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语法奠基课(二) 学会分析长难句是化繁为简、化难为易的必备手段英语基本句式比较简单，但在实际应用中，一些成分可以多个并列，一些成分可以变换顺序，这就使句子变得复杂了。
要理解这些复杂的句子，我们最好把它们简化或还原为基本句式。
在遇到复杂的长句时，我们可以用“跳”、“连”、“回”、“并”、“还”、“放”、“联”这七种方法来帮助我们分析句子。
一、跳——跳过非限制性修饰成分英语中的一些长句比较复杂，往往是因为句中插入了一些非限制性修饰成分，打断了原来的行文逻辑，使句子显得杂乱。
这些插入的成分往往由逗号或破折号隔开，我们在分析句子时，可以先“跳”过这些成分，这样句子的主干成分就会清晰许多。
(一)非限制性修饰成分的概念名词的修饰成分中，有些是起限定或者说是“指定”作用的，没有它，我们就不知道说的是哪个事物，这样的修饰成分，我们称之为限制性修饰成分。
而有些修饰成分，只是起补充一些额外的信息的作用，没有它，我们仍然知道说的是哪一个事物，虽然可能知道的关于这个事物的情况要少一些，这样的修饰成分，我们称之为非限制性修饰成分。
从某种意义上说，非限制性修饰成分是打断了原来的行文逻辑，插入补充了一些额外的信息。
限制性修饰成分和被修饰词之间不加逗号，而非限制性修饰成分和被修饰语之间常由逗号、括号或破折号来隔开。
如：①Mr White's driving record, with one small exception, was excellent.②Mr White's driving record (with one small exception) was excellent.③Mr White's driving record — with one small exception — was excellent.[示例]指出下面两句中黑体部分，哪个是限制性修饰成分，哪个是非限制性修饰成分：①The fingers on his left hand are bigger than those on his right.②Our house, built in 2003, still looks new.[分析]在①中，没有on his left hand的限定，我们就不知道是哪些手指，因此它是限制性修饰成分；在②中，没有built in 2003，我们也知道是哪座房子，它只是补充说明一些信息而已，因此是非限制性修饰成分，它前后要用逗号隔开。
英语复杂句结构划分方法英语复杂句是由一个主句和一个或多个从句组成的句子。
划分复杂句结构可以帮助我们理解句子的意思和句子中不同部分之间的关系。
下面是一种划分英语复杂句结构的方法，以帮助你更好地理解和分析复杂句。
1.确定主句：首先，确定句子中的主句。
主句通常包含一个主语和一个谓语动词，并且可以独立成句。
例句：I went to the store after I finished my work。
主句：I went to the store。
2.确定从句：确定句子中的从句。
从句是一个不能独立成句的句子，它依赖于主句来完整表达意思。
例句：I went to the store after I finished my work。
从句：after I finished my work。
3.确定从句类型：确定从句的类型，以便更好地理解从句的功能和作用。
从句可以分为几种类型：名词性从句、形容词性从句和副词性从句。
名词性从句：作为主语、宾语或表语的从句。
例句：What he said made me angry. (作为宾语从句)形容词性从句：修饰名词或代词的从句。
例句：I like the book that you gave me. (修饰名词book)副词性从句：修饰动词、形容词或副词的从句。
例句：I will go to the store when I finish my work. (修饰动词go)4.确定从句的连接词：确定从句中使用的连接词，以便更好地理解从句与主句之间的关系。
例句：I went to the store after I finished my work。
连接词：after5.分析从句功能：分析从句在句子中的功能和作用。
例句：I went to the store after I finished my work。
从句功能：表示时间关系，说明我什么时候去商店。
6.分析从句与主句之间的关系：分析从句与主句之间的关系，以便更好地理解句子的意思。
高考英语长难句的分类及分析方法策略01长难句的分类1、带有较多成分的简单句。
Having chosen family television programs and women’s magazines，the toothpaste marketer，for instance，must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific women’s magazines to be used.2、含有多个简单句的并列句。
In the 1970s, he was a surgeon at Yale，and had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children，but he was terribly unhappy.3、含有多个从句的复合句。
I can’t live in fear of the possibility that as the earth’s population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable(不能再生的) resources，our children may have to lead poorer lives.4.含有插入语的句子His recently published book, A Grammar of Thangmi with an Ethnolinguistic Introduction to the Speakers and Their Culture, grows out of his experience of living, working, and raising a family in a village in Nepal.5、倒装句。
Before 1066, in the land we now call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups.长难句-----结构分析法 阅读理解得分低，往往是因为文章看不懂，文章中的句子之所以难以理解，有许多原因，其中一个主要原因是句子太长或者句子结构复杂。
一、拆分英语长难句三原则一、拆分英语长难句三原则1. 并列转折原则长难句由于句子较长，多表现为并列结构。
可以破折号、分号、并列连词and或or、转折连词but、yet、while等为切入点，将各个长句断为分句。
2. 主句从句原则各种从句的交替出现是长难句的显著特点之一，我们可以从各种从句的标志性引导词入手（定语从句的关系代词或副词who，whom，whose，which，that，as，when，where，while，how；名词性从句的关系代词或关系副词who，whom，which，what，that，whether，when，where，why，how等；状语从句的when，as，since，until，before，after，where，because，though，although，so that等）将各个分句断为主句和从句。
3. 短语成分原则无论是主句还是从句，都是由词和短语构成的。
其中，介词短语或者不定式短语由于充当定语或状语的枝叶成分而成为我们解决的重点。
常见的介词有on, in, with, at, of, to, by等；而不定式短语的标志词是to（后接动词原形）。
找出并暂时去掉介词短语或不定式短语能帮助我们迅速抓住句子的主干，而将其妥善还原，则有利于对句子的正确理解。
E.g.Television is one of the means by which these feelings are createdand conveyed---and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.二、长难句释例定语从句1. When we talk about someone’s personality, we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels that make that individual different from others.2. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.名词从句1. Responsible public officials have pointed out that the biological effects of chemicals are cumulative(积累的) over long periods of time, and that the danger to the individual may depend on the sum of the exposures received throughout his lifetime.2. Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the struggle for existence among animals species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict.3. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact; if they are notlooking , the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. 4. Advanced learners from this kind of background will not evaluate a dictionary on how user-friendly it is but will also have definite views about the scope and appropriateness of the various socio-cultural entries.状语从句1. And although some airlines prohibit passengers from using such equipment during take-off and landing, most arereluctant to enforce a total ban, given that many passengers want to work during flights.2. It sounds like “learning to drive a car”, that is, it sounds as if there is some set of definite skills that, once required, enable one to use a computer.3. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.4. In somewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structure of American life, particularly as they free the human mind and open new possibilities in knowledge and communication.5. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot besaid that warlike conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is.分词作状语（非谓语动词）1. Experts have studied the areas most affected and have drawn up a map for local people, forecasting the year in which their homes will be swallowed up by the hungry sea.2. Given the complexities, and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents, the executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions.分割结构1. A contrast is often made between business, which is competitive, and government, which is a monopoly.2. Besides, the ability to read music notation（乐谱）has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomeswidespread, on the music-culture as a whole.3. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply.4. But one thing is certain: information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce thewealth.5. Even so, true understanding of the journalistic interview, especially television interviews, requires thoughtful analyses and even study, as this book indicates.GCT-2009Lazy? Shy? Live in a cave? Those might not be positive attributes for the average human, but they sure are good for animals trying to survive in a changing environment. According to a new study, beasts that hibernate (冬眠) or crawl into holes are less likely to be listed as endangered than those that don't.Following up a previous study on extinct animals, which showed that species exhibiting "sleep or hide" (SLOH) behaviors did better than others, the researchers wanted to see if the same was true of modern creatures like moles and bears. To find out if our more timid animals have a leg up in the survival game, researchers made a master list of 443 sleep-or-hide mammals.With their list in hand, the team compared their 443 to the "red list" of endangered species published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. As suspected, a sleepy or hiding animal was less likely to be on the red list than a regular animal, and a red-list animal was also less likely to be a SLOH-er.This makes a lot of sense, as animals that hide away in a cave or a tree hole are protected by their physical shelters from a variable environment outside, while hibernators enjoy a flexible metabolism (新陈代谢) that can help them adapt to a changing climate.16. On the list of extinct animals studied, there were _____________.A. fewer SLOH-ers than regular animalsB. more SLOH-ers than expectedC. as many SLOH-ers as regular animalsD. hardly any SLOH-ers17. The phrase "a leg up" in Paragraph 2 probably means __________.A. an instinctB. an advantageC. a fightD. a chance18. The study of modem creatures ___________.A. is unrelated to the study of extinct animalsB. finds evidence missing in the study of extinct animalsC. has findings similar to those of the study of extinct animalsD. reveals a different pattern from the study of extinct animals19. According to the passage, red-list animals are more likely to ____________.A. be lazyB. be timidC. live longD. sleep less20. In the last paragraph the author ____________.A. compares the behaviors of sleepers and hidersB. offers an explanation for the survival of sleepers and hidersC. analyzes how a changing environment affects SLOH-ersD. emphasizes what can be learned from SLOH-ers。
英语中的停顿和意群简析英语和汉语一样，人们在朗读或讲话时，为了生动、清楚地表达自己的意思，或作稍微短暂的呼吸换气，将意思表达完整，往往需要在语言表述的某些地方加以停顿。
在英语教学中常遇到学生朗读或讲话时对停顿无所措的情况，直接影响着教学进程和效果。
和汉语一样，讲话者不得随意乱停。
若停顿的不是地方，不仅不能准确的表达意思，而且可能引出许多笑话或误会来。
譬如，汉语中人们常说的这样一则笑话：“我是××总经理”、“派来的”。
就是因为停顿上的错误，让人误解，觉得滑稽可笑。
中学阶段的应试教育模式，强调的是阅读理解、语法结构和习题练习，往往对会话、读音重视不够，致使大学生不知该在何处停顿换气，影响英语的学习与交流。
为此，我们应对这个薄弱环节予以重视，让学生全面掌握英语知识，使学生的听说与读写译有机地统一起来，提高学生的整体英语水平。
当然，英语学习是一个复杂的语言接受、理解和应用的综合过程，涉及教育学、心理学、语音学、语法学等方面的知识，我们结合教学实际，应用有关理论，就意群在英语停顿中作用问题作一探讨。
一、停顿（Pａｕｓｉｎｇ）英语语法规定根据阅读或讲话句子长短情况，可按意群进行停顿。
在同一意群的各个词之间不能停顿，而应一口气读完，以便整体意思不致中断，使人能完整地理解讲话人的意图和目的。
例如：ÀＩdid not see Mary / at the party .Á Changjing is the longest river / in our country . A child begins / to speak / the moment it opens its lips / to utter any ac knowledged sound.注：意群和意群之间并非一定要停顿，根据情况，有些可停也可不停。
例如：上例À Á 就可不停。
ÀＩdid not see Mary at the party .Á Changjing is the longest river in our country .上例 Â 也可少停一次。
英语意群停顿的划分口诀
英语意群停顿的划分口诀是一种技巧，可以帮助学习者更好地理解和运用英语语音语调规律。
它可以帮助我们在口语和听力中更准确地划分句子和短语，以达到更流利和自然的表达。
口诀如下：
1. 主干独立，停顿可免：如果在句子中有一个明显的主干部分，那么可以不进行停顿。
例如：“I have a book.”
2. 主干不独立，停顿要准：如果主干部分不独立，依赖于其他成分来表达完整的意思，那么在停顿时要准确划分。
例如：“He is reading a book.”
3. 短语成分，停顿应分：在短语之间应该进行适当的停顿，以便更好地区分各个成分。
例如：“I went to the store to buy some milk.”
4. 动词短语，停顿不太：在动词短语中，停顿不太明显，应该尽量避免停顿，使语句更加流畅。
例如：“She is playing tennis.”
5. 不同语义，停顿分：如果在句子中有不同的语义单元，应该在它们之间进行停顿，以便更好地区分。
例如：“I love swimming, but
I hate running.”
6. 强调成分，停顿显：如果有需要强调的成分，应该在该成分前后
进行停顿，以突出强调的部分。
例如：“I love you, not him.”
这些口诀可以帮助我们更好地掌握英语的语音语调规律，提高口语表达的流利程度。
但需要注意的是，停顿不仅仅是根据这些规律来确定的，还需要根据具体情境和自然语言的使用习惯来进行判断。
因此，在学习和运用口诀的同时，还要注重实际语境和语言感知能力的培养。
长难句是指篇幅较长且难以理解的句子。
在现行的高中教材、课外读物中，长难句所占比重呈现递增趋势，需要学生对句子进行拆分，以快速获取有效信息，提炼出中心思想。
长难句主要分为多个简单句的组合、并列句、复合句以及含有插入语的句子等，需要学生明确句子主干、理清起修饰作用的枝叶，并对意群进行拆分，化繁为简，将长句短化，从而能够理解句子的含义。
一、明主干无论句子多复杂，都是由主干和修饰成分构成。
以2022年全国I卷阅读理解D为例：“A study conduct-ed in Youngstown，Ohio，for example，discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime.”句子中并无复杂陌生词汇，需要学生找准主干，去掉修饰成分。
主干是整个句子的主要部分，结构上表现为主谓宾或主系表，在本题中表示为“A study...discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime.”修饰成分只起到修饰与补充的作用，主要以短语、从句（以定语从句和状语从句为主）的形式呈现，conduct-ed in Youngstown，Ohio是过去分词词组的形式，表示研究的地点在俄亥俄州扬斯敦，for example是介词词组，为后置插入语，逆序法的呈现形式，与学生已有的母语语序产生冲突，增大了理解难度，因此可将该介词词组提到句首，降低理解难度。
在掌握明主干的方法后，学生可将其应用到其他复合句式中，以2021年全国乙卷语法填空为例，Activ-ities there range from whale watching to hiking（远足）and accommodations aim to have a low impact on the natural environment.学生分析句子发现，该句是由并列词and连接的两个简单句。
英语意群的划分口诀
划分英语意群是英语语音的基本技能之一，掌握划分的方法可以帮助我们更准确地理解和表达意思。
以下是几个口诀，帮助大家轻松掌握英语意群的划分：
1. 一主一谓一句话，两个以上就划分。
2. 动词前后划分好，别忘了连词也要。
3. 顿号、冒号、分号，都要停顿划分好。
4. 介词短语划分要，名词后面别放倒。
5. 不同意思别连读，强读弱读别搞错。
6. 句子结构要考虑，主语宾语别弄混。
7. 口语和书面不同，划分要灵活变通。
8. 不断练习才能好，多听多说多读写。
以上口诀可以帮助大家快速掌握英语意群的划分方法，但是需要注意的是，划分意群并不是一成不变的，需要根据具体语境和语音语调来进行灵活判断。
希望大家能够多加练习，提高英语口语和听力水平。
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