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Research and Improvement of Fire Performance in Electrical Wires and CablesLIU Jiayin ,HAO Bo ,ZHAO Linlin ,WANG Wei ,XIAO Yang(Liaoning Institute of Product Quality Inspection,Shenyang 110036,China)Abstract :This article aims to study and improve the fire performance of electrical wires and cables.Firstly,it introduces the importance of fire performance of electrical wires and cables,the research status,evaluation methods,and influencing factors.Secondly,it proposes improvement measures,including optimizing the material selection of electrical wires and cables,improving production processes,researching and developing new fire-resistant materials and coatings,and strengthening fire management.Finally,through case analysis,it summarizes the lessons learned from successful and unsuccessful cases and provides a comparative analysis and summary of the cases.Keywords :electrical wires and cables;fire performance;improvement strategies;practical case analysis电线电缆防火性能研究与改进刘佳银，郝博，赵琳琳，王伟，肖杨（辽宁省产品质量监督检验院，辽宁沈阳110036）【摘要】本文旨在对电线电缆的防火性能进行研究与改进。
Product Information MINIMUM ESSENTIAL MEDIUM EAGLED-VALINE MODIFICATIONProduct Number M7395Storage Temperature 2-8°CProduct DescriptionMinimum Essential Medium (MEM), developed by Harry Eagle, is one of the most widely used of all synthetic cell culture media. Early attempts to cultivate normal mammalian fibroblasts and certain subtypes of HeLa cells revealed that they had specific nutritional requirements that could not be met by Eagle’s Basal Medium (BME). Subsequent studies using these and other cells in culture indicated that additions to BME could be made to aid growth of a wider variety of fastidious cells. MEM, which incorporates these modifications, includes higher concentrations of amino acids. MEM has been used for cultivation of a wide variety of cells grown in monolayers. Optional supplementation of non-essential amino acids to the formulations that incorporate either Hanks’ or Earle’s salts has broadened the usefulness of this medium. The formulation has been further modified by optional elimination of calcium to permit growth of cells in suspension culture.MINIMUM ESSENTIAL MEDIUM EAGLE, Product No. M 7395 is one of the cell culture media available from Sigma. The selection of a nutrient medium is strongly influenced by 1] type of cell, 2] type of culture [monolayer, suspension, clonal] and 3] degree of chemical definition necessary. It is important to review the literature for recommendations concerning medium, supplementation and physiological parameters required for a specific cell line.Components g/L Calcium Chloride•2H2O0.265 Magnesium Sulfate (anhydrous)0.09767 Potassium Chloride0.4 Sodium Chloride 6.8 Sodium Phosphate Monobasic0.122 (anhydrous)L-Arginine•HCl0.126L-Cystine•2HCl0.0313 L-Glutamine0.292L-Histidine•HCl•H2O0.042L-Isoleucine0.052L-Leucine0.052L-Lysine•HCl0.0725 L-Methionine0.015L-Phenylalanine0.032L-Threonine0.048L-Tryptophan0.01L-Tyrosine•2Na•2H2O0.0519D-Valine0.092 Choline Chloride0.001Folic Acid0.001myo-Inositol0.002 Niacinamide0.001D-Pantothenic Acid (hemicalcium)0.001 Pyridoxal•HCl0.001 Riboflavin0.0001 Thiamine•HCl0.001 Glucose 1.0 Phenol Red•Na0.011Precautions and DisclaimerREAGENTFor In Vitro Diagnostic UsePreparation InstructionsPowdered media are extremely hygroscopic and should be protected from atmospheric moisture. The entire contents of each package should be used immediately after opening. Preparing a concentrated solution of medium is not recommended as precipitates may form. Supplements can be added prior to filtration or introduced aseptically to sterile medium. The nature of the supplement may affect storage conditions and shelf life of the medium.1.Measure out 90% of final required volume ofwater. Water temperature should be 15-20°C.2.While gently stirring the water, add thepowdered medium. Stir until dissolved. Do NOTheat.3.Rinse original package with a small amount ofwater to remove all traces of powder. Add tosolution in step 2.4.To the solution in step 3, add 2.2 g sodiumbicarbonate or 29.3 ml of sodium bicarbonatesolution [7.5%w/v] for each liter of final volumeof medium being prepared. Stir until dissolved.5.While stirring, adjust the pH of the medium to0.1-0.3 pH units below the desired pH since itmay rise during filtration. The use of 1N HCl or1N NaOH is recommended.6.Add additional water to bring the solution tofinal volume.7.Sterilize immediately by filtration using amembrane with a porosity of 0.22 microns.8.Aseptically dispense medium into sterilecontainer.Storage/StabilityStore the dry powdered medium at 2-8°C under dry conditions and liquid medium at 2-8°C in the dark. Deterioration of the powdered medium may be recognized by any or all of the following: [1] color change, [2] granulation/clumping, [3] insolubility. Deterioration of the liquid medium may be recognized by any or all of the following: [1] pH change, [2] precipitate or particulate matter throughout the solution, [3] cloudy appearance [4] color change. The nature of supplements added may affect storage conditions and shelf life of the medium. Product label bears expiration date.ProcedureWater for tissue culture use [W-3500]Sodium Bicarbonate [S-5761] orSodium Bicarbonate Solution, 7.5% [S-8761]1N Hydrochloric Acid [H-9892]1N Sodium Hydroxide [S-2770]Medium additives as requiredProduct ProfileAppearance off-white powder Moisture content 2.0% Solubility clear solution at 1x concentrationpH at room temperature 5.8 ± 0.3 [without sodium bicarbonate]pH at room temperature 7.5 ± 0.3 [with sodium bicarbonate]Osmolality250 mOsm/kg H2O ± 5% [without sodium bicarbonate]Osmolality290 mOsm/kg H2O ± 5% [with sodium bicarbonate]Amino Acid Analysis Analysis has confirmedby HPLC that amino acids are present atconcentrations consistent withthe formula.Key Element Analysis Analysis has confirmed that by ICAP key elements are present atconcentrations consistent withthe formula.BIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Biological performance is assessed using an appropriate cell line(s). Growth studies are carried through 2 subculture generations. Cells are counted and growth is plotted as a logarithmic function of time in culture. Seeding efficiencies, doubling time, and final cell densities are determined. During the testing period cultures are examined microscopically for atypical morphology and evidence of cytotoxicity. Test results are available upon request.References1.Eagle, H. et al (1956) myo-Inositol as anEssential Growth Factor for Normal andMalignant Human Cells in Tissue Culture.J.Biol. Chem. 214, 845-847.2.Eagle, H.(1976) Media for Animal Cell Culture.Tissue Culture Association Manual. 3, 517-520.3.Eagle, H. (1959). Amino Acid Metabolism inMammalian Cell Cultures. Science. 130, 432-437.4.Eagle, H. (1955) Nutrition Needs of MammalianCells in Culture. Science. 122, 501.5.Gilbert, S.F. and Migeon, B.R. (1975) D-valineas a selective agent for normal human androdent epithelial cells in culture. Cell. 5, 11-17.7H027Sigma brand products are sold through Sigma-Aldrich, Inc.Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. warrants that its products conform to the information contained in this and other Sigma-Aldrich publications. Purchaser must determine the suitability of the product(s) for their particular use. Additional terms and conditions may apply. Please see reverse side ofthe invoice or packing slip.。
RGA Checkout Sample with Argon, Part Number 5190-0519*************(24小时)化学品安全技术说明书GHS product identifier 应急咨询电话（带值班时间）::供应商/ 制造商:安捷伦科技贸易（上海）有限公司中国（上海）外高桥自由贸易试验区英伦路412号（邮编:200131)电话号码： 800-820-3278传真号码: 0086 (21) 5048 2818RGA Checkout Sample with Argon, Part Number 5190-0519化学品的推荐用途和限制用途5190-0519部件号:物质用途:供分析化学实验室使用的试剂和标准Cylinder17 L (0.6 CF) @ 70 °F安全技术说明书根据 GB/ T 16483-2008 和 GB/ T 17519-2013GHS化学品标识:RGA 检验样品，与氩一起使用，部件号 5190-0519有关环境保护措施，请参阅第 12 节。
物质或混合物的分类根据 GB13690-2009 和 GB30000-2013紧急情况概述气体。
无色。
无资料。
H220 - 极易燃气体。
H280 - 内装高压气体；遇热可能爆炸。
H340 - 可能造成遗传性缺陷。
H350 - 可能致癌。
H360 - 可能对生育能力或胎儿造成伤害。
H372 - 长期或反复接触会对器官造成损害。
充当简单的窒息物。
在非常高的浓度下，可取代标准空气并因缺氧而导致窒息。
物理状态:颜色:气味:GHS危险性类别警示词:危险:标签要素混合物中由对水生环境毒性未知的组分组成的比率： 34%象形图易燃气体 - 类别 1加压气体 - 压缩气体H340生殖细胞致突变性 - 类别 1B H350致癌性 - 类别 1A H360生殖毒性 - 类别 1AH372特异性靶器官毒性 反复接触 - 类别 1H280 - 内装高压气体；遇热可能爆炸。
AM6200/95High Power Mid-High Frequency Loudspeaker with Rotatable HornKey Features:᭤90°x 50°Coverage, rotatable for use in either vertical or horizontal orientation. ᭤CMCD™ Cone Midrange Compression Driver provides low midrange distortion, increased sensitivity,extended bandwidth and improved phase coherency.᭤PT™ Progressive Transition Waveguide for excellent pattern control with low distortion.᭤Bi-Amp/Passive Switchable.᭤Optional planar array frame kits for a number of array configurations (see AE Series Array Guide).Applications:Use with LF and/or subwooferreinforcement in applications such as:᭤Performing arts facilities ᭤Theatrical sound design ᭤Auditoriums᭤Houses of worship ᭤Live clubs᭤Dance-clubs/discotheques ᭤Sports facilities᭤Themed entertainment venues Use without LF or subwoofer reinforcement in:᭤Voice-only PA᭤Delay fill applicationsAM6200/95 is a high power mid-high frequency loudspeaker systemcomprised of one 200 mm (8 in) CMCD Cone Midrange Compression Driver and one 38 mm (1.5 in) exit/75mm (3in) voice-coil HF compression dri-ver. The multi-band PT Progressive Transition mid-high frequency wave-guide provides well-controlled 90°by 50°coverage and is rotatable for cabi-net positioning in either horizontal or vertical orientation. High-slopecrossovers minimize band overlap and well-controlled off-axis response enhances arrayability.The cabinet is fitted with M10threaded suspension points. Pre-engineered array bracketry is available.AM6200/95 is part of JBL’s AE Application Engineered Series, aversatile family of loudspeakers for a wide variety of fixed installation applications.Specifications:System:Frequency Range 1(-10 dB):200 Hz – 19 kHz Frequency Response 1(±3 dB):250 Hz – 17 kHzCoverage Pattern:90°x 50°, rotatable waveguide Directivity Factor (Q):10Directivity Index (DI):10 dBCrossover Modes:Bi-amp/Passive switchablePassive Crossover Slopes 2:Passive mode: 4th order (24 dB/oct) Linkwitz-Riley HP & LP, 2.1 kHzTransducer Power Rating (AES)3:MF: 350 W (1400 W peak), 100 hrs HF: 75 W (300 W peak), 2 hrsLong-Term System Power Rating (IEC)4:MF/HF: 350 W (1400 W peak), 100 hrs Maximum SPL 5:Bi-amp mode:MF: 133 dB-SPL cont avg (139 dB peak)HF: 132 dB-SPL cont avg (138 dB peak)Passive mode:MF/HF: 132 dB-SPL cont avg (138 dB peak)System Sensitivity (1W @ 1m):Passive mode: 108 dB SPLTransducers:Midrange Driver:JBL CMCD-81H Cone Midrange Compression Driver with integral200 mm (8 in) diameter Differential Drive ®dual voice-coil inter-nal driverNominal Impedance:8 ohms Sensitivity (1W @ 1m):108 dB SPLHigh Frequency Driver:JBL 2431H, 38 mm (1.5 in) exit compression driver, 75mm(3in) voice coilNominal Impedance:8 ohms Sensitivity (1W @ 1m):113 dB SPLWaveguide:PT-K95MHPhysical:Enclosure:Trapezoidal with 15 degree side angles, 16 mm (5/8 in) exteriorgrade 11-ply Finnish birch plywoodSuspension Attachment:13 points (3 top, 3 bottom, 2 each side, 3 rear), M10 threadedhardwareFinish:Black DuraFlex™ finish. White available upon request.Grille:Powder coated 14 gauge perforated steel, with acoustically trans-parent black foam backing.Input Connector:NL4 Neutrik Speakon ®and CE-compliant covered barrier stripterminals. Barrier terminals accept up to 5.2 sq mm (10 AWG)wire or max width 9 mm (.375 in) spade lugs. Speakon in paral-lel with barrier strip for loop-through.Environmental Specifications:Mil-Std 810; IP-x3 per IEC529.Dimensions (H x W x D in 548 x 561 x 657 mm vertical cabinet orientation):(21.6 x 22.1 x 25.9 in)Net Weight:29.0 kg (64 lb)Optional Accessories: M10 x 35 mm forged shoulder eyebolts with washersOptional planar array frame kit. See AE Series Bracket GuideBi-amp mode, with recommended active tuning.Resultant engineered acoustical response of crossover network and components. AES standard, one decade pink noise with 6 dB crest factor within device's operational band, free air, long-term 100 hr rating.IEC standard, full bandwidth pink noise with 6 dB crest factor, 100 hours.Calculated based on power rating and sensitivity, exclusive of power compression.JBL continually engages in research related to product improvement. Changes introduced into existing products without notice are anexpression of that philosophy.᭤AM6200/95 High Power Mid-High Frequency Loudspeaker with Rotatable HornHorizontal 1/3 Octave PolarsSS AM6200/95CRP 5M 10/04᭤AM6200/95 High Power Mid-High Frequency Loudspeaker with Rotatable HornVertical 1/3 Octave PolarsJBL Professional8500 Balboa Boulevard, P.O. Box 2200Northridge, California 91329 U.S.A.©Copyright 2002 JBL ProfessionalAHarman International Company。
铝及铝合金新旧牌号对照表作者：来源：阅读次数：2002铝及铝合金新旧牌号对照表GB/T3190-1996新牌号旧牌号新牌号旧牌号新牌号旧牌号1A99 原LG5 2B12 原LY9 30031A97 原LG4 2A13 原LY13 31031A95 2A14 原LD10 30041A93 原LG3 2A16 原LY16 30051A90 原LG2 2B16 曾用LY16-1 31051A85 原LG1 2A17 原LY17 4A01 原LT110802A20 曾用LY20 4A11 原LD111080A 2A21 曾用2144A13 原LT1310702A25 曾用2254A17 原LT171070A 代L1 2A49 曾用149400413702A50 原LD5 40321060代L2 2B50 原LD6 404310502A70 原LD7 4043A1050A 代L3 2B70 曾用LD7-1 40471A50 原LB2 2A80 原LD8 4047A13502A90 原LD9 5A01 曾用2101、LF15 114520045A02 原LF21035代L4 20115A03 原LF31A30 原L4-1 20145A05 原LF51100代L5-1 2014A 5B05 原LF101200代L5 22145A06 原LF6 123520175B06 原LF142A01 原LY1 2017A 5A12 原LF122A02 原LY2 21175A13 原LF132A04 原LY4 22185A30 曾用2103、LF16 2A06 原LY6 26185A33 原LF332A10 原LY10 2219曾用LY19、147 5A41 原L122A11 原LY11 20245A43 原LF412B11 原LY8 21245A66 原LF432A12 原LY12 3A21 原LF21 5005原L6650196B02 原LD2-1 7A09 原LC950506A51 曾用651 7A10 原LC10 525161017A15 曾用LC15、157 ********A 7A19 曾用919、LC19 515460057A31 曾用183-15154A 6005A 7A33 曾用LB733 545463517A52 曾用LC52、5210 555460607003原LC12 57546061原LD30 70055056原LF5-1 6063原LD31 702053566063A 702254566070原LD2-2 70505082618170755182608274755083原LF4 7A01 原LB1 8A06 原L651837A03 原LC3 8011曾用LT9850867A04 原LC4 80006A02 原LD2 7A05 曾用705注:①"原"是指化学成份与新牌号同,且都符合GB3190-82规定的旧牌号。
SAE Technical Standards Board Rules provide that: “This report is published by SAE to advance the state of technical and engineering sciences. The use of this report is entirely voluntary, and its applicability and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement arising therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”SAE reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.QUESTIONS REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (724) 772-8512 FAX: (724) 776-0243TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER; (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790SAE WEB ADDRESS 2.1.2ASTM P UBLICATIONS—Available from ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.ASTM D 2000—Classification System for Rubber Products in Automotive ApplicationsASTM E 11—Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing PurposesASTM F 36—Test Method for Compressibility and Recovery of Gasket MaterialsASTM F 37—Test Methods for Sealability of Gasket MaterialsASTM F 38—Test Methods for Creep Relaxation of a Gasket MaterialASTM F 146—T est Methods for Fluid Resistance of Gasket MaterialsASTM F 147—T est Method for Flexibility of Non-Metallic Gasket MaterialsASTM F 148—T est Method for Binder Durability of Cork Composition Gasket MaterialsASTM F 152—T est Methods for Tension T esting of Nonmetallic Gasket MaterialsASTM F 433—Practice for Evaluating Thermal Conductivity of Gasket MaterialsASTM F 607—T est Method for Adhesion of Gasket Materials to Metal Surfaces3.Significance and Use3.1This classification is intended to encourage uniformity in reporting properties; to provide a common languagefor communications between suppliers and consumers; to guide engineers and designers in the test methods commonly used for commercially available materials; and to be versatile enough to cover new materials and test methods as they are introduced.3.2It is based on the principle that nonmetallic gasket materials should be described, insofar as is possible, interms of specific physical and mechanical characteristics, and that an infinite number of such descriptions can be formulated by use of one or more standard statements based on standard tests. Therefore, users of gasket materials can, by selecting different combinations of statements, specify different combinations of properties desired in various parts. Suppliers, likewise, can report properties available in their respective products.4.Basis of Classification4.1To permit "line call-out" of the descriptions mentioned in 3.2, this classification system establishes letter ornumber symbols or both for various performance levels of each property or characteristic (see Table 1).4.2In specifying or describing gasket materials, each "line call-out" shall include the number of this system (minusdate symbol) followed by the letter "F" and six numerals, for example: SAE J90 (F125400). Since each numeral of the call-out represents a characteristic (as shown in Table 1), six numerals are always required.The numeral "0" is used when the description of any characteristic is not desired. The numeral "9" is used when the description of any characteristic (or test related thereto) is specified by some supplement to this classification system, such as notes on engineering drawings.4.3To further specify or describe gasket materials, each "line call-out" may include one or more suffix letter-numeral symbols, as listed in Table 2, for example: SAE J90 (F125400-B2M4). Various levels of definition may be established by increasing or decreasing the number of letter-numeral symbols used in the "line call-out."TABLE 1—BASIC PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS Basic Six-Digit Number Basic CharacteristicFirst Numeral"Type" of material (the principal fibrous or particulate reinforcement material from which the gasketis made) shall conform to the first numeral of the basic six-digit number, as follows:0 = not specified1 = asbestos2 = cork3 = cellulose4 = fluorocarbon polymer5 = flexible graphite7 = nonasbestos, tested as Type 19 = as specified(1)Second Numeral Class of material (method of manufacture or common trade designation) shall conform to thesecond numeral of the basic six-digit number, as follows:When first numeral is "0" or "9," second numeral:0 = not specified9 = as specified(1)When first numeral is "1" or "7," second numeral:0 = not specified1 = compressed sheeter process2 = beater process3 = paper and millboard9 = as specified1When first numeral is "2," second numeral:0 = not specified1 = cork composition (Class 1)2 = cork and elastomeric (Class 2)3 = cork and cellular rubber (Class 3)9 = as specified(1)When first numeral is "3," second numeral:0 = not specified1 = untreated fiber—tag, chipboard, vulcanized fiber, etc. (Class 1)2 = protein treated (Class 2)3 = elastomeric treated (Class 3)4 = thermosetting resin treated (Class 4)9 = as specified(1)When first numeral is "4," second numeral:0 = not specified1 = sheet PTFE2 = PTFE of expanded structure3 = PTFE filaments, braided, or woven4 = PTFE felts5 = filled PTFE9 = as specifiedWhen first numeral is "5," second numeral:0 = not specified1 = homogeneous sheet2 = laminated sheet9 = as specified(1)TABLE 1—BASIC PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS Basic Six-Digit Number Basic CharacteristicThird Numeral Compressibility characteristics, determined in accordance with 9.2, shall conform to the percentindicated by the third numeral of the basic six-digit number. (Example: 4 = 15 to 25%)0 = not specified 5 = 20 to 30%1 = 0 to 10% 6 = 25 to 40%2 = 5 to 15%*7 = 30 to 50%3 = 10 to 20%8 = 40 to 60%4 = 15 to 25%9 = as specified(1)*7 to 17% for compressed sheeter processFourth Numeral Thickness increase when immersed in ASTM No. 3 Oil: determined in accordance with 9.3, shallconform to the percent indicated by the fourth numeral of the basic six-digit number. (Example:4 = 15 to 30%)0 = not specified 5 = 20 to 40%1 = 0 to 15% 6 = 30 to 50%2 = 5 to 20%7 = 40 to 60%3 = 10 to 25%8 = 50 to 70%4 = 15 to 30%9 = as specified(1)Fifth Numeral Weight increase when immersed in ASTM No. 3 Oil: determined in accordance with 9.3, shallconform to the percent indicated by the fifth numeral of the basic six-digit number. (Example:4 = 30% max)0 = not specified 5 = 40%, max1 = 10%, max 6 = 60%, max2 = 15%, max7 = 80%, max3 = 20%, max8 = 100%, max4 = 30%, max9 = as specified(1)Sixth Numeral Weight increase when immersed in water: determined in accordance with 9.3, shall conform to thepercent indicated by the sixth numeral of the basic six-digit number. (Example: 4 = 30%, max)0 = not specified 5 = 40%, max1 = 10%, max 6 = 60%, max2 = 15%, max7 = 80%, max3 = 20%, max8 = 100%, max4 = 30%, max9 = as specified(1)1.On engineering drawings or other supplement to this classification system.TABLE 2—SUPPLEMENTARY PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS Suffix Symbol Supplementary CharacteristicsA9Sealability characteristics shall be determined in accordance with 9.4. External load, internalpressure, other details of test, and results shall be as specified on engineering drawing or othersupplement to this classification.B1 through B9Creep relaxation characteristics shall be determined in accordance with 9.5. Loss of stress at endof 24 h shall not exceed the amount indicated by the numeral of the B-symbol.B1 = 10%B5 = 30%B2 = 15%B6 = 40%B3 = 20%B7 = 50%B4 = 25%B8 = 60%B9 = as specified(1)D00 through D99The former ASTM standard F 64, Test Method for Corrosive and Adhesive Effects of GasketMaterials on Metal Surfaces, was discontinued in 1980. The recently established test for adhesionhas become Test Method ASTM F 607.E00 through E99Weight and thickness change after immersion in ASTM Fuel B shall be determined in accordancewith 9.3. Weight increase shall not exceed the standard rating number indicated by the first numeralof the two-digit number of the E-symbol. Thickness increase shall not exceed the standard ratingnumber indicated by the second numeral of the E-symbol.Weight Increase, %Thickness Increase, %(first numeral) (second numeral)E0_ = not specified E_0 = not specifiedE1_ = 10 E_1 = 0 to 5E2_ = 15 E_2 = 0 to 10E3_ = 20 E_3 = 0 to 15E4_ = 30 E_4 = 5 to 20E5_ = 40 E_5 = 10 to 25E6_ = 60 E_6 = 15 to 35E7_ = 80 E_7 = 25 to 45E8_ = 100 E_8 = 30 to 60E9_ = as specified(1) E_9 = as specified(1)H Adhesion characteristics shall be determined in accordance with 9.6. Results shall be as specifiedon engineering drawing or other supplement to this classification.K1 through K9Thermal conductivity characteristics shall be determined in accordance with 9.10. The K-factorobtained in W/(m·K)(Btu·in/h·ft2·°F) shall fall within the ranges indicated by the numeral of a Ksymbol.K1 = 0.00 to 0.09 (0.00 to 0.65)K5 = 0.29 to 0.38 (2.00 to 2.65)K2 = 0.07 to 0.17 (0.50 to 1.15)K6 = 0.36 to 0.45 (2.50 to 3.15)K3 = 0.14 to 0.24 (1.00 to 1.65)K7 = 0.43 to 0.53 (3.00 to 3.65)K4 = 0.22 to 0.31 (1.50 to 2.15)K8 = 0.50 to 0.60 (3.50 to 4.15)K9 = as specified(1)M1 through M9Tensile strength characteristics shall be determined in accordance with 9.7. Results in MPa (psi)shall be no less than the value indicated by the numeral of the M-symbol.TABLE 2—SUPPLEMENTARY PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS Suffix Symbol Supplementary CharacteristicsM1 = 0.689 (100)M5 = 10.342 (1500)M2 = 1.724 (250)M6 = 13.790 (2000)M3 = 3.447 (500)M7 = 20.684 (3000)M4 = 6.895 (1000)M8 = 27.579 (4000)M9 = as specified(1)R Binder Durability characteristics shall be determined in accordance with 9.8. There shall be noevidence of disintegration at conclusion of test.S9Volume change characteristics, when immersed in ASTM No. 1 Oil, ASTM No. 3 Oil, and ASTMReference Fuel A, shall be determined in accordance with 9.3. Results shall be as specified onengineering drawing or other supplement to this classification.T Flexibility characteristics shall be determined in accordance with 9.9. There shall be no evidence ofcracks, breaks, or separation at conclusion of test.Z Other characteristics shall be as specified on engineering drawing or other supplement to thisclassification.1.On engineering drawing or other supplement to this classification system.4.4For convenience, gasket materials are referred to by Type according to the principal fibrous or particulatereinforcement or other material from which the gasket is made and by Class according to the manufacturing method, or the common trade designation. Type numbers correspond with the first numeral, and class numbers correspond with the second numeral of the basic six-digit line call-out, as shown in Table 1.NOTE—While this "cell-type" format provides the means for close characterization and specification of each property and combinations of properties for a broad range of materials, it is subject to possiblemisapplications, since impossible property combinations can be coded if the user is not familiar withavailable commercial materials. Table A1 of this classification indicates properties, characteristics, andtest methods that are normally considered applicable to each type of material.5.Physical and Mechanical Requirements5.1Gasket materials identified by this classification shall have the characteristics or properties indicated by the firstsix numerals of the line call-out, within the limits shown in Table 1, and by additional letter-numeral symbols shown in Table 2.6.Thickness Requirements6.1Gasket materials identified by this classification system shall conform to the thickness tolerances specified inTable 3.7.Sampling7.1Specimens shall be selected from finished gaskets or sheets of suitable size, whichever is the morepracticable. If sheets are used, they shall, where applicable, be cut squarely with the grain of the stock, and the grain direction shall be noted by an arrow. If finished gaskets are used, the dimensions of sample and any variations from method must be reported.7.2For qualification purposes, thickness shall be 0.8 mm (0.03 in), except for Type 2, where the qualification thickness is to be 1.5 to 6.4 mm (0.06 to 0.25 in), and Type 5 Class 1, where the qualification thickness is to be 0.4 mm (0.015 in). When thicknesses other than those shown previously are to be tested, the specification limits shall be agreed to in writing between the purchaser and the supplier.7.3Sufficient specimens shall be selected to provide a minimum of three determinations for each test specified.The average of the determinations shall be considered as the result.8.Conditioning8.1Prior to all applicable tests, specimens shall be conditioned as follows:8.1.1When the first numeral of line call-out is "1" (Type 1 materials), specimens shall be conditioned in an oven at 100 °C ± 2 °C (212 °F ± 3.6 °F) for 1 h and allowed to cool to 21 to 30 °C (70 to 85 °F) in a desiccator containing anhydrous calcium chloride; except when second numeral of line call-out is "3" (Class 3materials), the specimens shall be conditioned in an oven for 4 h at 100 °C ± 2 °C (212 °F ± 3.6 °F).TABLE 3—THICKNESS TOLERANCESType and Class of Material (First Two Numerals of BasicSix-Digit Number)Thickness Specified, mm (in)ApplicableTolerance, (1) mm (in)1.Tolerances listed are permissible variations applicable to a given lot of sheets or gaskets. Where other thickness tolerances are necessary due to the gasket application, tolerances applicable to individual sheet or gasket may be agreed to in writing between the purchaser and the supplier.11 and 120.41 (0.016) and under+0.13 (+0.005)−0.05 (−0.002)over 0.41 (0.016) and under 1.57 (0.062)±0.13 (±0.005)1.57 (0.062) and over±0.20 (±0.008)13up to 3.18 (0.125)±0.13 (±0.005)3.18 (0.125) to 12.70 (0.500)±0.25 (±0.010)21all thicknesses±10%, or ±0.25 (±0.010)whichever is the greater22under 1.57 (0.062)±0.25 (±0.010)1.57 (0.062) and over±0.38 (±0.015)231.57 (0.062) and over ±0.38 (±0.015)31, 32, and 33 (also 00 and 99) (2)2.Unless otherwise specified on engineering drawing or other supplement to this classification system.0.41 (0.016) and under±0.089 (±0.0035)over 0.41 (0.016) to 1.57 (0.062)±0.13 (±0.005)over 1.57 (0.062) to 2.39 (0.094)±0.20 (±0.008)over 2.39 (0.094)±0.41 (±0.016)51 1.6 (0.062) and under ±0.051 (±0.002)5212.7 (0.5) and under±10%8.1.2When the first numeral of line call-out is "2" (Type 2 materials), specimens shall be conditioned at least 46 h in a controlled-humidity room or in a closed chamber with gentle mechanical circulation of the air at 21 to 30°C (70 to 85 °F) and 50 to 55% relative humidity.NOTE—If a mechanical means of maintaining 50 to 55% relative humidity is not available, a tray containing asaturated solution of reagent grade magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO 3)2·6H 2O, shall be placed in the chamber to provide the required relative humidity.8.1.3When the first numeral of line call-out is "3" (Type 3 materials), specimens shall be preconditioned for 4 h at 21 to 30 °C (70 to 85 °F) in a closed chamber containing anhydrous calcium chloride as a desiccant. The air in the chamber shall be circulated by gentle mechanical agitation. Specimens shall then be transferred immediately to a controlled-humidity room or closed chamber with gentle mechanical circulation of the air and conditioned for at least 20 h at 21 to 30 °C (70 to 85 °F) and 50 to 55% relative humidity.8.1.4When the first numeral of a line call-out is "4", no conditioning of specimens is necessary.8.1.5When the first numeral of a line call-out is "5", test specimens shall be conditioned in accordance with 8.1.1(T ype 1 materials).8.1.6When the first numeral of a line call-out is "0" or "9", specimens shall be conditioned as in 8.1.3, unless otherwise specified in supplements to this classification.8.2In all cases where testing is conducted outside the area of specified humidity, specimens shall be removed from the chamber one at a time just prior to testing.9.Test Methods 9.1Thickness9.1.1The specimens shall be measured with a device actuated by a dead-weight load. The device shall be capable of reading in 0.02 mm (0.001 in) or smaller units, and readings shall be estimated to the nearest 0.002 mm (0.0001 in). The presser foot shall be 6.40 mm ± 0.13 mm (0.252 in ± 0.005 in) in diameter. The anvil shall have a diameter not less than that of the presser foot. The pressure on the sample shall be as specified in T able 4.9.1.2The reading shall be taken by lowering the presser foot gently until it is in contact with the specimen. A sufficient number of readings shall be taken, depending on the size of the specimen, to provide a reliable average value.TABLE 4—THICKNESS MEASUREMENT STRESSES AND FORCESType of Material of First Numeral of Six-Digit NumberPressure on Sample, kPa(psi)Total Force on Presser Foot, N (oz) (reference)180.3 ± 6.9 (11.5 ± 1.0) 2.50 (9.0)2 35 ± 6.9 (5.1 ± 1.0) 1.11 (4.0)3 55 ± 6.9 (8.0 ± 1.0) 1.75 (6.3)0 and 9 (1)1.Unless otherwise specified on engineering drawing or other supplement to this classification system.55 ± 6.9 (8.0 ± 1.0) 1.75 (6.3)580.3 ± 6.9 (11.5 ± 1.0)2.50 (9.0)9.2Compressibility and Recovery—Specimens shall be tested in accordance with T est Method ASTM F 36using the procedure which is applicable to the material described by the first two numerals of the basic six-digit number, as given in Table 5.9.3Fluid Resistance—Specimens shall be tested in accordance with Test Method ASTM F 146.9.3.1O THER T YPES O F M ATERIALS (A S I NDICATED B Y 0 O R 9 F IRST N UMERAL O F B ASIC S IX -DIGIT N UMBER )—Use the same apparatus and general procedure outlined for Type 3 materials, unless otherwise specified in the engineering drawing or other supplement to this classification.9.4Sealability—Specimens shall be tested in accordance with Test Method ASTM F 37.9.5Creep Relaxation—Specimens shall be tested in accordance with Test Method ASTM F 38.9.6Adhesion—Specimens shall be tested in accordance with Test Method ASTM F 607.9.7Tensile Strength—Specimens shall be tested in accordance with Test Method ASTM F 152.9.7.1O THER T YPES O F M ATERIAL (A S I NDICATED B Y 0 O R 9 F IRST N UMERAL O F B ASIC S IX -DIGIT N UMBER )—Use the same apparatus and general procedure outlined for Type 3 materials, unless otherwise specified on engineering drawing or other supplement to this classification.9.8Binder Durability—Specimens shall be tested in accordance with appropriate procedures in Test Method ASTM F 148.9.9Flexibility—Specimens shall be tested in accordance with appropriate procedures in T est Method ASTM F 147.9.10Thermal Conductivity—Specimens shall be tested in accordance with Practice ASTM F 433, using atemperature of 100 °C ± 2 °C (212 °F ± 3.6 °F).PREPARED BY THE SAE GASKETING STANDARDS COMMITTEETABLE 5—COMPRESSIBILITY TEST METHODSFirst Two Numerals of Six-Digit NumberProcedure,Test Method ASTM F 36Pressure, MPa (psi)11 and 12A 34.474 (5000) 13H 6.895 (1000) 21 and 23F 0.689 (100) 22B 2.758 (400) 31, 32, 33, and 34G 6.895 (1000) 00 and 99G (1)1.Unless otherwise specified on engineering drawing or other supplement to this classification system.6.895 (1000) 51 and 52A 34.474 (5000) 71 and 72J 34.474 (5000) 73K6.895 (1000)APPENDIX A(NONMANDATORY INFORMATION)A.1Applicable Test MethodsA.1.1Table A1 indicates properties, characteristics, and test methods that are normally considered applicable toeach type of material. It is not intended to limit the use of numeral-symbols as provided in Classification System SAE J90 where experience indicates that the related properties, characteristics, or test methods, or both, are applicable.A.1.2Table A2 is being provided to offer an explanation of the system of identification of gasket materials previouslyused in SAE J90a which has been superseded by Classification System SAE J90.A.1.3Tables A3, A4, and A5 are also retained in this appendix to provide a reference for transforming formerly usedP-number identification into the present SAE J90.SAE J90 Reaffirmed MAR95Rationale—Not applicable.Relationship of SAE Standard to ISO Standard—Not applicable.Application—The classification system provides a means for specifying or describing pertinent properties of commercial nonmetallic gasket materials. Materials composed of asbestos, cork cellulose, and other organic or inorganic materials in combination with various binders or impregnants are included.Materials normally classified as rubber compounds are not included, since they are covered in SAE J200—ASTM D 2000. Gasket coatings are not covered, since details thereof are intended to be given on engineering drawings or in separate specifications.Reference SectionSAE J90—Standard Classification System for Nonmetallic Automotive Gasket MaterialsSAE J200—Classification System for Rubber Products in Automotive ApplicationsASTM D 2000—Classification System for Rubber Products in Automotive ApplicationsASTM E 11—Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing PurposesASTM F 36—Test Method for Compressibility and Recovery of Gasket MaterialsASTM F 37—Test Methods for Sealability of Gasket MaterialsASTM F 38—Test Methods for Creep Relaxation of a Gasket MaterialASTM F 146—T est Methods for Fluid Resistance of Gasket MaterialsASTM F 147—T est Method for Flexibility of Non-Metallic Gasket MaterialsASTM F 148—T est Method for Binder Durability of Cork Composition Gasket MaterialsASTM F 152—T est Methods for Tension T esting of Nonmetallic Gasket MaterialsASTM F 433—Practice for Evaluating Thermal Conductivity of Gasket MaterialsASTM F 607—T est Method for Adhesion of Gasket Materials to Metal SurfacesDeveloped by the SAE Gasket Standards Committee。
amp95分子量AMP95是一种具有广泛应用的表面活性剂，也被称为香精辅料、洗涤剂辅料、香皂和润肤剂辅料。
它是一种非离子表面活性剂，能够降低液体的表面张力，并具有良好的乳化、分散和保湿性能。
AMP95的分子式为C14H28－O(CH2CH2O)nH，其中n是聚合物链的长度，一般为5-6。
首先，我们来了解一下AMP95的分子结构。
它是一种由长链烷基与端基为乙氧基的聚合物链所组成的化合物。
AMP95的长链烷基通常是正十四烷，并具有一定的亲水性质。
而乙氧基链则具有良好的乳化和分散作用。
由于聚合物链的长度可以调整，因此AMP95可以根据需求来调整水溶解性和表面活性能力。
AMP95具有许多特点和应用范围。
首先，它是一种非离子表面活性剂，与阴离子表面活性剂和阳离子表面活性剂不同，它不会与其他化学物质发生电化学反应。
这使得AMP95能够在各种硬水和酸性条件下保持稳定的性能。
其次，AMP95具有良好的乳化和分散作用。
它可以将油脂和水分散在一起，形成稳定的乳液。
这使得AMP95在许多产品中被广泛应用，例如香皂、洗涤剂、香精和润肤剂等。
在洗涤产品中，AMP95能够有效去除油脂和污渍，提供卓越的洗涤效果。
在香精和润肤剂中，AMP95能够增强香气的持久性，并帮助保持肌肤的湿润度。
此外，AMP95还具有一定的溶解性。
它可以在水中溶解，形成一定浓度的溶液。
这使得AMP95能够方便地添加到各种产品中，并与其他成分均匀混合。
AMP95还可以与其他表面活性剂相容，形成复杂的体系，提供更多的性能和功能。
在应用中，AMP95的用量和配方需根据具体产品的要求进行调整。
一般来说，AMP95的用量在0.5-2%之间。
在洗涤剂中，用量会稍微高一些，以提供更好的清洁效果。
在香精和润肤剂中，用量会稍微低一些，以避免对皮肤产生刺激。
此外，根据产品的特点和状况，还可以选择不同链长和平均氧化度的AMP95。
总结起来，AMP95是一种具有广泛应用的非离子表面活性剂。
