,an unhealthy atmosphere formed by mixing smoke and dirt with fog, left 4,000 people dead or dying.Since then most cities in the UK have introduced “clean air zones” whereby factories and households are only allowed to burn smokeless fuel.Although the UK does not experience hurricanes, that is,storms with a strong fast wind such as typhoons or cyclones, many areas are subjected to severe gales, especially in winter.III.Plant and Animal Life1.Plant LifeThe mild climate,ample rain, and long growing season in the UK support a great variety of plants,which grow exceptionally well. Most of the UK was once covered with thick,deciduous forests in which oak trees predominated.(Deciduous trees are those that lose their leaves every year.)The impact of centuries of dense human polpulation has massively altered the flora of the UK, and only tiny remnants of these forests remain today.Before they were affected by centuries of clearing and human use, the great oak forests spread over the best soils in Britain. Forests were unable to establish themselves in the poorer soils of the mountains,wetlands,heath,and moorlands.The plants common to these wilder areas are heather,gorse and peat moss.These regions have been altered by heavy grazing of livestock and by controlled burning.Controlled burning creates environments suitable for game birds,which feed on the shoots of the new covered by towns and farmland.The marginal wetlands that remain continue to be threatened by reclamation for farms and homes,and some wetland plant species now grow only in conservation areas.2. Animal LifeBritain has many smaller mammals, and the larger ones tend to be gentle. The only surviving large mammals are red deer, which live in the Scottish Highlands and in Exmoor in southwestern England, and roe deer, foud in the woodlands of Scotland and southern England. At one time boars (wild pigs) and wolves roamed Britain, but they were hunted to extinction.Many smaller mammals inhabit Britain, including foxes,otters, red squirrels, and wildcats. Otters are found mainly in southwestern England and in the Shetland and Orkney islands.The red squirrel, driven out of most of its range by the imported gray squirrel, is now limited mainly to the Isle of Wight and Scotland. Wildcats are found only in parts of Scotland.Bird-watching is a popular national pastime. Britain is home to a large variety of birds, due in lange measure to its position as a focal point of a migratory network.Saltwater fish were once important to Britain's economy. Cod, herring and mackerel are still caught off the coasts of Britain, although quotas are now imposed. Lobster, crab,and other shellfish are caught along inshore waters.IV. People1.Ethnic GroupsFor centuries people have migrated to the British Isles from many parts of the world,some to avoid political or religious persecution, others to find a better way of life or to escape poverty. In historic times migrants from the European mainland joined the indigenous population of Britain during the Roman Empire and during the invasions of the Angles,Saxons,Jutes,Danes,and Normans. The Irish have long made homes in Great Britain.Many Jews arrived in Britain toward the end of the 19th century and in the 1930s. After 1945 large numbers of other European refugees settled in the country. The large immigrant communities from the West Indies and South Asia date from the 1950s and 1960s. There are also substantial groups of Americans, Australians, and Chinese, as well as various other Europeans, such as Greeks, Russians,Poles, Serbs, Estonians, Latvians, Armenians,Turkish Cypriots, Italians, and Spaniards. Beginning in the early 1970s, Ugandan Asians and immigrants from Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Sri Lanka have sought refuge in Britain. People of Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi origin account for more than half of the total ethnic minority population, and people of West Indian origin are the next largest group. The foreign-born element of the population is concentrated in inner-city areas, and more than half live in Greater London.nguagesOf the surviving languages the earliest to arrive in Britain were the two forms of Celtic: the Goidelic (from which Irish, Manx, and Scottish Gaelic derive) and Brythonic (from which the old Cornish language and modern Welsh have developed). Among the contemporary Celtic languages Welsh is the strongest: about one-fifth of the total population of Wales are able to speak it. Scottish Gaelic is strongest among the inhabitants of the islands of the Outer Hebrides and Skye, although it is still heard in the nearby North West Highlands.In Northern Ireland very little Irish is spoken. The last native speakers of Cornish died in the 18th century.The second link with Indo-European is through the ancient Germanic language group, two branches of which, the North Germanic and the West Germanic, were destined to make contributions to the English language. Modern English is derived mainly from the Germanic dialects spoken by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes (who all arrived in Britain in the 5th century AD) and heavily influenced by the language of the Danes (Vikings), who began raiding the British Isles in about 790 and later colonized parts of northern and eastern England.Under the Norman and Angevin kings, England formed part of a continental empire,and the prolonged connection with France retained by its new rulers and landlords made a deep impression on the English language. Many additions to the English language have been made since the 14th century,but the Normans were the last important linguistic group to enter Britain.3.ReligionThe various Christian denominations in the UK have emerged from schisms that divided the church over the centuries.The greatest of these occurred in England in the 16th century, when Henry VIII rejected the supremacy of the Pope. This break with Rome facilitated the adoption of some Protestant tenets (a principle or belief held by a person) and the founding of the Church of England,still the state church in England,although Roman Catholicism has retained adherents (supporters).In Scotland the Reformation gave rise to the Church of Scotland,which was governed by presbyteries—local bodies composed of ministers and elders—rather than by bishops,as was the case in England.Roman Catholicism in Ireland as a whole was almost undisturbed by theseevents,but in what became Northern Ireland the Anglican and Scottish (Presbyterian) churches had many adherents.The British tradition of religious tolerance has been particularly important since the 1950s, when immigrants began to introduce a great variety of religious beliefs.There are large and growing communities that pactice Islam, Hinduism, and Sikhism.The largest number of Muslims came from Pakistan and Bangladesh.,The lange Sikh and Hindu communities originated in India. There are also many Buddhist groups.4.UrbanizationBy any standard the UK is among the most urbanized of countries. The greatest overall change that accompanied Britain's early industrial development was, in fact, the large-scale urbanization. The increasing percentage of employees in offices and service industries ensures continued urban growth, Of every 10 people in the UK, nine live in towns and more than three of them in one of the country's 10 largest metropolitan areas. The Greater London metropolitan area—the greatest port, the largest center of industry, the most important center of office employment, and the capital city—is by far the largest of these. The need for accommodating business premises (offices) has displaced population from Inner London, and this outward movement, in part, has led to the development of new towns outside the 16-km-wide Green Belt that surrounds London's built-up area.Large metropolitan areas also formed in industrial areas during the 19th and early 20th centuries.Although coalfields or textile manufacture started the initial growth of many of these urban areas, coal mining had virtually ceased in all of them by the end of the 20th century, and heavy industry and textile production had given way to a more diverse form of manufacturing and service activities. Birmingham dominates the extensive built-up area of the West Midlands metropolitan area,but the industrial Black Country—named for its formerly polluted skies and grimy buildings—also has several large and flourishing towns.In Greater Manchester, with a similar number of inhabitants, urbanization accompanied the mechanization of the cotton textile industry. Across the Pennines similar mechanization of wool textiles created the West Yorkshire metropolitan area, with Leeds and Bradford as its twin centers. The metropolitan area of Tyne and Wear (centered on Newcastle upon Tyne) and the Greater Glasgow metropolitan area are also located on coalfields. Greater Glasgow has about one-third of Scotland's people. Merseyside (centered on Liverpool) has traditionally served as a seaport and distribution center for Greater Manchester and the rest of Lancashire.Other large metropolitan areas in Great Britain include South Yorkshire(centered on Sheffield),Nottingham,and Bristol.About one-fifth of Northern Ireland’s people live in Belfast.In addition to these large metropolitan areas,there are many other minor urban areas and large towns,several of which line the coast.With so much urban and suburban concentration, the problems of air,water,and noise pollution have caused much concern in the UK. Clean-air legislation has brought considerable progress in controlling air pollution.Smoke-control areas have been established in most cities and towns, and there has been a shift from coal to cieaner fuels.Pollution of the rivers remains a large problem, particularly in the highly industrialized parts of the UK, but vigilance,research, and control by the National River Authorities and general public concern for the environment are encouraging features of contemporary Britain.5. Population GrowthFrom the 18th century until well into the 19th century, Britain's population soared as the death rate dropped and the birth rate remained high. During this period the total population increased from about 6 million in the 1760s to 26 million in the 1870s. Toward the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century the birth rate stabilized and the death rate remained low. The population took on the characteristics of a modern, developed,and prosperous state. Family size decreased and the median age of the population pared to the rest of the world, the UK has a smaller percentage of younger people and a higher percentage of older people, with more than 20% over the age of 60; those under the age of 15 make up only 13% of the population. Britain's population has been growing slowly, slower than the average for countries in the European Union (EU).6. Migration PatternsBeginning in the 1950s, the immigration of nonwhite(“New Commonwealth") people from such developing nations as India, Pakistan, and the countries of the West Indies became significant, and from 1957 until 1962 there was a net migration gain. Since then restriction on the entry of New Commonwealth citizens has decreased the primary inflow,but dependents of immigrants already in the UK are still admitted. The reasons for restricting entry were in part economic but were also associated with the resistance of the existing population to the new arrivals. Nevertheless, thc UK continues to gain people from the New Commonwealth.Migration within the UK has at times been sizable. Until 1700 the relatively small population was sparsely distributed and largely rural and agricultural, much as it had been in medieval times. From the mid-18th century, scientific and technological innovations created the first modern industrial state.At the same time, agriculture underwent technical and tenurial changes that allowed increased production with a smaller workforce, and revolutionary improvements in transport made the movement of materials and people easier. As a result,by the late 19th century a mainly rural population had largely become a nation of industrial workers and town dwellers.Industry, as well as the urban centers that inevitably grew up around it, concentrated near the coalfields,while the railway network, which grew rapidly ather 1830,enhanced the commercial importance of many towns.The migration of people,especially young people, from the country to industrialized towns took place at an uprecedented rate in the early railway age, and such movements were relatively confined geographically.Migration from agricultural Ireland was an exception, for, when the disastrous potato disease of 1845-1849 led to widespread famine, large numbers moved to Great Britain to become urban workers in Lancashire,Clydeside (the Glasgow region), and London.The rural exodus (a lot of people leaving a place at the same time) went on, but on a greatly reduced scale after 1901.Soon after World War I, new interregional migration flows began when the formerly booming 19th-century industrial and mining districts lost much of their economic momentum. Declining heavy industry in Clydeside, northeastern England, South Wales, and parts of Lancashire and Yorkshire caused a lot of people to lose jobs, and many migrated to the relatively more prosperous Midlands and southern England. This movement of people continued until it was checked by the relatively full employment conditions that occurred soon after the start of World War II.In the 1950s job opportunities in the UK improved with government sponsored diversification of industry, reducing the volume of migration to the south. The decline of certain northern industries—coal mining, shipbuilding, and cotton textiles in particular—had nevertheless reached a critical level by the late 1960s, and the emergence of new growth points in the West Midlands and southeastern England made the drift to the south a continuing feature of British economic life. During the 1960s and 1970s the areas of most rapid growth were East Anglia, the South West, and the East Midlands, partly because of limitations on growth in Greater London and the development of new towns in surrounding areas.During the 1980s the government largely abandoned subsidies for industry and adopted a program of rationalization and privatization. This resulted in the collapse of coal mining and heavy industry in the north and the West Midlands of England and in the Lowlands of Scotland and a similar loss of heavy industry in Northern Ireland, thus creating a wave of migration from these regions to the more prosperous south of England, especially East Anglia,the East Midlands,and the South West.As the economy became stable during the 1990s,migration from Scotland, Northern Ireland, and northern England decreased.While the South East (including Greater London) was the chief destination of external immigrants into Britain, this region, along with the West Midlands, produced a growing internal migration to surrounding regions of England during the 1990s. This pattern reflected a larger trend of migration out of older urban centers throughout Britain to surrounding rural areas and small towns at the end of the 20th century.。

1．第1题Which of the following is NOT a feature of the House of Lords?A.Lords do not receive salaries and many do not attend Parliament sittings.B.It consists of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.C.The lords are expected to represent the interests of the public.D.Most of the lords in the House of Lords are males.您的答案： C题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.02．第2题The largest religion in the US is ___.A.BuddhismB.ChristianityC.IslamD.Hinduism您的答案： B题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.03．第3题Which of the following is NOT true about the characteristics of Britain?A.Economic differences between north and southB.Differences of social systems between Scotland and WalesC.Class differencs between a white-collar worker and a blue-collar worker.D.Cultural differences between immigrants and the British您的答案： B题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.04．第4题Which of the following agreement is accepted by both Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland?A.The Anglo-Irish AgreementB.The Belfast AgreementC.The Good Friday AgreementD.The Multi-Party Agreement您的答案： C题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.05．第5题Which of the following statements is NOT correct? When the Constitution was written, ___.A.there was a Bill of Rights in the Constitution.B.there was no Bill of Rights.C.the Constitution did not have any words guaranteeing the freedoms or the basic rights and privileges of citizens.D.“Bill of Rights”was added to the Constitution 4 years after the Constitution was made.您的答案： A题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.06．第6题In the United States, people go to church mainly for the following reasons except for ___.A.finding a job in societyB.having a place in a communityC.identifying themselves with dominant valuesD.getting together with friends您的答案： A题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.07．第7题In the US school systems, which of the following divisions is true?A.Elementary school, grammar school.B.Elementary school, junior high school.C.elementary school, secondary school.D.Junior high school, senior high school.您的答案： C题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.08．第8题Historic moment of the civil rights movement was the March on Washington of August 28, 1963 when _______ delivered his “I Have a Dream”speech.A.President JohnsonB.President LincolnC.Martin Luther King, Jr.D.Mario Savio您的答案： C题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.09．第9题Which of the following is the only branch that can make federal laws, and levy federal taxes?A.The executive.B.The legislative.C.The judicial.D.The president您的答案： B题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.010．第10题Who was the author of the popular play The Melting Pot which was associated with life in America since the late 18th century?A.Mark Twain.B.Stephen Crane.C.Henry James.D.Israel Zangwill.您的答案： D11．第11题Which of the following statements was correct around the time of the American Revolution?A.The American had the mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants.B.The American had the mixed blood of Europeans with American Indians.C.The American had the mixed blood of Europeans with blacks.D.The American had the blood of the English and their descendants only.您的答案： A题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.0Which of the following statements is NOT true?A.Wales was invaded by the RomansB.Wales was occupied by the Anglo-SaxonsC.Wales was conquered by the NormansD.Wales was threatened by the English您的答案： B题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.013．第13题Which of the following about the tabloids is not true?A.They are big format newspapers.B.They are often called “the gutter press”.C.They mainly deal in scandals and gossip about famous people.D.They carry stories with colour photos and catchy headlines.您的答案： A题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.014．第14题Which of the following about the BBC is NOT true?A.There is no advertising on any of the BBC programmes.B.The BBC is funded by licence fees paid by people who possess television sets.C.The BBC has four channels.D.The BBC provides the World Service throughout the world.您的答案： C此题得分： 1.015．第15题Which of the following kings was executed in the civil war?A.James IB.James IIC.Charles ID.Charles II您的答案： C题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.016．第16题What happened in 1215?A.It was the year of Norman Conquest in British history.B.Forced by barons, King John signed the Magna Carta.C.Henry IV granted the Commons the power to review money grants.D.King Egbert united England under his rule.您的答案： B题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.017．第17题Which of the following is truly a sport of the royal family?A.CricketB.Skiing.C.Golfing.D.Horse racing.您的答案： D题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.018．第18题In the examination called “the 11 plus”, students with academic potential go to ____.A.grammar schools.prehensive schools.C.public schools.D.technical schools.您的答案： A题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.019．第19题Which of the following is NOT true about life peers?A.They are not from the aristocratic families.B.They cannot sit in the House of Lords.C.They earned their titles through their outstanding achievement.D.the titles cannot be inherited by their children.您的答案： B题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.020．第40题Which of the following remarks is NOT true about Hawaii?A.Hawaii is made up of a large group of big and small islands.B.There are numerous active volcanoes in Hawaii.C.More than 40% of the local residents in Hawaii are American Asians.D.The Japanese attacked Pear Harbor on December 7, 1941.您的答案： B题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.021．第41题Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of London?A.The cultural centreB.The business centreC.The financial centreD.The sports centre您的答案： D题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.022．第42题Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England?A.The Anglo-SaxonsB.The NormansC.The VikingsD.The Romans您的答案： A题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.023．第43题Which of the following statements is NOT correct?A.There are no legal restraints upon Parliament.B.Strictly speaking, the Queen is part of the Parliament.C.Parliament has the supreme power of passing laws.D.Parliament has no power to change the terms of the Constitution.您的答案： D题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.024．第44题By whom is a “vote of no confidence”decided?A.The House of Commons.B.The House of Lords.C.The two major parties.D.The Prime Minister.您的答案： A题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.025．第45题Which of the following expressions represents the core value of the mainstream society in the USA?A.“Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”B.“Blood, sweat, and toil.”C.“Freedom, equality, and spirituality.”D.“Eat, drink, and be merry.”您的答案： A题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.026．第46题Both public and private universities in the US depend on the following sources of income except ____.A.investmentB.student tuitionC.endowmentsernment funding您的答案： A题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.027．第47题Three of the following are characteristics of London, Which of the four is the EXCEPTION?A.London is a political, economic and cultural centre of the countryB.London has a larger population than all other cities in EnglandC.London is not only the largest city in Britain, but also the largest in the worldD.London has played a significant role in the economic construction of the country您的答案： C题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.028．第48题Under whose reign was the Bill of Rights passed?A.James IB.William of Orange.C.Oliver CromwellD.George 1您的答案： B题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.029．第49题Which group of people cannot vote in the general election?A.Members in the House of Commons.B.Lords in the House of Lords.C.The UK citizens above the age of 18.D.The UK resident citizens of the Irish Republic.您的答案： B题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.030．第62题Three of the following factors have contributed to the flourishing of large universities in America, which is the exception?rge universities offer the best libraries and facilities for scientific research.rge universities provide students with “mainframe”computers.rge universities offer scholarships to all students.rge universities attract students with modern laboratories.您的答案： C题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.031．第63题Which of the following subjects are NOT offered to elementary school students in the US?A.Mathematics and languages.B.Politics and business education.C.Science and social studies.D.Music and physical education.您的答案： B题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.032．第64题To get a bachelor’s degree, an American undergraduate student is required to do the following except ____.A.attending lectures and complete assignmentsB.passing examinationsC.taking certain subjects such as history, language and philosophyD.earning a certain number of credits at the end of the four years at college您的答案： C题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.033．第65题Which of the following statements is NOT true about blacks after the 1960s?A.Blacks felt that they could be fully integrated into the mainstream of American life.B.Blacks felt that the black community ought to coexist with other groups.C.Blacks felt more and more proud of themselves.D.Blacks felt that “black is beautiful.”您的答案： A题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.034．第66题Which of the following institutions is responsible for the making of the Internet?A.The US military.B.The US entertainment industry.C.The US film industry.D.The US education sector.您的答案： A题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.035．第67题The theory of American politics and the American Revolution originated mainly from ___.A.George WashingtonB.Thomas JeffersonC.John AdamsD.John Locke您的答案： D题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.036．第68题Which of the following is NOT guaranteed in the Bill of Rights?A.The freedom of religion.B.The freedom of searching a person’s home by police.C.The freedom of speech and of the press.D.The right to own weapons if one wishes.您的答案： B题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.037．第69题Where are international tennis championships held in the UK?A.Wembley.B.WimbledonC.London.D.Edinburgh您的答案： B题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.038．第70题“No taxation without representation”was the rallying cry of ____.A.The settlers of VirginiaB.The people of Pennsylvania.C.The colonists in New EnglandD.The people of the 13 colonies on the eve of the American Revolution您的答案： D题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.039．第71题When did Scotland join the Union by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments?A.In 1715B.In 1688C.In 1745D.In 1707您的答案： D题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.040．第72题Which of the following is NOT a true description of the Queen’s role?A.The Queen selects the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.B.The Queen symbolises the tradition and unity of the British state.C.The Queen acts as a confidante to the Prime Minister.D.The Queen is the temporal head of the Church of England.您的答案： A题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.041．第73题Easter commemorates ____.A.the birth of Jesus Christ.B.the crucifixion of Jesus Christ.C.the coming of spring.D.the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ.您的答案： D题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.042．第74题Which of the following is NOT true about the electoral campaigns?A.Big parties can buy time to broadcast their policies on the television.B.There is a limit on the amount of money candidates can spend in their constituency campaign.C.Candidates and their supporters go door-to-door persuading voters to vote for them.D.Candidates criticize each other’s policies to show how good their own policies are.您的答案： A题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.043．第75题Which of the following is a privately funded university in Britain?A.The University of Cambridge.B.The University of OxfordC.The University of Edinburgh.D.The University of Buckingham.您的答案： D题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.044．第76题If a student wants to go to university in Britain, he will take the examination called ____.A.General Certificate of Education –Advanced.B.General Certificate of Secondary Education.C.the common entrance examination.D.General National Vocational Qualifications.您的答案： A题目分数： 1.045．第85题The expenditure in American public schools is guided or decided by ____.A.teachersB.studentsC.headmastersD.boards of education您的答案： D题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.046．第86题The majority of American Christians belong to the ____ church.A.CatholicB.OrthodoxC.Protestant您的答案： C47．第87题In order to go to university, secondary school students in the US must meet the following requirements except that ___.A.They have high school records and recommendations from their teachersB.They make recommendations from their high school teachersC.They get good scores in the Scholastic Aptitude TestsD.They pass the college entrance examinations您的答案： D题目分数： 1.048．第88题The following were the main Reformation leaders except _____.A.Martin LutherB.Martin Luther KingC.John CalvinD.The English King Henry VIII您的答案： B题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.049．第89题Which of the following statements is NOT correct? When the War of Independence was over, ___.A.each new state had its own government.B.each new state made its own laws and handled all of its internal affairs.C.the national government was called the Congress with little power.D.the relationships between the states and the national government were clearly defined.您的答案： D题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.050．第90题Which of the following is NOT the reason for the higher arrest rates among minority groups?A.The aggressive nature of these groups.B.Racial prejudice against them.C.Low social status of these groups.D.Poverty and unemployment among minority groups.您的答案： A题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.051．第91题The New Deal was started by ___.A.Franklin Roosevelt.C.George WashingtonD.Thomas Jefferson您的答案： A题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.052．第92题Which of the following is NOT a power of the president?A.The president can veto any bill passed by Congress.B.The president has the authority to appoint federal judges when vacancies occur.C.The president can make laws.D.The president has broad powers, with the executive branch, to issue regulations and directives regarding the work of the federal departments.您的答案： C题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.053．第93题Which of the following is NOT included in the National curriculum?A.Children must study the subjects like English, mathematics, science and so on.B.Children must sit in A-level exams.C.Children must pass national tests.D.Teachers must teach what they are told您的答案： B题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.054．第94题Which of the following statements is not true about the British media?A.They supply people with news, keeping them informed of what is happening in the world.B.They are mainly interested in making huge profits by publishing advertisements.C.They help shape British culture.D.They provide entertainment.您的答案： B题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.055．第95题How many counties are there in Northern Ireland?A.26B.6C.32D.20您的答案： B题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.056．第96题In the early 1970s, the IRA _____.A.killed many Protestants and CatholicsB.burned down the houses of CatholicsC.murdered individuals at randomD.carried out a series of bombing and shooting and attacked the security forces as their、main target您的答案： D题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.057．第97题Which of the following is NOT based on the fact?A.Members of Parliament elect the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.B.MPs receive salaries and some other allowances.C.MPs are expected to represent the interests of the public.D.Most MPs belong to the major political parties.您的答案： A题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.058．第98题In Britain, children from the age of 5 to 16 ______.A.can legally receive partly free education.B.can legally receive completely free education.C.can not receive free education at all.D.can not receive free education if their parents are rich.您的答案： B此题得分： 1.059．第99题Which of the following description about the Conservative party is NOT true?A.It has been in power for an unusually long period of time.B.It prefers policies that protect individual’s rights.C.It receives a lot of the funding from big companies.D.It is known as a party of high taxation levels.您的答案： D题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.060．第100题Which of the following is NOT true about the British education system?A.It is run by the state.B.It is funded by the state.C.It is supervised by the state.D.It is dominated by the state.您的答案： D题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.061．第20题A great moment for the civil rights movement was the March on Washington on August, 1963 when President Kennedy gave the famous " I Have a Dream" speech.您的答案：错误题目分数： 1.062．第21题In 1863, President Lincoln signed The Emancipation Proclamation which together with the 13th Amendament to the Constitution legally abolished the slavery.您的答案：正确题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.063．第22题When people outside the UK talk about England, they mistake it as Britain sometimes.您的答案：正确题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.064．第23题Free press has the function of keeping an eye on the government, and therefore it is called the watchdog of parliamentary democracy.您的答案：正确题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.065．第24题To advertise in a British newspaper, the only thing you have to worry about is the cost.您的答案：错误题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.066．第25题Horse racing is the true royal sport.您的答案：正确此题得分： 1.067．第26题The 10 very short paragraphs which guarantee freedom and individual rights and forbid interference with lives of individuals by the government are called the Bill of Rights.您的答案：正确题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.068．第27题The state of Hawaii is a big island in the central Pacific Ocean.您的答案：错误题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.569．第28题Sinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern Ireland.您的答案：正确题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.570．第29题According to the textbook, larger American universities are always better, and more desirable universities are always more expensive.您的答案：错误题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.571．第30题Harvard College was originally founded to train government officials.您的答案：错误题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.572．第31题The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the US now is the blacks, or Afro-Americans.您的答案：错误题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.573．第32题In the 1960s, three groups - Afro-Americans, Asia Americans and women - were dissatisfied with their lives.您的答案：错误题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.574．第33题Thre are more than 100 Protestants sects in the US today.您的答案：正确题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.575．第34题The theory of poltiics of the American Revolution came from John Locke, a French philosopher in the 17th century.您的答案：错误题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.576．第35题Queen Elizabeth II is both the head of the state and the head of government in the UK.您的答案：错误题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.577．第36题According to the textbook, there are two major political parties in the UK.您的答案：错误题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.578．第37题The purpose of British education is not only to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills but also to socialize children.您的答案：正确题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.579．第38题Britain is no longer an imperial country.您的答案：正确题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.580．第39题One of the things that decides whether an applicant can be accepted by a college in the US is his/her scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests.您的答案：正确题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.5The Good Friday Agreement was approved on 10 April 1998.您的答案：正确题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.582．第51题Critics of the affirmative action programs are of the opinion that this results in reverse discrimination.您的答案：正确题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.583．第52题" We Shall Overcome!" is a very famous song during the 1960s.您的答案：错误题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.584．第53题President Nixon' s administration was toppled because of the Watergate Affair.您的答案：正确题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.585．第54题Drug abuse in the US has come to be regarded as one of the most challenging social problems facing the nation.您的答案：错误题目分数：0.586．第55题John F. Kennedy was the first Catholic elected as the US president.您的答案：正确题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.587．第56题It is no doubt that Britain is the oldest representative democracy in the world.您的答案：正确题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.588．第57题The British Prime Minister is directly elected by the people.您的答案：错误题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.589．第58题Aristrocracy as a class no longer exists in the UK.您的答案：错误题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.590．第59题Public schools in the UK are part of the national education system and funded by the government.您的答案：错误此题得分：0.591．第60题The stereotype of the English gentleman never applied to the majority of the British people.您的答案：正确题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.592．第61题Segregating blacks into separate schools was unconstitutional after the decision of the Supreme Court in 1954.您的答案：正确题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.593．第77题It is not very difficult to generalize about the American way of life.您的答案：错误题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.094．第78题According the First Amendament to the Constitution of the United States, there would be a state-supported religion.您的答案：错误题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.095．第79题Most people in Scotland speak the old Celtic language, called " Gaelic" .您的答案：错误题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.096．第80题The British media play an important role in shaping a national culture.您的答案：正确题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.097．第81题The world' s oldest daily newspaper is The Observer.您的答案：错误题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.098．第82题<p>When the War of Independence was over, the US was one unified nation as it is today.</p> 您的答案：错误题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.099．第83题There is more violence in the US than in other industrialized countries.您的答案：正确题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.0100．第84题Ireland is part of Great Britain您的答案：错误题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.5101．第101题In the early 20th century, those dominating American life were mostly WASPs.您的答案：正确题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.0102．第102题In the US, scientific and economic advance and rising material progress have been accompanied by a decline in religious observance.您的答案：错误题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.0103．第103题Cardiff, the capital of Wales, is a large city.您的答案：错误题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.0104．第104题In Britain, class and educational differences are reflected in the newspaper people read.您的答案：正确题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.0105．第105题The game of golf was invented by the Scottish.您的答案：正确题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.0106．第106题The president has the authority to appoint federal judges, and all such court appointment are subject to confirmation by the House of Representatives.您的答案：正确题目分数： 1.0此题得分： 1.0107．第107题Super Bowl will decide the champion baseball team of the year in the US.您的答案：错误题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.5108．第108题Most British people are Protestants while most Irish people are Catholics.您的答案：正确109．第109题Northern Ireland today is governed by separate juristictions: that of Republic of Ireland and thatof Great Britain.您的答案：错误题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.5110．第110题American university students have always liked to get degrees that are aimed at preparing themspecifically for certain professions.您的答案：错误题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.5111．第111题When the civil rights movement began, non-violent, direct action tactics like " sit-ins" and boycotts were he chief vehicle for social protest.您的答案：正确题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.5112．第112题George Washington, Banjamin Franklin, and Abraham Lincoln were regarded as the founing fathers of the USA.您的答案：错误题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.5113．第113题Hollywood films give the wrong impressions that all Americans are rich.您的答案：正确题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.5114．第114题Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492.您的答案：正确题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.5115．第115题In Britain, the process of state-building has been one of evolution rather than revoltuion, in contrast to France and the US.您的答案：正确题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.5116．第116题Secrecy is an important part of the voting process.您的答案：正确题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.5117．第117题Northern Ireland is often called " Ulster" after an ancient Irish kingdom once existed in this area.您的答案：正确题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.5118．第118题The Open Univeristy uses many non-traditional ways to teach students, such as TV and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, and a network of study centers.您的答案：正确题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.5119．第119题Scotland was unified with England through violent means.您的答案：错误题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.5120．第120题It takes at least four years to get a bachelor' s degree from an institution of higher education in the US.您的答案：正确题目分数：0.5此题得分：0.5。

Chapter 1 The Land and History英国全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士及北爱尔兰构成，位于大西洋东部的不列颠群岛，是个岛屿国家，由大不列颠岛，爱尔兰岛北部和众多小岛组成。

面积约24.40万平方公里，人口超过6400万(2013年)。

英国属于温带海洋气候，常年温和多雨，气候多变。

受高纬度因素的影响，有类似极昼极夜的现象，冬季日短夜长，夏季日长夜短。

公元前3000年左右，伊比亚人最先到达大不列颠岛。

随后，比克利人、凯尔特人相继来到不列颠。

公元前1世纪到公元5世纪，罗马入侵。

罗马人撤离后，欧洲北部的盎格鲁撒克逊人和以丹麦人为主体的斯堪的纳维亚先后入侵。

到了1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉征服了英格兰，英国的封建制度正式形成。

1215年，国王约翰被迫签订了大宪章。

不久，议会制度形成，从此英国的王权被不断削弱和限制。

1688年，“光荣革命”爆发，确立了君主立宪制。

18世纪后期到19世纪前期，英国成为世界上第一个开始并完成工业革命的国家。

19世纪是英国发展的鼎盛时期，分别建立了第一大英帝国和第二大英帝国。

到二战前夕，英国统治了世界约1/4的土地。

第一次世界大战以及第二次世界大战的爆发，导致英国的政治、经济势力大为削弱，失去了霸权地位。

随着其殖民地的相继独立，20世纪60年代，大英帝国彻底瓦解。

I. General IntroductionMap of British Isles1. Location and the Four NationsThe full name of the UK is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is made up of four nations: England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales. It is located to the northwest of continental Europe, separated by the English Channel. Geographically, it is an island country, covering an area of about 244,019 km2, and consists of Great Britain and northeastern part of Ireland, together with many small islands of British Isles.Great Britain accounts for over 90% of the country’s tota l landmass. It is the largest island off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe with England, Scotland and Wales on it. Ireland is the second largest island of British Isles located to the northwest of Great Britain. It is divided into two parts: Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland (an independent country).England is the largest part of the UK and occupies most of the southern two thirds of Great Britain. The total area of England is 130,410 km2 with a population of around 53.9 million (Mid-2013 estimated), which covers more than 84% of the total UK population. It is the most populous and highly urbanized part of the UK. London, the capital of the UK and England, as well as the seat of government, is located in its southeastern part.Scotland is the second largest and most mountainous part of the UK in the north of Great Britain. Compared with that of England, the population density is quite low. There are only 5.3 million people with an area of 78,789 km2. Edinburgh, its largest city, is the capital of Scotland. Scotland is famous for its beautiful natural scenery, such as Scottish Highlands1and Loch Ness2, as well as many historical places, like the Edinburgh Castles.Wales is on the western side of central southern Great Britain. The total area of Wales is 20,779 km2, which accounts for 1/4 parts of the UK. It is also a mountainous part of Great Britain, particularly in the north and central regions. The southeast region is the most built up region of Wales, and the majority of its population live there and a large proportion of its industry is based there. Its capital city, Cardiff, is also in this region.Northern Ireland lies in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering14,139 km2, which constitutes 1/6 of the island. It is the smallest part among the four nations of the UK, as well as the second sparsely populated part after Scotland. The capital is Belfast, the largest city in Northern Ireland both in population and in area. It is the center for government, economic, arts, higher education, business, law of Northern Ireland. Additionally, it is the birthplace of Titanic, and voted one of the world’s top destinations.2. ClimateThe overall climate in the UK is temperate maritime, which means that it is mild with temperatures neither much lower than 0℃in winter nor much higher 32℃in summer. Generally, the UK has warm summers and cool winters, with July and August as the warmest month, and January and February as the coldest. However, due to the influence of Gulf Stream3, the summers are cooler than those in continent while the winters are milder. Normally, the temperature in summer is around 20℃，with the high rarely going above 30℃. The average temperature in winter is around 0℃and seldom go below -10℃even in the most northern part of the country.Meanwhile, since Britain is an island country and surrounded by the sea, the climate is considerably changeable compared with other countries. Since the variable climate changing day to day, it is hard for people to predict what the weather will be like the next day. Additionally, the unique geographical position is also the reason for the dampness of the climate. The rainfall is fairly distributed throughout the year. Although it does not rain every day, it is always advisable for people to bring an umbrella or waterproof clothing every day.II. History1. The Founding of the NationThe recorded history of the UK begins with the Roman invasion in 55BC. In 55 and 54BC, Britain was twice invaded by Julius Caesar and his Roman troops. However, it was not until 43AD that the Roman led by Claudius I finally successfully invaded and Britain became part of the Roman Empire. The native Celtic were driven to the mountain regions of Scotland and Wales, which remained unconquered by the Romans.The Romans have great impact on many aspects of the British culture. The Roman civilization was introduced to the Britain during this period. For example, Roman style baths and temples were built, cities like London and towns were constructed, and the system of government was also introduced. With the decline of the Roman Empire, when the Germanic troops attacked Rome in 410 A.D., the Romans had to withdraw in order to protect their own nation, which led to the end of Roman occupation.After the leave of the Romans, three groups of Germanic tribes called the Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons came to Britain from the European continent in the mid-4th century. They conquered different regions of Britain:1Scottish Highlands：苏格兰高地，是对苏格兰高地边界断层以西和以北的山地的称，被认为是欧洲风景最优美的地区。

第三十章澳大利亚经济澳大利亚是世界上最古老的大陆之一，这个大陆的基岩据说有30亿年。

但作为一个国家，它相对地说是比较年轻，欧洲人的定居点始建于1788年，结果澳大利亚成了英国的一个罪犯流放地。

在欧洲人向这里移民的时候，澳大利亚要从它的祖国--英国进口几乎所有的东西。

今天澳大利亚已是世界上最发达的国家之一。

1993年澳大利亚的国内生产总值是4185.76亿美元，其人均国民生产总值1992年为17070美元，其外贸总值在世界上列大约第20位，人民生活水平按世界水平来说是很高的。

在二百年多一点的时间里，澳大利亚已经发展成经济高度发展的国家。

Ⅰ.工业澳大利亚的制造业以制砖开始。

囚犯伊莱贾·李克斯于1778年在悉尼建立了一座陶瓷厂，生产砖、盘子、罐和黏土管。

同年，一座服装制造厂在靠近帕拉麦塔的罗斯希尔建成。

18世纪90年代，一座造船厂在悉尼湾的西部海湾建成。

今天澳大利亚有广大的工业基地，能生产各种制品，从时装到食品，从复杂的电子装置到家用电器，从基础金属到精密仪器。

澳大利亚工业大约占国内生产总值的15%，占澳大利亚出口总额的四分之一强。

制造业是国内的第三大雇主，1991年为963，900人，或者说为18%的劳动力提供了工作。

澳大利亚有80万小企业，占所有公司的96%，其雇员占私人企业的一半，占整个澳大利亚雇员的三分之一。

据估计，86%的制造业为小企业。

在世界的总格局中，澳大利亚的制造业是独特的。

它的特点包括下面几点:1．效率低澳大利亚的市场有限，它在地理上与外界的隔绝以及很高的关税壁垒是影响澳大利亚工业效率的几个因素。

澳大利亚的人口只有1780万(1995年)，人口又非常稠密地集中在相距甚远的五大城市里。

此外，澳大利亚在地理上与它主要的外国供应商和客户相隔离。

这些因素，再加上不完整的国内运输系统，导致了许多工业的分散生产和规模小、效率低的工厂的出现。

这些年来，由于各州政府企图发展他们当地的工业基地，制造业的低效率问题更加严重。

1．第1题When people outside the UK talk about England, they mistake it as Britain sometimes.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.02．第2题The title of Prince of Wales is held by a Welsh according to tradition.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.03．第3题In Britain, class and educational differences are reflected in the newspaper people read.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.04．第4题The game of golf was invented by the Scottish.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.05．第5题Ireland is part of Great Britain您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.06．第6题The Good Friday Agreement was approved on 10 April 1998.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.07．第7题Britain has a written constitution like most countries.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.08．第8题Queen Elizabeth II is both the head of the state and the head of government in the UK.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.09．第9题According to the textbook, there are two major political parties in the UK.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.010．第10题The Conservative Party is the party that spent most time in power.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.011．第11题The British state actively interferes with the decision of when, where, how and what children are taught.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.012．第12题You must have the A-level qualification to enter British university.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.013．第13题Scotland was never conquered by the Romans.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.014．第14题The Commonwealth of Nations includes all European countries.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.015．第15题Cardiff, the capital of Wales, is a large city.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：0.016．第16题The British media play an important role in shaping a national culture.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.017．第17题The world' s oldest daily newspaper is The Observer.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.018．第18题Horse racing is the true royal sport.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.019．第19题In Britain, the process of state-building has been one of evolution rather than revoltuion, in contrast to France and the US.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.020．第20题Secrecy is an important part of the voting process.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.021．第21题Aristrocracy as a class no longer exists in the UK.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.022．第22题Sinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern Ireland.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.023．第23题Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.024．第24题The purpose of British education is not only to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills but also to socialize children.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.025．第25题All secondary schools in Britain are run and supervised by the government.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.026．第26题The stereotype of the English gentleman never applied to the majority of the British people.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.027．第27题The tradition of having Sunday off derived from the Christian Church.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.028．第28题Most people in Scotland speak the old Celtic language, called " Gaelic" .您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.029．第29题Free press has the function of keeping an eye on the government, and therefore it is called the watchdog of parliamentary democracy.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.030．第30题To advertise in a British newspaper, the onlything you have to worry about is the cost.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.031．第31题Easter is the biggest and best loved British holiday.您的答案：错误题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.032．第32题Most British people are Protestants while most Irish people are Catholics.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：3.033．第33题It is commonly believed that Boxing Day involved the sport of boxing.您的答案：正确题目分数：3.0此题得分：0.034．第34题It is no doubt that Britain is the oldest representative democracy in the world.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.035．第35题In the UK, a government cannot stand for longer than five years except in exceptional circumstances.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.036．第36题The Labour Party is the oldest party in the UK.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.037．第37题Northern Ireland is often called " Ulster" after an ancient Irish kingdom once existed in this area.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.038．第38题Public schools in the UK are part of the national education system and funded by the government.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.039．第39题Britain is no longer an imperial country.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.040．第40题Scotland was unified with England through violent means.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.0作业总得分：90.0作业总批注：。

第三十一章澳大利亚政治制度澳大利亚联邦是一个联邦制国家，1901年1月1日《澳大利亚联邦宪法》在英国议会通过，这就诞生了澳大利亚联邦。

六个殖民地作为独立的主权州联合在一起。

他们同意一方面在他们之间分配权力，另一方面，在澳大利亚联邦，或者说在联邦政府内进行权力分配。

这样，一个联邦制的政府就在澳大利亚建立了。

总的说来澳大利亚联邦实行三级政府体制:联邦议会和政府;六个州的议会和六个州政府;大约九百个市、镇、自治市和郡级地方政府。

联邦议会的权力在宪法中有明文规定。

澳大利亚是独立的，但与英国有宪法规定的联系。

英国君主也是澳大利亚形式上的君主，由联邦总督和六个州的总督代表君主行使权力。

他们是各州的首脑和形式上的主要决策人。

除了联邦制、宪法和议会，澳大利亚政府的职能也通过其他政治机构来实现。

这些机构包括高等法院、内阁、各个政党、选举机构和公务员部门。

澳大利亚政府的基本结构是以英国和美国的模式为基础的，但也根据澳大利亚的国情作了一些重大变化。

Ⅰ.宪法和英国不一样，澳大利亚有一部成文宪法，这部宪法是在1901年六个殖民地结盟组成澳大利亚联邦的时候开始生效的。

澳大利亚的宪法规定了澳大利亚联邦政府的组成和权力，以及联邦政府和州政府之间关系。

宪法由八个部分(或八章)组成。

第一章是有关"议会"，它包括联邦总督、参议院、众议院。

第一章是很长的一章，占了整个宪法128节中的60节。

第二章，"执行政府"，讲述的是联邦总督，以及各个部长和公务员的任免。

其它重要的几章包括第三章，是关于司法部门，建立联邦法庭(例如高等法院)的规定，以及第四章，是有关金融贸易的规定，阐明了澳大利亚联邦对各个州的金融支付。

宪法只有通过全民公决才能修改，全民公决是全国家或一个地区所有的人都参加的投票，在投票中他们被要求就一个重大政治问题表示意见或作出决定。

在澳大利亚，一个全民公决的建议不能成为法律，除非①它由绝对多数的选举人通过，②由来自多数州的多数选举人通过。

英语国家概况（An Overview ofEnglishSpeaking Countries）一、英国（United Kingdom）1. 地理位置：英国位于欧洲大陆的西北边缘，由大不列颠岛、北爱尔兰和若干小岛组成。

2. 首都：伦敦（London），是英国的政治、经济、文化和交通中心。

3. 官方语言：英语4. 人口：约6600万，其中英格兰占最大比例。

5. 国旗：英国国旗被称为“米字旗”，由蓝、白、红三种颜色组成。

6. 经济：英国是世界上发达国家之一，拥有强大的金融、工业和科技实力。

7. 教育体系：英国教育体系享誉世界，牛津、剑桥等世界知名学府坐落于此。

8. 文化特色：英国有着丰富的历史文化底蕴，如莎士比亚、牛顿、披头士乐队等均诞生于此。

同时，英国也是现代足球的发源地。

二、美国（United States of America）1. 地理位置：美国位于北美洲，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，南接墨西哥湾和加勒比海，北邻加拿大。

2. 首都：华盛顿特区（Washington, D.C.），是美国政治中心。

3. 官方语言：英语4. 人口：约3.3亿，是世界上第三人口大国。

5. 国旗：美国国旗被称为“星条旗”，由红、白、蓝三种颜色组成。

6. 经济：美国是全球最大的经济体，拥有强大的科技创新能力和金融市场。

7. 教育体系：美国教育资源丰富，世界顶尖大学如哈佛、斯坦福等均位于此。

8. 文化特色：美国文化多元化，涵盖了欧洲、亚洲、非洲等多种文化元素。

好莱坞电影、NBA篮球、美式足球等在全球具有广泛影响力。

三、加拿大（Canada）1. 地理位置：加拿大位于北美洲北部，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，北接北冰洋，南邻美国。

2. 首都：渥太华（Ottawa），是加拿大的政治中心。

3. 官方语言：英语和法语4. 人口：约3800万，是世界上面积第二大国家。

5. 国旗：加拿大国旗被称为“枫叶旗”，由红、白两色组成。

6. 经济：加拿大经济发达，资源丰富，特别是石油、天然气和矿产资源。