第一章╲t翻译中词义的选择、引申和褒贬
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词义的选择、引申和褒贬一、词义的选择英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。
在英汉翻译过程中,我们弄清原句结构后就要善于选择和确定剧中关键词的词义。
选择和确定词义通常从以下两个方面着手:(一)根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义给出下列练习1.It is not right for children to sit up late.2.The plane was right above our heads.3.In the negative, right and left, and black and white are reversed.4.She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery.(二) 根据上下文联系以及词汇在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义给出下列练习Account for1.He is ill; that accounts for his absence.2.In this battle he accounted for the five of the enemy3.I want you to account for every cent you spent.Make up1.If the stove is not made up, it will go out.2.There is not any girl called Clementine. He is just made her up.3.Half the roads in the region are still to be made up.4.Society is made up of people with widely differing abilities.5.It took Laurence Oliver more than an hour to make up for the part of “Othello”6.They made up a bed on the sofa for the unexpected visitor.7.We have to drive fast to make up the hour we lost in Boston.Figure1.The foreign trade ha risen to unprecedented figures2.Dr. Eliot was one of the most revered figures in the world of learning.3.On the desk, there was a bronze figure of Plato.4.He saw dim figures moving towards him.5.June was good at figure skating.二、词义的引申英译汉时,有时会遇到某些词在英语词典上找不到适当的词义,如任意硬套或逐个死译,会是译文生硬晦涩,不能确切表达意愿,甚至造成误解。
词义的选择、引申和褒贬词义的选择、引申及褒贬一、词义的选择英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。
一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类,具有几个不同的意义。
一词多义就是说同一个词在同一个词类中,又往往有几个不同的词义。
在英汉翻译过程中,我们在弄清原句结构后就要善于选择和确定原句中关键词的词义。
选择和确定词义通常从以下两个方面着手:(一)根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义选择某个词的词义,首先要判明这个词在原句中应属哪一种词类,然后再进一步确定其词义。
例如,在like charges repel; unlike charges attract一句中,like用作形容词,它的汉语对应意义是“相同的”,因此全句可以译为:“相同的电荷相斥,不同的电荷相吸”。
但在下面各句中,like又分属其他几个不同词类:1)He likes mathematics more than physics.他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理学。
(动词)2)In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold.在射入窗内的阳光里,细微的尘埃像金子一般在闪闪发亮。
(前置词)3)Like knows like.英雄识英雄。
(名词) (二)根据上下文确定词义除了根据词性来判断词义之外,词义选择一个更为重要的方法就是根据上文来判断词义了。
因为很多英语单词即使弄清楚了词性,但仍须从几个或几十个义项中选定确切的词义。
这就需要借助于上下文提供的各种线索做出合理的分析、推理、判断。
有时候,我们还可能会在考试中碰到生词。
可是,我们绝对不会在一个英语句子中出现这种情况:某一个单词不认识,而这个单词上下文中的所有单词都不认识。
正因为上下文的存在,这也给我们翻译中解决生词提供了突破口。
因此,在翻译中,我们一定要随时注意上下文,上下文的不同在很大程度上决定了单词意义的不同,也在很大程度上决定了翻译中理解和表达的正确性、准确性和译文是否通顺。
第二部分英汉互译常用方法和技巧第一章词义的选择、引申和褒贬导入材料情学生翻译以下的短语和句子,并讨论英语和汉语的词义是否对等?翻译时是否可以简单地凭词语的释义选择对应的词语。
1)做人误译: do person正译: be a man2)The child was in his birthday suit and ran about the yard.误译:那个孩子穿着生日服装在院子里到处跑。
正译:那个孩子光着身子在院子里到处跑。
解析:“ in his birthday suit ”是一种戏谑的说法,意为“光着身子”。
3)His father is forty something.误译:他父亲有 40 件事缠身。
正译:他父亲 40 多岁。
解析:基数词+ something表示"xx多......... ” "xx几.... ”上例适用于表示年龄,下例用来表示时刻和金额。
e.g. Annie didn 't catch the six something train. David spent fifty something ona new pair of glasses.4)Every tom, Dick and Harry danced in the hall then.误译:当时,汤姆,迪克和哈里三人都在大厅里跳舞。
正译:当时,人人都在大厅里跳舞。
解析:在英美国家, Tom, Dick 和 Harry 等人名是很普通的,就像中国的"张三,李四,王五”那样,因此, every Tom, Dick and Harry ( 口语)意为"人人” ,5)This car is in repair.误译:这辆车在修理中。
正译:这辆车情况良好。
解析:in repair 意为“完好”,“修好”,“情况良好”。
“ This car is under repair. ” 才表示“这辆车在维修中”。
翻译,意味着将一种语言所表达的意思用另外一种语言忠实地表达出来。
然而,任何两种语言都不可能有完全对应的词汇以及其他表意系统,所以我们在翻译的时候,一定要仔细地分析词汇的真正含义,力求翻译的准确,而不是简单地逐词死译。
6)它有两大优点。
误译:It has two big fine dots.正译: There are two strengths about it.一、词义的选择(diction/ choice of words)英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义现象。
一词多类是说一个词往往属于多个词类,具有几个不同的意义。
一词多义是说同一个词在同一词类中,往往有几个不同的词义。
在翻译的过程中,在弄清原句的结构后要善于选择和确定原句中关键词的词义:1.根据词在句子中的词类选择和确定词义。
2.根据上下文及词在句中的搭配关系选择词义。
1) 发货deliver goods2) 发传单distribute3) 发言speak at a meet ing4) 发光发热emit light andheat5) 发电gen erateelectricity以上各句中,“发”均作为动词,但是在英译时,要根据它在句中的实际意义,选择不同的词汇。
1)What did you have for breakfast?译:你今天早饭吃了什么?2)I bought this dictionary for five dollars. 译:我用五块钱买了这本字典。
3)I am all for it. 译:我完全赞成。
再看一下,下面的一组句子:1)I haven't had my holiday photos developed yet. 译:我还没洗假期的照片。
2)She'sdeveloped some very strange habits 译:她最近养成了一些怪习惯。
3)This exercise is designed to develop the shoulder and back muscles. 译:这个练习是为锻炼肩部和背部肌肉而设计的。
又如 :1)He is the last man to come. 译:他是最后来的。
2)He is the last man to do it. 译:他绝不会干那件事。
3)He is the last person for such a job. 译:他最不配干这个工作。
课堂练习题翻译下列的句子1)For all your explanations, I understand no better than before. 译:尽管你做了解释,我还是不懂。
2)It looks as if we are in for a big storm. 译:看来我们一定会碰上一场暴风雪。
3)Now that you are in for it, you must carry on. 译:既然你已经做了,就得做下去。
4)The fear is that these minor clashes may develop into all-out confrontation. 译:担忧的是这些小的冲突会发展成全面对抗。
5)Large cracks began to develop in the wall. 译:墙上出现了一些大的裂纹。
6)We must develop a new strategy to deal with the problem. 译:我们必须找出解决问题的策略。
7)He should be the last (last) man to blame. 译:怎么也不该怪他。
8)He is the last man to consult. 译:根本不要找他商量。
9)This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 译:我怎么也没有料到会在这个地方见到你。
课后练习题1. 试分析下列短语中,斜体字的具体词义,他们在翻译成英语时,该如何翻译。
打电话make a phone call 开飞机pilot a plane/ fly aplane打仗 fight a battle 开会hold a meeting打麻将play mah jong 开工go into operation打冷战shiver 开绿灯give free rein to打文件type the document 开玩笑make a joke打瞌睡nod 开灯turn on a light打太极拳 practice taiqiquan 开夜车burn the midnight oil打响指snap one's fingers 开关switch打喷嚏sneeze 开机器operate a machine打毛衣knit a sweater 开花blossom开门open a door 开业start a business开车drive a car2.根据上下文的联系以及词的搭配关系确定斜体部分在句中意义,并翻译句子.1)To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her. 译:脱鞋与穿鞋对她是一种痛苦,但这已经是多年以来的痛苦了。
2)An area the size of the Hornet 'flsight deck was marked off on an air trip and they practiced taking off time after from restricted space.译:在机场上标出了与大黄蜂号加班一样大小的一块地方,他们一次又一次的练习从这一块有限的面积上起飞。
3)He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working as though about to takeoff.译:他工作的时候,总是坐在椅子上,好像随时都会跳起身来的样子。
4)Their first major design was a pleated denim jean wit h external pockets dubbed ‘ baggies that took off in high schools and colleges and soon was imitated by other apparel manufacturers.译:他们的头一项重要设计师一种打褶的、缝上明袋的蓝色斜纹粗布裤,这种裤子人们称为“袋子” ,在中学和大学中首先流行,接着别的服装商也都很快仿制起来。
3.试分析下列短语中,斜体字的具体词义,他们在翻译成汉语时,该如何翻译。
1)I haven't seen the film, so don't spoil it for me by telling me what happens. 译:我还没看那电影呢,不要告诉我内容破坏我的兴致。
2)The dessert will spoil if you don't keep it in the fridge.译:这甜点,如果不放在冰箱里会坏的。
3)Since she supported none of the candidates, she spoiled her ballot paper. 译:由于她谁也不支持,所以她毁了她的选票。
4)When I'm feeling miserable I go shopping and spoil myself - a couple of new dresses always make mefeel better.译:我心情不好的时候就去逛街,放纵一下--几件新衣服就可以让我心情好起来。
5)Mr. Harvey, unable for once to do exactly as he wanted, sulked just like a spoilt child. 译:因为不能做自己想做的事情,汉维先生像孩子般的生闷气。
3.翻译中原语词汇确定基础上的目的语词汇的选择A.通过对词义的正确理解,尽量避免在翻译中的词汇的机械对应。
例如:英语水平: English proficiency生活水平: living standard游泳水平: swimming skill.1)他的游泳水平还很高。
误译: His swimming level is very high.正译: He has become quite good at swimming.2)他的英语水平比我高。