2009年华中科技大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

2009年3月中国科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Drink coffee when you’re sleepy; it’s a good ______ and will help to keep you awake.A．incentiveB．promptC．stimulusD．appetite正确答案：C解析：本题答案是C。

C项stimulus意为“刺激物，促进因素”。

其他三项词义：incentive意为“刺激；鼓励”；prompt意为“催促，提醒”；appetite意为“食欲；胃口”。

2．Nearly 1,000 people are presumed dead as chances______of finding more survivors from the sunken Egyptian ferry.A．bubbleB．dwindleC．swayD．shiver正确答案：B解析：本题答案是B。

B项dwindle意为“减少，缩小”。

其他三项词义：bubble 意为“起泡，潺潺地流”；sway意为“摇摆，摇动”；shiver意为“打冷战，发抖”。

3．The only way he escaped from the bitter reality was to lose himself in a movie, allowing his imagination to______, viewing himself as a character in it.A．take upB．take onC．take offD．take over正确答案：D解析：本题答案是D。

2009年湖北博士入学考试英语湖北联考试题Part I Reading Comprehension (30 % )Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C，and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:In general，our society is becoming one of giant enterprise directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small，well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages，well-ventilated factories and piped music and by psychologists and "human-relation" experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless，that he does not whole heartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact，the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets(木偶) who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.he workers and employees are anxiou，not only because they might find themselves out of a job；they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realties of human existence as emotionally a，R，d ih:'t-ellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious.Their lives are no less empty than those of their subodinates. They are even more insecure in some respects.They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job，they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again——by psychologists，for whom testing is a big business，and by their superiors，who judge their behavior，sociability，capacity to get along，etc.This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one's fellow-competitors creates constant anxiety and stress，the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to the 19th-century" free-enterprise" capitalism? Certainly not.Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities——those of love and of reason-are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as a means to this end，and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By "a well-oiled cog in the machinery" the author intends to render the idea that man is.A.an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society，though functioning smoothlyB. a necessary part of the society though each individual's function is negligibleC. a humble component of the society，especially when working smoothlyD.working in complete harmony with the rest of the society2.The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that .A.they are faced with the fundamental realties of human existenceB.they are deprived of their independence and productivityC.they are likely to lose their satisfactory jobsD.they are farther away from genuine life3.Those who are on the higher social ladder would feel more peaceful and secure if they could.A.get higher salary and more self-respectB.have more chance to be further promotedC.prove better than their fellow-competitorsD.keep far away from this compititive world4.To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should .A.offer higher wages to the workers and employeesB.resort to the production mode of our ancestorsC.enable man to fully develop his potentialitiesD.take the fundamental realties for granted5.The author’s attitude towards industrialism might be best summarized as one of the .A.approvalB.dissatisfactionC.suspicionD.toleranceQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity，the number of species in a particular ecosystem，to the health of the Earth and human beings.Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms，particularly the exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rain-forest habitats. Relatively little has been said，however，about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are comparable to rain forests in terms ofrichness of life.An alien exploring the Earth would probably give priority to the planet's dominant，most distinctive feature-the ocean. Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away，it is easy to realize that landmasses occupy one-third of the Earth's surface. Given that two-thirds of the Earth's surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean，the total three-dimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater than that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the ocean has fewer distinct specIes.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising，considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of species. One scientist found many different species of ants in just one tree from a rain forest. While every species is different from every other species，their genetic makeup constrains them to be insects and to share similar characteritics with 750,000 species ofinsects.If basic，broad categories such as phyla andclasses are given more emphasis than differentiating between species，then the greatest diversify of life is unquestionably the sea. Nearly every major type of plant and animal has some representation there.To appreciate fully the diversity of abundance of life in the sea，it helps to think small. Every spoonful of ocean water contains life on the order of 100 to 100000 bacterial cells plus assorted microscopics and animals，including larva's or organisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish and clams and much more.6.What is the main point of the passage?A. Humans are destroying thousands of species.B. There are thousands of insect species.C.The sea is even richer in life than the mrlforests.D.Coral reefs are similar to rain forests.7.Why does the author compare coral reefs with rain forests(para. 1)?A.They share many similar species.B.They are approximately the same size.C.Most of their inhabitants require water.D.Both have many different forms of life.8.The passage suggests that most rain forest species are .A.insectsB.bacteriaC.mammalsD.birds9.The author argues that there is more diדersity of life in the sea than in the rain forest because .A. there are too many insects to make meaningful distinctionsB. more phyla and classes of life are represented in the seaC. many insect species are too small to divide into categoriesD. marine life-forms reproduce at a faster pace10. Which of the following conclusions is supported by the passage?A. Ocean life is highly adaptive.B. Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.C. The sea is highly resistant to the damage done by pollutants.D. More attention needs to be paid to preserving ocean species and habitats.Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:Science is an enterprise concerned with gaining information about causality，or the relationship between cause and effect. A simple example of a cause is the movement of a paddle as it strikes a ping-pong ball; the effect is the movement of the ball through the air. In psychology and other sciences，the word "cause" is often replaced by the term “independent variable”.This term implies that the experimenter is often "free" to vary the independent variable as he or she desires (for example，the experimenter can control the speed of the paddle as it strikes the ball). The term“dependent variable”replaces the word"effect"，and this term is used because the effect，depends on some characteristic of the independent variable (the flight of the ball depends on the speed of the paddle). The conventions of science demand that both independent and dependent variables be observable events，as is the case in the ping-pong example. In the case of biorhythm theory，the independent variable is the number of days that have elapsed between a person's date of birth and some test day. The depedent variable is the person's level of performance on some specified task on the test. Notice that although the experimenter is not free to choose a birthday for a given individual，persons with different dates of birth can be tested on the same day, or a single subject can be tested on several different days.In order to predict the relationship between independent and dependent variables，many scientific theories make use of what are called intervening variables. Intervening variables are purely theoretical concepts that cannot be observed directly. To predict the flight of a ping-pong ball，Newtonian physics relies on a number of intervening variables; including force，mass，air resistance，and gravity. You can probably anticipate that the intervening variables of biorhythm theory are the three bodily cycles with their specified time periods.It should be emphasized that not all psychological theories include intervening variables，and some psychologists object to their use precisely because they are not directly observable.The final major component of a scientific theory is its syntax，or the rules and definitions that state how the independent and dependent variables are to be measured，and that specify the relationships among independent variables，intervening variables，anddependent variables.It is the syntax of biorhythm theory that describes how to use a person's birthday to calculate the current status of the three cycles. The syntax also relates the cycles to the dependent variable，performance，by stating that positive cycles should cause high levels of performance whereas low or critical cycles should cause low performance levels. To summarize，the components of a scientific theory can be divided into four major categories：independent variables，dependent variables，intervening variables，and syntax.11. Based on the passage，causality may have the meaning that .A. cause and effect can be independent of each otherB. there is hardly anything that happens without a causeC. dependent and independent variables affect each otherD. cause and effect may vary respectively in most events12. According to biorhythm theory，.A. one's behavior can be predicted by knowing his or her birhtdayB. nobody can choose his or her date of birth as he or she wishesC. an individual's performance is irrelevant to hisor her birthdayD. a person's level of performance varies according to the test date13. Many theories for predicting the relation ship between cause and effect .A. testify their complete conformity withgeneral scientific principlesB. justify the identity of dependent，independent，and intervening variablesC.specify the time periods of bodily cycles in terms of psychological testsD. verify their prediction by variables inconsisitent with conventions of science14. The example of the ping-pong ball used to .A. indicate a hard nut to crack in physicsB. predict variables in a person’s performanceC.prove a common feature most theories haveD. show the negligibility of intervening variables15. The word “syntax”used in the last paragraph refers to the.A. rules used for ordering and connecting words in a sentenceB. principles defining the connections among different variablesC. definitions describing the impact of biorhythm on one's behaviorD. criteria measuring a person's performance levels with biorhythmQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes，entertainers，and entrepreneurs，not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education——not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find."Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual，" says education writer Diane Ravitch. "Schools could be a counterbalance. " Ravitch's latest book，Left Back：A Century of Failed School Reforms，traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools，concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically，to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others，they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path，says writer Earl Shorris，“we will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege，”write historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American life，a Pulitzer Prize winnig book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in U. S. politics，religion，and education. From the beginning of our history，says Hofstadter，our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality，common sense，and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints of children: "Weare shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 1 0 or 15 years and cme out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing." Mark Twaill:ֺ‎f Iuckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism.Its hero avoids beingcivilized——going to school and learning to read——so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect，according to Hofstadter，is different from native intelligence，a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical，creative，and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp，manipulate，reorder，and adjust，while intellect examines，thinks，wonders，theorizes criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country's educational system is the grips of people who“joyfully and militantly proclaim theirhostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”16. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?A. The habit of thinking independently.B. Profound knowledge of the world.C. Practical abilities for future career.D. The confidence in intellectual pursuits.17. We can learn from the passage that Americans have a history of.A. undervaluing intellectB. favoring intellectualismC. supporting school reformD. suppressing native intelligence18. The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are .A. identicalB.similarC. complementaryD. opposite19. Emerson，according to the passage，is probably .A. a pioneer of education reformC. a scholar in favor of intellectB. an opponent of intellectualismD. an advocate of regular schooling20. What does the author think of intellect?A.It evolves from common sense.B.It is second to intelligence.D. It underlies power.C.It is to be pursued.Part II Vocabulary (15 % )Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are fourchoeces marked A，B，C and D. Choose th ONE that best completes the sentence.Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in thebrackets.21. In the process of acquiring knowledges，as much can be learned from seeking as from finding，from journeys as fromA. travelB. destination D. seeking D.seeking22. Weare meant to live dangerously and should not be sheltered. Life is a perilous adventure；its richness is in its .A. hazardsB. securityC. peaceD. length23. Mary thought she would never meet Tom again，but by a curiousthey finally met.A. coincidenceB. incidenceC. incidentD. accident24. The traffic police were searching for evidence to prove the accused man's guilt，but in.A. hollowB. emptyC. voidD. vain25. The team's efforts to score were by the opposing goalkeeper.A. surpassed C. frustrated D. furtheredB. doubled26. A friend may be ，casual，situational or deep and lasting.A. identicalB. originalC. superficialD. critical27. This is the industrialist's ：invest，and risk going bankrupt，or not invest and risk losing your share of the market.A. paradoxB. junctionC. premiseD. dilemma28. The key to success is remembering that every hurdle crossed is one less hurdle in the of your personal ambition.A. pursuitB.proportionC. promotionD. propulsion29. Although he did not state his opinion，thewas that he doubted my words.A. interruptionB. implicationC. impositionD. interaction30. My work with leaders from all walks of life has me that they were not born leaders-they are made.A. advocatedB. impliedC. convincedD. illustrated31. You can't let your eyes glide across the lines of a book and an understanding of what you have read.A. come up toB. come acrossC. come aroundD. come up with32. In the museum there is a of the ship Mayflower.A. supplementB. nucleusC. miniatureD.valve33. Employees are not slaves who must bear being order around. They would not put theirin their pocket.A. arroganceB. conceitC.prideD. prime34. This was conducted to find out how many people prefer TV serious to films.A. examinationB. inspectionC.analysisD. survey35. The statistical figures in that report are not. You should not refer to them.A. accurateB. fixedC. delicateD. rigid36. All theoriesfrom practice and in turn serve practice.A. originateB. restrainC.modifyD. reflect37. This research has attracted wide coverage and has been featured on BBC television’s Tomorrow’s World.A. messageB. imformationC. mediaD. data38. Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to pick upwonderful in the market.A. batteriesB. bargainsC. basketsD. barrels39. Amy was elected chairman of the committee by avote.A. ambiguousB. synonymousC. simultaneousD. unanimous40. Developments in ship design and construction methods came about into challenges encountered in trading.A.awarenessB. responseC. contrastD. agreement41.In many places£¬ illness was seen either as an invasion of the body by some poison or it was to the work of an angry god，malignant magic，or witchcraft.A. contributedB. attributedC. tributeD. distributed42. His new theory has caused an enormous throughout the civilized world.A.solidarity C. sermonB. sentimentD. sensation43. The captain of the ship entered the details in the .A. loungeB. logC. motelD. shipwreck44. Some 4 000 private importers，exporters and wholesalers were nationalized andinto a huge government monopoly，the State Trading Corp.A. incorporatedB. inclinedC. resignedD. resorted45. She has but a faint of dialectical materialism.A. sacrificeB. reactionC. notionD. clue46. among young people is difficult to expect or achieve.A. AssuranceB. ProbabilityC. RelianceD. ConfQrmity47. The swimming pool is the children's favorite in summer.A. cradleB. hauntC. headingD.hedge48. In of Mr. Mainwaring's years of service，the company presented him with agold watch.A. contradictionB. appreciationC.confrontationD. apprehension49. They their hunting skills for the life of settled farmers.A. forsookB. forgedC.sacrificedD. reserved50.If you can't give up smoking completely，at least try to.A. take downB. turn downC.cut downD. set downPart III Cloze (10 %)Directions: For each numbered braclE~("1h the following passage£¬ fill in a suitable word inthe blank on the ANSWER SHEET.Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many 51. The simple 52for this is that there more different ways of looking at things 53 in the first kind of society. There are more ideas，more disagreements 54 interest，and moregroups and organizations 55 different beliefs. In 56，there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in 57 societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by 58more areas of life to decision. In a simple-racial 59，there are 60 occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for61 because everything seems to be the same. And 62 conditions may not be satisfactory，they are at least customary and undisputed.Social change is also likely to occur more frequently and 63 in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material，for example£¬ in technology rather than in values；in the 64 basic and emotional aspects of society than in their opposites；in form rather than in 65；and in elements that are66to the culture rather than in strange elements.67，social change is easier if it is gradual. For example，it comes68 readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp differences. This is one reason why change has 69 come more quickly to Black Americans as 70 to other American minorities，because of sharp difference between them and their white counterparts.Part IV English-Chinese Translation (15 % )Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentencesinto Chinese on the ANSWER SHEET.I shall mention two or three matters in which the need for cooperation between philosophy and science is especially intimate. 71. Since scientific method depends upon first-hand experimental controlled experierices，any philosophic application of the scientific point of view will emphasize the need of such experiences in the school，as over against mere acquisition of ready-made information that is supplied in isolation from the students' own experIence. So far，it will be in line with what is called the "progressive" movement in education. But it will be an influence in counteracting any tendencies that may exist in progressive education to slight the importance of continuity in the experiences that are had and the importance of organization. Unless the scienceofeducation on its wn ground and behalf emphasizes subject-matters while contain within themselves the promise and power of continuous growth in the direction of organization，it is false to its own position as scientific. 72.In cooperationwith a philosophy of education，it can lend invaluable aid in seeing to it that the chosen subject-matters are also such that they progressively developtoward formation of attitudes of understanding the world in which students and teachers liveand woward forming the attitudes of purpose，desire and action which will make pupils effective in dealing with social conditions.Another point of common interest concerns the place in the schools of the sciences，especially the place of the habits which form scientific attitudes and methods. The sciences had to battle against powerful enemies to obtain recognition in the curriGulum. In a formal sense，the battle has been won，but not yet in a substantial sense. For scientific subject- matter is still more or less isolated as a special body of facts" and truths. 73.The full victory will not be won until every subject and lesson is taught in connection with its bearing upon creation and growth of the kind of power of observation，inquiry，reflection and testing that are the heart of scientific intelligence.Experimental philosophy is at one with the genuine spirit of a scientific attitude in the endeavor to obtain for scientific method this central placein education.Finally, the science and philosophy of educatin can and should work together in overcoming the split between knowledge and action, betreen theory and practive, which now affects both education and society so seriously and harmfully.Indeed it is not too much to say that institution of a happy marriage between theory and practice is in the end the chief meaning of a acence and a philosophy of education that work together for common ends.Part V Chises-English Translation(15%)Directions：Translate the following paragraph into English and write youyr translation on the ANSER SHEET.一本好书就是一位益友。

2010年华中科技大学考博英语真题及详解PartⅠCloze(0.5ｘ20＝10%)Directions:In this part you are asked to choose the best word for each blank in the passage.Write your answers on the answer sheet.Who won the World Cup1994football game?What happened at the United Nations?How did the critics like the new play?(1)_____en event takes place,newspapers are on the street (2)_____the details.(3)_____anything happens in the world,reporters are on the spot to gather the news.Newspapers have one basic(4)_____,to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to(5)_____it.Radio,telegraph,television,and(6)_____inventions brought competition for newspapers.So did the development of magazines and other means of communication.(7)_____,this competition merely spurred the newspapers on.They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the(8)_____and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are(9)_____and read than ever petition also led newspapers to(10)_____out into many other fields.Besides keeping readers informed of the latest news, today’s newspapers entertain and influence readers about politics and other important and serious(11)_____.Newspapers influence readers’economic choices(12)_____advertising.Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very(13)_____.Newspapers are sold at a price that(14)_____even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main(15)_____of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising.The(16)_____inselling advertising depends newspaper’s value to advertisers.This(17)_____in terms of circulation.How many people read the newspaper?Circulation depends(18)_____on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment(19)_____in a newspaper’s pages.But for the most part,circulation depends on a newspaper’s value to readers as a source of information(20)_____the community,city, county,state,nation and world—and even outer space.1.A.Just whenB.WhileC.Soon afterD.Before2.A.to giveB.givingC.givenD.being given3.A.WhereverB.WhateverC.HoweverD.Whichever4.A.reasonB.causeC.problemD.purpose5.A.makeB.publishC.knowD.write6.A.anotherB.otherC.one anotherD.the other7.A.HoweverB.AndC.ThereforeD.So8.A.valueB.ratioC.rateD.speed9.A.spreadB.passedC.printedpleted10.A provokeB.jumpC.stepD.branch11.A.mattersB.affairsC.thingsD.events12.A.onB.throughC.withD.of13.A.formsB.existenceC.contentsD.purpose14.A.tries to coverB.manages to coverC.fails to coverD.succeeds in15.A.sourceB.originC.courseD.finance16.A.wayB.meansC.chanceD.success17.A.measuresB.measuredC.is measuredD.was measured18.A.somewhatB.littleC.muchD.something19.A.offeringB.offeredC.which offeredD.to be offered20.A.byB.withC.atD.about【答案与解析】1.A just在此为副词，意为“刚刚”，与when连接后接状语从句。

2003年春季华中科技⼤学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】考试科⽬：英语适⽤专业：Part I. Listening comprehension (10%)Directions:In this part you will hear three long talks or passages. Each will be read only once. At the end of each talk or passage, there will be somequestions. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answerfrom the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark thecorresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through thecenter.Question 1 to 4 are based on the talk you’ve just heard.1. A. She wants him to listen to the noise.B. She wants him to examine the machine.C. She wants him to wash the clothes.D. She wants him to repair the machine.2. A. He asks the woman to ignore the noise.B. He asks the woman to let him finish his reading.C. He asks the woman to ring the shop and ask them to repair it.D. He asks the woman to stop washing.3. A. The man from the shop overcharged then for his work.B. The man from the shop charged them two pounds.D. The man from the shop fixed the machine carelessly.Questions 4 to 6 are based on the passage you’re just heard.4. A. Different businesses produce different products.B. Each worker plays a certain role in finishing a certain product.C. The workers are very specialized experts in their field.D. Each worker is only concerned with his own work.5. A. It is easy for the workers to become experts.B. It will reduce the labor.C. It will raise the productivity.D. It will make the workers satisfied with their work.6.A. The division of labor brings about mass production.B. Most workers have no idea how the production is operated on the whole.C. Workers seem to be unable to get a sense of satisfaction from working.D. Working on one small duty day after day is dull.Questions 7 to 10 are based on the passage you’ve just heard.7. A. We will not have enough food to eat.B. All the oil that drives our car will be used up.C. The earth will become ice crowded.D. There will be little water left on Earth.8. A. Venus is too hot.B. There is no water there.D. It is lacking in carbon dioxide.9. A. A large amount of carbon.B. Heavy rain.C. The proper temperature.D. Enough water.10. A. The way to ensure the survival of the human race on Venus.B. The way to breed organisms on Venus.C The way to reduce the population of the Earth.D. The way to conquer the universe.Part II. Cloze (15%)Directions:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes thesentence.With the passage of time, the wave of change also spread to cities. The expression “one’s 11 on marriage” began to appear, as did the concept of “marriage as one of life’s many 12 ,”The 13 of men still unmarried in their thirties reached about twenty percent in the national 14 taken in 1985, and the advent (到来) of a “hard-to-get-married era” began to be 15 talked about. The figure apparently 16 30percent in 1995. 17 , the highest rate of male singles in their thirtieswas 18 in Tokyo, including that the 19 number of unmarried men was no longer a 20 rural problem.What about women? The proportion of unmarried women in the 25-59 age bracket（年龄段）has been increasing 21 about 5 percent every five years until it is now nearly 50 percent.What are the real reasons women 22 not to marry? Early on, two were cited: women are now better educated and more women are interested in working outside the home. A ministry of Education survey 23 in 1989 found that 35.8 percent of male high school graduates went on to college or university (including junior college) -less than the 36.8 percent for female graduates. This was the first time since the ministry started such surveys that women had outnumbered men in going 24 higher education. 25 , the proportion of women with jobs outside the home reached 49.5 percent in 1989.11. A. outlook B. lookout C. conception D. belief12. A. options B. alterations C. substitutes D. preferences13. A. ration B. ration C. proportion D. rates14. A. investigation B. census C. search D. approach15. A. very much B. fairly C. rather D. much16. A. transcended B. proceeded C. preceded D. exceeded17. A. Nonetheless B. Nevertheless C. Moreover D. Likewise18. A. recorded B. provided C. granted D. supplied19. A. growing B. grown C. advancing D. promoting20. A. primary B. prime C. primarily D. chief21. A. for B. at C. by D. with22. A. offer B. long C. choose D. expect23. A. sponsored B. conducted C. imposed D. enforced24. A. with B. in for C. about D. after25. A. Incidentally B. Virtually C. Meanwhile D. FurthermorePart III. Reading comprehension (40)Directions: In this part, there are 4 reading passages. Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions at the end of each passage. Choosethe best answer to each question and write your answer on the ANSWERSHEET.Passage 1The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others.The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keeper escapers is defined by attention—that aspect ofmind carrying consciousness forward from on moment to the next. It ranges from a passive, free-floating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation. The range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels, sensitivity to novelty is increased. The organism is more awake, more vigilant; this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subde signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings. The processes of arousal and concentration give attention its direction. Arousal is at first general, with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in which these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experience. Consciousness links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with perceived ends and purposes.The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing. Although in both kinds of animals, arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and nor epinephrine by the adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is possibly aggression. For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead, perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it, but the animal does experience something like it. The predator is searchingly。

2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart Ⅰ Listening Comprehension （30 ％）Section A1. D 女士的话Finally(终于通过了）说明John用了很长时间才通过这门考试。

2。

B 男士听到乘出租只要两小时后说“I'm up for that”，意思是我愿意这样做，即乐意乘出租车。

up for sth。

意思是愿意做某件事。

3。

C 由女士的话12135551212可知选C。

4。

C 由女士的话She came to see me this morning complaining a pain in her right leg可知病人的抱怨是右腿疼.5。

B 女士说：我要离开一周,我希望你能接着处理这里的事务,男士说You have nothing to worry about(你什么都不用担心），可知女士在给男士交待任务，应该是老板和秘书的关系.6. C 男士先说I feel ashamed to ask him for help（我不好意思找他帮忙），女士安慰说他是你的哥哥，然后男士说I'll call him tonight(我今晚给他电话),可知男士今天可能会找他哥哥帮忙.7。

B 由男士的话Now I am going retake your left leg and see how far you can raise it Keep the knee straight。

Does that hurt at an可知男士在给女士做检查。

8. D 女士说I have just made plans to play tennis,男士说Oh,that’s too bad. Maybe some other time，可知女士还要继续按自己的计划去打台球。

9. A 男士说She's been here as long as I have可知Louise并不是新来的护士.10。

Passage2交通法则与交通事故From the health point of view we are living in a marvelous age.We are immunized from birth against many of the most dangerous disease.A large number of once fatal illness can now be found for the most stubborn remaining disease.The expectation of life has increased enormously.But though the possibility of living a long and happy life is greater than ever before,every day we witness the incredible slaughter of them,women and children on the roads.Man versus the motor-car!It is a never-ending battle which man is losing.Thousands of people the world over are killed or horribly killed each year and we are quietly sitting back and letting it happen.It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel,his car becomes the extension of his personality.There is no doubt that the motorcar often brings out a man’s very worst qualities.People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognizable when they are behind steering wheel.They swear they are ill mannered and aggressive willful as two-year-olds and uttering selfish.All their hidden frustrations,disappointments and jealousies seem to the surface by the act of driving.The surprising thing is that the society smiles so gently on the motorist and seems to forgive his convenience.Cities are allowed to become almost uninhabitable because of heavy traffic;towns are made ugly by huge car parks;the countryside is desecrated by road networks;and the mass annual slaughter becomes nothing more than a statistic,to be conveniently forgotten.It is high timea world code were created to reduce this senseless waste of human life.With regard to driving,the laws of some countries are notoriously lax and even the strictest are not strict enough.A code which was universally accepted could only have a dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate.Here are a few examples of some of the things that might be done.The driving test should be standardized and made for more difficult than it is;all the drivers should be made to take a test every three years or so;the age at which young people are allowed to drive any vehicle should be raised to at least21;all vehicles should be put through strict annual tests for safety.Even the smallest amount of alcohol in the blood can impair a person’s driving ability.Present drinking and driving laws(where they exist)should be made much stricter.Maximum and minimum speed limits should be imposed on all roads. Governments should lay down safety specifications for manufacturers,as has been done in the USA.All advertising stressing power and performance should be banned.These measures may sound inordinately harsh.But surely nothing should be considered as too severe if it results in reducing the annual toll of human life. After all,the world is for human beings not for motorcars.1.The main idea of this passage is______.A.traffic accidents are mainly caused by motoristsB.thousands of people the world over are killed each yearC.the laws of some countries about driving are too laxD.only stricter traffic laws can prevent accidents.2.What does the author think of society toward motorists?A.Society criticizes the motorists severely.B.Huge car parks are built in the cities and towns.C.Society overlooks their rude driving.D.Victims of accidents are nothing.3.Why does the author say:“his car becomes the extension of his personality”?A.Driving can show his real self.B.Driving can show the other part of his personality.C.Driving can bring out his character.D.His car embodies his temper.4.Which of the followings is NOT mentioned as a way against traffic accidents?A.Build more highwaysB.Stricter driving testsC.Test drivers every three yearsD.Raise age limit and lay down safety specifications5.The attitude of the author is______.A.ironicalB.criticalC.appealingitant【答案与解析】1.D作者要表达的中心意思是：只有严格的交通法则才能防止交通事故的发生。

Passage6人类学What are we?To the biologist we are members of a sub-species called Homo sapiens,which represents a division of the species known as Homo sapiens.Every species is unique and distinct;that is part of the definition of a species.But what is particularly interesting about our species?For a start,we walk upright on our legs at all times,which is an extremely unusual way of getting around for a mammal. There are also several unusual features about our head,not least of which is the very large brain it contains.A second unusual feature is our strangely flattened face with its prominent,down-turned nose.Apes and monkeys have faces that protrude forwards as a muzzle and have“squashed”noses on top of this muzzle.There are many mysteries about evolution,and the reason for our unusually shaped nose is one of them.Another mystery is our nakedness or rather apparent nakedness. Unlike the apes,we are not covered by a coat of thick hair.Human body hair is very plentiful,but it is extremely fine and short so that,for all practical purposes,we are naked.Very partly this has something to do with the second interesting feature of our body:the skin is richly covered with millions of microscopic sweat glands.The human ability to sweat is unmatched in the primate world.So much for our appearance:what about our behavior?Our forelimbs,being freed from helping us to get about,possess a very high degree of manipulative skill. Part of this skill lies in the anatomical structure of the hands,but the crucial element is,of course,the power of the brain.No matter how suitable the limbs are fordetailed manipulation,they are useless in the absence of finely tuned instructions delivered through nerve fibers.The most obvious product of our hands and brains is technology.No other animal manipulates the world in the extensive and arbitrary way that humans do.The termites are capable of constructing intricately structured mounds which create their own“air-conditioned”environment inside.But the termites cannot choose to build a cathedral instead.Humans are unique because they have the capacity to choose what they do.1.According to the author,biologists see us as______.A.exactly the same as Homo sapiensB.not quite the same as Homo sapiensC.a divided speciesD.an interesting sub-division of Homo sapiens2.What is indicated as being particularly interesting about our species?A.The fact that we walk.B.The size of our heads.C.The shape of our faces.D.The way our noses evolved.3.The author explains that other primates______.A.do not sweatB.sweat more than human beingsC.have larger sweat glands than humansD.do not sweat as much as humans4.What is most important about our hands?A.The way they are made.B.They are very free.C.Our control over them.D.Their muscular power.5.From the passage it could be concluded that human uniqueness derives from ______.A.the kind of choices people makeB.people’s need to make a choiceC.people’s ability to make a choiceD.the many choices people make【答案与解析】1.B文章第一段指出“To the biologist we are members…as Homo sapiens”，也就是说我们只是Homo sapiens的a sub-species，和Homo sapiens并不完全一样。

Passage10当过CEO的政府官员政绩不佳Harry Truman didn’t think his successor had the right training to be president.“Poor Ike—it won’t be a bit like the Army,”he said.“He’ll sit there all day saying‘do this,do that,’and nothing will happen.”Truman was wrong about Ike. Dwight Eisenhower had led a fractious alliance—you didn’t tell Winston Churchill what to do—in a massive,chaotic war.He was used to politics.But Truman’s insight could well be applied to another,even more venerated Washington figure: the CEO—turned cabinet secretary.A20-year bull market has convinced us all that CEOs are geniuses,so watch with astonishment the troubles of Donald Rumsfeld and Paul O’Neill.Here are two highly regarded businessmen,obviously intelligent and well-informed, foundering in their jobs.Actually,we shouldn’t be surprised.Rumsfeld and O’Neill are not doing badly despite having been successful CEOs but because of it.The record of senior businessmen in government is one of almost unrelieved disappointment.In fact, with the exception of Robert Rubin,it is difficult to think of a CEO who had a successful career in government.Why is this?Well,first the CEO has to recognize that he is no longer the CEO. He is at best an adviser to the CEO,the president.But even the president is not really the CEO.No one is.Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured.Power in Washington is diffuse and horizontally spread out.Thesecretary might think he’s in charge of his agency.But the chairman of the congressional committee funding that agency feels the same.In his famous study “Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents,”Richard Neustadt explains how little power the president actually has and concludes that the only lasting presidential power is“the power to persuade.”Take Rumseld’s attempt to transform the cold-war military into one geared for the future.It’s innovative but deeply threatening to almost everyone in Washington.The Defense secretary did not try to sell it to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Congress,the budget office of the White House.As a result,the idea is collapsing.Second,what power you have,you must use carefully.For example,O’Neill’s position as Treasury secretary is one with little formal authority.Unlike Finance ministers around the world,Treasury does not control the budget.But it has symbolic power.The secretary is seen as the chief economic spokesman for the administration and,if he plays it right,the chief economic adviser for the president.O’Neill has been publicly critical of the IMF’s bailout packages for developing countries while at the same time approving such packages for Turkey, Argentina and Brazil.As a result,he has gotten the worst of both worlds.The bailouts continue,but their effect in holstering investor confidence is limited because the markets are rattled by his skepticism.Perhaps the government doesn’t do bailouts well.But that leads to a third rule:you can’t just quit.Jack Welch’s famous law for re-engineering General Electric was to be first or second in any given product category,or else get out ofthat business.But if the government isn’t doing a particular job at peak level,it doesn’t always have the option of relieving itself of that function.The Pentagon probably wastes a lot of money.But it can’t get out of the national-security business.The key to former Treasury secretary Rubin’s success may have been that he fully understood that business and government are,in his words,“necessarily and properly very different.”In a recent speech he explained,“Business functions around one predominate organizing principle,ernment,on the other hand,deals with a vast number of equally legitimate and often potentially competing objectives—for example,energy production versus environmental protection,or safety regulations versus productivity.”Rubin’s example shows that talented people can do well in government if they are willing to treat it as its own separate,serious endeavour.But having been bathed in a culture of adoration and flattery,it’s difficult for a CEO to believe he needs to listen and learn,particularly from those despised and poorly paid specimens,politicians,bureaucrats and the media.And even if he knows it intellectually,he just can’t live with it.1.For a CEO to be successful in government,he has to______.A.regard the president as the CEOB.take absolute control of his departmentC.exercise more power than the congressional committeeD.become acquainted with its power structure2.In commenting on O’Neill’s record as Treasury Secretary,the passage seems to indicate that______.A.O’Neill has failed to use his power wellB.O’Neill policies were well receivedC.O’Neill has been consistent in his policiesD.O’Neill uncertain about the package he’s approved3.According to the passage,the differences between government and business lie in the following areas EXCEPT______.A.nature of activityB.option of withdrawalC.legitimacy of activityD.power distribution4.The author seems to suggest that CEO-turned government officials______.A.are able to fit into their new rolesB.are unlikely to adapt to their new rolesC.can respond to new situations intelligentlyD.may feel uncertain in their new posts【答案与解析】1.D A项是视总统为CEO，这与原文第四段中“But even the president is not really theCEO.”是不符的；B项也不合题意，因为“Power in Washington is diffuse and horizontally spread out.”(政府权力是分散的，是水平分布的。

华中科技大学历年的考博真题整理2.同济医科大学 2001年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(15*21 试述创伤的代谢变化及其临床意义2 溶血反应的发病机理及病理变化二选答题(每人必选一题,但是不能选本专业试题,否则没有分数10分 /题1 胃癌淋巴转移途径2 试述开放性骨折的处理原则3 阴囊内肿块常见于哪些疾病?如何诊治?4 急性颅脑损伤的诊治处理原则5 张力性气胸的处理原则6 试述施行活体供脏器移植的基本条件和要求二、专业题(一名词解释 (4分 /题1 尿失禁2 肾积脓3 石街4 精索静脉曲张5 鞘膜积液(二问答题1 试述前列腺癌的诊断和治疗(15分2 试述上尿路结石的诊断及治疗新进展(12分3 试述肾盂癌的诊断和处理原则(13分同济医科大学 2002年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(30分(一名词解释(3分 /题1 脑再灌注损伤2 中厚皮片(二问答题(12分 /题1创伤后组织修复过程分为哪几个阶段?各阶段的主要特点是什么?2 试述肿瘤浸润与转移过程中的相关因素专业题一、名词解释(3分 /题1 尿频2 PSA3 少尿 /无尿4 肾积水5 皮质醇症二、问答题1简述尿失禁的分类及常见原因(10分2 男性前尿道损伤的治疗原则(15分3 膀胱移行细胞癌的临床分期?表浅膀胱癌的治疗原则(15分4 良性前列腺增生的诊断和鉴别诊断(15分同济医科大学 2003年泌尿外科(博士一、必答题(30分(一名词解释(5*21 成人型呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS2全身性炎症反应综合征(SIRS3 痈4 海绵状血管瘤5 负氮平衡(二问答题(5*61 灭菌与消毒有何区别?2 高钾血症的原因有哪些?如何诊断和处理?3 简述肠外营养有哪些常见的并发症?如何处理?4 简述外科如何选择和使用抗菌药物?5 创伤后组织修复分几个阶段?简述其修复过程?二、专业题(一名词解释(4*31 膀胱破裂的导尿实验2 K抗原3 前列腺痛4 肾皮质结核(二问答题(8*61 什么叫尿频,引起尿频的原因有哪些?2 叙述多囊肾的病因及分类3 叙述分段尿及前列腺培养检查方法4 叙述双侧上尿路结石的手术原则5 叙述膀胱镜下各期膀胱肿瘤的肉眼特征6 叙述肾积水的常见原因7 原发性醛固酮增多症有那些临床表现?8 叙述精索静脉曲张的发病机理同济医科大学 2005年泌尿外科(博士公共部分:一、名解SIADH SIRS二、问答:1、成分输血的种类及适应症2、肠源性感染的发病机制3、代酸的分型及常见原因泌外:一、名解肾积脓浅表性膀胱肿瘤Cushing`s syndrome Peyronie disease二、问答1、简述 BPH 的病生特、各自引起的临床症状和治疗方案2、上尿路结石的微创方法及适应症3、前列腺癌的治疗4、肾结核的鉴别诊断同济医科大学 2006年泌尿外科(博士外科公共部分名词解释 :基因诊断条件性感染CARS问答 :1、肠内营养的适应症2、自体输血的适应症及禁忌症泌尿外科部分名词解释 :肾后性肾功衰微创泌尿外科充盈性尿失禁尿崩症问答 :1、输尿管反流的原因危害及处理2、泌尿系感染与妇科生理变化的关系3、 KUB 的作用4、膀胱造瘘的并发症及预防27. 同济医科大学分子生物学(博士[Re: 0分会员] Copy to clipboard Posted by: 0分会员Posted on: 2008-01-22 17:57同济医科大学 2001年分子生物学(博士一、英汉互译下列名词,并加以解释 (30分1、 transposable element2、 restriction enzyme3、 derepression4、 gene therapy5、 calmo dulin6、操纵子7、反式作用因子8、基因组9、原癌基因10、多克隆位点二、试述反式作用因子的结构特征及作用方式 (20分三、试述 2型限制酶的功能与特性 (20分四、试述影响原核基因转录的因素 (20分五、试述病毒核酸的结构特点 (10分华中科技大学同济医学院 2002年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目:分子生物学(基础课科目代码:811一名词解释并写出对应的英文名词(共10小题,每小题5分,共50分1. 克隆载体2. 表达载体3. 假基因4. 微卫星序列5. 回文结构6. 启动子7. 癌基因 8. 多克隆位点 9. 增强子 10. 开放阅读框架二问答题(共 3小题,每小题 10分,共 30分1. 若要获得 IL-2的基因工程产品,你应该怎么做?2. 真核细胞中基因表达的特异性转录调控因子是指什么?根据它们的结构特征可以分为哪些类型?它们和 DNA 相互识别的原理是什么?3. 简述细胞内癌基因激活的方式?三选答题(任选 2小题,每小题 10分,共 20分1. 简述基因治疗中转移外源基因至体内的非病毒和病毒途径的主要原理2. 请你评价一下人类基因组计划(HGMP 完成的意义(蒲А⒕ ? 济和社会的??BR>3.分子生物学实验中所涉及的引物有哪几种,各有什么用途和特点?4. 简述 3~4种 PCR 衍生技术及其应用同济医科大学 2003年分子生物学(博士一名词解释并写出对应的英文名词(共10小题,每小题5分,共50分1. 克隆载体2. 表达载体3. 断裂基因4. 双脱氧核苷酸(简单5. 多克隆位点6. 启动子7. 癌基因8. 核糖体结合位点(简单9. 增强子10. 开放阅读框架二问答题(共3小题,每小题10分,共30分1. 什么是分子克隆技术?它的主要步骤是什么?2. 真核细胞和原核细胞基因表达在转录水平上调控的特点。

华科大华科大09 级第级第III 学期大学英语口语考试试题1. A and B are a couple. You plan to buy a house, but find that you can’t agree on anything.2. A and B are diplomats from different countries. You meet ata conference and exchange views about dealing with global population pressure/developing warning systems of natural disasters/promoting international cultural exchanges.3. A and B are both graduates. You meet on the campus and complain about discrimination you have experienced in applying for jobs.4. A and B are starting a kungfu training center/a restaurant/an animal clinic/a computer company. Talk about the prospect of your business, make promises, and remind each other of the things you should bear in mind.5. A and B are telling stories of great people in arts/sports/science. The story teller tries to impress the listener who expresses surprise and interest.6. A is a visitor to the United Kingdom/United States India, while B is a native citizen.A asksB about laws/dating customs/religion there, and shows belief and doubt about B’s answer.7. A is a customer and B a salesperson of a home-cleaning robot/a mini book scanner.B tries to assure A who is concerned about its possibility of breakdown and other problems.8. A is a new resident while B is a local police officer. A consults B for security tips.9. A and B are talking about whether holidays are a good time to express gratitude and which holidays are the most appropriate.10. A and B are having a debate about cloning.11.A and B are discussing whether it is proper for parents to indulge their children with many gifts.12. A and B are giving each other tips about how to improve health and their life.13.A and B are discussing whether they should be taking somany tests and try to find the better way to learn.教师在本学期最后一周的两次课随堂实施口试。

2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section A1. A. John failed the exam.B. John didn‘t take the exam.C. John passed the exam, but scored low.D. It took John a long time to pass the exam.2. A. To travel by train. B. To go by Taxi.C. To go hiking.D. To rent a car.3. A. 1-231-555-1212. B. 1-213-555-2112.C. 1-213-555-1212.D. 1-231-555-2112.4. A. Morning sickness. B. A frequent headache.C. A pain in her right leg.D. A boring hospitalization.5. A. Doctor and patient. B. Boss and secretary.C. Agent and customers.D. Driver and passenger.6. A. To buy another pair of shoes. B. To help his brother right away.C. To turn to his brother for help.D. To seek advice from the woman.7. A. He is offering a piece of advice. B. He is examining a patient.C. He is attending his daughter.D. He is taking a patient‘s history.8. A. To ask the man to call her back. B. To go to the botanic garden.C. To do some gardening.D. To play tennis.9. A. Louise is not a new comer.B. Louise loves being a nurse.C. Louise did a lot of work for the man.D. Louise has been waiting for a long time.10. A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Seven.11. A. She was thrown out of the car.B. She was knocked down by a car.C. She hit her head on the steering wheel.D. She got the steering wheel in her chest.12. A. She overacted to the man. B. She cried over her failure.C. She made a success of diet.D. She was jealous of the man.13. A. He hates those who fool around. B. He will never try the stuff.C. He will shoot any drug dealer.D. he regrets tried the stuff.14. A. The opposite to the man‘s expectation.B. A quicker recovery than expected.C. A pair of mismatching boots.D. her healthy pregnancy.15. A. He will do as requested. B. He will not join the team.C. The woman is crazy about him.D. The woman has trouble standing. Section BDialogue16. A. for the purpose of diagnosis confirmation.B. For the possibility of legal trouble.C. For the doctor‘s investigation.D. For the patient‘s further use..17. A. He has got cancer in his pancreas. B. He falls with a stomach problem.C. he suffers from fatigue.D. He has a loss of weight.18. A. See a dietician B. Have an operation.C. Start chemotherapy.D. Take medications for pain relief.19. A. A couple of years. B. more than five years.C. A couple of months.D. Approximately 5 years.20. A. Suspicious. B. Anxious C. Hesitant. D. Factual. Passage One21. A. Life evolution. B. Space exploration.C. Extraterrestrial life.D. Unknown flying objects.22. A. His 50th birthday.B. NASA‘s 50th anniversary.C. The university‘s 50th anniversary.D. The US Cosmology Association‘s 50th anniversary.23. A. Even primitive life is impossible. B. Intelligent life is fairly common.C. Intelligent life is less likely.D. Any form of life is possible.24. A. Nuclear weapons. B. Alien kidnapping.C. human extinction.D. Dangerous infection.25. A. Ironic. B. Negative C. Indifferent D. Supportive. Passage Two26. A. Obese people need more food.B. Obese people require more fuel.C. Obesity contributes to global warming.D. Obesity is growing as a global phenomenon.27. A. Limited living space.B. Crowded shopping mall.C. Food shortage and higher energy prices.D. Incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.28. A. Over 700 millions. B. Over 400 millions.C. Over 2.3 billions.D. Over 3 billions.29. A. 1800 calories. B. 1280 calories.C. 1680 calories.D. 2960 calories.30. A. Climate change. B. The fall of food prices.C. A rise in energy prices.D. An increasing demand for food.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section A31. The ______ conditions and places are likely to cause diseases.A. insanitaryB. insidiousC. insaneD. inefficacious32. The witness was ________ by the judge for failing to answer the question.A. abstainedB. acquittedC. admonishedD. adduced33. He has _________ two cars this year because of traffic accidents.A. pulled offB. worn outC. passed outD. written off34. People are much better informed since the _________ of the internet.A. convenienceB. adventC. interfaceD. aftermath35. All instruments that come into contact with the patient must be ________ before being used by others.A. sterilizedB. labeledC. quarantinedD. retained36. By adopting this cunning policy, the clinic risks _______ many of its patients.A. acquittingB. allocatingC. alleviatingD. alienating37. Humor can also be a powerful ________ against stress and misfortune.A. braveryB. blossomC. bufferD. buffet38. Diabetes upsets the _________ of sugar, fat and protein.A. metastasisB. metabolismC. malaiseD. maintenance39. The muscular ___________ can affect the way we feel mentally.A. potencyB. fiberC. lethargyD. synthesis40. Evidence is widespread that HIV-infected persons show to ______ their unsafe behavior.A. respond toB. reflect onC. wipe outD. put off Section B41. Memory can both be enhanced and impaired by the use of drugs.A. inhibitedB. injuredC. inducedD. intervened42. Is it true that this is the major drawback of the new medical plan.A. defectB. assistanceC. culpritD. triumph43. The physician was becoming exasperated by all the questions they were asking.A. frustratedB. perplexedC. irritatedD. crippled44. We were shocked at the physician‘s callous disregard for the human dimension of medicine.A. involuntaryB. apparentC. deliberateD. indifferent45. For years, biologists have known that chimpanzees and even some monkeys produce a panting Sound akin to human laughter.A. rockingB. gaspingC. vibratingD. resonating46. Everybody at the party was in a very relaxed and jolly mood.A. rejoicingB. reconcilingC. refreshingD. resenting47. The bacterial infection is curable with judicious use of antibiotics.A. impudentB. imprudentC. purulentD. prudent48. He tried to run, but he was hampered by his broken leg.A. endangeredB. enduredC. encounteredD. encumbered49. The whole holiday was a colossal waste of money.A. consecutiveB. conductiveC. considerateD. considerable50. The idea of correcting the defective genes is not particularly controversial in the scientific community.A. inevitableB. applicableC. disputableD. incrediblePart III Cloze (10%)Every day, over a million people log onto different Internet-based games. There is truly something for everyone in the gaming world. Games provide a quick escape from ___51___. Game developers are the new breed of storytellers, creating alternative ___52___. Games represent the ultimate interactive movie, allowing the user to control the direction of the plot.And now the newest technologies allow you to play games no matter where you are. At home, we have PC or video game consoles. ___53__, a desktop or laptop computer can be loaded with OS-bundled games or Web-based freebies. Even while traveling, there are many wireless computers, portable game devices, wireless phones and PDAs ___54___.Games are now pushing back all the ___55___ once placed upon them by technology, category, realism, location and time. These advances are helping to push games into the ___56___ of visual reality. Thus, the stuff of science fiction novels is gradually emerging, the graphic aspects of the game quickly ___57___. Initially, electronic involved ___58___ moving blocks across a TV or computer screen. ___59___ the vast increases in processing power, games are quickly approaching three-dimensional realism. This power allows a developer to create a ___60___ world where a gamer can look around in full 360-degree vision.51. A. society B. reality C. dream D. illusion52. A. approaches B. characters C. worlds D. mazes53. A. In general B. At present C. In reality D. At work54. A. to choose from B. to choose C. choosing from D. chosen55. A. defects B. drawbacks C. limitations D. disadvantages56. A. room B. realm C. range D. boundary57. A. evolve B. evolving C. evolved D. evolve58. A. simply B. readily C. exceptionally D. simultaneously59. A. Aiding by B. To aid by C. Aided by D. To be aided by60. A. human B. original C. realistic D. microscopicPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Passage OneToo much alcohol dulls your senses, but a study in Japan shows that the moderate drinkers have a higher IQ than teetotalers.Researchers at the National Institute for the Longevity Sciences in Aichi Prefecture, 250 kilometers west of Tokyo, tested the IQs of 2000 people between the ages of 40 and 79. They found that, on average, men who drank moderately --- defined as less than 540 milliliters of sake or wine a day --- had an IQs that was 3.3 points higher than men who did not drink at all. Women drinkers scored 2.5 points higher than female teetotalers.The type of alcohol didn‘t influence the results. The volunteers tried a variety of tipples, which ranged from beer and whisky to wine and sake.The researchers are quick to point out that the results do not necessarily show that drinking will make you more intelligent.―It‘s very difficult to show a cause-effect relationship,‖says senior researcher Hiroshi Shimokata. ―we screened subjects for factors such as income and education, but there may be other factors such as lifestyle and nutritional intake.‖Shimokata says that people who drink sake, or Japanese rice wine, tend to eat more raw fish. This could be a factor in enhanced intelligence, as fish often contain essential fatty acids that have been linked to brain development. Similarly, wine drinkers eat a lot of cheese, which is notsomething Japanese normally consume or buy. Shimkata says the high fat content of cheese is thought to be good for the brain.If alcoholic drinks are directly influencing IQ, Shimkata believes chemicals such as polyphenols could be the critical factor. They are known to have antioxidant properties and other beneficial effects on ageing bodies, such as dilating constricted coronary arteries.The study is part of a wider research project to find out why brain function deteriorates with age.61.The Japanese study was carried out on .A. the development of IQB. the secrete of longevityC. the brain food in a glassD. the amount of healthy drinking62. The Japanese researchers found a higher IQ inA. female teetotalers than in male onesB. female drinkers than in male onesC. moderate drinkersD. Teetotalers63.When he says that it is very difficult to show a cause-effect relationship, Shimokata means that_________.A. the study failed to involve such variables as income and educationB. he is doubtful of the findings of the investigationC. there are some other contributing factorsD. the results were just misleading64.From Shimokata‘s mention of fish and cheese we can infer that in enhancingA. sake or wine is a perfect match for fish and cheeseB. they promote the drinking effect of sake or wineC. they are not as effective as sake and wineD. sake or wine is not alone65.Based on the study, Shimokata would say thatA. intelligence improves with ageB. IQ can be enhanced in one way or anotherC. polyphenols in alcohol may boost the brainD. alcoholic drinks will make you more intelligentPassage TwoWomen do not avoid fighting because they are dainty or scared, but because they have a greater stake than men in staying alive to rear their offspring. Women compete with each other just as tenaciously as men, but with a stealth and subtlety that reduces their chances of being killed or injured, says Anne Campbell of the department of psychology at the university of Durham.Across almost all cultures and nationalities, men have a much smaller role than women in rearing children. ―Males go for quantity of children rather than quality of care for offspring, which means that the parental investment of women is much greater,‖ says Campbell. And unlike men, who can‘t be sure that their children have not been fathered on the sly by other men, women can always be certain that half an offspring‘s genes are theirs.Women have therefore evolved a stronger impulse than men to see their children grow up intoadults. Men‘s psychological approach is geared to fathering as many children as possible.To make this strategy work and to attract partners, men need to establish and advertise their dominance over rival males. Throughout evolution this has translated into displays of male aggression, ranging in scale from playground fights to world wars.Men can afford to take more risks because as parents they are more expendable. Women, meanwhile, can only ensure reproductive success by overseeing the development of their children, which means avoiding death.― The scale of parental investment drives everything,‖ says Campbell. ― It‘s not that women are too scared to fight,‖ she says. ―It‘s more to do with the positive value of staying alive, and women have an awfully big stake not just in offspring themselves but in offspring they might have in the future,‘ she says.This means that if women do need to compete—perhaps for a partner—they choose low-risk rules of engagement. They use indirect tactics, such as discrediting rivals by spreading malicious rumours. And unlike men who glory in feats of dominance, women do better by concealing their actions and their ―victories‖.But there is no doubt says Campbell, that the universal domination of culture by males has exaggerated these differences in attitudes to physical aggression. ―The story we‘ve always been told is that females are not aggressive,‖ says Campbell. And when they are aggressive, women are told that their behaviour is ―odd or abnormal‖.66. For the sake of their children, according to Campbell, women _______________A. are reluctant to start warsB. cannot avoid being dainty or scaredC. would rather get killed or injured in fightingD. do not fight with men under any circumstances67. It can be learned from the passage that men and women__________________A. present different family values in the worldB. show definite differences in parenting skillsC. are genetically conditioned in educating their childrenD. take different psychological approaches to their children68. Which of the following would men most probably be concerned about according to the passage?A. LifeB. ParentingC. DominanceD. Reproduction69. To avoid death, women _________.A. cannot afford to confront risksB. choose to fight in a violent wayC. try to seek protection from the menD. would resort to the ― odd or abnormal‖ tactics70. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Why men and women possess different parenting skillsB. Why men are more aggressive than womenC. Why women evolve in their own wayD.Why women do not start fightsPassage ThreeThe first line reads: ―She sits on the bed with a helpless expression. What is your name?Auguste. Last name? Auguste. What is your husband‘s name? Auguste, I think.‖ The 32 pages of medical records that follow are the oldest medical description of Alzheimer‘s disease. Psychiatrist Konrad Maurer and his colleagues at Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt found the file in their hospital‘s archive, where it had been missing for nearly 90 years, and published excerpts from it last May in the Lancet. The notes, in a cramped, archaic German script, were written by Alois Alzheimer – the physician who first described the disease.His patient, Auguste D, was a 51-year-old woman who had suffered fits of paranoid jealousy and memory lapses so disturbing that her family brought her to a local hospital known as the Castle of the Insane. Over the next four years Alzheimer tracked her condition. Upon her death he examined her brain issue and found the distinctive lesions that are now hallmarks of the disease.Today Alzheimer‘s afflicts some 4 million Americans. Although it still cannot be cured, or even treated very well, several recent studies hint that some treatments – from estrogen to Vitamin E to anti-inflammatory drugs –can reduce either the risk of developing the disorder or its symptoms. And more is being learned about its distinctive pathology. This past year, for instance, researchers discovered a new kind of lesion in Alzheimer‘s patients. A genetic study also pinpointed a mutation that is present in some 60 percent of them –a mutation in the DNA of mitochondria, the energy-producing organelles of the cells.But nearly a century ago, it was Alois Alzheimer who first described the disease and in so doing became one of the physicians to offer a biological basis for a psychiatric condition. Finding the file, Maurer says, ―is like holding history in your hands.‖71. Obviously, the discovery of the missing file of Auguste D __________________.A. adds credit to Alois AlzheimerB. sheds doubt on the first description of Alzheimer‘sC. presents a big challenge to the present medical communityD. has a great impact on the development of a cure for Alzheimer‘s72. The anatomical characteristics of Alzheimer‘s _________________________.A. can be found in the missing fileB. could have been confirmed decades agoC. are wrongly described in the missing fileD. even puzzled the medical community today73. The findings of the research on Alzheimer‘s _________________________.A. sound encouragingB. took more time than expectedC. were ascribed to the missing fileD. will bring about a cure in no time74. When he says that finding the file is like holding history in your hands. , Maurer means___________________.A. his assurance of the historical findingB. his further studies on Alzheimer‘sC. the beauty of the medical historyD. the importance of imagination75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. The Physician Who First Described Alzheimer‘sB. The Resent Studies on Alzheimer‘sC. The missing File Of Auguste DD. The history of PsychiatricsPassage FourDry-cleaning machines that use liquid carbon dioxide as a solvent will go on sale in the US next year – thanks to chemists in North Carolina who have developed CO2-solluble detergents. Dry-cleaner will lose their characteristic smell, and the new process will cut the amount of toxic waste in cleaning clothes.Joseph DeSimone, a chemist at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, says liquid CO2 is an ideal solvent because after cleaning, the CO2 can be evaporated off, collected, liquefied and reused.The problem in developing the process, says DeSimone, has been that CO2 by itself is not a good solvent. However, he points out that not too much dissolves in water without the help of detergents, yet water is the most common solvent. What CO2 needed, the thought, was the right detergent.Detergent molecules such as those in washing-up liquid have two chemically distinct ends: one has a liking for water, the other sticks to dirt. Normal detergents do not dissolve in liquidCO2, so DeSimone created three CO2-soluble detergents. One end of the detergents has a fluorocarbon group, which makes them soluble in CO2. The other end is soluble in water, oil or silicone, depending on the type of dirt being removed. The person doing the dry-cleaning has to decide which of the detergents is best suited for the job.DeSimone‘s company, Micell, will start selling liquid CO2 dry-cleaning machines next year. They operate at room temperature at a pressure ―about ten times the pressure of a bicycle tyre,‖according to a spokesman for Micell.Most dry-cleaners currently use chlorinated hydrocarbons such as perchloroethylene. But the US Environment Protection Agency (EPA) is clamping down on the toxic waste emissions this produces. After cleaning with the new machines, the liquid CO2 is evaporated and collected for reuse, leaving a residue of detergent and dirt.Brad Lienhart, president of Micell, says that cutting waste and pollution is the company‘s strongest selling point. ―Dry-cleaner owners are saying ‗get this burden off my back‘,‖ he says. He hopes to sell a hundred machines in the first year of business. About 15000 conventional dry-cleaning machines are sold around the world every year. Buster Bell, who owns Bell Laundry and Dry Cleaning in South Carolina, says the Micell technology looks competitive, and he likes the reduced environmental impact. ―You really don‘t know what is coming from the EPA,‖he says.76. The passage begins with ___________________.A. a commercial advertisementB. a horrible warningC. a sale promotionD. good news77. What is the liquid CO2 for?A. Better cleaning clothes.B. Help recycle dry cleaners.C. Dissolve the toxic waste from dry cleaningD. Reduce the toxic emission from dry cleaning78. The right detergent for CO2__________________.A. makes dry cleaning easyB. must be chemically solubleC. is chemically of two purposesD. means a right person for dry-cleaning79. When they are saying ―get this burden off my back,‖the dry-cleaner owners refer to __________________.A. the competition in the business of dry cleaningB. the pressure from EPAC. their potential profitD. their selling point80. What is the strongest selling point of the MiCell technology according to Lienhart?A. It will promote dry-cleaning business.B. It is environment-friendlyC. It costs less in the market.D. All of the abovePassage FiveThe alarm on our household computer terminal rings and wakes me up. My husband simply stirs and goes back to sleep. I transfer today‘s information onto the personal data card I carry with me everywhere and scan today‘s readings. Values are given as to the number of litres of water I can use ,the amount of coal-generated electricity I have been allocated and how many ―envirocredits‖ I have earned.I am free to use the water and electricity as I choose, however I notice that the ration of electricity is decreasing every day. Of course, this will not be a problem when we have earned enough envirocredits to buy another solar panel. Envirocredits are earned by buying goods with limited or no packaging, minimizing the amount of garbage thrown out and by financially supporting ―envirotechnology‘. Before cars were phased out due to unpopularity, credits could be gained by using public transport.I notice an extra passage added to the readings. At last I have been given permission to havea child. Almost instantaneously a package arrives with a label on it: ―anti-sterilization Unit‘. Inside there are instructions and a small device that looks like a cross between a pistol and s syringe. Eagerly I follow the instructions. The procedure is painless and I don‘t know if I am imagining it but I seem to feel the effects at once.Shaking my husband awake, I tell him the good news. I want to get started baby-making right now. ―You‘ve been on the waiting list for 37 years,‖ he says. ―Can‘t you just wait until I‘ve woken up properly?‖I decide that I probably don‘t have much choice and wander downstairs. I am feeling very privileged to have the opportunity to create a new life. It is saddening, however, when I realize that, because of strict population controls, this new life will be replacing an old one.I decide to ring my mother and tell her the good news. When she answers the phone she is crying. She has received word that my grandmother has failed her last health check and will be euthanized next week.For some reason, I don‘t feel like creating that new life anymore.81. Based on today‘s data, the wife will ________________.A. use up all the envirocredits she earnedB. make arrangements with her husband for the dayC. be allowed to use a certain amount of water and electricityD. do as required to generate enough water and electricity for the day82. According to the passage, envirocredits go to those who ______________--.A. recycle their garbage at homeB. limit themselves to solar energyC. push envirotechnology forwardD. do some environment-friendly83. the effects the wife is feeling at once following the instructions refer to _____________.A. the desire to make a babyB. the permission to make a babyC. the device to help her make a babyD. the consequences of making a baby84. The good news for the wife turned into bad news because _____________.A. she has to wait for another 37 yearsB. to create a new life is to replace an old oneC. population is strictly controlled in the countryD. today she is not healthy enough to make a baby85. What is the passage?A. It is a scenarioB. It is a true storyC. It is a piece of newsD. It‘s a scientific reportPassage SixJust because you‘re better educated doesn‘t mean that you‘re any more rational than everyone else, not matter how hard you may try to give that impression.Take the selection of lottery numbers. A survey in Florida described at this year‘s annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science shows that better educated people try to use random number system to pick their lottery numbers.Despite the apparent logic of choosing random numbers, however, their chances of winning are not better than those of ordinary folk who use birthdays, anniversaries and other ―lucky‖ dates. Nor are they better off than those who draw on omens and intuitions, picking numbers seen on car number-plates and in dreams. But no doubt they feel a lot more rational.That appearance of ―rationality‖ may be a dangerous thing. Scientists are not immune to subtle and subjective influences on their judgments. Take the data from a survey of the public and members of the British Society of Toxicology discussed at the same meeting.The survey shows that most people agree with the view that animals can be used to help predict how humans will react to chemicals, and that if a chemical causes cancer in an animal we can be ―reasonably sure‖it will cause cancer in humans. The toxicologists, however, are more circumspect. They accept the first statement but are less likely to agree that if a chemical causes cancer in an animal, it will cause cancer in a human.Can this difference be attributed to their expertise? Perhaps. But consider the considerable variation among toxicologists: those who were young, female, working in academia rather than industry or who felt that technology is not always used for the good of all, were more likely to agree that what causes cancer in an animal will cause cancer in a human.Maybe we need to think more about how who we are affects our ―rational‘ decisions.86. According to the Florida-based survey, those who are better educated feel a lot more rational about the way they ______________________.A. look at the worldB. use logic in doing scienceC. choose their lottery numbersD. use numbers professionally and personally87. Actually, the selection of random numbers _______________________.A. does not work any better than the use of omens and intuitionsB. stands more chance of winning a lottery in the United StatesC. is wrongly appreciated by rational peopleD. is widely practiced in lottery88. What are the survey data suggesting in the passage?A. We are leave in the age of rationality.B. Nobody can be trusted in terms of truth.C. Humans and animals do not react to chemicals in the same way.D. The sense of rationality cannot avoid being subjectively influenced89. What the author is trying to say in the passage ____________________.A. can be further illustrated by the opinion among toxicologistsB. is acceptable to those young and female toxicologistsC. is rational enough to accept in the world of scienceD. has much to do with his own experience90. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. A Very Comforting IllusionB. A Rational Approach to LotteryC. A Survey on Education and RationalityD. A Difference between Scientists and OthersPaper TwoPart V Writing(20%)水果是否可吃可不吃水果含有人体必需而又不能自身合成的矿物质，具有强抗氧化作用、防止细胞衰老的维生素以及可以明显降低血液中胆固醇浓度的可溶性纤维——果胶等，对人体健康十分有益。

华中科技大学09级第II学期大学英语口语考试大纲及教学要求一、口语能力评判范围1、准确性：考生的语音、语调以及所使用的语法和词汇的准确程度2、语言范围：考生使用的词汇和语法结构的复杂程度和范围3、话语的长短：考生对整个考试中的交际所作的贡献、讲话的多少4、连贯性：考生有能力进行较长时间的、语言连贯的发言5、灵活性：考生应付不同情景和话题的能力6、适切性：考生根据不同场合选用适当确切的语言的能力二、教学及口语考试内容1、教学内容要求学生掌握第II学期所学三本教材的15-20个主题内容（新视野听说教程和视听说教程以及综合教程第二册），参与不同形式的口头交际，即掌握在大学英语教学大纲中已明确列出的语言功能和意念。

2、口语考试内容口语考试紧扣教材内容进行，从中选择10个主题。

如社会、文化、价值、生活、学习、网络、体育、音乐，等等。

【见附件】三、口语能力要求第二学期要求学生根据不同场景及所给相关问题作简要的发言、讨论或表演对话。

四、考试形式及施考程序考试采取面对面的方式，以学生个人陈述或结对讨论或情景对话的形式进行。

任课教师在本学期最后一周的两次课随堂实施口试。

学生提前一周确定个人或结对参加口试，考试当天按照班级名册顺序抽签，当场确定主题立即展示，前一组结束，后一组马上继续。

采用总体与内容相结合的评分方法，教师就总体印象及考生的语言、句型以及惯用法的使用给分。

口试内容应表达题目所涉及的内容，要考虑是否切题，是否条理清楚、充分表达思想。

五、试题构成六、考试成绩10分制。

口试标准共分五等：优秀（9分）以上、良好（8分）、中（7分）、及格（6分）和不及格（6分）以下。

七、成绩评判标准9-10分：无语法错误，用词正确语言连贯，自然，表达丰富，发音清晰内容，语境，语调，语音基本一致8分：语法和词汇基本正确表达过程中词汇丰富，发音较好对有关主题能进行较长时间、语言连贯的发言，但允许由于无法找到合适的词语而造成的偶尔停顿语言的使用总体上能与语境、功能和目的相适应能够自然、积极地参与讨论7分：语法和词汇有一些错误，但未影响交际表达过程中词汇较丰富，发音尚可对有关主题能进行较连贯的发言，但发言较简短，有时在组织语言与搜寻词语时常出现停顿，有时会影响交际语言的使用基本上能与语境功能和目的相适应能较积极参与讨论，但有时内容不切题6分：语法和词汇有错误，且有时会影响交际表达过程中词汇不丰富，语法结构较简单，发音有缺陷组织语言和搜寻词语时频繁出现较长时间的停顿，影响交际，但能够基本完成交际任务不能积极地参与讨论，有时无法适应主题内容的变化讨论6分以下：语法和词汇有较多错误，妨碍理解表达过程中缺乏词汇和语法结构而影响交际，发音差，常中断交际发言简短且毫无连贯性，几乎无法进行交际不能参与讨论【附】口语考试参考主题1、A and B are discussing how to find an inexpensive but quality mobile phone online.2、How can parents and children improve their mutual understanding?3、A and B are desk-mates. Although the school bell has rung, their teacher has not turned up. They are making various assumptions about the absence of their teacher.4、How can we live a stress-free life?5、A and B are freshmen at the same college. They are talking about the similarities and differences between college and high school life.6、A and B are planning a class party and the budget is 500 yuan. Make a shopping list of the things you need and how many of each item. Then work out the total sum and decide what to change and what to keep on the list.7、A and B are former classmates. A is currently studying IT in New York, while B is studying Business Management in Beijing. They are comparing the teaching methods in China and the United States.8、If you were given a billion dollars, what would you do with it?9、A and B are talking about the important exam A will have tomorrow. A worries that he/she will fail. B comforts him/her and offers some advice.10.A is a salesperson, and B wants to buy a pairof jeans. They will talk about the size, color,price and way of payment.11.A and B are watching a TV serial. A wantsto switch to another channel because it’s time for commercials(商业广告). But B praises the Nike TV ads.12.A finds B very upset. B says he just brokeup with his girlfriend, because she wants to get married but he wants to have a career first. A tries to comfort B.14Who need more care, men or women?13.A and B are talking about the kinds ofmovies/music/sports they like and dislike.15.My favorite athlete.。

Attitudes of respect, modesty and fair play can grow only out of slowly acquired skills that parents teach their children over many years through shared experience and memory. If a child reaches adulthood with recollections only of television, Little League and birthday parties, then that child has little to draw on when a true test of character comes up—say, in a prickly business situation. “Unless that child feels grounded in who he is and where he comes from, everything else is an act,” says etiquette expert Betty Jo Trakimas.The Dickmeyers of Carmel. Ind., reserve every Friday night as “family night” with their three children. Often the family plays board games or hide-and-seek. “My children love it,” says Theresa, their mother.Can playing hide-and-seek really teach a child about manners? Yes, say Trakimas and others, because it tells children that their parents care enough to spend time with him, he is loved and can learn to love others. “Manners aren’t ab out using the right fork, agrees etiquette instructor Patricia Gilbert-Hinz. “Manners are about being kind—giving compliments, team-playing, making sacrifices. Children learn that through their parents.”While children don’t automatically warm to the idea of learning to be polite, there’s no reason for them to see manners as a bunch of stuffy restrictions either. They’re the building blocks of a child’s education.“Once a rule becomes second nature, it frees us,” Mitchell says. “How well could Michael Jordan play basketball if he had to keep reminding himself of the rules?”Judith Martin concurs. “A polite child grows up to get the friends and the dates and the job interviews,” she says, “because people respond to good manners. It’s the language of all human behavior.”培养仪式尊重他人、为人谦虚和公正无私等种种品质，都是父母通过多年来和孩子共同的经历和回忆教导出来的。

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humansare.1the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer's piece in theScience Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the averagefruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7— instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to8.Is there an adaptive value to9intelligence? That's the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance10 at all the species we've left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11of our own intelligence might be. This is12 the mind of every animal I've ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animalswould 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18, they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the worldthey live in?20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C] inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. "Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd," William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word "habit" carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don't bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they're there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads."The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder," says Dawna Markova, author of "The Open Mind" and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. "But we are taught instead to 'decide,' just as our president calls himself 'the Decider.' " She adds, however, that "to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities."All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. "This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything," explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book "This Year I Will..." and Ms. Markova's business partner. "That's a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence." This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being ________.A. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be ________A. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23. "ruts"(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to ________A. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova's comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ________?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he's the kid's dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family's geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, "There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing," says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father's line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers.This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don't rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26. In paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK's ___________.[A] easy availability[B] flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A] locate one's birth place[B] promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A] trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A] disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building[C] excessive sample comparison[D] lack of patent evaluation30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It's problems[C] DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts -- a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry's work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don't force it. After all, that's how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn't have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity's productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn't constrain the ability of the developing world's workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn't developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system__________.[A] challenges economists and politicians[B] takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33. A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C] the U.S workforce has a better education[D] the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged__________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "So much important attached to intellectual pursuits " According to many books and articles, New England's leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about thechurch-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: "come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people." One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Meanwhile, many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane's, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . "Our main end was to catch fish. "36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often__________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________.Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. Buta number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions,had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas becameskilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the"survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people'ssocial structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children's entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families,forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F] Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that worktogether to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perryincorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which everyone gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the expressreason of the association. (46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance. (48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.(50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. "White pollution "is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper togive your opinions briefly andmake two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2009年考研英语真题参考答案Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)Part C (10 points)46. 虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是其在丰富和完善人生方面所起的作用，但这种作用并不是我们最初的动机的组成部分。