Note-taking in Interpreting

note-taking听力原文【释义】note-takingn.记笔记，随手记【短语】1Note-taking Skills记录技巧;笔记技巧;笔记技能2Listening&note-taking听讲与笔记记录3note taking in Interpreting第三单元4Note-taking Exercises记录练习5Note taking笔记记录;记录笔记;笔记备忘;是要熄火6Minutes and note taking会议记录与会议笔记7English Note-Taking Skills口译英文笔记训练8Chinese Note-Taking Skills口译中文笔记训练9Note-Making&Note-Taking充分利用笔记优势【例句】1They listened to the same lectures and were told to use their usual note-taking skills.他们听了相同讲座，并被告知要使用他们日常的笔记技巧。

2Evernote is the most ubiquitous digital note-taking tool.Evernote是使用最普遍的电子笔记记录工具。

3However,the class was primarily a lecture with note-taking.这个课程基本上都是传授，不用做笔记。

4Its content is in a form somewhere between note-taking and writing.其内容是一种介于笔记和书写之间的形式。

5Note-taking,cataloging,and bookmarking service Evernote divides people.集笔记，分类和书签功能于一身的服务Evernote将人划分成两类。

6You don’t need a computer to take notes—good note-taking is not transcribing.你根本不需要电脑来作笔记——好的记笔记的方法并不是抄录。

口译课堂PPTWhat’s interpretation?“Interpretation is a communication process, designed to reveal meanings and relationships of our cultural and natural heritage-Interpretation CanadaIt should be stressed that interpretive communication is not simply presenting information, but a specific communication strategy that is used to translate that information for people, from the technical language of the expert, to the everyday language of the visitor.The classification of interpretation1.Working characteristics:Consecutive interpretation 即席翻译Simultaneous interpretation 同声传译2.Different domains: politics、social、law、culture、diplomatic etc.The basic requirements of interpretation1.Listening&speaking competence2.Translation competence （vocabulary, grammar, sentence, pattern, etc.）3.Connection: smart response ability through hard trainingThe process of interpretationInterpret (processing of information)解译The standards of interpretation1.“accuracy” is the cornerstone of interpretation2.“smoothness” is the life of interpretation3.“Fluency” is the sign of good qualityProfessional codes of conduct for interpretationEach profession has its generally accepted codes of conduct and professional ethics, and so do interpreters.The interpreter must know his professional ethics well and abide by them for the fulfillment of a successful career in interpreting.The highest standards of international interpreting mean that the interpreter is always professional, keeps confident, is objective, does not interfere with the exchange of information, and has the respect and trust of both parties in the dialogue. The highest praise for the personalinternational figures is that nobody has notices their presence.1.Professional confidenceThe interpreter has the obligation never to release any secret which he/she has come to know through the performance of his work. This is extremely important.2.Sufficient preparationAs early as possible before an assignment, the interpreter should acquire a very complete file of the documents which will come up for discussion both in the source language and in the target language.1) Advanced preparationBefore the meeting, the interpreter should ask the conference organizer to provide a full set of documents, which include the conference programmer, list of participants, background information about the conference, and most important, documents on the content of the conference (including drafts of papers to be read or presented, abstracts, etc.)Briefings are potentially a very useful part of advanced preparation. They are meetings organized for the interpreter, with the participation of the organizer and experts in the field. At the briefing, general information is given to the interpreter, who can ask specific questions, generally on concepts and terminology.2) Last minute preparationFor organizational reasons, the conference documents are not always available before the conference.Sometimes, many documents are only available at the very last moment, yet a acquisition may revolve around them. The interpreter should be ready to deal with the situation.3) In-conference preparationMuch information is gained during the conference itself, partly through documents which are only handed out after the meeting has started, partly through conversation with participants during break, and partly through the content of presentations and discussions.3. Conference-room mannerIn meetings, the interpreter should match the general average in dress an thus be inconspicuous.4. Personal qualifications and assignmentsIt is the responsibility of the interpreter to find out about the exact character of an assignment before accepting it.5. Doubts and mistakesOn some occasions, particularly in technical discussion, the interpreter will come across words for which he/she does not know the right translation. In this situation, he/she should tryto give a clear paraphrase to explain it. If this cannot be done, he/she should be frank to admit his/she ignorance and try to seek help from whatever source available.If the interpreter makes a mistake, he/she should correct it immediately without feeling shy or worrying about losing face. If the speaker or a listener corrects a mistake made by the interpreter, the interpreter should always be ready to accept the correction, apologize and thank briefly. Even when the corrections are wrong, the interpreter should remain polite and explain later instead of embarking on a discussion.6. Maintain professional confidentialityThe interpreter’s work often makes him/her the unwanted and unavoidable sharer of secrets belongings to groups or individuals in international gatherings. Not only should the interpreter never intentionally discuss or volunteer information about sensitive material that he/she has had access to in work, but the interpreter should also take the greatest care to leak out apparently harmless which might be highly sensitive in some quarters.第一讲：口译技能训练之公共场合讲话Public SpeakingIn interpreting, the interpreter transmits the message through spoken language, which is spontaneous, instantaneous, and ephemeral. Spontaneity arises from the need to interpret as one hears the source message, and the interpretation is instantaneous in the sense that there is little time to prepare. Everything which is said is ephemeral: there is little possibility of a playback or analysis. Therefore clarity is essential so that the listeners have the maximum chance of understanding what the interpreter says.The interpreter should make a point of making his voice carry well so that the audience-even those sitting at the back of a large meeting room-can hear clearly.Voice Projection (some tips)1)Speak with a clear, firm voice, the first few sentences are especially important to convey assurance to your audience;2)Be clearly intelligible at all times; pronounce proper names and titles especially carefully;3)Don’t “orate”, but do sound natural and sincere;4)Use the first person singular;5)Talk to your audience”personally” and keep contact with them at all times;6)Watch the reaction of the audience to what you say;7)Be friendly toward your audience, be interested in your subject;8)Don’t frown;9)Don’t grimace, even if you make mistakes.Speed of deliveryPublic speaking for an interpreter means that you have to maintain the interest of the audience,who are hearing a text twice, once in a version which they cannot understand. You must engage their attention, and one method is to vary your speed of delivery.More tips:1)Don’t talk faster than 160 words a minute or slower than 90 words a minute;2)Keep your rate of delivery constantly changing;3)Don’t be monotonous in your delivery;4)Change your pace or speed in response to the audience’s reactions;5)Allow space for applause, laughter, or interruptions;6)Keep eye contact with the audience.第二讲：口译技能训练之记忆训练Memory trainingThe importance of a good memory in interpretingThe ability to process information is an essential part of successful interpreting. The ability to listen, comprehend, and retain information is necessary for processing information. Theory:As Wolfgang Zoelke pointed out in his popular work, Conditioning your memory, “Memory is no local function in the brain and definitely not a type of container. Memory is rather the entire body of thought which you retain,” and “memory is the lasting functioning of many mechanical, sensory, mental and physical moments.”Short-term Memory:The duration of STM is very short. It is up 6 to 30 seconds. Memory in interpreting only lasts for a short time. Once the interpreting assignment is over, the interpreter moves on to another one, often with different context, subject and speakers.Long-term Memory:Long-term Memory occurs when you have created neural pathways for storing ideas and information which can then be recalled weeks, months, or even years later. To create these pathways, you must make a deliberate attempt to encode the information in the way you intend to recall it later. Long-term memory is a learning process. And it is essentially an important part of the interpreter’s acquisition of knowledge, because information stored in LTM may last for minutes to weeks, months, or even an entire life.Short-term memory trainingShadowing 影子练习ParrotingChinese Whispers Simultaneous shadowing Lagging shadowing Multi-taskingLong-term memory trainingInformation-VisualizationThis is to visualize what the speaker is saying in interpretation. It is applicable to the retaining of information in such speech types as narration, description and introduction.Encoding, storage and retrievalCategorization, generalization and comparison提纲式记忆指译员充分利用语篇的基本结构及其主要意义间的联系，把源语材料内容当做提纲或框架来处理。

口译笔记法（Note taking in interpretation）Note taking in interpretation (1) 2007, Sunday, 04, 22, 17:00To directly talk about my notes by the use of experience.On some websites, I have seen suggestions from foreign interpretation teaching circles for many interpreters:1) See to it that the notes are logical and legible.2) To write as few words and symbols as possible.3) Better take notes in the target language.The first point of personal feeling is the most important, because interpretation notes should try hard to present the concept and structure of source language messages. (interpreter must convey a complete and logical message, including the tone, meaning, etc.) of the speaker Therefore, note taking in interpreting must have the characteristics of "Structurally-complete". Macro requirements as a wholeAs for the second point, I think it must be implemented on the premise of meeting the first point. It is not necessary to record information as little as possible, and ignore or even affect the basic requirements of interpreting notes -- structure. Micro detail requirementsAt third, I don't really agree. I think we should use the relatively good and relatively well identified language to record the source language and the target language. In addition,interpretation notes can be used in two languages. For example: the record of the concept of "I", "me" in Chinese and English "I", it is easy for us to choose the latter, because of its small strokes, fast and easy to distinguish; record, record "China", you can choose "" can also be written as "cn", because the two are to identify and record. Micro detail requirementsIn short, there are no special rules for the recording language of interpretation notes. As long as it conforms to the principles of "quick record and easy identification", my colleagues and I usually use two languages in interpreting.My interpretation note method (two) 2009-12-03 16:48 note is the key to advanced interpretation. The use of note is to supplement the short-term memory and endurance of the brain to ensure the accuracy of the translation and to ensure that it is not affected by the duration of the speaker.If it is completely dependent on memory and no unusual talent, even energetic young people are not qualified for advanced interpretation in terms of accuracy and endurance. As a practical example, I've met many times in my work. Senior interpreters don't have to rely on notes. However, the notes used in advanced interpretation are not consistent with the general concepts.Please note that each person's memory, thinking, and response have their own characteristics. There's no need to copy my way. The best way to take notes is to develop your own, suitable for their own system. My introduction is to give you a head, a direction, open the role of ideas.For example, the simpler the notes, the faster the record. But the notes are simple, and the requirements for short-term memory are relatively high. So, how much is the best note, easy because of people, need to find out for their own balance.The main point is:1. write fewer strokes. The line is faster than the writing. Line image, equivalent to the translation of "semi-finished product", helps the interpreter to see notes, speak out the translation. Two cases should use lines as much as possible:Words that express actions and movements. For example, the rising diagonal represents "development", "increase", "progress", "further", and "slash", "decrease", "deterioration" and so on with descending diagonals.Words and phrases indicating causality or pre and post relations. For example, a line represents "because / so"","... After "," in... "Before", in order to reflect the relationship between up and down.2. little words and more meanings. Develop a habit of taking notes of no more than one word. There are a large number of words in Chinese that are composed of two or more than two words. As long as you see one of them, your short term memory should be able to fill in the rest of the word. No need to write more. For example,"China" at most write a "medium"". "Beijing" writes "North" atmost". English words are also treated in the same way. "Politics" writes "poli", "government", "gov", and so on. In addition, it is necessary to develop the ability to interact with notes and memory; to see the ability of a word to speak a few words, or even a string of words. In context, it's not difficult. For example, talking about China's current situation, listening to "reform, opening up", remember a "change" word, it is not difficult to tell the original text from short-term memory. When you hear "British Prime Minister Tony Blair", remember "PM", also can say the original text.3. little lines and more fingers. Generic small line / mark. Otherwise, in their own familiar Chinese and English, and compiled a set of unfamiliar with the use of code, will lead to need to think about what symbol to use, counterproductive.4. less horizontal more vertical. Take the ladder structure from the top down and record the horizontal record as little as possible when you write it. The ladder structure vividly reflects the logical structure of the context, simplifies the thinking process of the interpreter, and facilitates the translation.5. fast writing. We must develop our own Chinese character fast writing system. Note taking is entirely self - observation, and it only takes a few minutes to read. Many strokes of Chinese characters are reduced without affecting recognition. I speak of here is not sloppy, but in addition to the actual interpretation often have to scribble, take some time to practice or work in interpreting word ponder, can look at how to reduce stroke or stroke, straighten out a word.6. clear end. In interpreting, the speaker says a paragraph, stops, makes an interpreter, and then goes on. In this way, there must be definite boundaries between the previous paragraph and the next paragraph. At the end of the last time, it became the beginning of the next translation. Its importance is that, if the notes are started from the 1/3 book, the next paragraph may write a 2-3 page, turn back when interpreting, eyes cannot determine which line the top of the page, or is the starting point of the symbol translation content. So you need to mark it. When I first started, I learned that every speaker made a line at the end. Later found, from the speaker opening, to that time I had to speak as an interpreter is very valuable, are often used to supplement notes, reluctant to draw the line to end. Later, I just put off the procedure until I finished the translation. As I finished speaking, and the speaker started this time within my grasp, so when I finished, I made a line, and then motioned the speaker to continue.Besides, I don't think the line is clear enough, so now turn it into a circle and a line.Finally, talk about the equipment you need.I suggest you use a notebook with a loose ring, see the following photos. It's easy to flip back and forth with a loose ring. The size of your laptop is comfortable. I like to use A5 made in england. I lay in my hand, just right. It's just British notebooks that are designed for shorthand. Blank pages are more ideal.Finish a page, turn over a page. The speaker after closing, grabbed all turn back, left eye is at the beginning of this piece of. Then, translate a page, turn over a page. After the translation, the pages of the past are pressed into the palm of the hand. This is a clear separation of the past and the next paragraph with the palm of the hand. That's important. Otherwise, it is prone to the speaker after the closing, the home page for your back and forth embarrassment.If you're sitting at your desk, your laptop is on the desk, and you're finishing a page, turning over a page. Don't forget to press the completed notes page to your notebook before the speaker speaks.Pen, I suggest using a press type. In this way, a handheld book, the other hand can always take out a pen, a press began to remember. If the pen is rotated, it needs two hands to operate. If the cap is not tight, but also from time to time off, a distraction. Generally I am used to bring two pens,Too many times to avoid the exhaustion of inkNote taking symbols 32009-08-25 22:25 two, letters and images Z represent "human" people/person, because "Z" looks like a head, and it is usually written in the upper right corner of a word or symbol. For example: Japanese: JZ. C stands for government, rule: government, govern, Greek letter C, /ga:ma/, approximate government, so C is used to represent govern, government. Governmental official can be expressed as CZ P representing Politics: politics, political, Greek alphabet P, /pai/, approximate politics, political. Then politician can beexpressed as PZ E representing the total number: total, totally, entire, entirely, on the whole, all in all, to sum up, ect. E mathematical notation representing the total value. G represents efficiency: efficient, effective. G is the symbol of efficiency. Q stands for inflation: inflation, because the sign resembles a rising balloon. A means agriculture: agriculture. agriculture is often used, so use initial letters instead. B represents business: business. C X represents conflict and contradiction: "X" in conflict, confrontation "C X" stands for opposition, and the letter "C" reduces the concept of opposition to conflict and confrontation. W means work, profession: work, employ, etc.. It's the first letter of work. So WZ can be used to represent worker, and W (Z is employer above the letter, employee below the letter). I stands for Industry: industry, industrial letter I is like a chimney, so it can be used to represent industry. U U looks like a goblet, and says in the note that the Treaty (agreement) is generally expressed only after successful negotiations and agreements". If it is filled with 2 x x in U, it can be expressed as bilateral (two-sided), and 3 is expressed as trilateral (three sides). Fill in U, fill in 1, say: Unilateralism (unilateralism), fill in M (multiple) to express multilateralism.Note the symbol 52009-08-25 22:29 said: ups and "twists and turns" downs, twists and turns, etc. four, said that "more" + mathematical symbols: many, lots of, a great deal of a good, many of, etc. + + (+2) said "comparative" more +3 said: "the most advanced multi" Most said: "little": little, few, lack, in short of/ be in shortage of etc. * said "error", "error" and "bad" concept: wrong/incorrect something, bad, notorious, negative, etc. > said "more than" bigger/larger/greater/morethan/better than etc., the concept of "high the concept of" superior to, surpass, etc., "said" less than "concept:less/smaller etc. said," low "concept: inferior to, etc. =" equal "concept: means that, is to say, in othe R words, the same as, be equal to etc., said the "rival" concept: a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc. () said "... Between...": among, within, etc. and said "different" concept: be different from etc., said the "invincible" concept: matchless, peerless etc. said, "about" concept: about/around, or so, approximately, etc. / said "no", "eliminate" concepts such as: cross out, eliminate, etc.Five, punctuation, etc.: a variety of verbs that say "say", "speak", "talk", "marks", "announce", "declare", "etc.", "", "question", and "issue", for example: "TW"(DOT) the position of this "." point is different. The concept of ".D" means "yesterday", ".Y" means "last year", ".2m" means two month ago. "Y" this year, "y2." two year later "next week", "wk." can be expressed as a representation of "good" when turning said state, right/good, famous/well-known etc., said "agree", stand up for, support agree, with sb, certain/ affirmative, etc. said, "" state: important, exemplary (model) best, outstanding, brilliant, etc. n, said the "communication" state: exchange, mutual, etc. & said "and", "and" and together with, along, with, accompany, along, with, further, more, etc., said "the end": end stop, halt, bring, sth to a standstill/stop etc., six, a long word processing method -ism - M for example: socialism Sm -tion - N Standardization: Jane (for example Standard) stdn -cian Jane - O for example: technician techo -ing - G for example: Marketing (Marketing) MKTg -ed - D acceptedacptd -able/ible/ble for example: for example: available avbl - BL - MT -ment amendment amdmt -ize for example: Jane wrote for the Z example: recognize regz -ful - FL for example: meaningful mnflA collection of shorthand symbols for interpretation! (1) 2007-01-04 19:09:04, medium and small. Abbreviations:Abbreviations in Note takingUse only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that time. you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a1.Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references.S = sumF = frequencyLeave out periods in standard abbreviations.CF = compareE.g. = exampleDept = DepartmentUse only the first syllable of a word.Pol = politicsDEM = democracyLib = liberalCap = capitalismUse entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.Pres = presentationSubj = subjectInd = individualCons = conservativeEliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form abbreviation. a recognizableAssoc = AssociateBIOL = biologyInfo = informationACh = achievementChem = chemistryMax = maximumIntro = introductionConc = concentrationMin = minimumRep = repetitionOmit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton word. of thePPD = preparedPrblm = problemEstmt = estimateBkgd = backgroundGVT = governmentUse an apostrophe in place of letters.Am't = amountCont'd = continued政府=政府educat'l =教育形成一个符号或缩写词的复数加schpts =章EGS =实例FS =频率介绍：介绍用g表示ing结尾。

NOTE-TAKINGNOTE-TAKINGWhy shall we take notes?为什么要记笔记？What instrument does an interpreter need?口译工具What shall we take?记什么？How shall we take?怎样记？What makes note-taking different from other kinds of text recording?口译笔记特点？Why shall we take notes?为什么要记笔记？Watch video 4.1, 4.2WHY TAKE NOTES?记不全；记不住；记不准。

Very short consecutive:sentence by sentence;clause by clause for interpretingShort consecutive(30-40s):business interpreting,community interpretingMedium-length consecutive (45-90s):more developed note-taking techniqueLong or full consecutive(2mins)Very long consecutive(over5mins)1.an aid to supplement memory（有助于储存记忆）2.at delivery, as clues for recalling（提示）3. to help visualise the structure and logic of source WHY TAKE NOTES?language speech（有助于理清原文结构与逻辑）4.help to organise target language reproduction(有助于组织目标语）WHAT INSTRUMENT DOES AN INTERPRETER NEED?口译工具VIDEO 4.2 ( -4’45)INSTRUMENTA spiral notepad/steno pad(上翻式线圈本）15.24cm-22.86cm two retractable pen(按压式圆珠笔)What Shall we write on notepad? WATCH VIDEO 4.4 (1)WHAT SHALL WE WRITE ON NOTES?Listen/read to the following passage for interpreting,take notes when you feel necessaryA human baby produces its first real words at about eighteen months of age.By the age of two,it has become quite vocal and has a vocabulary of some fifty words. Over the next year it learns new words daily,and by the age of three it can use about1000words.It is now stringing words together in short sentences of two or three words,calling your attention to objects,requesting this and that.Its command of grammar is already nearly as competent as an adult’s,though it will make amusing yet plainly logical mistakes,saying‘eated’instead of‘ate’,‘mouses’instead of‘mice’, and so on.Then the floodgates open.By the age of six,the average child has learned to use and understand around13,000words;by eighteen,it will have a working vocabulary of around60,000words.WHAT SHALL WE WRITE ON NOTEPAD?cue words(information capture)➢keywords/elements➢Transcodable elements（numbers;names;technical terms,list, motivated expressions）➢Links and transition➢Grammatic elements✓LogicHOW TO TAKE NOTES?HOW TO TAKE NOTES?✓How to illustrate logic?(layout格式)✓How to write down the cue words?(Information capture) simplification, abbreviation and symbolswatching the video and observe what the interpreter wrote on pad and how she wrote the information.So traditionally, semester upon semester, for the past several years,this course, again, a hard course, had a failure rate of about 40 to41 percent every semester. With this blended class late last year, thefailure rate fell to nine percent. So the results can be extremely,extremely good. Now before we go too far into this, I‘d like to spendsome time discussing some key ideas. What are some key ideas thatmakes all of this work? One idea is active learning. The idea here is,rather than have students walk into class and watch lectures,wereplace this with what we call lessons. Lessons are interleavedsequences of videos and interactive exercises. So a student mightwatch a five-, seven-minute video and follow that with an interactiveexercise. Think of this as the ultimate Socratization （Socrates,socratic) of education. You teach by asking questions. And this is aform of learning called active learning, and really promoted by avery early paper, in 1972, by Craik and Lockhart, where they saidand discovered that learning and retention really relates strongly tothe depth of mental processing. Students learn much better when theyare interacting with the material.EXAMPLE✓How to illustrate logic?(layout) Watch video 4.2 (4’45-end)❖纵向VERTICALISATION：上下安排，多分行，每行一个意群，易于快速读取，不费眼神。

Teaching Manual An Intermediate Course of Interpretation For the Academic Year 2008-2009English MajorAn Overview of InterpretationI Introduction to the teaching scheduleII Preliminary Recognition to InterpretationIII Interpretation and the Interpreter3.1 The development of interpretation3.2 The definition of interpretation3.3 The characteristics of Interpretation3.4 The criteria of interpretation3.5 The Process of interpretation3.6 The Categorical classification of interpretation3.7 A tripartite model of interpretation3.8 Interpreter qualification requirements3.9 Interpreter Training3.10 Research in interpretation and interpreting3.11 Difficulties in interpretationGuiding LessonI Introduction to the teaching schedule•Eighteen weeks class study+ one week practical training.•Sixteen weeks finish sixteen units.•Two Weeks quizzes.•One week practical training.•Exam: Final result = 40% daily work + 60% final exam result.Daily work = 30% attendance + 40% performance + 30% quizzes results.Final exam result = 50% oral interpretation + 50% Exam paper.II Preliminary Recognition to the Interpretation1.As an English major student, have you ever thought about whatmain significance of foreign language learning is?To communicate with foreign culture, exchange the ideas withforeigners. Or in some sense, we can say ultimate significance of second language learning is translation. (Written translation and interpretation) So some scholar said interpretation/translation is not only the contact between two languages, but the collision/clash of two cultures.2.What is the language and what is the interpretation? Let’s learn itwith three exercises. After we finish these three exercises, we will draw a conclusion to answer the questions.Directions:Listen to the following two parts of remarks and then make retelling the main ideas respectively from Chinese to Chinese and from English to English. And interpreting the third part of words from English to Chinese firstly, and then interpreting it back to English. Taking notes is not permitted.A.Chinese to Chinese (retelling)闭幕式，我们要把掌声献给那些在赛场上拼搏了十多天的运动员们。