华中科技大学风湿内科2012年考博真题试卷

华中科技大学最近十年博士病理学试题华中科技大学2001年病理学（专基）（博士）一、名词解释（4*10）1、Mallory小体2、凋亡小体3、纤维素样坏死4、囊腺癌5、假结核结节6、肿瘤的异质性7、白色血栓8、区域性心肌梗死9、噬神经细胞现象10、白细胞附壁二、问答题1、试比较肥大和增生的形态学异同点（15分）2、何谓化脓性炎？可分为哪几型？各有何主要病变特点？（20分）3、发现一侧颈部肿块，有哪些可能的疾病？试述其主要病理诊断依据（25分）华中科技大学2002年病理学（专基）（博士）一、名词解释（3*10）1、凋落小体2、Biopsy3、稳定细胞4、Atypia5、逆行性栓塞6、调理素7、原癌基因8、假幽门腺化生9、Piecemeal necrosis10、噬神经细胞现象二、问答题1、举例说明梗死的类型及各型病变特点（10分）2、晚期胃癌患者，背部皮下肿块经病检证实为胃腺癌转移病灶，试分析其最可能的转移途径（10分）3、何谓化脓性炎？试比较试比较脓肿和蜂窝织炎的区别（14分）4、试述门脉性肝硬变的病理变化及其引起门脉高压的原因（16分）5、试述风湿性心脏病（风湿性全心炎）的主要病理变化及后果（20分）华中科技大学2003年病理学（专基）（博士）一、名词解释（4*10，英文翻译为汉语并加以解释）1、R-S细胞2、inflammatory mediator3、创伤性神经瘤4、heart failure cells5、羊水栓塞6、干线型肝硬变7、肿瘤的异质化8、冠状动脉性猝死9、假膜性炎10、新月体肾炎二、问答题（一）何谓肿瘤的转移？常见的转移途径有那几种？并举例说明之（20分）（二）简要比较下列各组病变的区别（8*3）1胃良性溃疡（溃疡病）与胃恶性溃疡（溃疡型胃癌）2 良性高血压与恶性高血压的细、小动脉病变3 侵蚀性葡萄胎与绒毛膜癌（三）试比较原发性肺结核病与继发性肺结核病的区别（16分）华中科技大学2004年病理学（博士）一、简答题1. 简述凋亡的基本过程2 .水中毒的病因和对机体的影响3 .低钾血症对机体的影响4 .心肌肥大的基本特点5 .简述钙超载引起心肌损伤的机制6 .何为缺血预处理？它有哪些保护作用？二、论述题1 .一例严重感染并发急性肾小管坏死的病人会出现哪些酸硷平衡紊乱，为什么？2 .何为自由基？试述它在体内的作用。

博士内科试题及答案考试题目一：1. 内科领域中，下列哪种疾病主要由细菌感染引起？（单选）A. 糖尿病B. 高血压C. 结肠癌D. 肺炎答案：D. 肺炎解析：肺炎是一种由细菌感染引起的呼吸系统疾病。

考试题目二：2. 下列哪项是心脏病的常见症状？（多选）A. 胸闷B. 头痛C. 呼吸困难D. 心悸答案：A. 胸闷、C. 呼吸困难、D. 心悸解析：胸闷、呼吸困难和心悸是心脏病的常见症状。

考试题目三：3. 下列哪种疾病主要由病毒感染引起？（单选）A. 高血压B. 糖尿病C. 流感D. 胃溃疡答案：C. 流感解析：流感是一种由病毒感染引起的呼吸道疾病。

考试题目四：4. 下列哪种疾病主要由免疫系统异常引起？（单选）A. 糖尿病B. 白血病C. 心脏病D. 哮喘答案：A. 糖尿病解析：糖尿病是一种由免疫系统异常引起的代谢性疾病。

考试题目五：5. 下列哪项是肾脏疾病的常见症状？（多选）A. 头晕B. 水肿C. 血尿D. 高热答案：B. 水肿、C. 血尿解析：水肿和血尿是肾脏疾病的常见症状。

考试题目六：6. 下列哪项是支气管哮喘的常见诱因？（多选）A. 烟草烟雾B. 空气污染C. 花粉D. 阳光答案：A. 烟草烟雾、B. 空气污染、C. 花粉解析：烟草烟雾、空气污染和花粉是引起支气管哮喘的常见诱因。

考试题目七：7. 内科医生主要负责诊治下列哪些疾病？（多选）A. 心脏病B. 骨折C. 高血压D. 肝炎答案：A. 心脏病、C. 高血压、D. 肝炎解析：内科医生主要负责诊治心脏病、高血压和肝炎等疾病。

总结：本试卷涵盖了博士内科考试中的一些常见问题，包括疾病的主要症状、病因及诊断。

希望通过这些试题和答案的学习，能够增加对内科领域的了解，提升博士内科考试的准确性和综合能力。

请广大考生认真学习，切实提高自己的知识水平。

祝大家取得优异成绩！。

2012年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：M: Well, just keep your arm straight there. Fine, there will be a little prick like a mosquito bite. OK? There we go. Ok, I will send that sample off and we’ll check it. If the sample is ok, we won’t need to go on seeing you anymore. W: So you think I’m getting better? M: Absolutely. Q: What can be inferred from the conversation?1．A．The woman’s condition is critical.B．The woman has been picking up quite well.C．The woman’s illness was caused by a mosquito bite.D．The woman won’t see the doctor any more.正确答案：B解析：此题考点为细节信息再现。

女士问医生是不是好转了，医生回答说当然，故答案为B。

选项C是干扰项，医生让女病人伸直手臂，并说会有向蚊子叮咬的刺痛，prick的含义是“刺痛”。

听力原文：W: It’s Mr. Cong, isn’t it?M: That’s right. I saw you six months ago with a broken finger.W: Yes, of course. And is that all healing well?M: It’s fine.W: What can we do for you today?M: Well, I’ve been having these headaches in the front, about my eyes. It started two months ago.They seem to come on quite suddenly, and I get dizzy spell as well. Q: What is the trouble in the man now?2．A．A broken finger.B．A terrible cough.C．Frontal headaches.D．Eye problem.正确答案：C解析：此题考点为细节信息再现。

内科学试题-风湿病总分：95分一．单选题（共69题，每题1分）1.不符合类风湿关节炎关节病变特征的是：( )A．对称性关节肿B．远端指间关节肿C．近端指间关节肿D．掌指关节肿E．小关节炎2.关于Schober试验下列正确的是：( )A．测腰椎活动度，小于3cm阳性B．测腰椎活动度，小于4cm阳性C．测腰椎活动度，小于5cm阳性D．等同于直腿弯腰试验E．指直腿抬高试验3.成人强直性脊柱炎最常见的临床症状是：( )A．腰痛或不适，活动后缓解B．腰痛或不适，休息后缓解C．下肢大关节肿痛D．四肢小关节肿痛E．肌痛，伴乏力4.关于强直性脊柱炎的治疗，正确的是：( )A．NSAID B．DMARDC．糖皮质激素D．抗疟药E．NSAID s和DMARD s的联合治疗5.患者，女性，35岁，反复口腔溃疡2年，近1年来受日光照射后出现面部红斑，怀疑是SLE。

从实验室角度看，以下哪项对其诊断有确诊价值?( )A．Coomb’s实验阳性、LE细胞阳性B．ANA阳性、RF阳性C．抗Sm抗体阳性、抗ds-DNA抗体阳性D．抗RNP抗体阳性、低补体血症E．抗SS-A抗体阳性、抗SS-B抗体阳性6.下列哪项不符合SLE的血液系统改变( )A．白细胞减B．血小板减少C．自身免疫性溶血性贫血D．正细胞正色素性贫血E．类白血病样改变7.女，50岁，对称性腕关节、掌指关节、近端指间关节肿胀2年余，血RF阳性，血ANA 阴性，诊断考虑为：( )A．系统性红斑狼疮B．类风湿关节炎C．风湿性关节炎D．骨性关节炎E．痛风8.患者，女性，20岁，反复发热半年，伴膝、踝关节肿痛，下肢水肿，实验室检查：ESR98mm/h，Hb76g/L，WBC5.6×109/L，PLT140×109/L，尿蛋白(+++)，RBC6～8/HP，需要进一步作下列哪一项检测?( )A．ANA B．抗dsDNA抗体C．抗ENA抗体D．24小时尿蛋白定量E．以上检查均需要9.男，36岁，右膝及左髋关节痛伴腰痛5～6年，曾诊断强直性脊柱炎，并经甲氨蝶呤和柳氮磺吡啶治疗2年，腰痛及右膝关节痛缓解，但左髋关节仍感疼痛，行走时明显，上述症状进行性加重，查ESR10mm/h，CRP6mg/L，左髋关节拍片示股骨头坏死，可行的治疗为：( )A．NSAID B．DMARDC．NSAID+DMARD D．糖皮质激素E．股骨头置换术10.11.哪一项是早期诊断结缔组织病(CTD)重要检查?( )A．关节液检查B．肝肾功能检查C．血清自身抗体D．血清补体E．X线平片12.患者，女性，28岁，关节疼痛1年，易脱发半年就诊。

华中科技大学2012年博士研究生入学考试试题Part Ⅰ Cloze（0.5×20＝10％）Comedian George Carlin has a routine in which he talks about how humans seem to spend their lives accumulating "stuff." Once they've gathered enough stuff, they have to find places to store all of it. If Carlin were to update that routine today, he could make the same observation about computer information. It seems that everyone with a computer spends a lot of time acquiring data and then trying to find a way to store it.For some computer owners, finding enough storage space to hold all the data they've acquired is a real challenge. Some people invest in larger hard drives. Others prefer external storage devices like thumb drives or compact discs. Desperate computer owners might delete entire folders worth of old files in order to make space for new information. But some are choosing to rely on a growing trend: cloud storage.While cloud storage sounds like it has something to do with weather fronts and storm systems, it really refers to saving data to anoff-site storage system maintained by a third party. Instead of storing information to your computer's hard drive or other local storage device, you save it to a remote database. The Internet provides the connection between your computer and the database.On the surface, cloud storage has several advantages over traditional data storage. For example, if you store your data on a cloud storage system, you'll be able to get to that data from any location that has Internet access. You wouldn't need to carry around a physical storage device or use the same computer to save and retrieve your information. With the right storage system, you could even allow other people to access the data, turning a personal project into a collaborative effort.&shy;So cloud storage is convenient and offers more flexibility, but how does it work? Find out in the next section.There are hundreds of different cloud storage systems. Some have a very specific focus, such as storing Web e-mail messages or digital pictures. Others are available to store all forms of digital data. Some cloud storage systems are small operations, while others are so large that the physical equipment can fill up an entire warehouse. The facilities that house cloud storage systems are called data centers.At its most basic level, a cloud storage system needs just one data server connected to the Internet. A client (e.g., a computer user subscribing to a cloud storage service) sends copies of files over theInternet to the data server, which then records the information. When the client wishes to retrieve the information, he or she accesses the data server through a Web-based interface. The server then either sends the files back to the client or allows the client to access and manipulate the files on the server itself.Cloud storage systems generally &shy;rely on hundreds of data servers. Because computers occasionally r equire maintenance or repair, it's important to store the same information on multiple machines. This is called redundancy. Without redundancy, a cloud storage system couldn't ensure clients that they could access their information at any given time. Most systems store the same data on servers that use different power supplies. That way, clients can access their data even if one power supply fails.Not all cloud storage clients are worried about running out of storage space. They use cloud storage as a way to create backups of data. If something happens to the client's computer system, the data survives off-site. It's a digital-age variation of "don't put all your eggs in one basket."Passage 1Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities - as well as new and significant risks.Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980's is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentiallycrippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company's efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts (a person, group, or thing used to mask the identity or true character or activity of the actual controlling agent)”with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming-and remaining-dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their currentsuccess.1. The primary purpose of the text is to[A] present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies.[B] describe a situation and its potential drawbacks.[C] propose a temporary solution to a problem.[D] analyze a frequent source of disagreement.2. The text suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might causes it to[A] experience frustration but not serious financial harm.[B] face potentially crippling fixed expenses.[C] have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government.[D] increase its spending with minority subcontractors.3.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors?[A] Annoyed by the proliferation of “front” organizations, corporations are likely to reduce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.[B] Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970’s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.[C] The significant response of corporations in the 1970’s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s.[D] Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned businesses, a shortage of capital in the 1970’s made substantial response impossible4 According to the text, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage under which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to labor is that they have[A] been especially vulnerable to government mismanagement of the economy.[B] been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitors.[C] not had sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporations.[D] not been able to advertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers.5 The author implies that a minority-owned concern that does the greater part of its business with one large corporate customer should [A] avoid competition with larger, more established concerns by not expanding.[B] concentrating on securing even more business from that corporation.[C] use its influence with the corporation to promote subcontracting with other minority concerns.[D] try to expand its customer bases to avoid becoming dependent on the corporation.Passage 2Years of research had educated me about how sugar, fat, and salt change the brain. I understood some of the parallels between hyperpalatable foods and drugs of abuse, and about the links among sensory stimulation, cues, and memory. I'd met enough people like Claudia and Maria to understand how even the thought of food could cause them to lose control.But I wasn't fully prepared for the discoveries I made about irresistibility and whoosh, the Monster Thickburger and Baked! Cheetos Flamin' Hot, about indulgence and purple cows. Without necessarily understanding the underlying science, the food industry has discovered what sells.I was sitting at Chili's Grill & Bar in Chicago's O'Hare Airport waiting for a late-night flight. At a nearby table a couple in their early forties was deep into a meal. The woman was overweight, with about 180 pounds on her five-foot-four-inch frame. The Southwestern Eggrolls she had ordered were listed as a starter course, but the enormous platter infront of her had been heaped with food. The dish was described on the menu as "smoked chicken, black beans, corn, jalape?o Jack cheese, red peppers, and spinach wrapped inside a crispy flour tortilla," and it was served with a creamy avocado-ranch dipping sauce. Despite its name, the dish looked more like a burrito than an egg roll, an only-in-America fusion approach.I watched as the woman attacked her food with vigor and speed. She held the egg roll in one hand, dunked it into the sauce, and brought it to her mouth while using the fork in her other hand to scoop up more sauce. Occasionally she reached over and speared some of her companion's french fries. The woman ate steadily, working her way around the plate with scant pause for conversation or rest. When she finally paused, only a little lettuce was left.Had she known someone was watching her, I'm sure she would have eaten differently. Had she been asked to describe what she had just eaten, she probably would have substantially underestimated her consumption. And she would probably have been surprised to learn what the ingredients in her meal really were.The woman might have been interested in how my industry source, who had called sugar, fat, and salt the three points of the compass, described her entree. Deep-frying the tortilla drives down its water content from 40 percent to about 5 percent and replaces the rest with fat."The tortilla is really going to absorb a lot of fat," he said. "It looks like an egg roll is supposed to look, which is crispy and brown on the outside."The food consultant read through other ingredients on the label, keeping up a running commentary as he did. "Cooked white meat chicken, binder added, smoke flavor. People like smoky flavor — it's the caveman in them." "There's green stuff in there," he said, noting the spinach. "That makes me feel like I'm eating something healthy." "Shredded Monterey Jack cheese.... The increase in per-capita consumption of cheese is off the chart."The hot peppers, he said, "add a little spice, but not too much to kill everything else off." He believed the chicken had been chopped and formed much like a meat loaf, with binders added, which makes those calories easy to swallow. Ingredients that hold moisture, including autolyzed yeast extract, sodium phosphate, and soy protein concentrate, further soften the food. I noticed that salt appeared eight times on the label and that sweeteners were there five times, in the form of corn-syrup solids, molasses, honey, brown sugar, and sugar."This is highly processed?" I asked."Absolutely, yes. All of this has been processed such that you can wolf it down fast...chopped up and made ultrapalatable.... Very appealing looking, very high pleasure in the food, very high caloric density. Rulesout all that stuff you have to chew."By eliminating the need to chew, modern food processing techniques allow us to eat faster. "When you're eating these things, you've had 500, 600, 800, 900 calories before you know it," said the consultant. "Literally before you know it." Refined food simply melts in the mouth.1. It can be inferred from the author's description of the woman eating in paragraph four that(A) The woman prefers to eat at Chili's vs. other restaurants.(B) The woman truly enjoys the foods that she chooses to eat.(C) The woman's efficiency at cleaning her plate adds to her dining experience.(D) The author is disgusted by the woman's consumption.(E) The author believes the woman should take a course in healthy eating.2. According to the passage, the main reason people overeat is(A) because salt and sweeteners, like corn-syrup solids and brown sugar, are added to the food.(B) because we don't have to chew our food very much(C) because people like smoky flavor(D) because sugar, fat and salt change the brain(E) because we are used to eating quickly in this modern society3. The following are all ingredients in the egg rolls, EXCEPT(A) salt (B) binders (C) honey (D) spinach (E) dark meat chicken4. Which of the following statements best describes the main idea of the passage?(A) If you eat too much food too quickly, you'll gain weight and become unhealthy.(B) Because refined food is irresistible and easy to eat, it masks how unhealthy it is, leaving people unaware of the poor food choices they're making.(C) Chili's is one of the restaurants in the U.S. serving unhealthy food to consumers today.(D) Food consultants and authors are making Americans aware of their unhealthy eating habits, thus, creating healthier generations for years to come.(E) Refined foods, with salt, sugar, and fat hidden inside, are less nutritious and more damaging than whole foods.5. In the first sentence of paragraph four, the word "vigor" most nearly means(A) pleasure (B) flamboyance (C) lethargy (D) energy (E) craftinessPassage 3No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given.The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it issubjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continent. Theoretically， this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a （conveyer belt） and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge.This view may be correct： it has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents.On the other hand， the theory is implausible because convection does not normally occur along lines， and it certainly does not occur long lines broken by frequent offsets or changes in direction， as the ridge is.It has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents.Such a backoupling， in which the position of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it， could produce complicated and varying motionsAlso it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean.This plate is growing on both sides， and since there is no intermediate trench， the two ridges must be moving apart. It would be odd if the rising convectioncurrents kept exact pace with them.An alternative theory is that the sinking part of the plate， which is denser than the hotter surrounding mantle， pulls the rest of the plate after it. Again it is difficult to see how this applies to the ridge in the South Atlantic， where neither the African nor the American plate has a sinking part.Another possibility is that the sinking plate cools the neighboring mantle and produces convection currents that move the plates. This last theory is attractive because it gives some hope of explaining the enclosed seas， such as the Sea of apan. These seas have a typical oceanic floor， except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods.These seas have a typical oceanic floor， except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods. It seems possible that a sinking current of cooled mantle material on the upper side of the plate might be the cause of such deep basins.The enclosed seas are an important feature of the earth's surface and seriously require explanation because， in addition to the enclosed seas that are developing at present behind island arcs， there are a number of older ones of possibly similar origin，such as the Gulf of Mexico， the Black Sea， and perhaps the North Sea.1. According to the traditional view of the origin of the oceanbasins， which of the following is sufficient to move the continental plates？（A） Increases in sedimentation on ocean floors（B） Spreading of ocean trenches（C） Movement of mid-ocean ridges（D） Sinking of ocean basins（E） Differences in temperature under oceans and continents2. It can be inferred from the passage that， of the following， the deepest sediments would be found in the（A） Indian Ocean（B） Black Sea（C） Mid-Atlantic（D） South Atlantic（E） Pacific3. The author refers to a “conveyer belt ”in line 13 in order to （A） illustrate the effects of convection in the mantle（B） show how temperature differences depend on the positions of the continents（C） demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge（D） describe the complicated motions made possible by back-coupling （E） account for the rising currents under certain mid-ocean ridges4.According to the passage， which of the following are separated bya plate that is growing on both sides？（A） The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan（B） The South Atlantic Ridge and the North Sea Ridge（C） The Gulf of Mexico and the South Atlantic Ridge（D） The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Indian Ocean Ridge（E） The Black Sea and the Sea of Japan5. Which of the following titles would best describe the content of the passage？（A） A Description of the Oceans of the World（B） Several Theories of Ocean Basin Formation（C） The Traditional View of the Oceans（D） Convection and Ocean Currents（E） Temperature Differences Among the Oceans of the WorldPassage 4In the eighteenth century, Japan’s feudal overlords, from the shogun (shogun: n.<日>幕府时代的将军) to the humblest samurai (samurai: n.(封建时代的)日本武士,日本陆军军官), found themselves under financial stress. In part, this stress can be attributed to the overlords’failure to adjust to a rapidly expanding economy, but the stress was also due to factors beyond the overlords’control. Concentration of the samurai in castle-towns had acted as a stimulus to trade. Commercial efficiency, in turn, had put temptations in the way of buyers. Since most samurai had been reduced to idleness by years of peace, encouraged toengage in scholarship and martial exercises or to perform administrative tasks that took little time, it is not surprising that their tastes and habits grew expensive. Overlords’income, despite the increase in rice production among their tenant farmers, failed to keep pace with their expenses. Although shortfalls in overlords’income resulted almost as much from laxity among their tax collectors (the nearly inevitable outcome of hereditary office-holding) as from their higher standards of living, a misfortune like a fire or flood, bringing an increase in expenses or a drop in revenue, could put a domain in debt to the city rice-brokers who handled its finances. Once in debt, neither the individual samurai nor the shogun himself found it easy to recover.It was difficult for individual samurai overlords to increase their income because the amount of rice that farmers could be made to pay in taxes was not unlimited, and since the income of Japan’s central government consisted in part of taxes collected by the shogun from his huge domain, the government too was constrained. Therefore, the Tokugawa shoguns began to look to other sources for revenue. Cash profits from government-owned mines were already on the decline because the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold had been exhausted, although debasement of the coinage had compensated for the loss. Opening up new farmland was a possibility, but most of what was suitable had already been exploited and further reclamation wastechnically unfeasible. Direct taxation of the samurai themselves would be politically dangerous. This left the shoguns only commerce as a potential source of government income.Most of the country’s wealth, or so it seemed, was finding its way into the hands of city merchants. It appeared reasonable that they should contribute part of that revenue to ease the shogun’s burden of financing the state. A means of obtaining such revenue was soon found by levying forced loans, known as goyo-kin; although these were not taxes in the strict sense, since they were irregular in timing and arbitrary in amount, they were high in yield. Unfortunately, they pushed up prices. Thus, regrettably, the Tokugawa shoguns’search for solvency for the government made it increasingly difficult for individual Japanese who lived on fixed stipends to make ends meet.1. The passage is most probably an excerpt from(A) an economic history of Japan(B) the memoirs of a samurai warrior(C) a modern novel about eighteenth-century Japan(D) an essay contrasting Japanese feudalism with its Western counterpart(E) an introduction to a collection of Japanese folktales2. Which of the following financial situations is most analogous to the financial situation in which Japan’s Tokugawa shoguns found themselves in the eighteenth century?(A) A small business borrows heavily to invest in new equipment, but is able to pay off its debt early when it is awarded a lucrative government contract.(B) Fire destroys a small business, but insurance covers the cost of rebuilding.(C) A small business is turned down for a loan at a local bank because the owners have no credit history.(D) A small business has to struggle to meet operating expenses when its profits decrease.(E) A small business is able to cut back sharply on spending through greater commercial efficiency and thereby compensate for a loss of revenue.3. Which of the following best describes the attitude of the author toward the samurai discussed in lines 11-16?(A) Warmly approving (B) Mildly sympathetic(C) Bitterly disappointed(D) Harshly disdainful (E) Profoundly shocked4. The passage suggests that, in eighteenth-century Japan, the office of tax collector(A) was a source of personal profit to the officeholder(B) was regarded with derision by many Japanese(C) remained within families(D) existed only in castle-towns(E) took up most of the officeholder’s time5. The passage implies that which of the following was the primary reason why the Tokugawa shoguns turned to city merchants for help in financing the state?(A) A series of costly wars had depleted the national treasury.(B) Most of the country’s wealth appeared to be in city merchants’ hands.(C) Japan had suffered a series of economic reversals due to natural disasters such as floods.(D) The merchants were already heavily indebted to the shoguns.(E) Further reclamation of land would not have been economically advantageous.汉译英北京，7月11日-中国警方命令一个报道中国社会和经济发展超过10年的知名西方时事通刊物志停刊，该刊物的英国编辑如是说。

同济医科大学2006年麻醉学（博士)一、名词解释1.2相阻滞2.V AS评分3.间歇指令通气（IMV）4.前负荷5.霍夫曼消除6.PCA7.CO2排除综合征8.MODS二、问答题1.全麻术后苏醒延迟的原因。

2.简述低流量吸入麻醉的优点和存在的问题。

3.简述肌松药的类型及肌松药作用的监测。

4.简述目前疼痛治疗的方法。

5.肺动脉高压的原因及处理6.急性肺损伤和ARDS的病因及其诊断标准。

2.同济医科大学组织胚胎学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:38同济医科大学2004年组织胚胎学（博士）一、名解：1.神经干细胞2.凋亡3.胚泡4.抗原提呈细胞5.小强荧光细胞二、问答：1. 丘脑的结构、功能和功能的调控2. 大脑皮质的神经元种类、皮质分层和神经纤维联络3. 球旁复合体的结构和功能4. 胃肠内分泌细胞的种类、特点和功能5. 已知一种HAP1蛋白在下丘脑高水平表达，但不知道其功能。

请你进行课题设计以揭示HAP1的功能。

简述实课题研究目的、研究内容、实验方案。

并简要说明所用实验技术的基本原理。

注：名解是用英文出的。

3.同济医科大学神经解剖学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:39同济医科大学2006年神经解剖学（博士）一、名词解释：1、皮质2、神经节3、纤维束4、internal capsule5、corpus striatum6、medial lemniscus7、？8、broca区9、锥体系10记不起来了，也很简单二、问答题：1.小脑的分叶及纤维联系2.尺神经损伤的表现及原因3.交感神经节前纤维及节后纤维的走向4.脑干一般内脏运动核的功能及纤维联系5.？6.？4.同济医科大学肿瘤学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学2006年肿瘤学（博士）一、名解（4*5）20分1 IGRT2 GCP3 VEGF4 TBI5 NCCN二、问答题80分1.简述肿瘤基因治疗的策略？152.简述霍杰金淋巴瘤的临床分期及治疗原则？153.WHO疼痛治疗原则？154.论述化疗药物机制和细胞周期的关系？155.鼻咽癌TNM分期，临床分期，治疗原则和技术？205.同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:40同济医科大学考博历年真题感染专业2005年试题一、名词解释（每题5分）1.incudation period2.septicemia3.rabies4.nosocomial infection5.cholera二、问答题（每题20分）1.肝性脑病的发病机制及治疗原则2.HIV的治疗原则和临床表现3.丙型肝炎的基因分型及抗病毒治疗方案三、选答题（二选一）（15分）1.试述肝相关干细胞研究的现状及展望2.简述细菌对抗菌药产生耐药的发病机制6.同济医科大学细胞生物学（博士）[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboardPosted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:41同济医科大学2003年细胞生物学（博士）一、名词解释（共10小题，每题4分，共40分）1.nuclear skeleton2.kinetochore3.Signal Sequence4.stem cell5.molecular chaperon6.cyclin7.核孔复合体核篮模型8.膜泡运输9.微丝结合蛋白10.蛋白酶体二、综合题（共60分）1.试述溶酶体的形态结构、化学组成、形成的主要途径及功能。