2014年浙江大学348文博综合[专业硕士]考研真题(含部分答案)

2014年中央民族大学348文博综合[专业硕士]真题及详解（回忆版）一、名词解释1．铅釉软陶答：铅釉软陶是指西汉武帝时期出现的一种表面有铅釉的陶器。

铅釉陶以粘土作胎，铅釉以铅的化合物作为基本助熔剂，大约在700摄氏度左右即开始熔融，温度较低，属于低温釉陶。

它的主要呈色剂是铜和铁，在氧化气氛中烧成。

铅釉陶在东汉时期极为盛行，但到目前为止，所发现的汉代铅釉陶器都是明器，无实用器，这可能是因为烧成温度低，器体不坚固及铅釉对人体有害不宜做实用器的缘故。

2．三期论答：“三期论”是1819年由丹麦皇家博物馆馆长克里斯琴·朱尔金森·汤姆森根据馆藏史前遗物（武器和工具）提出的史前文化分期理论，他将丹麦的史前时代分为石器时代、铜器时代和铁器时代三个大的阶段。

汤姆森在《北欧古物导论》（1836年，哥本哈根出版）一书中，阐述了“三期说”理论。

汤姆森的学生J．A．沃尔索又将三期说用于野外古迹的分期，并以发掘工作中所见的地层关系作为证据。

1843年，沃尔索发表了《丹麦原始时代古物》一书，是三期说作为史前考古学的研究基础。

3．相对年代答：相对年代是考古学年代分类的一种，与其相对的是“绝对年代”。

“相对年代”是指文化遗存在时间上的先后关系，“绝对年代”是指文化遗存形成时的距今年代（具体年代）。

确定相对年代，主要依靠地层学和类型学的研究，是考古学研究中两种常用的断代方法。

此外，也可以利用某些自然科学的手段和文化遗存的对比研究，来判断遗迹和遗物的相对年代。

4．放射性碳素断代答：放射性碳素断代是利用死亡生物体中碳－14不断衰变的原理进行断代的技术。

1949年开始应用于考古年代的测定。

一般适用的年代范围在5万年以内。

美国芝加哥大学W．F．利比是该方法的创始人。

5．马家窑文化答：马家窑文化是中国新石器时代文化之一，因20世纪20年代发现于甘肃临洮县马家窑遗址而得名了，主要分布在甘肃，碳－14测定年代为公元前3300～前2050年。

目　录2014年复旦大学348文博综合[专业硕士]考研真题（含部分答案）2013年复旦大学348文博综合[专业硕士]考研真题2012年复旦大学348文博综合[专业硕士]考研真题2014年复旦大学348文博综合[专业硕士]考研真题（含部分答案）以下8题任选6题：1．中国传统考古的两大支柱方法是什么？是如何发展的，在当下信息交流丰富，跨学科越来越流行的情况下如何看待。

2．两汉墓葬的特征和区别是什么？如何看待两汉葬俗和随葬品变化谈谈感想3．博物馆辅助展品有哪些种类？答：陈列内容的研究设计工作，应提出陈列辅助展品的项目和要求，并写好各类说明。

博物馆陈列以文物标本为基础，同时也需要有一定的辅助材料，称为辅助展品。

陈列的辅助材料大致有以下几种：（1）科学性的辅助材料包括地图、图表、照片、拓片、模型、沙盘等。

（2）艺术性的辅助材料主要是根据陈列内容的需要而创作的造型艺术、绘画、雕塑、布景箱、半景画、全景画等景观设施等。

艺术性的辅助材料主要是艺术品，但又受到科学性较大的约束，不同与一般的艺术创作。

它要求艺术构思有科学依据，并且与陈列风格相调和，所以说它是科学和艺术的综合体。

（3）文字说明陈列的文字说明分为三类：①大小标题（单元标题、组标题、有时还需要有小组标题等）；②单元说明、组说明，有时还需要小组说明（或展品组合说明）；③展品说明，展品说明大体上也有三类a．展品科学性的简要说明内容包括展品名称、时代、出土或采集的时间、地点或来源。

如果是借展品或调拨、赠送品，还应注明原藏单位。

b．知识性说明，展品的有关知识介绍例：龙虎尊，商代，1957年安徽阜南出土，盛酒的器具。

分层用合范铸成，造型优美，龙虎人物形象生动，具有很高的艺术水平。

安徽省博物馆藏品。

c．揭示性说明，揭示出展品内涵的社会属性，以及它与主题的联系例：“盐场”画像砖，东汉，1954年四川成都扬子山出土。

图系制造井盐的盐场全景。

盐场后有山泽川林以供渔猎。

反映了东汉地主“家有盐铁之利，户有青山之材”的情形。

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1949年开始应用于考古年代的测定。

一般适用的年代范围在5万年以内。

美国芝加哥大学W．F．利比是该方法的创始人。

2．相对年代[2014年中央民族大学研]答：相对年代是考古学年代分类的一种，与其相对的是“绝对年代”。

“相对年代”是指文化遗存在时间上的先后关系，“绝对年代”是指文化遗存形成时的距今年代（具体年代）。

确定相对年代，主要依靠地层学和类型学的研究，是考古学研究中两种常用的断代方法。

此外，也可以利用某些自然科学的手段和文化遗存的对比研究，来判断遗迹和遗物的相对年代。

3．埋藏学[2014年山西大学研]答：埋藏学又称化石形成学，专门研究化石的埋藏条件及其产地的形成原因，即研究生物体从死亡到形成化石的全部历史过程。

考研348文博综合专业课之李晓东《文物学》真题及答案整理精选复习笔记【知识框架】【考点归纳】一、文物学研究对象文化遗产分为物质文化遗产（又称有形文化遗产）和非物质文化遗产（又称无形文化遗产）。

中国把物质文化遗产称为文物，它是我国的独特称谓。

1“文物”概述（1）渊源“文物”一词最早见于战国初期成书的《左传》。

（2）概念演变①在古代，“文物”主要是指礼乐典章制度的礼器和祭器。

②20世纪30年代，“文物”一词已在使用。

文物不仅指古代的礼器和祭器，而且已包括古代建筑等文化史迹。

同时开始成立机构，研究、整修古代建筑。

③20世纪40年代后期，在山东、哈尔滨等解放区，成立了文物管理委员会，把古代遗存即文化遗迹和文化遗物统称为文物。

④中华人民共和国成立后，用法律法规把“文物”一词及其所包含的广泛内容固定下来了。

2文物及其范围中华人民共和国成立以来，我国政府发布了一系列文物方针、政策和法规，对文物的内容或文物的范围做出了明确规定。

（1）国内对文物的界定文物是人类在社会活动中遗留下来的具有历史、艺术、科学价值的遗迹和遗物。

其内容大体相当于联合国教科文组织所称的“文化财产”（可移动文物）和“文化遗产”（不可移动文物）的结合。

（2）国际对文物的表述1995年6月24日，国际统一私法协会于罗马通过《关于被盗或者非法出口文物的公约》，第二条明确规定：“文物系指因宗教或者世俗的原因，具有考古、史前史、历史、文学、艺术或者科学方面重要性，并属于本公约附件所列分类之一的物品。

”附件为联合国教科文组织1970年公约所列文物。

3文物特性表1-1 文物的特性4文物的作用（1）文物不仅作为一种教育手段、文化载体，也作为历史见证，真实性强，具有很强的说服力。

它以具体、形象、生动的物质形态（造型、形式）展现在人们面前，具有极强的感染力；（2）文物所展现的中华民族所具有的顽强生命力，是成为凝聚中华民族的重要因素，以及团结各族人民的自聚力量。

二、文物学的任【更多考研专业课资料可转识库学习网】1文物学概述（1）研究对象文物，即历史遗留下来的文化遗存。

浙江大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题2014年(总分：130.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、单选题(总题数：10，分数：10.00)1.The two friends sat in a corner and _____ away to each other about the weather．（分数：1.00）A.talkedB.chattedC.mutteredD.whispered2.He is going to _____ the meeting on the subject of war and peace in a minute．（分数：1.00）A.speakB.talkC.remarkD.address3.Although not an economist himself, Dr. Smith has long been a severe critic of the government's _____ policies. （分数：1.00）A.economicB.economicalC.economyD.economics4.There are not many teachers who are strong _____ of traditional methods in English teaching. （分数：1.00）A.sponsorsB.contributorsC.advocatesD.performers5.A friendship may be _____ , casual, situational or deep and lasting. （分数：1.00）A.identicalB.superficialC.criticalD.original6.Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will _____ down the economy. （分数：1.00）A.putB.settleC.dragD.knock7.We are _____ to the idea, but we doubt whether the time is ripe to put it into force. （分数：1.00）A.equalB.adequateC.considerateD.sympathetic8.People were surprised to find that Mr. Johnson had the ability to _____ everything he was involved in. （分数：1.00）A.PrevailB.dominateC.preside9.You can do it if you want to, but in my opinion it’s not worth the _____ it involves. （分数：1.00）A.forceB.trialC.attemptD.effort10.The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for _____ her attitude toward customers. （分数：1.00）A.straightforwardB.partialC.favorableD.hostile二、完形填空(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Throughout history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die. But people now live longer than they(1). Yet, all living things still show the(2)of aging, which will eventually(3)death. Aging is not a disease, （but）as a person passes maturity, the cells of the body and the(4) they form do not function as well as they(5) in childhood and teenage years. The body provides less(6)against disease and is more(7)to have accident. A number of related causes may(8)aging. Some cells of the body have a （fairly） long life, but they are not(9)when they die. As a person ages,(10)of brain cells and muscle cells decreases.(11)body cells die and are （replaced） by new cells. In an aging person the(12)cells may not be as workable or as capable(13)growth as those of a young person. Another(14)in aging may be changes within the cells(15). Some of the protein chemicals in cells are known(16)with age and become less elastic. This is why the skin of old people wrinkles and(17). This is also the reason why old people(18)in height. There may be other more important chemical changes in the cells. Some complex cell chemicals, such as DNA and RNA, store and(19)information that the cells need.Aging may affect this(20)and change the information carrying molecules so that they do not transmit the information as well.（分数：20.00）A.wouldB.be used toed toedA.functionB.effectC.affectD.signA.lead inB.give inC.run intoD.result inA.handsB.feetC.heartansA.doB.has doneC.didD.had doneB.protectionC.vigorD.powerA.likelyB.probableC.possibleD.alikeA.attend toB.contribute toC.add toD.devote toA.replacedB.rebornC.recoveredD.surrenderedA.a numberB.the amountC.the numberD.mostA.oldB.leftC.newD.otherA.toB.forC.ofD.inA.factorB.effectC.reasonD.elementA.for themselvesB.of themselvesC.themselvesD.on their ownA.changeB.to have changedC.to changeD.to being changedA.increaseB.shrinkC.lengthenD.decreaseA.pass awayB.pass byC.pass offD.pass onA.improvementB.processionC.approachD.process三、阅读理解(总题数：4，分数：80.00)In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. one kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". this occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, it is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion. The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning." this occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. for example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more. Every day, we grow and have new experiences. we constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. this learning affects our emotions. why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? if a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. on the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.（分数：20.00）(1).the author's main purpose in writing the passage is to _____ .（分数：4.00）A.teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotionB.give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learningC.give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learningD.discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced(2).if your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though ____ that telling jokes to this person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence. （分数：4.00）A.classical conditioningB.operant conditioningC.neither of themD.some other sorts of conditioning(3).if a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. this is a typical example of learning through ____. （分数：4.00）A.classical conditioningB.operant conditioningC.both of themD.neither of them(4).in the third paragraph, the author is ____.（分数：4.00）A.discussing how we grow and have new experiences every dayB.talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioningC.concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so oning examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning(5).in the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss _____.（分数：4.00）A.definitions of positive feelings and negative feelingsB.the third kind of learningC.further examples of learning through operant conditioningD.none of the aboveAny country has good reason to want its citizens to be as healthy as possible, since one of its greatest resources is an active population. No country wants its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health. This was the kind of thinking which led to the introduction of a health service in many countries. In Britain this has developed into a “Welfare State” in which all citizens, rich and poor alike, can get most health treatment free. The money for this is partially raised by contributions from employers and employees. As three decades have shown, such automatic arrangements are not always ideal and there are arguments for and against the Health Service. The number of patients treated every year and the cost of treatment are much greater than was estimated. This means that the people who work for the Health Service—doctors, nurses and other hospital staff—have much more routine work to do and as a result they have little time for preventive medicine. The Health Service does need more staff—a need that can only be met if more money is made available to it. However, a powerful argument for the Health Service is that many people are able to receive expensive treatment which they could never afford themselves. Sometimes this free treatment is abused and people visit their doctors when they don’t really need to. Because they have so many patients, doctors cannot spend as long with each one as they would like, and some people prefer to pay for private treatment so that their doctors can give them more time. In fact, some wealthy people feel that they should pay, and so free more money for treatment to others. （分数：20.00）(1).In the author’s view, Britain is a Welfare State in that ______. （分数：4.00）A.all citizens are entitled to a free medical treatment in some senseB.poor, unlike the rich, could enjoy free medical treatmentC.health service is highly developed in BritainD.Britain doesn’t allow its people to suffer unnecessarily from ill health(2).We can infer from the passage that ______. （分数：4.00）A.the Health Service is introduced to many other countries by BritainB.the Health Service has been introduced and developed for 30 years in BritainC.an active population is the greatest resource in BritainD.all citizens in Britain have a good opinion of the Health Service(3).The best title for the passage would be ______. （分数：4.00）A.A Welfare StateB.Importance of the Health ServiceC.Disadvantages of the Health ServiceD.The Health Service(4).The author mentions that some wealthy people prefer to pay for private treatment because ____. （分数：4.00）A.their doctors can give them more time leave from workB.those doctors have better medical instrumentsC.they might save some money for the poorD.their doctors have a stronger sense of responsibility for the patients(5).The word “abused” (Par. 4) means ____. （分数：4.00）A.destroyeded in wrong wayC.ignoredD.wastedDo we need laws that prevent us from running risks with our lives? If so, then perhaps laws are needed prohibiting the sale of cigarettes and alcoholic drinks. Both products have been known to kill people. The hazards of drinking too much alcohol are as bad or worse than the hazards of smiking too many cigarettes. All right then, let's pass a law closing the liquor stores and the bars in this country. Let's put an end once and for all to the ruinous disease from which as many as 10 million Americans currently suffer--alcoholism. But wait. We've already tried that. For 13 years, between 1920 and 1933, there were no liquor stores anywhere in the United States. They were shut down abilished by an amendment to the Constitution and by a law of Congress. After January 20, 1920, there was supposed to be no more manyfacturing, selling, or transporting of "intoxicating liquors". Without any more liquor, people could not drink it. And if they did not drink it, how could they get drunk? There would be no more dangers to the public welfare from drunkenness and alcoholism. It was all bery logical. And yet prohibition of liquor, beer, and wine did not work. Why? Because, law or no law, millions of people still liked to drink alcohol. And they were willing to take risks to get it. They were not about to change their tastes and habits just because of a change in the law. And gans of liquor smugglers millions of gallons of the outlawed beverages across the Canadian and Mexican borders. Drinkers were licky to know of an illegal bar that served Mexican or Canadian liquor. Crime and drunkenness were both supposed to decline as a rusult of prohibition. Instead, people drank nore alcohol than ever-often poisoned alcohol. （分数：20.00）(1).Which of the following was NOT characteristic reason for the proposal of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution and the Volstead Act? （分数：4.00）A.There would be no further danger to the public from alcoholism.B.There would be a rise in the cost of alcoholic beverages.C.Without liquor, people would not drink.D.People would not become drunk of create a public nuisance.(2).During Prohibition, illegal alcohol was _____. （分数：4.00）A.sold openlyB.no longer a temptationC.a major factor in the passage of the Volstead ActD.brought across the Mexican and Canadian borders(3).During Prohibition, people _____. （分数：4.00）A.lived in fear of the lawB.were willing to risk arrest for the pleasure of liquorC.recklessly endangered their comunitiesD.were respectful of the legal sanctions placed on them(4).When enacting the prohibition law, government officials assumend that _____. （分数：4.00）A.every American would buy alcohol illegallyB.all criminal activities would ceaseC.patrols of the Canadian border would halt the sale of alcoholD.the social threat from drunkerness would decline(5).It can be inferred from the passage that _____. （分数：4.00）A.the Congress was wise to repeal ProhibitionB.the Prohibition Era was characterized by a decrease in crime and drunkennessC.during Prohibition, most Americans stopped drinkingws should be passed to ban the sale of alcoholic beveragesAs people continue to grow and age, our body systems continue to change. At a certain point in your life, your body system began to weaken. Your joint may become stiff. It may become more difficult for you to see and hear. The slow change of aging causes our bodies to lose some oftheir ability to bounce back from disease and injury. In order to live longer, we have always tried to slow or stop this process that leads us toward the end of our lives. Many factors contribute to your health. A well-balanced diet plays an important role. The amount and type of exercises you get is another factor. Your living environment and the amount of stress you are under is yet another. But scientists studying senescence want to know: Why do people grow old? They hope that by examining the aging process on a cellular level medical science may be able to extend the length of life. There is nothing to be afraid of as old age approaches. Many consider the later portions of life to be the best time for living. Physical activity may lessen, but often you gain a broader understanding of yourself and the world. What we consider old age now may only be middle-aged someday soon. Who knows with so many advances in medical science happening so quickly, life spans may one day be measured in centuries, rather than in years! （分数：20.00）(1).When people become aging, they will lose some of their ability to bounce back from disease and injury, “bounce back” here means _____. （分数：4.00）A.to improve in health after one?s disease and injuryB.to run fastC.to recover from disease and injuryD.to jump after recovering(2).In order to live longer, ______. （分数：4.00）A.we should postpone the process of agingB.we should try to do some exerciseC.we have to try to be on a dietD.we should keep in high spirits(3).Why are some scientists interested in studying senescence? ______ （分数：4.00）A.They may be able to find better ways to our lifeB.If they pin down the biochemical process that makes us age, there will be hope for extending the length of lifeC.They want find out if there is a link between how efficiently a cell could repair itself and how long a creature livesD.They want to increase the general ability of our bodies(4).Many consider the later portions of life to be the best time of living, because ______. （分数：4.00）A.they have a very good understanding of themselves and the outside worldB.they have nothing to do all day long only to watch their grandchildren growing up around themC.they have come through the battle of life safelyD.they consider their life has been a successful one(5).According to the passage, “spans” means _____.（分数：4.00）A.a long period of timeB.a length of timeC.a long distance from one place to anotherD.longevity翻译11. 2013年12月份以来，中国25个省份、100多座大中城市再次遭遇雾霾侵袭。

2014年中山大学348文博综合[专业硕士]考研真题（含部分答案）一、名词解释1．博物馆答：博物馆是以收藏、研究、陈列文物和自然标本为基本任务的一种科学研究与文化宣传教育机构。

中国博物馆活动的内容是在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想指导下，以为人民服务为宗旨，把社会效益作为最高准则，通过由文物和标本组成的具有思想性、科学性和艺术性的形象化陈列体系，对观众进行直观而生动的教育，以丰富人民群众的科学知识和文化生活，陶冶人们高尚的思想情操，为社会主义物质文明和精神文明的建设贡献力量，并为科学研究和艺术创作提供资料和借鉴。

2．生态博物馆答：生态博物馆是博物馆中的一个新的类型，它是在人类社会现代环境意识与现代生态意识不断觉醒的背景下产生的。

希微贺认为，“生态博物馆是由地方当局和居民共同筹划、建造和运作的设施。

地方当局负责提供专家、设备和资金，而当地人民则依靠他们自己的意愿、知识和个人力量推动工作。

”它不以实物收藏为基础，而是将文化遗产、自然景观、建筑、可移动实物、居民的传统风俗的演示等原状地、自然地保护和保存在其所属社区和环境中，社区中的一切自然和文化遗产都被看作生态博物馆的组成部分。

1995年在我国贵州六枝特区隆戛乡的深山上也建立了一处梭戛苗族生态博物馆。

3．瓷器答：瓷器是指以瓷土为原料经高温烧成的器皿。

对瓷器的具体定义目前尚无统一意见，但一般认为必须具备如下几个条件：①胎料必须是瓷土，经高温（一般在1200℃以上）烧造；②器物表面施的釉是高温下形成的玻璃质釉；③瓷器烧成后，胎体坚硬、结实、致密。

吸水率不足1％，叩之能发出清脆悦耳的金属声。

中国商周时期已出现原始瓷器，东汉晚期趋于成熟，六朝以后大发展起来。

4．古钱币答：古钱币是中国古代使用的实物货币、铸造货币和纸币的统称。

中国是世界上最早使用铸币的国家。

距今三千年前殷商晚期墓葬出土了不少“无文铜贝”，为最原始的金属货币。

中国古代钱币萌芽于夏代（最初以贝币作为交换单位），起源于殷商，发展于东周，统一于赢秦，历经了四千多年的漫长历史，创造了七十多项世界之最。

《文博综合》考研真题详解1古物陈列所[中央民族大学2014年研]答：古物陈列所是我国第一个以皇家藏品为主的博物馆，于1914年在故宫文华殿和武英殿成立，首开皇宫社会化的先河。

它是一个主要保管、陈列清廷辽宁、热河两行宫文物的机构，代表了我国20世纪20年代博物馆的水平，在当时社会产生了广泛而积极的影响。

在1948年3月与故宫博物院合并。

2生态博物馆[中央民族大学2014年研；南京大学2012年研]答：生态博物馆是博物馆中的一个新的类型，它是在人类社会现代环境意识与现代生态意识不断觉醒的背景下产生的。

希微贺给生态博物馆也曾下了如下的定义：“生态博物馆是由地方当局和居民共同筹划、建造和运作的设施。

地方当局负责提供专家、设备和资金，而当地人民则依靠他们自己的意愿、知识和个人力量推动工作。

”3大不列颠博物馆[中央民族大学2014年研]答：大不列颠博物馆是世界上历史最悠久、规模最宏伟的综合性博物馆，也是世界上规模最大、最著名的博物馆之一，它是在私人收藏的基础上建立起来的，其奠基人是著名医生汉司·斯隆。

位于英国伦敦新牛津大街北面的罗素广场，成立于1753年，1759年1月15日起正式对公众开放。

大不列颠博物馆收藏了世界各地的许多文物和珍品，及很多伟大科学家的手稿，藏品之丰富、种类之繁多，为全世界博物馆所罕见。

4复原陈列法[中央民族大学2014年研]答：复原陈列法是常用的一种效果较好的陈列方法，按照文物的本来面貌给以科学的复原。

复原的方法有成套文物组合复原法、文物与环境组合复原法、文物与模型组合复原法、文物与图像组合复原法、文物与实际操作组合复原法等，在社会历史类陈列或自然科学类陈列中广泛使用。

它使某些历史现象或自然环境再现于陈列室中，使观众犹如身临其境，有强烈的历史感和真实感。

5博物馆学[南京大学2012年研]答：博物馆学是一门研究博物馆的性质、任务、特征、作用和工作一般特点和规律的学科。

博物馆学的内容有以下几个方面：①博物馆学概论。

2014年山西大学348文博综合[专业硕士]考研真题（回忆版，含部分答案）一、名词解释：（缺一个）。

1．镇墓兽答：镇墓兽是我国古代墓葬中常见的一种怪兽，有兽面、人面、鹿角，是为镇摄鬼怪、保护死者灵魂不受侵扰而设置的一种冥器。

从考古发现的情况考察，镇墓兽最早见于战国楚墓，流行于魏晋至隋唐时期，五代以后逐步消失。

镇墓兽的制作，早则为木、骨质、陶质极少，以后主要为陶质和唐三彩，金属和石制品极为少见。

2．甲骨文答：甲骨文是契刻于龟腹甲、龟背甲和牛肩胛骨的文字，合称甲骨文。

甲骨文是中国的一种古代文字，是汉字的早期形式，有时候也被认为是汉字的书体之一，也是现存中国王朝时期最古老的一种成熟文字。

它记录和反映了商朝的政治和经济情况，主要指中国商朝后期（前14～前11世纪）王室用于占卜吉凶记事而在龟甲或兽骨上契刻的文字，内容一般是占卜所问之事或者是所得结果。

3．贾兰坡答：贾兰坡（1908年11月25日～2001年7月8日），是中国古人类学家、地质学家，历任中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所副研究员、研究员、学术委员及中国社会科学院考古研究所学术委员。

他因发现“北京人”遗址的贡献巨大而被后世尊称“北京人之父”。

4．下川文化答：下川文化是发现于中国山西西南部的旧石器时代晚期文化，其分布范围在山西沁水、垣曲、阳城，该文化的年代约在3万6千年～1万3千年前之间，为中国境内细石器时代的代表文化之一。

下川文化最早在1970年于山西省中条山东部发现，主要遗址则在1973年被发掘，其石器大多以燧石为原料，包括有雕刻器、刮削器及尖状器等，主要是属于细石器。

5．博山炉答：博山炉又称博山香炉、博山香薰、博山薰炉，是中国汉、晋时期汉族民间常见的焚香所用的器具。

常见的博山炉为青铜器和陶瓷器，炉体呈青铜器中的豆形，上有盖，盖高而尖，镂空，呈山形，山形重叠，其间雕有飞禽走兽，象征传说中的海上仙山——博山而得名。

6．洛阳铲答：洛阳铲又称探铲，是一种考古学工具，为一半圆柱形的铁铲。

348-文博综合一、考试性质《文博综合》（代码348）是2011年文物与博物馆硕士（M.C.H.M）专业学位研究生入学统一考试的科目之一。

《文博综合》考试要力求反映文博硕士专业学位的特点，科学、公平、准确、规范地测评考生的基本素质和综合能力，以利于选拔具有发展潜力的优秀人才入学，为我国文博事业建设培养具有现代文博事业理念和工作能力，能胜任较高水平文博业务或管理工作的应用型高级专业人才。

二、考试要求测试考生对于文物学、博物馆学、考古学、文物保护学的基本知识、基础理论和基本方法的掌握情况和运用能力。

但由于这四个学科领域之间的差异性很大，各招生单位可根据自身的具体培养能力和特点制定相应的考试内容（例如：只有考古学人才培养能力的单位可偏重在《考古学概论》方面出题，余类推）。

三、考试内容一、文物学概论1．考查目标1）系统掌握文物学的基础知识、基本概念、基本理论。

2）理解文物学教学的任务、过程、原则和方法。

3）能运用文物学的基本理论来分析和解决文物领域的各类问题，以指导文物研究、文物工作和文物事业地发展、充分发挥文物的作用。

2．考查内容1）文物学概述1.1）文物学的对象和任务文物学的研究对象是产生于对文物的研究，反之，文物学科的建立又促进了文物研究的提高和发展。

文物学的任务是揭示文物研究的规律，探讨文物的价值和艺术，指导文物的实践工作。

1.2）文物学的重点和聚集主要关注和了解文物学的萌芽、文物学的发展、文物学的理论深化等阶段有代表性、有影响的流派、代表性专家、主要学术著作、研究方法和系统理论。

2）文物学研究的主要领域2.1）研究文物的价值总的来说，文物主要有历史价值、艺术价值和科学价值。

文物可以补史的重要作用，更重要的是文物反映了当时人类的各种活动，而且还反映了这些活动之间的社会关系和产生的社会效果。

2.2）研究文物的作用文物的作用具体表现为以下两个方面：文物的史料作用和教育作用。

文物的史料作用主要研究以下内容：证史作用正史作用补史作用史料作用文物的教育作用主要探讨以下内容：文物教育的特点文物教育的场所文物教育的形式文物的教育功能2.3）研究文物的分类分类是根据不同标准，对文物的同与异集合成类的过程。

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