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仪器分析专业名词英文及名词解释一、紫外-可见光分光光度法1、透光率（transmittance）：透过样品的光强度与入射光强度之比。
2、吸收度（absorbance）：透光率的负对数。
3、生色团（chromophore）：含有π→π*或n→π*跃迁的基团。
4、助色团（auxochrome）：含孤对电子（非键电子）的杂原子基团。
5、摩尔吸收系数（molar absorptivity）：一定波长时，溶液浓度为1mol/L，光程为1cm时的吸收度。
6、比吸收系数（specific absorptivity）：一定波长时，溶液浓度为1%（W/V），光程为1cm时的吸收度。
7、红移（red shift）：化合物结构改变（共轭，引入助色团，溶剂改变等），使吸收峰向长波长移动的现象。
8、蓝移（blue shift）：当化合物结构改变或受溶剂的影响等原因使吸收峰向短波长移动的现象。
也称短移（hypso chromic shift）。
9、增色效应（hyperchromic effect）：由于化合物结构改变或其他原因使吸收强度增加的效应。
10、减色效应（hypochromic effect）：由于化合物结构改变或其他原因使吸收强度减弱的效应。
11、末端吸收（end absorption）：在短波长处（200nm左右）只呈现强吸收，而不成峰形的部分。
12、标准对照法：在相同条件下配制标准溶液和样品溶液，在选定的波长下分别测定吸光度，根据朗伯-比尔定律计算样品浓度的定量定性分析方法。
13、K带：共轭双键中π→π*跃迁所产生的吸收带，强吸收，ε>104。
14、R带：由n→π*引起的吸收带，弱吸收。
15、吸收带：吸收峰在紫外可见光谱中的波带位置（R、K、B和E带）。
16、B带和E带：芳香族（含芳香族）化合物的特征吸收带。
二、荧光分析法1、荧光（fluorescence）：由第一激发单线态的最低振动能级回到基态任一振动能级时发射的光。
收稿日期：２０２２－１０－０３基金项目：上海航天先进技术联合研究基金（ＵＳＣＡＳＴ２０１９ ２３）；上海交通大学“深蓝计划”基金项目（ＳＬ２０２１ＺＤ２０２）；“十三五”装备预研领域基金项目（重点）（６１４０５１７０１０３）引用格式：骆曼箬，李绍良，黄艺明，等．原子陀螺研究进展及展望［Ｊ］．测控技术，２０２３，４２（１０）：１－１０．ＬＵＯＭＲ，ＬＩＳＬ，ＨＵＡＮＧＹＭ，ｅｔａｌ．ＲｅｖｉｅｗａｎｄＰｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｏｆＡｔｏｍｉｃＧｙｒｏｓｃｏｐｅＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ［Ｊ］．Ｍｅａｓｕｒｅｍｅｎｔ＆ＣｏｎｔｒｏｌＴｅｃｈ ｎｏｌｏｇｙ，２０２３，４２（１０）：１－１０．原子陀螺研究进展及展望骆曼箬１，李绍良２，黄艺明１，张 弛１，吴招才３，刘 华１（１．上海交通大学电子信息与电气工程学院，上海 ２００２４０；２．上海航天控制技术研究所，上海 ２０１１０９；３．自然资源部第二海洋研究所，浙江杭州 ３１００１２）摘要：原子陀螺是基于量子物理原理和量子技术的新型高性能惯性传感器，在国防、军用以及民用等领域均具有广阔的应用前景，已成为国内外惯性技术领域的研究热点。
目前原子陀螺主要分为核磁共振陀螺、无自旋交换弛豫陀螺和原子干涉陀螺，分别对它们的研究历程和现状进行了详细介绍，并对原子陀螺的未来发展趋势方向进行了展望，最后针对国内原子陀螺技术研究提出了一些思考。
关键词：原子陀螺；惯性导航；组合陀螺系统；芯片级陀螺中图分类号：Ｖ２４１ 文献标志码：Ａ 文章编号：１０００－８８２９（２０２３）１０－０００１－１０ｄｏｉ：１０．１９７０８／ｊ．ｃｋｊｓ．２０２３．０１．２１０ＲｅｖｉｅｗａｎｄＰｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｏｆＡｔｏｍｉｃＧｙｒｏｓｃｏｐｅＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔＬＵＯＭａｎｒｕｏ１牞ＬＩＳｈａｏｌｉａｎｇ２牞ＨＵＡＮＧＹｉｍｉｎｇ１牞ＺＨＡＮＧＣｈｉ１牞ＷＵＺｈａｏｃａｉ３牞ＬＩＵＨｕａ１牗１．ＳｃｈｏｏｌｏｆＥｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｉｃＩｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＥｌｅｃｔｒｉｃａｌＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ牞ＳｈａｎｇｈａｉＪｉａｏＴｏｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ牞Ｓｈａｎｇｈａｉ２００２４０牞Ｃｈｉｎａ牷２．ＳｈａｎｇｈａｉＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＳｐａｃｅｆｌｉｇｈｔＣｏｎｔｒｏｌＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ牞Ｓｈａｎｇｈａｉ２０１１０９牞Ｃｈｉｎａ牷３．ＳｅｃｏｎｄＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＯｃｅａｎｏｇｒａｐｈｙ牞ＭＮＲ牞Ｈａｎｇｚｈｏｕ３１００１２牞Ｃｈｉｎａ牘Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ牶Ａｔｏｍｉｃｇｙｒｏｓｃｏｐｅｉｓａｎｅｗｈｉｇｈ ｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅｉｎｅｒｔｉａｌｓｅｎｓｏｒｗｈｉｃｈｉｓｎｅｗｌｙｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｂａｓｅｄｏｎｑｕａｎｔｕｍｐｈｙｓｉｃｓｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓａｎｄｑｕａｎｔｕｍｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ．Ｉｔｈａｓｂｒｏａｄａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｓｉｎｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ牞ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙａｎｄｃｉｖｉｌｆｉｅｌｄｓ牞ａｎｄｈａｓｂｅｃｏｍｅａｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｈｏｔｓｐｏｔｉｎｔｈｅｆｉｅｌｄｏｆｉｎｅｒｔｉａｌｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙａｔｈｏｍｅａｎｄａ ｂｒｏａｄ．Ａｔｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ牞ａｔｏｍｉｃｇｙｒｏｓｃｏｐｅｓａｒｅｍａｉｎｌｙｄｅｖｉｄｅｄｉｎｔｏｎｕｃｌｅａｒｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃｒｅｓｏｎａｎｃｅｇｙｒｏｓｃｏｐｅ牞ｓｐｉｎｅｘ ｃｈａｎｇｅｒｅｌａｘａｔｉｏｎｆｒｅｅｇｙｒｏｓｃｏｐｅａｎｄａｔｏｍ ｉｎｔｅｒｆｅｒｏｍｅｔｅｒｇｙｒｏｓｃｏｐｅ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｈｉｓｔｏｒｙａｎｄｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｓｅｇｙｒｏｓｃｏｐｅｓａｒｅｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｉｎｄｅｔａｉｌ牞ａｎｄｔｈｅｆｕｔｕｒｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｔｒｅｎｄｏｆａｔｏｍｉｃｇｙｒｏｓｃｏｐｅｓｉｓｐｒｏｓｐｅｃ ｔｅｄ．Ｆｉｎａｌｌｙ牞ｓｏｍｅｔｈｏｕｇｈｔｓｏｎｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｆａｔｏｍｉｃｇｙｒｏｓｃｏｐｅｓａｒｅｐｕｔｆｏｒｗａｒｄ．Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ牶ａｔｏｍｉｃｇｙｒｏｓｃｏｐｅ牷ｉｎｅｒｔｉａｌｎａｖｉｇａｔｉｏｎ牷ｃｏｍｂｉｎａｔｏｒｉａｌｇｙｒｏｓｃｏｐｅｓｙｓｔｅｍ牷ｃｈｉｐ ｓｃａｌｅｇｙｒｏｓｃｏｐｅ 陀螺仪是惯性导航系统中的核心器件，用于测量载体运动的角加速度。
14-5-6NMR中常用的英文缩写和中文名称_天台上的向日葵百度空间 | 百度首页 | 登录天台上的向日葵天台上的向日葵，倔强地挺立，痴痴地凝望灿烂的太阳主页博客相册|个人档案|好友查看文章NMR中常用的英文缩写和中文名称2008-12-25 18:51NMR中常用的英文缩写和中文名称APT Attached Proton Test 质子连接实验ASIS Aromatic Solvent Induced Shift 芳香溶剂诱导位移BBDR Broad Band Double Resonance 宽带双共振BIRD Bilinear Rotation Decoupling 双线性旋转去偶（脉冲）COLOC Correlated Spectroscopy for Long Range Coupling 远程偶合相关谱COSY ( Homonuclear chemical shift ) COrrelation SpectroscopY （同核化学位移）相关谱CP Cross Polarization 交叉极化CP/MAS Cross Polarization / Magic Angle Spinning 交叉极化魔角自旋CSA Chemical Shift Anisotropy 化学位移各向异性CSCM Chemical Shift Correlation Map 化学位移相关图CW continuous wave 连续波DD Dipole-Dipole 偶极-偶极DECSY Double-quantum Echo Correlated Spectroscopy 双量子回波相关谱DEPT Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer 无畸变极化转移增强2DFTS two Dimensional FT Spectroscopy 二维傅立叶变换谱DNMR Dynamic NMR 动态NMRDNP Dynamic Nuclear Polarization 动态核极化DQ(C) Double Quantum (Coherence) 双量子（相干）DQD Digital Quadrature Detection 数字正交检测DQF Double Quantum Filter 双量子滤波DQF-COSY Double Quantum Filtered COSY 双量子滤波COSYDRDS Double Resonance Difference Spectroscopy 双共振差谱EXSY Exchange Spectroscopy 交换谱FFT Fast Fourier Transformation 快速傅立叶变换FID Free Induction Decay 自由诱导衰减H,C-COSY 1H,13C chemical-shift COrrelation SpectroscopY 1H,13C化学位移相关谱H,X-COSY 1H,X-nucleus chemical-shift COrrelation SpectroscopY 1H,X-核化学位移相关谱HETCOR Heteronuclear Correlation Spectroscopy 异核相关谱HMBC Heteronuclear Multiple-Bond Correlation 异核多键相关HMQC Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Coherence异核多量子相干HOESY Heteronuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy 异核Overhause效应谱HOHAHA Homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn spectroscopy 同核Hartmann-Hahn谱HR High Resolution 高分辨HSQC Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence 异核单量子相干INADEQUATE Incredible Natural Abundance Double Quantum Transfer Experiment 稀核双量子转移实验（简称双量子实验，或双量子谱）INDOR Internuclear Double Resonance 核间双共振INEPT Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization 非灵敏核极化转移增强INVERSE H,X correlation via 1H detection 检测1H的H,X核相关IR Inversion-Recovery 反（翻）转回复JRES J-resolved spectroscopy J-分解谱LIS Lanthanide (chemical shift reagent ) Induced Shift 镧系（化学位移试剂）诱导位移LSR Lanthanide Shift Reagent 镧系位移试剂MAS Magic-Angle Spinning 魔角自旋MQ(C) Multiple-Quantum ( Coherence ) 多量子（相干）MQF Multiple-Quantum Filter 多量子滤波MQMAS Multiple-Quantum Magic-Angle Spinning 多量子魔角自旋MQS Multi Quantum Spectroscopy 多量子谱14-5-6NMR中常用的英文缩写和中文名称_天台上的向日葵MQS Multi Quantum Spectroscopy 多量子谱NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 核磁共振NOE Nuclear Overhauser Effect 核Overhauser效应（NOE）NOESY Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy 二维NOE谱NQR Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance 核四极共振PFG Pulsed Gradient Field 脉冲梯度场PGSE Pulsed Gradient Spin Echo 脉冲梯度自旋回波PRFT Partially Relaxed Fourier Transform 部分弛豫傅立叶变换PSD Phase-sensitive Detection 相敏检测PW Pulse Width 脉宽RCT Relayed Coherence Transfer 接力相干转移RECSY Multistep Relayed Coherence Spectroscopy 多步接力相干谱REDOR Rotational Echo Double Resonance 旋转回波双共振RELAY Relayed Correlation Spectroscopy 接力相关谱RF Radio Frequency 射频ROESY Rotating Frame Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy 旋转坐标系NOE谱ROTO ROESY-TOCSY Relay ROESY-TOCSY 接力谱SC Scalar Coupling 标量偶合SDDS Spin Decoupling Difference Spectroscopy 自旋去偶差谱SE Spin Echo 自旋回波SECSY Spin-Echo Correlated Spectroscopy自旋回波相关谱SEDOR Spin Echo Double Resonance 自旋回波双共振SEFT Spin-Echo Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (with J modulation) （J-调制）自旋回波傅立叶变换谱SELINCOR Selective Inverse Correlation 选择性反相关SELINQUATE Selective INADEQUATE 选择性双量子（实验）SFORD Single Frequency Off-Resonance Decoupling 单频偏共振去偶SNR or S/N Signal-to-noise Ratio 信 / 燥比SQF Single-Quantum Filter 单量子滤波SR Saturation-Recovery 饱和恢复TCF Time Correlation Function 时间相关涵数TOCSY Total Correlation Spectroscopy 全（总）相关谱TORO TOCSY-ROESY Relay TOCSY-ROESY接力TQF Triple-Quantum Filter 三量子滤波WALTZ-16 A broadband decoupling sequence 宽带去偶序列WATERGATE Water suppression pulse sequence 水峰压制脉冲序列WEFT Water Eliminated Fourier Transform 水峰消除傅立叶变换ZQ(C) Zero-Quantum (Coherence) 零量子相干ZQF Zero-Quantum Filter 零量子滤波T1 Longitudinal (spin-lattice) relaxation time for MZ 纵向（自旋-晶格）弛豫时间T2 Transverse (spin-spin) relaxation time for Mxy 横向（自旋-自旋）弛豫时间tm mixing time 混合时间τc rotational correlation time 旋转相关时间类别：默认分类 | 添加到搜藏 | 浏览() | 评论 (1)上一篇：依恋类型测试下一篇：核磁解析中关于峰形的缩写最近读者：登录后，您就出现在这里。
核磁共振的原理特点及应用1. 核磁共振的原理核磁共振（Nuclear Magnetic Resonance，NMR）是一种基于原子核在外加磁场的作用下发生共振现象的物理现象。
在核磁共振中，原子核的自旋能级在磁场作用下发生分裂，并且能量差对应着特定的共振频率。
核磁共振的原理主要基于以下两个关键概念：•自旋：原子核具有自旋，类似于地球自转的概念。
每个原子核都有一个量子数，称为自旋量子数（spin quantum number），通常用I表示。
•磁矩：原子核在磁场中会产生一个磁矩（magnetic moment），类似于磁铁的磁性。
原子核磁矩的大小和方向与自旋量子数有关。
当一个原子核处于外加磁场中时，它的能级会发生分裂，分裂的数量由自旋量子数决定。
这种能级分裂对应着不同的共振频率，从而可以被探测出来。
2. 核磁共振的特点核磁共振具有以下特点：2.1 非侵入性核磁共振是一种非侵入性的技术，不需要接触样本即可获取信息。
这使得核磁共振成为一种无创的检测方法，可以应用于生物医学、化学等领域。
2.2 分辨率高核磁共振具有很高的分辨率，可以探测到样本中不同的分子或原子核，并且可以提供详细的信息。
这使得核磁共振在化学结构分析、生物分子研究等领域中应用广泛。
2.3 选择性强核磁共振可以对特定的原子核进行选择性激发，从而准确地获取关于样本中特定原子核的信息。
这种选择性激发使得核磁共振在定量分析和结构鉴定中非常有用。
2.4 灵敏度高核磁共振在检测样品时具有很高的灵敏度，可以探测到非常微弱的信号。
这使得核磁共振在低浓度物质的检测和定量分析中非常有效。
3. 核磁共振的应用核磁共振在多个领域中有着广泛的应用，以下列举了一些常见的应用场景：3.1 生物医学核磁共振在生物医学中有广泛的应用，例如：•核磁共振成像（Magnetic Resonance Imaging，MRI）可以对人体内部器官和组织进行无创检测，并提供高分辨率的图像。
absolute intensityA display or plot mode in which the signal intensity is proportional to theacquisition timeattenuationThe control applied to voltages (including signal from the sample) within the spectrometer. High attenuation gives low-voltage, low-attenuation gives high-voltage.B 0The static magnetic field. The magnetic flux density is expressed in tesla,T, or often, as an equivalent 1H resonance frequency (for example, 300MHz for a 7 T magnet).B 1Magnetic field associated with a radio-frequency (r.f.) pulse. Often expressed as an equivalent value in kHz.bandshapeUsually used when referring to a complex lineshape or a group of overlapping plex bandshapes often arise from quadrupolar nuclei (see figure 2).centrebandThe signal at the isotropic chemical shift. Its position is the same at all spin-rates.channelThe individual frequencies or frequency bands of a spectrometer. For example: H-channel (proton), C-channel (carbon) or broad-band (or X) channel (usually anything except H).chemical shiftNumber used for reporting the position of a line (νi )relative to a reference line (νref ) in a high-resolution spectrum. The chemical shift parameter is denoted δ and quoted in ppm.coherence pathwayDescription of an experiment that allows the excitation of the spins to be followed. Useful for experiments where excitation or selection of signal from one-, two- or multiple-quantum transitions is needed.contact timeTime during which two matched radio-frequency fields are applied simultaneously in a CP experiment.CPCross-polarisation. Any experiment where energy (magnetisation) is transferred from the nuclei of one element (often H) to those of another.dead-time Time between a pulse and the switch on of the receiver. The spectrometercircuitry needs time to settle after transmitting the high voltage associatedwith a pulse before it can detect the very low voltage associated with thesignal from the sample. See figure 1.610×−=ref ref i νννδTerminology Commonly Used in NMR SpectroscopyFigure 2. Bandshape from a single 11B environment.磁共振成像常用技术术语d.c. offset Constant-value offset occurring in the FID (see “Problems”). Results ina central (zero-frequency) “spike” artefact in the spectrum whentransformed.deconvolution Mathematical process used to determine the intensities of overlappinglines.digital resolution This depends on the Fourier number. The bigger the Fourier number thegreater the number of data points per Hz of the spectrum and the higherthe digital resolution. See “Processing”.DP Direct-polarisation. An experiment in which the nuclei to be observedare excited directly.duty cycle A value used to assess whether anexperiment might damage thespectrometer (or the sample). Theduty cycle should never exceed 20 %(see “How to Choose a RecycleDelay”)dwell Spacing between data points in the time-domain. Can depend on theway acquisition is implemented but, commonly, dwell = 1/spectral width. endcap Open rotors have to be closed with endcaps before they can be spun. FID Free Induction Decay (see figure 1).field Magnetic field, with flux density quoted in T (Tesla) for the static magneticfield (B). For the magnetic field associated with an r.f. pulse the fluxdensity is given in mT or, more usually, expressed as a kHz equivalent(see “Matching”).flip-back Experimental procedure for shortening recycle times (see “How to Choosea Recycle”).Fourier number The number of points used in the FT. Always a power of 2.frequency domain Where information is displayed as a function of frequency - the spectrum FT Fourier Transform. Mathematical process to convert time-domain tofrequency-domain. Designed to work with 2n (n = integer) data points. gain Amplification applied to the received signal.Gauss Non-SI unit of magnetic field flux density. The SI equivalent is Tesla (T),1 T = 10,000 Gintensity On its own - the height of a line. Integrated-intensity is the area under theline.linebroadening Spectra can be artificially linebroadened to improve their appearance.This involves multiplying the FID with a decaying function prior to the FT.See “Processing”.lineshape The shape of individual lines in a spectrum. Commonly, Gaussian orLorentzian (figure 3) or a mixture of the two, are encounteredexperimentally.linewidth This is usually the full width at half-height (δν½)r.f. on-timer.f. on-time + r.f. off-timeduty cycle =magic-angle54.7° or 54° 44´magnetisation when described classically (non-quantum mechanically) an ensemble ofspins at equilibrium in an external magnetic field has a net magnetisationprecessing about an axis aligned along that field.magnetogyric ratio Symbol γ . A fundamental physical constant of elements with non-zerospin. For example γH is 2.675x108 rads -1T -1.matchShort for Hartmann-Hahn match (see “Matching”)noisenormalised intensity Signal intensity can be multiplied by an arbitrary factor to give a particularheight to the highest (often) line or the integrated intensity. Opposite ofabsolute intensity.nuclear spin quantum number Symbol I . A fundamental property of a nucleus. Only nuclei with I > 0are said to be NMR “active”.phase (1)The phase of a pulse relates to its position in the xy plane of the rotating frame.phase (2)The phase of a spectral line comes from the way in which the real and imaginary components of a complex FT are combined (see “Processing”).phase cycling The way in which the phase of a pulse (or the receiver) is changed duringsuccessive repetitions of a pulse sequence. Used to suppress artefactsand select specific coherence pathways.ppm Parts per million. Usual way of reporting a chemical shift. A frequencydifference ∆ Hz 610×∆≈n observatio ν ppm precession“Movement of the axis of a spinning body around another axis” (as a gyroscope)probeThe business end of the spectrometer, where the sample goes.pulse angle When described in the rotating frame a pulse rotates the magnetisationthrough an angle θ. A pulse that rotates the magnetisation though 90° iscalled a 90° pulse.pulse duration Time for which a pulse occurs.quadrupole Any nucleus with I > ½.recycle (time)Or pulse delay or relaxation delay. Time between the end of dataacquisition and the start of excitation in successive repetitions of a pulsesequence. (See “How to Choose a Recycle”).referenceThe material giving the signal which defines the zero position in a high-heightresolution spectrum.repetitionsThe number of times a pulse sequence is repeated in an experiment.resolutionThe ability to separate closely spaced lines (see figure 4). As a rule of thumb,a pair of lines will be resolved if their linewidth is less than their separation.resolution enhancementThe opposite of linebroadening. An FID multiplied by an appropriate combination of increasing and decaying functions can yield extra resolution in a spectrum. See “Processing”.rotary echoA feature of an FID that occurs at intervals of 1/spin-rate (see “How to Set the Magic-angle”). They give rise to spinning sidebands in the spectrum.rotating frameA mathematical tool to make the effect of a pulse easy to visualise.Magnetisation precessing at ν Hz in a laboratory-based xyz axis system appears static in an axis system (frame) rotating at ν Hz.rotorThe container that holds the sample. Often referred to in terms of its outside diameter (for example, 5 mm).saturationCondition that arises when there is no population difference between excited and ground states. No signal is observable under such conditions.sidebandsOr spinning sidebands. Under some circumstances sidebands appear in a spectrum. They can occur on both sides of a centreband and separated from it by a frequency equal to the spin-rate. A spectrum may contain a manifold of sidebands and the centreband is not necessarily more intense than all of the sidebands.signalThe FID or one or more of the lines in a spectrum.signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)Ratio of the height of a line or signal (usually the largest) to the noise.Definitions of the measurement of noise vary. Signal increases as n (the number of repetitions) but noise only increases by √n so S/N increases by √n.spectral widthDifference in frequency of the two ends of the full spectrum. Not to be confused with the now largely obsolete term sweep width.spinA property of a nucleus with non-zero nuclear spin-quantum number (I ),as in spin-½. Or, simply, a nucleus with a magnetic moment.spin-lockIf, after a 90°x pulse a second, long-duration (spin-lock) r.f. field is applied along the y-axis the magnetisation is said to be spin-locked.spin-rateThe rate at which the sample is spun.spin-temperature inversionA manipulation carried out within the phase cycling of a CP experiment to remove magnetisation originating directly from the X-channel contact pulse.standard Any sample used to set-up the spectrometer and/or to define the zeroposition in the spectrum.Figure 4. Two lines of constant spacing but different linewidth.T 1Spin-lattice relaxation time-constant. Relates to the time taken for excited spins, in the presence of B 0, to loose energy to their surroundings and return to their equilibrium state.T 1ρSpin-lattice relaxation time-constant in the rotating frame. As for T 1 but this time in the presence of an applied radio-frequency field B 1.T 2Spin-spin relaxation time-constant. Relates to the time for a conserved exchange of energy between spins.T 2*A time-constant sometimes used to describe the decay of the observed time-domain signal (T 2* ≤ T 2). The shorter T 2* the broader the associated signal(s) in the spectrum.time-domainWhere information is recorded or displayed as a function of time (see figure 1).transmitter offsetThis allows fine control of the position of a transmitter (carrier frequency).With an appropriate offset, signals can be put exactly on-resonance or a specific amount off-resonance. Can be applied to any spectrometer channel.truncationIf the acquisition time is shorter than the FID then truncation of the FID is said to have occurred (See “Problems”).zero filling If the number of data points is not a power of two then zeroes are addedto the acquired data so that the total number of points Fourier transformedis 2n . Zero filling adds no signal to the spectrum but it can improveresolution (see “Processing”).。
APT Attached Proton Test 质子连接实验ASIS Aromatic Solvent Induced Sh芳香溶剂诱导位移 BBDR Broad Band Double Resonance 宽带双共振BIRD Bilinear Rotation Decoupling 双线性旋转去偶（脉冲）COLOC Correlated Spectroscopy for Long Range Coupling 远程偶合相关谱COSY ( Homonuclear chemical shift ) Correlation Spectroscopy （同核化学位移）相关谱CP Cross Polarization 交叉极化CP/MAS Cross Polarization / Magic Angle Spinning 交叉极化魔角自旋CSA Chemical Shift Anisotropy 化学位移各向异性CSCM Chemical Shift Correlation Map 化学位移相关图CW continuous wave 连续波DD Dipole-Dipole 偶极-偶极DECSY Double-quantum Echo Correlated Spectroscopy 双量子回波相关谱DEPT Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer 无畸变极化转移增强2DFTS two Dimensional FT Spectroscopy 二维傅立叶变换谱DNMR Dynamic NMR 动态NMRDNP Dynamic Nuclear Polarization 动态核极化DQ(C) Double Quantum (Coherence) 双量子（相干）DQD Digital Quadrature Detection 数字正交检测DQF Double Quantum Filter 双量子滤波DQF-COSY Double Quantum Filtered COSY 双量子滤波COSY DRDS Double Resonance Difference Spectroscopy 双共振差谱EXSY Exchange Spectroscopy 交换谱FFT Fast Fourier Transformation 快速傅立叶变换FID Free Induction Decay 自由诱导衰减H,C-COSY 1H,13C chemical-shift Correlation Spectroscopy 1H,13C化学位移相关谱H,X-COSY 1H,X-nucleus chemical-shift Correlation Spectroscopy 1H,X-核化学位移相关谱HETCOR Heteronuclear Correlation Spectroscopy 异核相关谱HMBC Heteronuclear Multiple-Bond Correlation 异核多键相关HMQC Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Coherence异核多量子相干HOESY Heteronuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy 异核Overhause效应谱HOHAHA Homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn spectroscopy 同核Hartmann-Hahn谱HR High Resolution 高分辨 HSQCHeteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence 异核单量子相干INADEQUATE Incredible Natural Abundance Double Quantum Transfer Experiment 稀核双量子转移实验（简称双量子实验，或双量子谱）INDOR Internuclear Double Resonance 核间双共振INEPT Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization 非灵敏核极化转移增强INVERSE H,X correlation via 1H detection 检测1H的H,X核相关 IR Inversion-Recovery 反（翻）转回复JRES J-resolved spectroscopy J-分解谱LIS Lanthanide (chemical shift reagent ) Induced Shift 镧系（化学位移试剂）诱导位移LSR Lanthanide Shift Reagent 镧系位移试剂MAS Magic-Angle Spinning 魔角自旋MQ(C) Multiple-Quantum ( Coherence ) 多量子（相干）MQF Multiple-Quantum Filter 多量子滤波MQMAS Multiple-Quantum Magic-Angle Spinning 多量子魔角自旋MQS Multi Quantum Spectroscopy 多量子谱NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 核磁共振NOE Nuclear Overhauser Effect 核Overhauser效应（NOE）NOESY Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy 二维NOE谱NQR Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance 核四极共振PFG Pulsed Gradient Field 脉冲梯度场PGSE Pulsed Gradient Spin Echo 脉冲梯度自旋回波PRFT Partially Relaxed Fourier Transform 部分弛豫傅立叶变换PSD Phase-sensitive Detection 相敏检测 PW Pulse Width 脉宽RCT Relayed Coherence Transfer 接力相干转移RECSY Multistep Relayed Coherence Spectroscopy 多步接力相干谱REDOR Rotational Echo Double Resonance 旋转回波双共振RELAY Relayed Correlation Spectroscopy 接力相关谱 RF Radio Frequency 射频ROESY Rotating Frame Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy 旋转坐标系NOE谱ROTO ROESY-TOCSY Relay ROESY-TOCSY 接力谱 SC Scalar Coupling 标量偶合SDDS Spin Decoupling Difference Spectroscopy 自旋去偶差谱 SE Spin Echo 自旋回波SECSY Spin-Echo Correlated Spectroscopy自旋回波相关谱SEDOR Spin Echo Double Resonance 自旋回波双共振SEFT Spin-Echo Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (with J modulation) （J-调制）自旋回波傅立叶变换谱SELINCOR Selective Inverse Correlation 选择性反相关SELINQUATE Selective INADEQUA TE 选择性双量子（实验）SFORD Single Frequency Off-Resonance Decoupling 单频偏共振去偶SNR or S/N Signal-to-noise Ratio 信 / 燥比SQF Single-Quantum Filter 单量子滤波SR Saturation-Recovery 饱和恢复TCF Time Correlation Function 时间相关涵数TOCSY Total Correlation Spectroscopy 全（总）相关谱TORO TOCSY-ROESY Relay TOCSY-ROESY接力 TQF Triple-Quantum Filter 三量子滤波WALTZ-16 A broadband decoupling sequence 宽带去偶序列WATERGATE Water suppression pulse sequence 水峰压制脉冲序列WEFT Water Eliminated Fourier Transform 水峰消除傅立叶变换ZQ(C) Zero-Quantum (Coherence) 零量子相干ZQF Zero-Quantum Filter 零量子滤波T1 Longitudinal (spin-lattice) relaxation time for MZ 纵向（自旋-晶格）弛豫时间T2 Transverse (spin-spin) relaxation time for Mxy 横向（自旋-自旋）弛豫时间 tm mixing time 混合时间τc rotational correlation time 旋转相关时间。
量子测量术语1 范围本文件规定了量子测量相关的基本术语和定义。
本文件适用于量子测量相关标准制定、技术文件编制、教材和书刊编写以及文献翻译等。
2 规范性引用文件本文件没有规范性引用文件。
3 通用基础3.1量子测量quantum measurement利用量子的最小、离散、不可分割特性及量子自旋、量子相干、量子压缩、量子纠缠等特性，大幅提升经典测量性能的测量。
3.2量子计量quantum metrology基于基本物理常数定义国际单位制基本单位，利用量子系统、量子特性或量子现象复现测量单位量值或实现直接溯源到基本物理常数的测量，可用于其他高精度测量研究。
3.3量子传感quantum sensing利用量子系统、量子特性或量子现象实现的传感技术。
3.4量子态quantum state量子系统的状态。
3.5量子费希尔信息quantum Fisher information量子费希尔信息是经典费希尔信息的扩展，表征了量子系统状态对待测参数的敏感性，可用于确定参数测量的最高精度。
3.6海森堡极限Heisenberg limit根据海森堡不确定性关系，在给定的量子态下，量子系统的某个指定的可观测物理量受其非对易物理量测量不确定性的制约所能达到的测量精度极限。
3.7标准量子极限standard quantum limit由量子力学原理决定的噪声极限，即多粒子系统处于真空态时两个正交分量的量子噪声相等且满足海森堡最小不确定关系。
3.8散粒噪声shot noise散粒噪声，或称泊松噪声，是一种遵从泊松过程的噪声。
对于电子或光子，其散粒噪声来源于电子或者光子离散的粒子本质。
3.9量子真空涨落quantum vacuum fluctuation真空能量密度的随机扰动，是海森堡不确定原理导致的结果。
3.10量子噪声quantum noise测量过程中由于量子系统的海森堡不确定性引发的噪声。
3.11量子投影噪声quantum projection noise测量过程中由于量子投影测量结果的随机性所引发的噪声。
a r X i v :c o n d -m a t /0102231v 2 [c o n d -m a t .m e s -h a l l ] 8 A u g 2001Nuclear spin driven quantum relaxation in LiY 0.998Ho 0.002F 4R.Giraud 1,W.Wernsdorfer 1,achuk 2,D.Mailly 3,and B.Barbara 11Laboratoire de Magn´e tisme Louis N´e el,CNRS,BP166,38042Grenoble Cedex-09,France 2All-Russia Scientific Center “S.I.Vavilov State Optical Institute”,199034St.Petersburg,Russia 3Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures,CNRS,196Av.H.Ravera,92220Bagneux,France(February 1,2008)Staircaselike hysteresis loops of the magnetization of a LiY 0.998Ho 0.002F 4single crystal are observed at subkelvin temperatures and low field sweep rates.This behavior results from quantum dynamics at avoided level crossings of the energy spectrum of single Ho 3+ions in the presence of hyperfine interactions.Enhanced quantum relaxation in constant transverse fields allows the study of the relative magnitude of tunnel splittings.At faster sweep rates,nonequilibrated spin–phonon and spin–spin transitions,mediated by weak dipolar interactions,lead to magnetization oscillations and additional steps.75.45.+j,71.70.Jp,76.30.KgThe problem of quantum dynamics of a two-level sys-tem coupled to an environment (boson or fermion bath)is at the core of mesoscopic physics [1].We show that the new field of “mesoscopic magnetism”,which studies the tunneling of large magnetic moments in the presence of phonons and spins,is not limited to molecular com-plexes and nanoparticles,but it can be extended to other systems such as rare-earth ions.After the first studies on large spin molecules Mn 12-ac [2,3]and Fe 8[4],the role of the spin bath on the tunnel mechanism was shown [5–9].In particular,quasistatic fields due to dipolar interactions between molecules lead to a distribution of internal fields,and field fluctuations,essentially of nuclear spins,give homogeneous level broadening allowing the restoration of tunneling in a finite energy window,at low tempera-ture;this broadening being much larger than the phonon one,it is more relevant to induce tunneling.This mech-anism is efficient unless all nuclear spins of the molecule are frozen,which occurs only below the mK scale.In low spin molecules,large tunneling gaps favor spin–phonon transitions.Although the hyperfine induced level broad-ening is the same as in large spin molecules,the phonon bath becomes as important as the spin bath [10].In all these cases,the role of field fluctuations was clearly evi-denced.This description is for the relatively weak hyperfine interactions of Mn 12or Fe 8molecules,and therefore for incoherent nuclear spin fluctuations.The question as to what really happens when an electronic moment tunnels,while it is strongly coupled to its nuclear spin,has not yet a clear answer.Contrary to the 3d group,hyperfine inter-actions are very large in 4f elements.Diluted rare-earth ions in a nonmagnetic insulating single crystal are there-fore very suitable to study the possible entanglement of nuclear and electronic moments,when tunneling occurs.Our choice was the weakly doped rare-earth fluoride se-ries LiY 1−x R x F 4,in which high quality single crystals are mainly investigated for applications in high-power laser diodes [11].Note that EPR spin-echo of magnetic tunnel-ing states have already been observed in a 1%Dy-doped crystal [12].At higher concentrations,these crystals were used for phase transition studies of dipolar ordered mag-nets [13].Among them,the holmium doped fluoride is a random,dipolar coupled system with an Ising ground state doublet (g eff≈13.3[14],see also [15]and refer-ences therein)and a pure isotope I =7/2nuclear spin.The magnetic properties of the Ising ferromagnet LiHoF 4and spin glass LiY 0.833Ho 0.167F 4have been studied by ac susceptibility [16].In particular,enhanced quantum fluc-tuations,leading to a cross-over to a quantum spin glass,were evidenced in an applied transverse field [17].In this letter,we investigate a single crystalline 0.2%holmium doped LiYF 4at subkelvin temperatures.The isolated magnetic moments are weakly coupled by dipolar interactions (µ0H dip ∼few mT)so that this very diluted insulator should exhibit a nearly single ion quantum be-havior,in which we are interested in continuity with our studies on molecular magnets.The crystal has a tetrago-nal scheelite structure with a C 4h space symmetry group (I 41/a ),and the point symmetry group at Ho 3+sites is S 4,almost equivalent to D 2d (for LiHoF 4,unit cell pa-rameters are a =b =5.175˚A and c =10.74˚A [18]).Be-cause of a very strong spin–orbit coupling,each magnetic ion of 165Ho is characterized by its J =8ground state manifold (g J =5/4),split by crystal field effects.These last give rise to a large uniaxial magnetic anisotropy,i.e.,a high energy barrier hindering the magnetic moment reversal.However,we will see that quantum fluctua-tions due to significant transverse anisotropy terms dras-tically reduce this barrier.This effect was very much weaker in Mn 12-ac (≈10%barrier reduction [8]).Using the |J,M >basis and D 2d symmetry,the approximate Hamiltonian including hyperfine interaction writesH =H crystalfield+H Zeeman +H hyperfine (1)withH crystalfield=αJ B 02O 021+βJ (B 04O 04+B 44O 44)+γJ (B 06O 06+B 46O 46),H Zeeman =−g J µB J· H,H hyperfine =A J J · I.The αJ ,βJ ,γJ ,and O m l are Stevens’coefficients and equivalent operators [19].Exact diagonalization of the 136-dimensional Hamiltonian (1)was performed,using a set of crystal field parameters obtained by high-resolutionoptical spectroscopy:B 02=273.9K,B 04=−97.7K,B 06=−6.5K,B 44=−1289.1K,B 46=−631.6K [11].A J was taken as a fitting parameter of the measured res-onances (see below).J mixing,Jahn-Teller effect and nuclear quadrupole interaction are assumed to be negli-gible.We first show the results with A J =0in Fig.1.-9 -6 -3 0 3 6 9-240 -200 -160-120-80-40 )a )<J z >E (K)µ 0 H z (T)FIG.1.(a):Energy levels vs average value of J z ,in zero applied field,showing an Ising ground state doublet and a first excited singlet at ≈9.5K above.(b):Low-energy part of the Zeeman diagram.The first excited state (≈25K below the next excited Γ2singlet)defines an energy barrier of ≈9.5K hindering the magnetic moment reversal.The eigenstates transform as one of the four irreducible representations Γ1,2,3,4of the S 4point group.Significanttransverse crystal field terms B 44O 44and B 46O 46mix free ion states,with ∆M =±4,so that eigenvectors are lin-ear combinations either of |±7>,|±3>,|∓1>and |∓5>for Γ3,4;|±6>,|±2>,|∓2>and |∓6>for Γ2;or |±8>,|±4>,|0>,|∓4>and |∓8>for Γ1.In Fig.1a),the calculated low-lying states within the 5I 8multiplet show a Γ34Ising ground state doublet noted as |ψ±1>,while the first excited state,a Γ2singlet,stands at ≈9.5K above (direct measurements give ≈10±1K [15]).Fig.1(a)also shows how the expected large bar-rier ∼102K is shortcut by large tunneling gaps due to transverse crystal field terms (emphasized by shaded areas between singlets belonging to the same represen-tation).A strong electronic level repulsion in the low-lying excited Γ2states is clearly shown in Fig.1(b).This defines the energy barrier the magnetic moment has to overcome in order to reverse its polarization.At very low temperatures,the system should be equivalent to a two-level system with an energy barrier of ≈10K.Actually,this picture is strongly modified when intraionic dipo-lar interactions are taken into account (A J =0).They lead to a more complex diagram in the electronic ground state,showing several level crossings for resonant values H n (−7≤n ≤7)in Fig.2.The transverse hyperfine contribution 1τ=τ0exp(2∆E/k B T ),with a long τ0because spin–lattice relaxation time T 1can be hours at very low tem-peratures and/or as a result of internal fields fluctuations.-80-400 40 80 120-1.0-0.50.00.51.0200 mK150 mK 50 mKM /M S µ 0 H z (mT)-20 0 20 40 60 80100 200300 n=0n=3n=1 n=-1n=2dH/dt > 0 1/µ0d m /d H z (1/T )FIG.3.Hysteresis loops for v =0.55mT/s and at different temperatures.Inset:derivative of the magnetization normal-ized to M S ,d dm/dH ,at T =50mK and for v =0.55mT/s.In the same trend,the measured magnetization step ratio ∆M (n =1)/∆M (n =−1)≈25at T =50mK is approximately equal to the Boltzmann ratio,which con-firms that thermally activated quantum relaxation occurs at H z =0.The barrier,essentially transparent due to this large splitting,becomes again finite out of resonance.µ 0 H z (mT)FIG.4.Hysteresis loops in a constant transverse field atT =50mK and for v =0.55mT/s.A transverse field en-hances the quantum fluctuations in zero longitudinal applied field leading to a larger magnetization step.Inset:details of the Zeeman diagram around zero field.Thermally activated tunneling shows two possible channels over the first and the third,more efficient,excited avoided level crossings.The quantum relaxation is strongly enhanced by a con-stant transverse field,as a result of an increase of the tunnel splittings (see Fig.4).In zero longitudinal field,the small tunnel splittings rapidly increase and hysteresis vanishes.A saturation of the magnetization at M ≈0isobserved in transverse fields larger than 100mT,when the barrier is nearly transparent,and the small “over-shot”with an oscillation in M may be due to spin–phonon transitions.As expected for a large tunnel split-ting,sensitivity to a small transverse field is very weak for the resonance n =−1.The inset in Fig.3shows dm/dH at T =50mK.The width of the resonant transitions is about µ0∆H =2−3mT which is expected from dipolar broadening.Similarly to molecular magnets,quasi-static fields due to dipolar interactions lead to a distribution of internal fields whereas field fluctuations,essentially of F −nuclear spins,give homogeneous level broadening.A hysteresis loop measured at T =50mK for a much faster field sweep rate (v =0.3T/s)is shown in Fig.5(a).A succession of equally spaced large and weak magneti-zation steps occur at fields H n ,with −14≤2n ≤14.The larger ones,with integer n ,are associated with sev-eral equally spaced level crossings and the smaller steps,with half integer n ,fall just in between when the levels are equally spaced (see Fig.2).dm/dH is used to de-termine the H n values plotted in Fig.5(a)inset.From the slope,we accurately obtain µ0H n =n ×23mT.The electronic ground doublet is thus split by hyperfine in-teraction in eight doublets over an energy range of about 1.44K.We deduce A J /k B ≈38.62mK,to be compared to A J /k B ≈40.95mK [14].The observed hysteresis loops depend sensitively on sample thermalization,showing that the spin–phonon system is not at equilibrium with the cryostat,leading to a phonon bottleneck [10,21,22].At a fast field sweep rate v =0.3T/s,the system enters such a regime at T ≈1K (moderate sample thermal-ization)showing hysteresis without any magnetization steps down to T ≈600mK.When the field is swept back and forth,a stationary regime occurs and hystere-sis loops become nearly temperature-independent below a temperature T c (v )depending on sample thermalization (T c ≈200mK for v =0.3T/s).Below T ≈600mK,a nearly adiabatic process occurs,due to a much longer spin–lattice relaxation time T 1.The spin system becomes more and more isolated from the phonon bath,and en-ergy exchange between electronic and nuclear spins is only possible at fields H n .Equilibrium within the spin system is due to either quantum fluctuations at avoided level crossings (integer n )or to spin–phonon transitions and/or cross-spin relaxation,allowed by weak dipolar in-teractions,when energy levels are almost equally spaced (integer and half integer n )[22,23].Spin–spin interac-tions allow two additional steps for n =8and n =9,at fields with equally spaced levels but no level cross-ing [Fig.5(b)inset].A small transverse applied field only increases the zero-field magnetization step,show-ing the weak effect of enhanced quantum fluctuations on hysteresis loops in this regime.Other resonances and small magnetization steps,dominated by cross-spin re-laxation,are not affected by a small transverse field,if small enough (µ0H T <∼20mT).If the field sweep is sud-3denly stopped,the spin–phonon system exchanges energy with the cryostat and the magnetization relaxes toward the equilibrium curve.µ 0 H z (mT)µ 0 H z (mT)FIG.5.(a):Hysteresis loops at T =50mK and forv =0.3T/s.Several magnetization steps are observed for resonant values of the applied field µ0H n ≈n ×23mT [see inset;H n values are deduced from Fig.5(b)].(b):Deriva-tive of the loop shown in (a)for a decreasing field.The two additional measured steps shown in the inset,for n =8and n =9,are associated with cross-spin relaxation only.The asymmetry of the envelope (not drawn)of the peaks in Fig.5(b),showing that spins reverse mostly after field inversion,and the absence of constriction in the hysteresis loop near H z =0,confirm the existence of small barriers,mainly in zero field (tunneling).In conclusion,we have shown that the quantum rotation of weakly coupled magnetic moments in LiY 0.998Ho 0.002F 4can be driven and monitored by hy-perfine couplings.At very low temperatures,when the field is slowly swept from negative to positive values,the coupled electronic and nuclear moments tunnels from |ψ−1,I z 1>to |ψ+1,I z 2>.In a constant transverse field,the magnetization step,associated with incoherent tun-neling at the avoided level crossing in zero field,increases very rapidly.It saturates when the barrier is completely transparent.Details of hysteresis loops are in excel-lent agreement with the level structure of the electronicground state doublet split by hyperfine interaction in six-teen states.At faster field sweep rates,additional magne-tization steps are observed and attributed to cross-spin relaxation and/or spin–phonon transitions in a phonon bottleneck regime.Very diluted Holmium doped LiYF 4is thus a model system to study tunneling of an electronic moment strongly coupled to its nuclear spin.We are very grateful to I.Chiorescu,J.C.Vial,and A.K.Zvezdin for discussions and to M.F.Joubert and P.Lejay for on-going collaborations.This work has been supported by DRET,Rhˆo ne-Alpes,MASSDOTS ESPRIT,MolNanoMag TMR and AFIRST.Transition Ions(Clarendon Press,Oxford,1970);P.L.Scott and C.D.Jeffries,Phys.Rev.127,32(1962). [22]J.C.Verstelle and D.A.Curtis,Paramagnetic Relaxation,in Handbuch Der Physik,Magnetismus(Springer-Verlag,Berlin,1968).[23]N.Bloembergen et al.,Phys.Rev.114,445(1959);K.H.Hellwege et al.,Z.Physik.217,373(1968).5。
