Lesson 20 Flip-Flop电子技术专业英语教程

1、汉译英1)直流电路direct current circuits2)放大器（扩音器）amplifier3)模拟电子技术analog electronics4)半导体二极管semiconductor diode5)晶体管效应transistor effect6)微处理器microprocessor7)电气工程electrical engineering8)能源工程（或电力工程）power engineering9)通信工程telecommunications engineering10)内部器件internal devices11)电子元件electrical components12)欧姆定律Ohm law13)限制电流limit current14)分压器voltage divider15)晶体管偏置电路transistor biasing circuits16)阻碍电流block DC current17)存储点能store electrical energy18)感抗inductive reactance19)绝缘材料insulating material20)交流阻抗AC resistancea)通用仪表general-purpose meterb)模拟仪表analog meterc)交换测试笔reverse the test leadsd)机械调节mechanical adjuste)测量电阻measure resistancef)正向电压positive voltageg)测量电流measure currenth)电压幅度voltage amplitudei)双踪示波器dual-trace oscilloscopej)信号发生器signal generator21)PN结PN junction22)三极管bipolar transistor23)电子和空穴electron and hole24)稳压电源electronic power supply或steady DC voltage source25)桥式整流器bridge rectifier26)脉冲直流电pulsating DC27)二极管的正极anode of diode28)峰值电压peak voltage29)电容滤波器capacitor filter30)充电和放电charge and discharge31)稳压管Zener diode32)电器电子工程师学会IEEE(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)33)专业技术组织technical professional association34)基尔霍夫电压定律Kirchhoff’s V oltage Law35)电压源voltage sources36)电荷守恒定律the law of conservation of electric charge37)在每一瞬时at every instant of time38)元件两端的电压voltages across elements39)无线电传输radio transmission40)频率调制或调频frequency modulation41)频域the frequency domain42)线性电阻linear resistor43)调幅波形amplitude modulation wave44)专用集成电路（ASIC）45)快速时间响应fast response time46)有效信号valid signal47)十进制数字系统decimal system48)逻辑运算logic operation1)控制信号线the control bus2)中断线interrupt lines1)结构化语言structured language2)局部变量local variables3)副作用side effect4)汇编语言指令assembly language instructions1)静止图像still image2)阴极射线管，显像管CRT or the cathode ray tube3)像素pixel4)电子束electron beam2、英译汉1)assembler language汇编语言2)alternating current circuits交流电路3)passive electrical circuits无源电路4)three phase circuits三相电路5)digital electronics数字电子技术6)logic gates逻辑门7)3D virtual reality image三维虚拟图像8)computer programming计算机编程9)major in（在大学里）主修10)advanced programming techniques高级编程技术1)known as capacitive reactance称为容抗2)with units ohms单位为欧姆3)prevent device from burning out防止器件烧掉4)has an AC resistance to AC current对交流电流由阻抗5)adjustment with a screw用一个螺丝调节6)in the shape of a cylinder 呈圆柱形式7)block DC current，but pass AC current阻直流通交流8)to vary the inductance改变电感9)be given by the formula 由公式给出10)the RF amplifier 音频放大器1)analog multimeter模拟万用表2)extended range扩展范围3)specific meters特殊仪表4)includes the function and range switches具有功能及范围选择旋钮5)present an electronic picture呈现一幅电子图像6)display the voltage waveform显示电压波形7)appear on the screen在屏幕上出现8)phase relationships相位关系9)an example例如，作为一个例子10)in series with the circuit串连接入电路1)Semiconductor material半导体材料2)forward biased正向偏置3)depend on the external circuit resistance取决于外部电路的电阻4)excessive reverse-biased voltage过高的反偏电压5)is directly proportional to the amount ofbase current是正比于基极电流6)may even appear almost as a short几乎可看成是短路7)cause stability problems for a transistorcircuit引起晶体管电路的稳定性问题8)digital technology数字技术9)the most popular technology最常用的技术10)use two complementary typeset oftransistors N-channel and P-channel用两种互补型的晶体管——N沟道和P沟道1)equipment operation设备的运行2)device that converts AC into DC把交流电转换成直流电的器件3)the power lines电源线4)depending on the value of DC voltageneeded 根据所需要的直流电压值5) a half-wave rectifier平波整流器6)so as to produce a constant DC output从而产生一个稳定的直流输出7)in the negative side of the capacitor在电容的负极8)flow through the load流过负载9)in the forward-biased condition在加正向偏置电压的条件下10) a series（current-limiting）resistor一个串联（限制电流）电阻1)current source电流源2)under this circumstance在这种情况下3)present the second of Kirchhoff’s laws给出基尔霍夫第二定律4)introduce the concept of a “loop”引入“回路”的概念5)An alternative statement of KVLKVL的另一种表述法6)voltages algebraically sum电压代数和7)sinusoidal steady-syate response正弦稳态响应8)ordinary household voltage日常用电的电压9)time-invariant circuit时不变电路10)percentage of modulation调制百分比reduce the power consumption减小消耗功率flip-flop 触发器the octal and hexadecimal systems当时钟脉冲信号来到时改变状态①直流电路direct current circuits②放大器（扩音器）amplifier③欧姆定律Ohm law④正极positive electrode⑤充电与放电Charge and discharge⑥无线电传输Radio transmission⑦模拟仪表Analogue Meters⑧模拟电子技术analog electronics⑨半导体二极管semiconductor⑩晶体管效应transistor effect⑪微处理器microprocessor⑫通信工程telecommunications engineering ⑬汇编语言assembler language⑭电子元件electrical components⑮限制电流limit current⑯分压器voltage divider⑰偏置电路biasing circuits⑱阻碍电流block DC current⑲感抗inductive reactance⑳容抗capacitive21正向电压positive voltage22扩展范围extended range23电压波形voltage waveform24连接入电路in series with the circuit25PN结PN junction 26三极管bipolar transistor27电子与空穴electron and hole28半导体材料semiconductor material29正向偏置forward biased30数字技术digital technology31桥式整流器bridge rectifier32稳压管Zener diode33电源线the power lines34在电容的负极in the negative side of the capacitor 在加正向偏置的条件下in the forward-biased condition一个串联电阻 a series (current-limiting)resistor35电压源voltage sources36在每一瞬时at every instant of time37无线电传输radio transmission38频率调制或调频frequency modulation39快速时间响应fast response time40有效信号valid signal41结构化语言structured language42局部变量local variables43副作用side effect44静止图像still image45阴极射线管pixel46电子束electron beam1.resistors are used to limit current flowing to adevice ,thereby preventing it from burning out, as voltage dividers to reduce voltage for other circuits, as transistor biasing circuits, and to serve as circuit loads.电阻常用做限流器，限制流过器件的电流防止烧坏器件，电阻也可用作分压器，以减小其他电路电压，还可以用在晶体管偏执电路中和作为电路负载。

电子信息工程专业英语，听起来很屌，其实，管你是六级早已不在话下，或是至今还在为四级奋斗。

如果你啃下了以下这些最基本的“砖头”，加上你高中的阅读水平，也就是那样。

以下这些，是敝人费了几个小时，按任治刚《电子信息工程专业英语教程》章节乱序编辑整理的词汇及常用缩写短语。

以便自己在今后的应用中查阅，当然，若是不嫌弃，可以拷去参考学习。

Unit 1 Electronic Devices 电子设备1.mechanical 机械的optical 眼的、视力的、光学的magnetic 磁的、有吸引力的ferroelectric 铁电的macrofunction 宏功能2. volitle 易失的、挥发的flip-flop 双稳态多谢振荡器、触发器interface circuitry 接口电路bipolar 双极的MOS：Metal Oxide Semiconductor 金属氧化物半导体3．CMOS:Complemently –MOS 互补金属氧化物半导体boast 以有---而自豪，为---而骄傲hybrid 混合的，混合物Emitter Couple Logic 射极耦合逻辑comparator 比较器4.leakage 泄漏capacitor=capactator 电容器whereas 然而、反之、鉴于trench capacitor 沟道式电容器aluminum 铝5.lithograph 平版印刷的、平版的ultraviolet 紫外的transistor 晶体的in motion 在运动中discrete 离散的、不连续的6.insulate 使绝缘、隔离manipulate 操作、使用miniaturization 小型化fabricate 制作、构成splash 飞溅、斑点7．make a splash 引起轰动、获得成功MIPS:Millon Instruction Per Second 每秒每百万条指令micron 微米substraction 减法latch 锁存器、锁存8.disconnect 拆开、分离opcode 操作码pipeline 管道技术permanent 永久的activate 刺激、有活力Unit 2 Electronic circuit 电子电路1. Drift 漂移Undependent 不可靠的Perceptive 有知觉的、可理解的Bulkly 体积大的cubic 立体的2.octal 与八相关的——八面的、八进制的、八角的level shifter 电平转移器actuator 传动器current source 电流源voltage source 电压源3.predominant 卓越的、有影响的line driver 线路激励器adverse 不利的、相反的rating 额定值GBW:Gain band width增益带宽积4.oscillalator 振荡器passive 被动的、无源的integrator 积分器intuitively 直觉的line ramp 线性倾斜5.transfer function 转移函数denominator 分母complex plane 复平面Laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换DC 直流电6.step function 阶跃函数first order 一阶cumbersome 麻烦的、笨重的cascade 级联origin 原点7.decaying-exponential response 衰减指数响应transient response 瞬态响应bode plot波特图formula 公式、规则slope 斜坡8.quality factor 品质因数conjugate 共轭的damping 阻尼、衰减flavor 风味、滋味exotic 特殊的、有异国情调的9.GSM：Global System for MobileCommunications 全球数字移动电话系统Decimation 十中抽一Successive approximation 逐次逼近Respectable 可敬的、体面的10.multipass 多通道的subrange 子区interpolate 内插Unit 3 Electronic System Equipments电子系统器件1.switching 开关，转接liner regulator 线性稳压器headroom 净空高度dissipate 耗散arena 竞技场、舞台2.heatsink 吸热设备uneconomical浪费的buck 消除、补偿series 串联的stepdown 逐级下降的3.inductor 电感器load current 负载电流conductivity 传导性failure condition 故障状态domino effect 多米诺效应4.step-up逐级上升rectifier 整流器back-bias 反偏电压crowbar 消弧电路、短路器boost 升压、放大5.topology 拓扑、布局fragile易坏的barrier 隔板、势垒schematic 原理图、示意图overvoltage 超电压、过电压6.dielectric电介质flux 流量biased 加偏压的flyback 回扫、逆行crystal 晶体的7.resonant 谐振的piezoelectric 压电的resonanting frequency谐振频率oven 恒温的subset子集8.encase 装入、包住akin 同族的tuning 调谐、调音phase detector 鉴相器lagging 滞后的9.leading 超前的charge pump 电荷泵loop filter 环路滤波器power-up上电deadband 死区10.gain in 在---方面增强popularity 普及、流行propagation 繁殖、传播increment 增重propagation delay 传播时延11.intrinsic 固有的extrinsic 外在的ambient 周围的、环境的duty-cycle占空比slew 摆动12.draw out 取出systematic 系统的、体系的termination 端接法power loss 功率损失contact resistance 接触电阻13.spacing 间隔capacitive 电容性的inductive 电感性的decibel 分贝feeding 馈给、馈电14.detrimental 有害的corrosion protection 防腐蚀backplane 底板lead 引线daughter board 子板bond 接头15.subassembly 部件、组件edge card 边缘卡pad 焊板far-end 远端intersperse 散布、点缀Unit 4 Electronic System 电子系统1.cordless 无绳的handset 电话听筒、手持机mandate 委托统治、委托管理fiasco 惨败humble 级别低的、质量不好的2.analogous 类似的、可比拟的formality 手续、礼节run-up 使变大、增长incoming 引入的、输入的high-powered 大功率的、高性能的3.watt 瓦特inbound 输入的、入网、入站、归航outbound 输出的、出网的、出战dial tone 拨号音interference 干扰、串扰4.successor 继承者、接任者cell 细胞、单元order of magnitude 数量级put-out 放出、生产、消除circular 圆形的、循环的5.hexagon 六边形antenna 天线second-level 二级的end-office 端局PSTN:Pulic Switched Telephone Network 公共电话交换局6.coexist 共存的upstream 上行比特流downsteam 下行比特流vocoder 语音编码器error correction 纠错7.simplex 单纯的、单一的payload 有效负载analogy 类似、类推multiframe 复帧hone 渴望、相念8.one‘s complement 二进制补码subdivide 细分、再分scheme 方案、计划、图sufficient it to say that 说---就足够了delineation 描绘、叙述9.gross 总的、毛重gross rate 总速率clump 块、图lounge 休息室10.garble 精选transmission power 发送功率heuristic 试探法spread spectrum communication 扩频通信facet 方面11.appliance 用具、器具on the inside 在里面、在内心oversee 俯瞰、监视virtual memory 虚拟内存transformer 互感器、变压器12.regulator 调节器IDE：Intergrated Drive Electronics 集成驱动电子设备SCSI:Small Computer System Interface 小型计算机系统接口AGP：Acclerated Graphics Port 加速图形接口Camcorder 便携式摄像机13.DSL:Digital Subscrible Line 数据用户线POST:Power-On-Selftest 通电自检Bootstrap 解鞋带、自力更新Unit 5 Modern Digital Design 现代数字设计1.embedded syste 嵌入式系统CD：Compact Disk 光盘Lifetime 一生、终生Lessen 减少、减轻Synthetic 合成的2.simulator 模拟器diagram 图schematic 原理图textual 文本的、原文的laborious 艰苦的、费力的、勤劳的3.HDL: Hard DescriptionLanguage 硬件描述语言VHDL:极高速集成电路硬件描述语言Cost-effective 有成本效益的、值得花钱的Full-custom 完全定制的Semi-custom半定制的4.in practical terms 实际上metal interconnected 金属互联的uncommitted 未确定用途的methodology 方法论、方法学statemachine 状态机5.next state 次态Boolean variable 布尔变量Rooting 布线、路由选择Placement 安放、布置RTL:Registor Transfer Level 寄存器传送级6.behavioral synthesis 行为综合augment 增加denote 指示、表示MPEG:Moving Picture ExpertGroup 运动图像专家组Viable 可行的7.ASSP: Application SpecificStandard Products 专用标准器件Telecom 电信Set-top-box 机顶盒IP:Intellectual Property 知识产权8.momentum 动力、要素developm phase 开发阶段submicron 亚微米consumer electronics 消费类电子产品niche 合适的环境、特殊的领域9.prototype 样机、模型dynamics 动力学concurrent 并行的testbench 测试平台stimuli 激励源10.up-to-date最新的、最近的impedance 阻抗in tandem with 串联、合作get-around 绕过、避开work one‘s way into 兢兢业业的完成11.wild card 百搭桥、通配符type conversion 类型变换annotation 注释tabular 格式的address 从事、忙于12.statement 语句reflex 反射、本能反应learning curve 学习曲线gate-level 门电路级compelling 强制的13.top-down 自顶而下的producing 生产力、生产率Unit 6 Digital Signal Processing 数字信号处理1.numerical 数字的sample and hold circuit 采样保持电路sampling interval 采样间隔aliasing 混叠reciprocal 互惠的、倒数的2.precede 领先于low pass 低通acquisition time 采集时间full scale range 满量程zero-order hold 零阶保持3.infinite 无限、无穷大deduce 推导undersampling 欠采样spectrum 频谱alternative 二选一的、有选择性的4．Time to market 上市时间Wireless infrastructure 无线电基础设施Price/performance ratio 性价Iterative 反复的、跌代的In conjugate with 与---协力5.emulation 仿真quantization level 量化电平erroneous 错误的、不正确的field-progarmmable 现场可编程的proposition 主张、建议6.impediment 妨碍、阻碍物glue-logic 互联逻辑compatibility 兼容性power dissipation 功率耗散end product 终端产品7.embrace 拥抱hand-held 手持的op amp 运算放大器shifer 移位器circular buffer 环形缓冲区8.smallest resolvable difference最小可分辨率mantissa 位数exponent 指数sentific notation 科学计数法mute 减弱的声音、哑的9．solder焊接Looping scheme 循环机制Second order 二阶Data compression 数据压缩In the context of 在---的情况下9.passive 无源的active 有源的strain 张力thermocouple 热电偶microphone 麦克风、扩音器10.strain gage 张力计signal conditional circuit 信号调理电路piezoelectric 压电的on-chip 片内的voltage reference 参考电压11.SPS；Sample Per Second 每秒样本数Stopband 阻带Passband 通带roll off 滚降ripple 波纹Unit 7 Audio and V oice 音频和声音1.triple 三倍于bunching 电子聚束data rate 数据率multrirate 多采样率sinx/x correction 校正2.trademark 商标auditorium 听众席bland 温和的lawsuit 法律诉讼waveform 波形3.oscilloscope 示波器jackhammer 手提钻temporal masking 暂时屏蔽constant-amplitude 固定幅度disjoint 使脱节、解体、脱臼4.interchannel 通道间redundancy 冗余perceptible 可察觉的、显而易见的spectral resolution 频率分辨率allocate 分派5.inaudible 听不见的monophonic 单声道的superimpose 添加、双重exponentially指数的、幂的drool 垂涎6.roam 漫游、闲逛hand-off 越区切换seamlessly 无缝的、完全链接的head-on 正面的stationary 固定的7.SMS:Short Message Swrvice短信业务m-commerce 移动业务cauldron 大锅炉terrestrial 陆地envision 想象、预想8.VHS:Video Home System 家用录像系统Backward-compatible 向下兼容的Chip rate 码片速率Die for 非常想要Notwithstanding 虽然9.gingerly 小心翼翼的、谨慎的overlay 覆盖preferred 首选的infrastructure 底层构造、基础设施doomed 注定的10.access point 接入点ubiquitous 到处存在的、普遍存在的understatement 低调的、保守的说法deploy 部署、使用stopgap 补缺者、暂时的11.at best 最多IP packet IP 数据报Map 映射time slot 时隙destined 有意的、注定的Unit 8 Graphics and Video图像和视频1.pixel 像素grapy scale 灰度级shade 颜色深浅、逐渐histogram 直方图image constrast 图像对比度2.bar graph 直条图time-lapsed 时间上相继的erosion 腐蚀blur 模糊的warping 扭曲、变形3.dilantin 膨胀、扩大morph 变种、变体edge-detection 边缘检测perimeter 周长、周界magnitude spectrum 幅度谱4.lossless 无损的phase spectrum 相位谱facsimile 传真、影印MRI: Magnetic ResonanceImaging 核磁共振成像CT: Computed Tomography计算机析层5.run-length 行程编码lossy 有损耗的lens 透镜的、镜头file-film 薄膜胶卷、影像succession 连续、继续6.candid 无偏见的、直率的vicinity 邻近、附近zoom 急速上升beam splitter 分光镜、分色镜CCD: Charge Coupled Device点和耦合电路7.crop out 显露出来panel 面板、全体陪审团blow up 充气、爆炸、放大in a pinch 在紧急情况下alkaline 碱性的8.deflection 斜偏flickr 闪烁、震动odd field 奇数场even field 偶数场frame grabber 帧接收机9.luminance 亮度chronminance 色度squash 挤进jargon 行话interlace 使交织、交错Unit 9 EmbeddedApplications 嵌入式应用1.PDA: personal DigitalAssitant 个人数字助理Norm 规范Probe 探查Frame –work 构造、结构Extol 赞美2.contract out 包出、外包system 系统生产cliché陈词滥调variant 变量、变体extant 现存的3.uncommon 不凡的、难得的shoestring 小额的资本masquerade 伪装、乔装semantic 语义学primitive 原语、基本要素4．Explicitly 明白地、清楚地Disciplined 受过训练的Resolution function 判决函数Verbose 详细的、冗长的Imperative 命令的、必要的5.concisely 简明地intuitively 直觉的、直观的release 发行preeminent 有先购买权的、有强制收购权monotonic 单调的6.error handling 错误处理pedal 踏板calcubale 可以计算的inhouse 内部的、自身的、固有的constraint 限制条件7.upfront 在前面的、提前支付的royalty 王位、特许权、专利权税pocketbook 钱袋、经济来源budgetary 预算的third-party 第三方Unit 10 ElectronicInstruments andMeasuments 电子仪器和测量1.acquisition 获取、采集logic analyzer 逻辑分析仪orginate 引起、起源、发明、创造stimulus signal 激励源design specification 设计规格2.corncerstone 墙角石troubleshooting 解决问题、发现并维修故障DMM：Digital Multimer 数字万用表UUT: Unit Under Test 被测系统Surrogate 代理（人）3．Margin 页面边框、页面空白Guide missible 导弹Ancillary 补助的、副的Spacing 间隔Slope 斜率4.in-phase 同相的、同步的pertinence 有关的pseudo 冒充的、假的untold 数不清的sonic boom 声爆5.arbitary 任意的vibrating 振动particle 粒子pervade 遍及archive 存档6.legible 清晰的、易读的grading 分级、分段single-shot 单脉冲phosphor 磷、启明星indispensable 不可缺少之物7.backside 后方cathode 阴极mnemonics助记符SUT: System Under Test 被测系统Extraneous 无关的、外来的以下110个十分常见，很重要，信不信由你，我是强烈的相信！1.transistor n 晶体管diode n 二极管semiconductor n 半导体resistor n 电阻器capacitor n 电容器2.alternating adj 交互的amplifier n 扩音器，放大器integrated circuit 集成电路linear time invariant systems 线性时不变系统voltage n 电压，伏特数3.tolerance n 公差；宽容；容忍condenser n 电容器；冷凝器dielectric n 绝缘体；电解质electromagnetic adj 电磁的adj 非传导性的deflection n偏斜；偏转；偏差4.linear device 线性器件the insulation resistance 绝缘电阻anode n 阳极，正极cathode n 阴极breakdown n 故障；崩溃terminal n终点站；终端，接线端5.emitter n 发射器collect v 收集，集聚，集中insulator n 绝缘体，绝热器oscilloscope n 示波镜；示波器gain n 增益，放大倍数6.forward biased 正向偏置reverse biased 反向偏置P-N junction PN结MOS（metal-oxide semiconductor）金属氧化物半导体enhancement and exhausted 增强型和耗尽型7.integrated circuits 集成电路analog n 模拟digital adj 数字的，数位的horizontal adj, 水平的，地平线的vertical adj 垂直的，顶点的8.amplitude n 振幅，广阔，丰富attenuation n 衰减；变薄；稀薄化multimeter n 万用表frequency n 频率，周率the cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管9.dual-trace oscilloscope 双踪示波器signal generating device 信号发生器peak-to-peak output voltage 输出电压峰峰值sine wave 正弦波triangle wave 三角波10.square wave 方波amplifier 放大器，扩音器oscillator n 振荡器feedback n 反馈，回应phase n 相，阶段，状态11. filter n 滤波器，过滤器rectifier n整流器；纠正者band-stop filter 带阻滤波器band-pass filter 带通滤波器decimal adj 十进制的，小数的12.hexadecimal adj/n十六进制的binary adj 二进制的；二元的octal adj 八进制的domain n 域；领域code n代码，密码，编码v编码13.the Fourier transform 傅里叶变换Fast Fourier Transform 快速傅里叶变换microcontroller n 微处理器；微控制器assembly language instrucions n 汇编语言指令chip n 芯片，碎片14.modular adj 模块化的；模数的sensor n 传感器plug vt堵，塞，插上n塞子，插头，插销coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的fiber n 光纤15.relay contact 继电接触器single instruction programmer 单指令编程器dedicated manufactures programming unit 专供制造厂用的编程单元beam n （光线的）束，柱，梁16.polarize v（使）偏振，（使）极化Cathode Ray Tube（CRT）阴极射线管neuron n神经元；神经细胞fuzzy adj 模糊的Artificial Intelligence Shell 人工智能外壳程序17.Expert Systems 专家系统Artificial Intelligence 人工智能Perceptive Systems 感知系统neural network 神经网络fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑18.intelligent agent 智能代理electromagnetic adj 电磁的coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的microwave n 微波charge v充电，使充电19.insulator n 绝缘体，绝缘物nonconductive adj非导体的，绝缘的antenna n天线；触角modeling n建模，造型simulation n 仿真；模拟20.prototype n 原型array n 排队，编队vector n 向量，矢量wavelet n 微波，小浪sine 正弦cosine 余弦21.inverse adj倒转的，反转的n反面；相反v倒转high-performance 高精确性，高性能two-dimensional 二维的；缺乏深度的three-dimensional 三维的；立体的；真实的object-oriented programming面向对象的程序设计22.spectral adj 光谱的attenuation n衰减；变薄；稀释distortion n 失真，扭曲，变形wavelength n 波长refractive adj 折射的总之，我是整理在这了，真的有没有我说的那样简单，你若不坚持，就当我没说。

Flip-FlopsObjectivesThe objectives of this lesson are to study:tches versus Flip-Flops2.Master-Slave Flip-Flops3.Timing Analysis of Master-Slave Flip-Flops4.Different Types of Master-Slave Flip-Flops5.Propagation DelayProblem with LatchesA latch is a level sensitive device.Because of this the state of the latch may keep changing in circuits with feedback as long as the clock pulse remains active.Thus, instead of having output change once in a clock cycle, the output may change a number of times resulting in latching of unwanted input to the output.Due to this uncertainty, latches can not be reliably used as storage elements. Solution to this ProblemTo overcome this problem of undesired toggling, we need to have a mechanism in which we have higher degree of control on the output of the memory element when the clock pulse changes.This is achieved by introducing a special clock-edge detection logic, such that the state of the memory element is switched by a momentary change in the clock pulse (i.e. an edge). This is effective because the clock changes only once during a clock period.Such a memory element is "edge-sensitive", i.e., it changes its state at the rising or falling edge of a clock.Edge-sensitive memory elements are called Flip-Flops.Figure 1 shows the standard graphic symbols for positive and negative edge triggered Flip-Flops.Figure 1: Graphic Symbols of Edge-Triggered Flip-FlopsMaster-Slave Flip-FlopsThe simplest way to build a flip-flop is by using two latches in a ‘Master-Slave’ configuration as shown in Figure 2.In this configuration, one latch serves as the master receiving the external inputs and the other as a slave, which takes its inputs from the master.When the clock pulse goes high, information at S and R inputs is transmitted to master. The slave flip-flop however remains isolated since its control input C is 0.Now when the clock pulse returns to ‘0’, the master gets disabled and blocks the external inputs to get to its outputs whereas slave gets enabled and passes the latched information to its outputs.Figure 2: Block diagram of SR Master-Slave Flip-FlopTiming Analysis of Master-Slave Flip-FlopNow let's view the operation of the master-slave flip-flop by analyzing its timing wave forms (See Figure 3).Consider a master-slave flip-flop in the clear state (i.e. Y=0 and Q=0) prior to the occurrence of a pulse.The inputs S=1 and R=0 are applied. So when the clock goes high, the output of the master latch will change to the set state, while the slave latch remains disabled.When the clock returns to 0, the master latch is disabled and the slave latch is enabled.Thus, the data at the slave's input when the clock was high gets latched at the slave's output.Figure 3: Timing wave form of SR Master-Slave Flip-FlopDifferent Types of Master-Slave Flip-FlopsMaster-Slave JK-FFThe SR flip-flop can be modified to a JK flip-flop to eliminate the undesirable condition that leads to undefined outputs and indeterminate behavior.A Master-Slave JK Flip-Flop is shown in the Figure 4.Here, the output gets complemented when both J and K inputs are high.Figure 4: JK Master-Slave Flip-FlopD-Type Positive-Edge-Triggered FFThe logic diagram of a positive edge triggered D-type flip-flop is shown in the Figure 5. This flip-flop takes exactly the form of a master-slave flip-flop, with the master a D latch and the slave an SR latch. Also, an inverter is added to the clock input of the master latch.Because the master latch is a D latch, the flip-flop exhibits edge-triggered rather than master-slave (pulse-triggered) behavior.Figure 5: D-Type Positive-Edge-Triggered FFPropagation DelayIn digital logic, every gate has got some finite amount of delay because of which the change in the output is not instantaneous to the change in the input.In simple terms, the times it takes for an input to appear at the output is called the propagation delay.In Figure 6, t PHL, describes the time it takes for an input to cause the output to change from logic-level-high to logic-level-low.Similarly, t PLH, refers to the delay associated when an input change causes the output to change from logic-level-low to logic-level-high.The overall delay is average of these two delays.Figure 6: Propagation DelaySetup and Hold TimesFor correct operation of logic gates we need to satisfy some timing constrains regarding application of inputs and collecting of their outputs.Setup time (T s) refers to a constant duration for which the inputs must be held prior to the arrival of the clock transition (See Figure 7).Once the inputs are properly set, it must be kept for some time for their proper reading-in by the gate once the transition signal is triggered.Hold time (T h) refers to the duration for which the inputs must not change after the arrival of the transition (See Figure 7).If the setup and hold times are violated, a gate may produce an unknown logic signal at its output. This condition is called as meta-stability.Figure 7: Setup and Hold TimesPropagation DelayTo set or clear flip-flops asynchronously (i.e., without the use of clock and inputs) some flip-flops have direct inputs usually called direct preset or direct clear.These inputs are needed to bring the flip-flops to a known initial state prior to the normal clocked operation.A direct preset input, sets the output of a flip-flop to some known value, asynchronously,for example logic-1 or logic-0.A direct clear switch clears or resets all the flip-flops to logic value-0.Figure 8 shows the graphical symbol of a negative-edge-triggered JK-flip-flop with a direct clear.Figure 8: Negative-edge-triggered JK Flip-Flop with Asynchronous Clear。

1、汉译英1)直流电路direct current circuits2)放大器（扩音器）amplifier3)模拟电子技术analog electronics4)半导体二极管semiconductor diode5)晶体管效应transistor effect6)微处理器microprocessor7)电气工程electrical engineering8)能源工程（或电力工程）power engineering9)通信工程telecommunications engineering10)内部器件internal devices11)电子元件electrical components12)欧姆定律Ohm law13)限制电流limit current14)分压器voltage divider15)晶体管偏置电路transistor biasing circuits16)阻碍电流block DC current17)存储点能store electrical energy18)感抗inductive reactance19)绝缘材料insulating material20)交流阻抗AC resistancea)通用仪表general-purpose meterb)模拟仪表analog meterc)交换测试笔reverse the test leadsd)机械调节mechanical adjuste)测量电阻measure resistancef)正向电压positive voltageg)测量电流measure currenth)电压幅度voltage amplitudei)双踪示波器dual-trace oscilloscopej)信号发生器signal generator21)PN结PN junction22)三极管bipolar transistor23)电子和空穴electron and hole24)稳压电源electronic power supply或steady DC voltage source25)桥式整流器bridge rectifier26)脉冲直流电pulsating DC27)二极管的正极anode of diode28)峰值电压peak voltage29)电容滤波器capacitor filter30)充电和放电charge and discharge31)稳压管Zener diode32)电器电子工程师学会IEEE(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)33)专业技术组织technical professional association34)基尔霍夫电压定律Kirchhoff’s V oltage Law35)电压源voltage sources36)电荷守恒定律the law of conservation of electric charge37)在每一瞬时at every instant of time38)元件两端的电压voltages across elements39)无线电传输radio transmission40)频率调制或调频frequency modulation41)频域the frequency domain42)线性电阻linear resistor43)调幅波形amplitude modulation wave44)专用集成电路（ASIC）45)快速时间响应fast response time46)有效信号valid signal47)十进制数字系统decimal system48)逻辑运算logic operation1)控制信号线the control bus2)中断线interrupt lines1)结构化语言structured language2)局部变量local variables3)副作用side effect4)汇编语言指令assembly language instructions1)静止图像still image2)阴极射线管，显像管CRT or the cathode ray tube3)像素pixel4)电子束electron beam2、英译汉1)assembler language汇编语言2)alternating current circuits交流电路3)passive electrical circuits无源电路4)three phase circuits三相电路5)digital electronics数字电子技术6)logic gates逻辑门7)3D virtual reality image三维虚拟图像8)computer programming计算机编程9)major in（在大学里）主修10)advanced programming techniques高级编程技术1)known as capacitive reactance称为容抗2)with units ohms单位为欧姆3)prevent device from burning out防止器件烧掉4)has an AC resistance to AC current对交流电流由阻抗5)adjustment with a screw用一个螺丝调节6)in the shape of a cylinder 呈圆柱形式7)block DC current，but pass AC current阻直流通交流8)to vary the inductance改变电感9)be given by the formula 由公式给出10)the RF amplifier 音频放大器1)analog multimeter模拟万用表2)extended range扩展范围3)specific meters特殊仪表4)includes the function and range switches具有功能及范围选择旋钮5)present an electronic picture呈现一幅电子图像6)display the voltage waveform显示电压波形7)appear on the screen在屏幕上出现8)phase relationships相位关系9)an example例如，作为一个例子10)in series with the circuit串连接入电路1)Semiconductor material半导体材料2)forward biased正向偏置3)depend on the external circuit resistance取决于外部电路的电阻4)excessive reverse-biased voltage过高的反偏电压5)is directly proportional to the amount ofbase current是正比于基极电流6)may even appear almost as a short几乎可看成是短路7)cause stability problems for a transistorcircuit引起晶体管电路的稳定性问题8)digital technology数字技术9)the most popular technology最常用的技术10)use two complementary typeset oftransistors N-channel and P-channel用两种互补型的晶体管——N沟道和P沟道1)equipment operation设备的运行2)device that converts AC into DC把交流电转换成直流电的器件3)the power lines电源线4)depending on the value of DC voltageneeded 根据所需要的直流电压值5) a half-wave rectifier平波整流器6)so as to produce a constant DC output从而产生一个稳定的直流输出7)in the negative side of the capacitor在电容的负极8)flow through the load流过负载9)in the forward-biased condition在加正向偏置电压的条件下10) a series（current-limiting）resistor一个串联（限制电流）电阻1)current source电流源2)under this circumstance在这种情况下3)present the second of Kirchhoff’s laws给出基尔霍夫第二定律4)introduce the concept of a “loop”引入“回路”的概念5)An alternative statement of KVLKVL的另一种表述法6)voltages algebraically sum电压代数和7)sinusoidal steady-syate response正弦稳态响应8)ordinary household voltage日常用电的电压9)time-invariant circuit时不变电路10)percentage of modulation调制百分比reduce the power consumption减小消耗功率flip-flop 触发器the octal and hexadecimal systems当时钟脉冲信号来到时改变状态①直流电路direct current circuits②放大器（扩音器）amplifier③欧姆定律Ohm law④正极positive electrode⑤充电与放电Charge and discharge⑥无线电传输Radio transmission⑦模拟仪表Analogue Meters⑧模拟电子技术analog electronics⑨半导体二极管semiconductor⑩晶体管效应transistor effect⑪微处理器microprocessor⑫通信工程telecommunications engineering ⑬汇编语言assembler language⑭电子元件electrical components⑮限制电流limit current⑯分压器voltage divider⑰偏置电路biasing circuits⑱阻碍电流block DC current⑲感抗inductive reactance⑳容抗capacitive21正向电压positive voltage22扩展范围extended range23电压波形voltage waveform24连接入电路in series with the circuit25PN结PN junction 26三极管bipolar transistor27电子与空穴electron and hole28半导体材料semiconductor material29正向偏置forward biased30数字技术digital technology31桥式整流器bridge rectifier32稳压管Zener diode33电源线the power lines34在电容的负极in the negative side of the capacitor 在加正向偏置的条件下in the forward-biased condition一个串联电阻 a series (current-limiting)resistor35电压源voltage sources36在每一瞬时at every instant of time37无线电传输radio transmission38频率调制或调频frequency modulation39快速时间响应fast response time40有效信号valid signal41结构化语言structured language42局部变量local variables43副作用side effect44静止图像still image45阴极射线管pixel46电子束electron beam1.resistors are used to limit current flowing to adevice ,thereby preventing it from burning out, as voltage dividers to reduce voltage for other circuits, as transistor biasing circuits, and to serve as circuit loads.电阻常用做限流器，限制流过器件的电流防止烧坏器件，电阻也可用作分压器，以减小其他电路电压，还可以用在晶体管偏执电路中和作为电路负载。

第五章触发器Flip－Flop1、触发器的定义和分类2、常用的触发器3、触发器的分析触发器（Flip-Flop）：能够存储一位二进制数字信号的基本单元电路叫做触发器。

（P179引言部分）特点：具有“记忆”功能。

分析下面的电路：当A＝0时，F=0某一时刻，由于外界的干扰使得A信号突然消失，此时，相当于A输入端悬空由电路结构得：F=1。

干扰发生前后， F的输出值发生的变化，故该电路没有“记忆”功能再看下面的电路：当A＝0时，F＝0。

某一时刻，由于外界的干扰使得A信号突然消失，此时，相当于A输入端悬空，但F端反馈回来的值仍然为0，由电路结构得：F=0。

说明该电路具有“记忆”功能。

其根本原因在于，该电路带有反馈。

触发器的分类：P179①按稳定工作状态分：双稳态、单稳态和无稳态（多谐振荡器）触发器。

本章仅讨论双稳态触发器。

②按结构分：主从结构和维持阻塞型（边沿结构）触发器。

本章仅讨论边沿触发器。

③按逻辑功能分：RS、JK、D、T和T’触发器。

本章重点讨论后四种。

常用触发器1、基本RS触发器①电路组成和逻辑符号基本RS触发器有两种：由与非门构成的和由或非门构成的。

我们以前者为例：输出端在正常情形下应是完全相反的两种逻辑状态，即两个稳态。

当Q=0时，称为“0态”；当Q=1时，称为“1态”。

②逻辑功能分析：A）当R=S=0时）（即1==SR11 QQQQ==⋅1可以保证门1的输出值不变。

QQQ=⋅1可以保证门2的输出值不变。

此时，门1和2的输出值均保持不变，称为：触发器的保持功能。

B）当S=0，R=1时）（即0,1==RS1111==⋅可以保证门1的输出值为0。

Q10==⋅Q可以保证门2的输出值为11此时，触发器的Q端始终输出低电平0，称为：触发器复位或触发器清0。

C）当S=1，R=0时）（即1,0==RS1111==⋅可以保证门1的输出值为1。

10==⋅Q可以保证门2的输出值为01此时，触发器的Q端始终输出高电平1，称为：触发器置位或触发器置1。

flip-flop类型
Flip-flop是数字电路中常见的一种元件，用于存储和处理二
进制数据。

它是一种双稳态电路，可以在时钟信号的作用下从一个
稳定状态切换到另一个稳定状态。

根据触发方式和触发边沿的不同，可以分为多种类型。

首先，最常见的是RS触发器，它由两个输入端（R和S）和两
个输出端（Q和Q'）组成。

当R=0，S=1时，Q=1；当R=1，S=0时，
Q=0；当R=S=1时，Q保持原状态；当R=S=0时，保持原状态。

其次，D触发器是一种简化的触发器，只有一个数据输入端D
和一个时钟输入端。

当时钟信号为上升沿或下降沿时，D触发器将
输入数据D传输到输出端Q。

另外，JK触发器是一种比较复杂的触发器，它具有两个控制端
J和K，以及一个时钟输入端。

当J=K=1时，根据时钟信号的不同，JK触发器可以实现保持、置1、置0、翻转四种状态。

此外，T触发器是一种特殊的触发器，只有一个输入端T和一
个时钟输入端。

当T=1时，T触发器在每个时钟脉冲上翻转输出状
态；当T=0时，保持原状态。

总的来说，不同类型的Flip-flop在数字电路中有不同的应用场景，可以根据具体的需求选择合适的类型来实现数据存储和控制功能。

希望这些信息能够帮助你更好地理解Flip-flop的类型和功能。

《电子信息工程专业英语教程(第5版)》题库Section A 术语互译 (1)Section B 段落翻译 (5)Section C阅读理解素材 (12)C.1 History of Tablets (12)C.2 A Brief History of satellite communication (13)C.3 Smartphones (14)C.4 Analog, Digital and HDTV (14)C.5 SoC (15)Section A 术语互译Section B 段落翻译Section C阅读理解素材C.1 History of TabletsThe idea of the tablet computer isn't new. Back in 1968, a computer scientist named Alan Kay proposed that with advances in flat-panel display technology, user interfaces, miniaturization of computer components and some experimental work in WiFi technology, you could develop an all-in-one computing device. He developed the idea further, suggesting that such a device would be perfect as an educational tool for schoolchildren. In 1972, he published a paper about the device and called it the Dynabook.The sketches of the Dynabook show a device very similar to the tablet computers we have today, with a couple of exceptions. The Dynabook had both a screen and a keyboard all on the same plane. But Key's vision went even further. He predicted that with the right touch-screen technology, you could do away with the physical keyboard and display a virtual keyboard in any configuration on the screen itself.Key was ahead of his time. It would take nearly four decades before a tablet similar to the one he imagined took the public by storm. But that doesn't mean there were no tablet computers on the market between the Dynabook concept and Apple's famed iPad.One early tablet was the GRiDPad. First produced in 1989, the GRiDPad included a monochromatic capacitance touch screen and a wired stylus. It weighed just under 5 pounds (2.26 kilograms). Compared to today's tablets, the GRiDPad was bulky and heavy, with a short battery life of only three hours. The man behind the GRiDPad was Jeff Hawkins, who later founded Palm.Other pen-based tablet computers followed but none received much support from the public. Apple first entered the tablet battlefield with the Newton, a device that's received equal amounts of love and ridicule over the years. Much of the criticism for the Newton focuses on its handwriting-recognition software.It really wasn't until Steve Jobs revealed the first iPad to an eager crowd that tablet computers became a viable consumer product. Today, companies like Apple, Google, Microsoft and HP are trying to predict consumer needs while designing the next generation of tablet devices.C.2 A Brief History of satellite communicationIn an article in Wireless World in 1945, Arthur C. Clarke proposed the idea of placing satellites in geostationary orbit around Earth such that three equally spaced satellites could provide worldwide coverage. However, it was not until 1957 that the Soviet Union launched the first satellite Sputnik 1, which was followed in early 1958 by the U.S. Army’s Explorer 1. Both Sputnik and Explorer transmitted telemetry information.The first communications satellite, the Signal Communicating Orbit Repeater Experiment (SCORE), was launched in 1958 by the U.S. Air Force. SCORE was a delayed-repeater satellite, which received signals from Earth at 150 MHz and stored them on tape for later retransmission. A further experimental communication satellite, Echo 1, was launched on August 12, 1960 and placed into inclined orbit at about 1500 km above Earth. Echo 1 was an aluminized plastic balloon with a diameter of 30 m and a weight of 75.3 kg. Echo 1 successfully demonstrated the first two-way voice communications by satellite.On October 4, 1960, the U.S. Department of Defense launched Courier into an elliptical orbit between 956 and 1240 km, with a period of 107 min. Although Courier lasted only 17 days, it was used for real-time voice, data, and facsimile transmission. The satellite also had five tape recorders onboard; four were used for delayed repetition of digital information, and the other for delayed repetition of analog messages.Direct-repeated satellite transmission began with the launch of Telstar I on July 10, 1962. Telstar I was an 87-cm, 80-kg sphere placed in low-Earth orbit between 960 and 6140 km, with an orbital period of 158 min. Telstar I was the first satellite to be able to transmit and receive simultaneously and was used for experimental telephone, image, and television transmission. However, on February 21, 1963, Telstar I suffered damage caused by the newly discovered Van Allen belts.Telstar II was made more radiation resistant and was launched on May 7, 1963. Telstar II was a straight repeater with a 6.5-GHz uplink and a 4.1-GHz downlink. The satellite power amplifier used a specially developed 2-W traveling wave tube. Along with its other capabilities, the broadband amplifier was able to relay color TV transmissions. The first successful trans-Atlantic transmission of video was accomplished with Telstar II , which also incorporated radiation measurements and experiments that exposed semiconductor components to space radiation.The first satellites placed in geostationary orbit were the synchronous communication (SYNCOM ) satellites launched by NASA in 1963. SYNCOM I failed on injection into orbit. However, SYNCOM II was successfully launched on July 26, 1964 and provided telephone, teletype, and facsimile transmission. SYNCOM III was launched on August 19, 1964 and transmitted TV pictures from the Tokyo Olympics. The International Telecommunications by Satellite (INTELSAT) consortium was founded in July 1964 with the charter to design, construct, establish, and maintain the operation of a global commercial communications system on a nondiscriminatory basis. The INTELSAT network started with the launch on April 6, 1965, of INTELSAT I, also called Early Bird. On June 28, 1965, INTELSAT I began providing 240 commercial international telephone channels as well as TV transmission between the United States and Europe.In 1979, INMARSAT established a third global system. In 1995, the INMARSAT name was changed to the International Mobile Satellite Organization to reflect the fact that the organization had evolved to become the only provider of global mobile satellite communications at sea, in the air, and on the land.Early telecommunication satellites were mainly used for long-distance continental and intercontinental broadband, narrowband, and TV transmission. With the advent of broadband optical fiber transmission, satellite services shifted focus to TV distribution, and to point-to-multipoint and very small aperture terminal (VSAT) applications. Satellite transmission is currently undergoing further significant growth with the introduction of mobile satellite systems for personal communications and fixed satellite systems for broadband data transmission.C.3 SmartphonesThink of a daily task, any daily task, and it's likely there's a specialized, pocket-sized device designed to help you accomplish it. You can get a separate, tiny and powerful machine to make phone calls, keep your calendar and address book, entertain you, play your music, give directions, take pictures, check your e-mail, and do countless other things. But how many pockets do you have? Handheld devices become as clunky as a room-sized supercomputer when you have to carry four of them around with you every day.A smartphone is one device that can take care of all of your handheld computing and communication needs in a single, small package. It's not so much a distinct class of products as it is a different set of standards for cell phones to live up to.Unlike many traditional cell phones, smartphones allow individual users to install, configure and run applications of their choosing. A smartphone offers the ability to conform the device to your particular way of doing things. Most standard cell-phone software offers only limited choices for re-configuration, forcing you to adapt to the way it's set up. On a standard phone, whether or not you like the built-in calendar application, you are stuck with it except for a few minor tweaks. If that phone were a smartphone, you could install any compatible calendar application you like.Here's a list of some of the things smartphones can do:•Send and receive mobile phone calls•Personal Information Management (PIM) including notes, calendar and to-do list•Communication with laptop or desktop computers•Data synchronization with applications like Microsoft Outlook•E-mail•Instant messaging•Applications such as word processing programs or video games•Play audio and video files in some standard formatsC.4 Analog, Digital and HDTVFor years, watching TV has involved analog signals and cathode ray tube (CRT) sets. The signal is made of continually varying radio waves that the TV translates into a picture and sound. An analog signal can reach a person's TV over the air, through a cable or via satellite. Digital signals, like the ones from DVD players, are converted to analog when played on traditional TVs.This system has worked pretty well for a long time, but it has some limitations:•Conventional CRT sets display around 480 visible lines of pixels. Broadcasters have been sending signals that work well with this resolution for years, and they can't fit enough resolution to fill a huge television into the analog signal.•Analog pictures are interlaced - a CRT's electron gun paints only half the lines for each pass down the screen. On some TVs, interlacing makes the picture flicker.•Converting video to analog format lowers its quality.United States broadcasting is currently changing to digital television (DTV). A digital signal transmits the information for video and sound as ones and zeros instead of as a wave. For over-the-air broadcasting, DTV will generally use the UHF portion of the radio spectrum with a 6 MHz bandwidth, just like analog TV signals do.DTV has several advantages:•The picture, even when displayed on a small TV, is better quality.• A digital signal can support a higher resolution, so the picture will still look good when shown on a larger TV screen.•The video can be progressive rather than interlaced - the screen shows the entire picture for every frame instead of every other line of pixels.•TV stations can broadcast several signals using the same bandwidth. This is called multicasting.•If broadcasters choose to, they can include interactive content or additional information with the DTV signal.•It can support high-definition (HDTV) broadcasts.DTV also has one really big disadvantage: Analog TVs can't decode and display digital signals. When analog broadcasting ends, you'll only be able to watch TV on your trusty old set if you have cable or satellite service transmitting analog signals or if you have a set-top digital converter.C.5 SoCThe semiconductor industry has continued to make impressive improvements in the achievable density of very large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits. In order to keep pace with the levels of integration available, design engineers have developed new methodologies and techniques to manage the increased complexity inherent in these large chips. One such emerging methodology is system-on-chip (SoC) design, wherein predesigned and pre-verified blocks often called intellectual property (IP) blocks, IP cores, or virtual components are obtained from internal sources, or third parties, and combined on a single chip.These reusable IP cores may include embedded processors, memory blocks, interface blocks, analog blocks, and components that handle application specific processing functions. Corresponding software components are also provided in a reusable form and may include real-time operating systems and kernels, library functions, and device drivers.Large productivity gains can be achieved using this SoC/IP approach. In fact, rather than implementing each of these components separately, the role of the SoC designer is to integrate them onto a chip to implement complex functions in a relatively short amount of time.The integration process involves connecting the IP blocks to the communication network, implementing design-for-test (DFT) techniques and using methodologies to verify and validate the overall system-level design. Even larger productivity gains are possible if the system is architected as a platform in such as way that derivative designs can be generated quickly.In the past, the concept of SoC simply implied higher and higher levels of integration. That is, it was viewed as migrating a multichip system-on-board (SoB) to a single chip containing digital logic, memory, analog/mixed signal, and RF blocks. The primary drivers for this direction were the reduction of power, smaller form factor, and lower overall cost. It is important to recognize that integrating more and more functionality on a chip has always existed as a trend by virtue of Moore’s Law, which predicts that the number of transistors on a chip will double every 18-24 months. The challenge is to increase designer productivity to keep pace with Moore’s Law. Therefore, today’s notion of SoC is defined in terms of overall productivity gains through reusable design and integration of components.。

Address 访问,地址Amplitude 振幅Amplifier 放大器Analog 模拟Anode 阳极,正极Antenna 天线Applications 应用软件Assembly 汇编Be proportional to 与……成比例Beam 光束,电波Biased 偏置,偏压Binary 二进制的Bridge (full-wave rectifier 桥式全波整流器Bugs 原因不明的故障Bus (计算机总线Capacitance 电容量Capacitor 电容量Career 事业,速度Cathode 负极阴极Charge 电荷,充电Circuit 电路Code 代码,编码Collector 集电极Consumer 消费者,用户Cycle 循环,周期DC 直流电decimal 十进制,小数的Decibel 分贝Diode 二极管Dynamic 动态的稳压源Electronic technology电子技术Emitter 发射极,发射体Filament 灯丝,细丝Film 胶卷影片Filter 滤波器Flip-flop 触发器Reverse biased反偏置Forward biased正偏置Gain 增益,放大倍数Gate 门电路栅极Hardware 硬件Hexadecimal 十六进制的Image 图像,映像Impedance 阻抗Implement 工具,实现In series with与……串联Inductance 电感量Inductor 电感器Instruction 指令Insulating 绝缘的Internal resistance内阻Inverter 反相器Jack 插孔,插座Keyboard 键盘Loop 回路Major in主修Meter 米,仪表Microprocessor 微处理器, 单片机Microwave oven微波炉Multimedia 多媒体Multimeter 万用表Negative 底片,负的Operating 操作数Opcode 操作代码Pack-to-peak voltage电压峰 -峰值Pixel 像素Rectify 整流,检波Resistance 电阻值Resistor 电阻器Ripple 脉动,波动Satellite 人造卫星Semiconductor 半导体Sequence 次序,顺序,序列 Software 软件Solder 焊料,焊接,焊补 Static 静态的,静力的Storage 存储,储藏,储藏库 Subcomponents 子部件Switch 开关,电闸,转换 Syn 同步,共同Technique 技术,技巧,方法 Temporary 暂时的,临时的 Thrive 兴旺繁荣Transistor 晶体管Transformer 变压器Variable 变量,易变的Voltage 电压Zener diode齐纳二极管,稳压二极管Unit 1直流电路 : direct current circuits模拟电子技术: analog electronics微处理器: microprocessor或 microcontrollerAssembler language: 汇编语言Digital electronics: 数字电子技术Would you go to a pop concert that had no amplifiers, large screens or lighting effect? 你愿意去参加一个没有音箱放大器、没有大屏幕或灯光效果的流行音乐会吗?The electronic technology will provide a sound educational foundation to enable graduates to follow a career in electrical engineering.电子技术专业将为毕业生打下一个牢固的基础,学生毕业后可以从事电气工程师的职业。