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Unit 3 Computers 课文翻译section A我是谁?经过很长时间我已经改变了很多。
1642年我在法国诞生时是一台计算机器。
尽管当时我还年轻，但是我能简化一些复杂的计算题。
我发育缓慢，差不多到了两百年之后，查尔斯·巴比奇才把我制成了一台分析机。
在操作员用穿孔卡为我设计程序之后，我能够进行逻辑“思考”，并且能够比任何人更快地算出答案。
那时，这被当作是一次技术革命，也是我“人工智能”的开始。
在1936年，我真正的父亲，艾伦·图灵写了一本书，讲述了怎样能使我成为一台“通用机器”来解决任何数学难题。
从那时起，我在体积和脑容量方面迅速成长。
到二十世纪四十年代，我已经长得像一间屋子那么大，我不知道是否还会长得更大。
然而，这个现实也使我的设计者很担心。
随着时间的推移，我被做的越来越小。
自二十世纪七十年代以来，我一直被用在办公室和家庭里，先是用作个人电脑，后来又做成便携式。
这些变化只有随着我的存储能力的不断提高才能成为可能。
最初是被存储到电子管，以后是晶体管上，后来是非常小的芯片上。
因此，我已经完全改变了我的形状。
随着我年龄越来越大，我也变得越来越小。
随着时间的推移，我的记忆能力发展的如此之快，就像一头大象一样，我从来不会忘记告诉我的任何事情！我的存储能力变得如此巨大，连我自己都不能相信！但是我总是孤孤单单地站在那里，直到二十世纪六十年代初，人们才给了我一个用网络联成的家庭。
我能够通过万维网和其他人分享我的知识。
从二十世纪七十年代起，我被开发出了很多新的用途。
我在通讯、金融和商业领域变得非常重要。
我还被放在机器人里面，被用来制作移动手机，并且用来帮助做医疗手术。
我还被放置在航空火箭里去探测月球和火星。
不管怎样，我的目标是给人类提供高质量的生活。
现在我充满了幸福感，因为我是人类忠实的朋友并时时给他们提供帮助。
Who Am I我是谁?Over time I have been changed quite a lot.经过一段时间我已经被改变了许多。
写电脑是有用的发明作文英语Computer is a useful invention. It has greatly changed the way we live and work. With the development of technology, computers have become an indispensable part of our daily life. From communication to entertainment, from education to business, computers play a crucial role in various aspects of our life.First of all, computers have revolutionized the way we communicate. With the help of computers, we can easily connect with people from all over the world through emails, social media, and video calls. This has greatly shortened the distance between people and made communication more convenient and efficient.Secondly, computers have greatly facilitated the process of learning and education. With the internet, students can access a vast amount of information and resources that can help them with their studies. Online courses and educational websites have made it possible for people to learn new things and acquire new skills without leaving their homes.In addition, computers have also transformed the way we do business. With the help of computers, businesses can streamline their operations, improve efficiency, and reacha wider audience through online marketing and e-commerce. This has opened up new opportunities for businesses and has contributed to the growth of the economy.Moreover, computers have also made entertainment more accessible and enjoyable. With the development of gamingand multimedia technology, computers have become a popular platform for entertainment. People can play games, watch movies, and listen to music on their computers, makingtheir leisure time more enjoyable and fulfilling.Furthermore, computers have also played a crucial rolein scientific research and technological innovation. With the help of computers, scientists and researchers can process large amounts of data, conduct simulations, and develop new technologies that can benefit humanity.In conclusion, computers are a useful invention that has greatly impacted our lives in a positive way. They have revolutionized the way we communicate, learn, do business, and entertain ourselves. As technology continues to advance,computers will continue to play an important role in shaping the future of our society.电脑是一个非常有用的发明。
计算机专业英语教程（第3版）练习参考答案宋德福司爱侠Unit 1[Ex 1]1..F2.T3.T4.F5.T6.T7.T8.T9.T 10.F[Ex 2]1.input, storage, processing, and output2. power, speed, memory3. central processing unit4. internal, primary, memory5. keyboard, central processing unit, main memory, monitor[Ex 3]A. 1.F 2.D 3.G 4.C 5.B 6.E 7.H 8.AB. er 2.monitor 3.data 4.keyboard 5.data processing 6. information puter 8.memory [Ex 4]1.input device2. screen, screen3.manipulates4.instructions5.retrieve6.code7.hard copy8.function/code/instruction[Ex 5]1.T2.T3.F4.F5.T6.F7.T8.FUnit 2[Ex 1]1.T2.F3.T4.F5.T6.T7.T8.F[Ex 2]1. sizes, shapes, processing capabilities2. supercomputer, mainframe computer, minicomputers, microcomputers3. mainframe computer4.microcomputers, storage locations5. portables, laptop computers/ notebook/palm-sized computer, desktop workstations6.semiconductor7. CPU, memory, storage, devices, processing, users8. microprocessor ship[Ex 3]A. 1.C 2.A 3.H 4.I 5.E 6.F 7.G 8.BB. 1.capacity 2.device ptop computer 4.portable computers5.silicon6. semiconductor7.workstation8.voltage9.RAM 10.ROM[Ex 4]1. portable2.access3. main memory4.sophisticated programs5. processing capabilities6.instructions7.semiconductor putationputer professional[Ex 5]1.T2.T3.T4.F5.F6.T7.F8.T9.F 10.T 11.F 12.T 13.T 14.TUnit 3[Ex 1]1.T2.F3.T4.T5.T6.T7.F8.F9.T 10.F 11.T 12.F[Ex 2]1.microprocessor2.bus3.registers4.control unit5.processor6.binary7.arithmetic, logicalliseconds, microseconds, nanoseconds. 9.instruction 10.execution 11.megaherts 12.wordsize [Ex 3]A. 1.J 2.D 3.F 4.B 5.C 6.E 7.I 8.H 9.A 10.GB. 1.storage 2.chip 3.registers 4.ALU 5.bus 6.control bus 7.machine language 8.binary system9.bits 10. computer program[Ex 4]1. configuration2. converts3.data bus4.characters5.converts6.synchronize7.circuitry8.internal clock [Ex 5]1.T2. F3.F4.T5.T6.F7.T8.T9.T 10.FUnit 4[Ex 1]1.F2.T3.T4.T5.F6.T7.F8.T9.T 10.F 11.T 12.T 13.F 14.F 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.F 19 T 20.F 21.T 22.F[Ex 2]1. main memory2.RAM3.diskettes/floppy disks; hard disks4.chips5.parity6.expanded,extended7.monochrome 8.cache 9.ROM 10.updated[Ex 3]A. 1.B 2.E 3.C 4.J 5.I 6.H 7.A 8.F 9.G 10.DB. 1.secondary storage 2.buffer 3.access 4.code 5.diskette 6.slots 7.terminals 8.motherboard9.bytes 10.screen[Ex 4]1.desktop2.software3.animation4.transferred5.sophisticatedpatible7.cache8.upgrade[Ex 5]1.T2.F3.T4.T5.F6.T7.F8.T9.T 10.T 11.T 12.T 13.T 14.F 15.F 16.TUnit 5[Ex 1]1.T2.F .3.F4.F5.T6.T7.T8.F9.F 10.T 11.F 12.F 13.T 14.T[Ex 2]1.floppy disks2.disk drive3.revolutions4.bits5.megabytes, gigabyte, terabyte6.density7.sectors8.1.44 [Ex 3]A. 1.H 2.F 3.E 4.D 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.GB. 1.read/write heads 2.read/write heads 3.magnetic tape 4.index 5.disk drivers 6.format 7.clone 8.tracks [Ex 4]1.increment2.spins3.activate4.specification5.magnetize6.overwrite7.contaminated8.mechnism[Ex 5]1.T2.F3.F4.F5.T6.T7.F8.T9.T 10.T 11.F 12.F 13.T 14.T 15.F 16.T 17.F 18.T 19.T 20.TUnit 6[Ex 1]1.F2.T3.F4.T5.T6.T7.F8.T9.T 10.F 11.F 12.F 13.T 14.F[Ex 2]patible2.hardcopy3.terminal,monitor4.inked ribbon5.line6.Thernal7.Monochrone8.liquid crystal display[Ex 3]A 1.G 2.B 3.I 4.F 5.D 6.H 7.C 8.E 9.J 10.AB 1.printers 2.hard copy 3.CRT 4.hardware 5.pixel 6.output 7.software 8.Line printers 9.plotters10.graphics[Ex 4]1. are attachedpatible3.flexible4.mechanism5.perform6.rotate7.transfer8.video[Ex 5]1.T2.T3.T4.T5.T6.F7.T8.F9.F 10.T 11.T 12.F 13.T 14.T 15.T 16.T 17.F 18.TUnit 7[Ex 1]1.T2.F3.T4.T5.F6.F7.T8.T9.F 10.F 11.F 12.T 13.F 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.T 19.F 20.F[Ex 2]1.printers, plotters2.graphics3.pins4.pages per minute5.dots per inch6.lines per minute7.non-impact 8.carbon[Ex 3]A. 1.D 2.F 3.B 4.A 5.G .6.E 7.C 8.HB. 1.print wheel 2.Microcomputers 3.ink-jet printer work 5.noise 6.output device7.desktop publishing 8.dot-matrix printers[Ex 4]1.installation2.categorized3.image4.ribbon5.monochrome6.physical7.referred to8.dot[Ex 5]1.F2.T3.F4.T5.F6.T7.F8.T9.T 10.F 11.F 12.T 13.T 14.T 15.FUnit 8[Ex 1]1.T2.T3.F4.T5.T6.T7.F8.T9.F 10.T 11.F 12.F 13.T 14.T 15.F 16.T[Ex 2]1.inputting2.dumb, smart, intelligent3.dumb4.smart5.intelligent6.point-of-sale, automated teller7.POS 8.terminals 9.portable 10.moderms 11.transmitted municate[Ex 3]A. 1.G 2.E 3.A 4.F 5.C 6.B 7.H 8.DB. 1display screen 2.programming 3.telecommunications 4.function keys 5.retrive 6.minicomputers7.moderm 8.automated/automatic[Ex 4]1.intelligent2.verify3.Programmable4.specialized5.identify6.built-in7.high-volume8.are transmitted [Ex 5]1.T2.T3.F4.T5.F6.T7.F8.T9.T 10.T 11.T 12.F 13.T 14.TUnit 9[Ex 1]1.T2.T3.F4.T5.F6.F7.T8.T9.F 10.F 11.T 12.F 13.T 14.F 15.T 16.T 17.T 18.F[Ex 2]1.channels2.electrical pulses or charges, electromagnetic waves, pulses of light3.telephone lines, coaxial cables, microwave systems, satellites systems, fiber optic cables4.telephone linesworks6.atmosphere7.microwave tower8.gigahertz9.digital 10.light[Ex 3]A. 1.B 2.D 3.F 4.G 5.A 6.C 7.E 8.HB. 1.noise 2.trnasmission 3.Fiber optics 4.Microwave 5.synchronous 6.optical media7.Coaxial cable 8.digits[Ex 4]municate2.revolves3.detect4.encrypted5.nonconductive6.optical media7.susceptible8.relayed 9.antenna 10.pulses[Ex 5]1.F2.T3.T4.F5.T6.T7.T8.F9.T 10.T 11.F 12.T 13.T 14.T 15.F 16.T 17.T 19.F 20.T 21.F 22.TUnit 10[Ex 1]1.F2.F .3.F4.T5.T6.F7.T8.F9.T 10.T 11.F 12.F 13.T 14.T 15.T 16.F[Ex 2]1.three-dimensional2.joystick3.transmitter4.frames5.virtual[Ex 3]A. 1.C 2.G 3.D 4.H 5.B 6.F 7.A 8.EB. 1.sensors 2.virtual reality 3.software package 4.host computer 5.joystick 6.mouse 7.input 8.transmitter [Ex 4]1.Conveying2.responds3.incorporate4.signals5.performance6.mounted7.cumbersome8.insert[Ex 5]1.T2.f3.T4.F5.T6.T7.T8.T9.F 10.T 11.T 12.T 13.F 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.F 18.F 19.T 20.F 21.F 22.F23.T 24.T 25.T[Ex 1]1.F2.T3.F4.F5.T6.T7.F8.F9.T 10.T 11.F 12.T 13.F 14.T 15.T[Ex 2]1.caller2.audio boards3.directory4.clicking5.IRC[Ex 3]A. 1.F 2.A 3.G 4.B 5.H 6.C 7.I 8.D 9.J 10.EB. 1.update 2.hard disks 3.Audio boards 4.directory 5.menu 6.ports 7.download 8.online9.icon 10.bug[Ex 4]1.fixes2.register3.specify4.created5.remove6.installed7.execute8.to load[Ex 5]1.T2.F3.T4.T5.F6.T7.T8.F9.T 10.F 11.T 12.F 13.T 14.TUnit 12[Ex 1]1.F2.T .3.T4.T .5.F6.F7.T8.T9.F 10.T[Ex 2]pressed2.specify3.screen4.wide5.attributes6.optional7.directory8.subdirectories9.lowercase 10.wildcards 11.prompt 12.target[Ex 3]A. 1.H 2.D 3.G 4.C 5.F 6.B 7.E 8.AB. 1.execute 2.prompt 3.file 4.format 5.backup file pressed 7.parameter 8.lowercase[Ex 4]1.is displayed2.archive3.attribute4.default5.subdirectory6.extension7.abbreviated8.lowercase [Ex 5]1.T2.T3.F4.T5.T6.F 8.T 9.T 10.TUnit 13[Ex 1]1.T2.F .3.F4.T5.T6.T7.T8.F9.T 10.F 11.T 12.F 13.T 14.T 15.T 16.F 17.T 18.F 19.T 20.T[Ex 2]1.executable2.configure3.variables4.download5.double click6.performance7.explorer8.customize 9.log 10.feature[Ex 3]A. 1.A 2.F 3.B 4.G 5.C 6.D 7.E 8.HB. 1.utility program 2.documentation 3.spreadsheet piled 5.virus scanner 6.configuraiotn7.features 8.Viruses[Ex 4]1.infect, being detected2.customized3.folders4.optimizes5.highlighted6.reveal7.prompt[Ex 5]1.T2.F3.T4.F5.T6.T7.T8.F9.F 10.T 11.F 12.T 13.T 14.F 15.F 16.F 17.T 18.T 19.F 20.TUnit 14[Ex 1]1.T2.F .3.T4.F5.F6.F7.T8.F9.T 10.T 11.F 12.T 13.F 14.T 15.T 16.T 17.T 18.T[Ex 2]1.duplicate2.destination3.entriespound, single-entry5.overwrite6.array7.one-dimensional8.two-dimensional9.arrays, table/.DBF[Ex 3]A. 1.E 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.AB. 1.record 2.backup 3.field 4.tables 5.array[Ex 4]1.duplicate2.specific3.source, destination4.current5.path6.assign7.original8.dialog[Ex 5]1.F2.F3.T4.F5.F6.F7.F8.F9.F 10.F 12.FUnit 15[Ex 1]1.F2.T3.T4.T5.F6.T7.T8.T9.F 10.F 11.F 12.T 13.F 14.T[Ex 2]1.browse2.sub-directory3.copyrighted4. custom-written5.unzip6.atrribute7.automatically8.decompressed[Ex 3]A. 1.F 2.G 3.H 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.EB. 1.profile 2.batch program work-aware program 4.copyright 5.browse 6.platform 7.kit 8.zip [Ex 4]1.formatunch3.Custompressed5.unzip6.licensed7.test-run8.page mode[Ex 5]1.T2.F3.T4.F5.F6.F7.T8.F9.F 10.T 11.T 12.T 13.F 14.T 15.F 16.T 17.F 18.F 19.F 20.T 21.F 22.FUnit 16[Ex 1]1.T2.T3.T4.F5.T6.T7.F8.T 10.F 11.T 12.F[Ex 3]1.entitled2.impractical3.paper4.major5.conveying6.eminet7.suffice8.programming languagepilers 10.to lament 11.coincide 12.successive[Ex 4]1.stumbled across2.were appalled at3.making4.was leveled5.analogous6.in futility7.confusion 8.is focused on[Ex 5]1.F2.T3.T4.T5.F6.F7.T8.T9.F 10.T 11.F 12.T 13.F 14.T。
新世纪课标版八年级英语上册 Lesson 1Computers 教案及教学反思一、教学目标1.能够认识和掌握本单元的单词和短语，如：computer, keyboard, mouse, screen, printer等；2.能够使用目标语言描述个人使用电脑时的情况；3.能够根据提示和实际情景写一封电子邮件。
二、教学重点1.本单元的单词和短语；2.使用目标语言描述个人使用电脑时的情况。
三、教学准备1.多媒体教学设备；2.PPT；3.课程讲义；4.计算机课件。
四、教学过程1. 导入（5分钟）导入本单元的主题“Computers”，通过投影PPT图片来引导学生了解和认识计算机的各个部分。
2. 授课（30分钟）（1）英语单词学习：教师讲解和学习关于计算机的基本词汇，如：computer, keyboard, mouse, screen, printer等。
（2）目标语言操练：教师通过PPT和口语训练的形式，向学生展示个人使用电脑的情况，并引导学生仿照这些情况来表达自己的情况，如：•What do you use your computer for?•I use the computer to do my homework.•When do you use your computer?•I use my computer after school.3. 拓展（15分钟）通过让学生自由发挥，借助PPT讨论计算机广泛运用的领域及为人类带来的便利。
4. 练习（40分钟）（1）听力练习：运用PPT和口语练习，模拟英文听力考试的场景，让学生通过听、写、说等方式进行听力练习，旨在帮助学生提高听力水平及快速抓住听力素材，同时锻炼学生口语表达。
（2）读写练习：教师通过课程讲义，让学生根据提示和实际情景写一封电子邮件，并将其逐一点评。
5. 总结（10分钟）教师引导学生总结本节课的教学内容和所学内容，并列举相关的英语单词和短语，将学习的重点再次强化和巩固。
【英语作文】On computers 关于电脑电脑在现代社会中扮演着重要的角色，它已经成为我们生活和工作中必不可少的一部分。
随着技术的不断发展，电脑已经成为人们获取信息、沟通、娱乐和工作的重要工具。
在这篇文章中，我们将探讨电脑在现代社会中的重要性以及它对我们生活和工作的影响。
电脑在信息获取方面发挥了巨大的作用。
通过互联网，人们可以利用电脑轻松地获取各种各样的信息，包括新闻、学术文献、娱乐资讯等。
无论是在家还是在办公室，人们都可以使用电脑访问互联网，获取他们所需要的信息。
这大大提高了人们获取信息的效率和便利性。
电脑在沟通方面也发挥了重要作用。
随着互联网和社交媒体的普及，人们可以使用电脑进行即时通讯、视频通话等各种沟通方式。
这使得人们可以与世界各地的朋友、家人和同事保持联系。
而且，电脑还为人们提供了各种电子邮件、社交媒体平台等渠道，使得沟通更加便捷和即时化。
除了信息获取和沟通，电脑在娱乐方面也扮演着重要的角色。
人们可以使用电脑观看电影、听音乐、玩游戏等各种娱乐活动。
这些娱乐活动不仅带给人们快乐和放松，还可以丰富人们的生活。
电脑在工作和学习方面也发挥了不可替代的作用。
许多公司和组织都依赖电脑来完成日常的业务和管理工作，从而提高工作效率。
而且，学生们也可以通过电脑进行学习和研究，获取教育资源，完成学习任务。
尽管电脑给我们的生活带来了许多便利，但也存在一些不足之处。
电脑使用不当可能会给我们的健康带来威胁。
长时间盯着电脑屏幕可能会导致眼睛疲劳、颈部酸痛等问题。
过度依赖电脑可能会影响人们的社交能力，使人们变得孤僻和缺乏社交技能。
而且，电脑使用也可能会给人们带来信息泛滥和侵犯隐私的问题。
电脑在现代社会中扮演着重要的角色，它对我们的生活和工作产生了深远的影响。
我们应该充分发挥电脑的优势，同时也要注意电脑使用可能带来的不利影响，以确保我们能够更好地利用电脑来为我们的生活和工作增添色彩。
安全专业英语1.国外安全成语Safety is a commodity. 安全就是商品!Safety at first 安全第一!To be safe can not depend on wise behind. 安全不能指望事后诸葛! Tolerating danger is to cut one's own throat. 容忍危险等于作法自毙! Second thoughts are best for safety. 为了安全须三思而后行!A stumble may prevent a fall. 小踬可防大跌!2.常见的安全英语名词现代安全管理(MSM morden safety management)·工艺安全管理(PSM process safety management)·国际安全评级系统(ISRS international safety risk system)·HSE状况(HSE Case)·紧急预案(ERP emergency responsible progress)·危险源辨识(HAZID hazardous identify)·危害与可操作性分析(HAZOP)·工艺危险性分析(PHA process hazardous analysis)·如果-怎么办分析(What-if)·故障类型及影响分析(FMEA)·事件树分析(Event Tree Analysis)·故障树分析(Fault Tree Analysis)·定性风险评价(Qualitative Risk Assessment)·量化风险评价(QRA)·火灾安全性分析(Fire Safety Analysis)·安全审核(Safety Audit) ·项目风险管理(Project Risk Management)·企业风险管理(Enterprise Risk Management)3.安全词汇英语翻译MB Mining Bureau 矿业局Safe allowable floor load 楼板安全允许荷载Safe atmosphere 安全气氛Safe capacity 安全承载能力Safe circuit 安全电路Safe concentration 安全浓度Safe dust concentration 安全含尘浓度Safe container 安全集装箱Safe criterion 安全准则Safe current carrying capacity 安全载流量Safe current 安全电流Safe curtain 防火幕Safe dispersing area 安全疏散面积Safe escape appliance 安全逃生器具Safe escape/evacuation 安全疏散Safe floor 安全层Safe guard 安全措施Safe illumination 安全照明Safe in operation 安全操作Safe limit 安全界限Safe load 安全载荷Safe operating pressure 安全操作能力Safe practice 安全措施Safe refuge 避难所Safe reliability 安全可靠性Safe temperature 安全温度Safe guard construction 安全结构Safeguard measure 保证措施Safeguard practice 保护性措施Safeguard structure 防护结构Safeguarding structure 防护构筑物Safelight box 安全灯箱Safety explosive 安全炸药Safety accessory 安全附件Safety accommodation 安全住所Safety alarm device 安全警报装置Safety alert symbol 安全惊叹号Safety apparatus 安全设备Safety approval plate 安全合格牌照Safety assembly 安全装置Safety belt 安全带harnessSafety cap lamp 安全帽灯Safety check 止回阀/安全检查Safety clothing 安全服Safety communications equipment 安全通讯设备Safety control circuit 安全控制电路Safety control mark 安全控制标记Safety cut-off 安全开关Safety department 矿山安全部门Safety device 保安装置Safety director 安全员Safety supervisor 安全监督Safety disc 安全片Safety door latch 安全门锁Safety earthing 保护接地Safety grounding 安全接地Safety element 安全原件Safety engineering 安全工程学Safety equipment cabinet 安全设备箱Safety evacuation travel distance 安全疏散距离Safety exhaust 安全排气阀Safety face shield 安全面罩Safety factor 安全系数Safety flask 安全瓶颈Safety fuel 安全燃料Safety fuse cutout = electric fuse 保险丝Safety fuse 安全导火线Safety fusible plug 易熔安全塞Safety gap 安全隙Safety garment 救生衣Safety gear 安全机构Safety glass 安全玻璃Safety goggles 防护眼镜Safety guard 安全防护板Safety harness 安全带Safety hat 安全帽Safety hatch 安全出口Safety head lamp 安全头灯Safety head 安全盖Safety hook 安全钩Safety in Mine Research and Testing Branch 矿山安全研究试验所Safety in Mine Research Board 矿山安全研究委员会Safety in Mines Research Establishment 矿山安全研究院Safety ink 安全油墨Safety inspection 安全检查Safety inspector 安全检查员Safety installation 安全设备Safety instruction 安全说明Safety instrumentation 安全测试装置Safety interlayer 安全夹层Safety interlock 安全联锁装置Safety interlocking 安全联锁Safety island 安全岛Safety ladder 安全梯Safety lamp gauze 安全灯网罩Safety lamp 安全灯Safety legislation 安全法律Safety light 安全指示灯Safety lighting fitting 安全照明装置Safety lighting 安全照明Safety limit switch 保险总开关Safety load factor 安全荷载系数Safety load 安全荷载Safety lock 危险品储藏小室Safety margin 安全限度Safety marking 安全标志Safety match 安全火柴Safety measure 安全措施Safety method 安全办法Safety observation station 安全观察站Safety of life at sea 海上生命安全电气词汇英汉对照表架空Overhead电力线Electric line of force / power line合格证明书Qualification certificate预应力混凝土电杆Prestressed concrete pole避雷线Shield wire / overhead ground wire金具Hardware tool针式绝缘子Needle insulator瓷横担Porcelain cross arm悬式绝缘子Suspension insulator回填Backfill夯实Tamping拉线Stretch / drag the wire / pull wire紧线Stringing / string wire接地Grounding底盘Tray / bed / mainframe卡盘Clamping disk / holding chuck垂直Vertical水平Horizontal偏差Deviation / error深度Depth基础Basis螺栓Bolt避免Avoid倾斜Inclination拉线盘Cable quadrant通讯线Communication link跨越Crossover送电侧Sending end观察Observe冲击合闸Impulse switch on抱箍Anchor ear弯曲Bend / bending紧密Tightly / closely接触Contact / touch压接Crimp connection线夹(wiring) clip / clamp clip fastener / fastener裂缝Crack / split操作Operation镀锌铁线Galvanized (iron) wire 受电侧Receiving end转角杆Turning point pole终端杆Terminal point pole导线Wire钢芯铝绞线Steel reinforced alumin(i)um wire耐张线夹Strain clamp接续管Connecting pipe导电脂（膏）Conductive pipe电阻Resistance电压V oltage电流current电功率Power / rate of work切割Cut / knifing电源Power supply敷设Laying / installing隐蔽工程Concealed / hidden project Check the circuit’s phase引流线Drainage wire隔离开关Disconnecting switch负荷开关Load-break switch高压熔断器High-voltage fuse支柱绝缘子Pillar insulator接触电阻Contact resistance拉断力Tension fracture允许偏差Deviation allowance兆欧表Megohmmeter张力Tension防震锤Anti-hunting hammer弹簧销子Spring catch阻尼线Damping wire扭矩Torque相序Phase sequence带负荷运行Load carrying电气间隙Electric clearance原始记录Original record导线对地距离Circuit’s distance to ground接地电阻Earth resistance绝缘电阻Insulation resistance耐压试验High-voltage holding test测定线路参数Determination of circuit parameter线路走向Circuit’s routing坐标Coordinate耐张段Strain section镀锌制品Galvanized product线路编号Line’s number线路名称Line’s name线路走向图Circuit’s routing diagram避雷器Lightning arrester / lightning protecter真空断路器Vacuum breaker变压器Transformer线电压Line voltage 电压等级Voltage grade测量Measurent竣工图Completion drawing设计变更通知单Design altering notice标准Standard复测Repetition measurement工程试验报告Engineering testing report电容器Capacitance element合闸Switch on分闸Switch off照明配电箱Lighting distribution box电线Wire电缆Cable配电盘Distribution board空气断路器Air breaker油位Oil lever自动重合闸Autoclose circuit breaker动触头Moving contact继电器Relay按钮Press-button接触器Contractor电磁机构Electromagnetic mechanism操动机构Control mechanism压力开关Pressure switch温度开关Temperature switch氧化锌Zinc oxide电缆桥架Cable bridge support设备线夹Equipment clamp温度继电器Temperature relay报警器Alarm温度计Thermometer储油柜（油枕）Tank空载电压Floating voltage / no-load voltage蓄电池Battery消弧线圈Arc-extinguishing coil励磁电压Exciting voltage二次接线Second link自动重合闸保护Autoclose circuit breaker protection过电流保护Over-current protection标志牌Mark board距离保护Distance protection泄漏电流Leakage current直流电阻Direct-current resistance电动机Electric motor转速Rotational speed延时Time relay频率Frequency工频放电电压Power frequency discharge voltage电导电流Conductivity current电压降Voltage drop 功率因数补偿Power-factor compensation无功功率Reactive power有功功率Active power视在功率Apparent power持续电流Sustained current持续时间Endurance time过电压保护Over-voltage protection电解液Electrolytic solution初充电Initial charge正极Positive electrode 负极Cathode钢管Steel pipe圆钢Round bar搭接长度Lap of splice避雷针Lightning rod阻燃型Flame retardant光纤电缆Fiber cable交叉净距Cross clear distance弯曲半径Curvature radius 固定点Anchor point扁钢Flat steel支架Support frame防腐处理Anticorrosive process安全净距Safety clear distance接线端子Terminal post便携式Portable type引下线Down lead闪络Flashover联锁Interlock爆炸危险区域Explosive dangerous zone应急照明Emergency lighting 穿越Through安全电压Safe voltage手持式电动工具Hand power tool限位开关Limit switch 局部照明Local illumination / spot light接地母线Earth bus保护零线Protection zero line截面积Area of section载流量Current capacity线间距离Line-line distance相间距离Phase-phase distance埋地Ground / buried漏电开关Leakage switch工艺常用英语词汇探伤仪flaw detector探伤flaw detection/crack detection不合格not up to the (required) standard/below the mark合格qualified/up to standard合格证certificate of inspection/certificate of quality一级片class Ⅰtype film二级片class Ⅱtype film三级片class Ⅲtype film试压流体test fluid试验证书test certificate试压工作队testing spread硬度试验test of hardness testing试压准备test preparation试验压力test pressure试压泵test pump试焊口test weld强度试压strength test严密性试压proof test通径试验drift test吹扫purging压力表manometer/pressure gauge压力表式温度计pressure-spring thermometer 压力开关pressure switch压力阀pressure valve精度系数quality coefficient精度等级accuracy class/precision class精度检查accuracy checking/alignment test精度控制accuracy control精度要求required precision稳压试验standup pressure test对管工stabber施工工作队spread盲板blank临时盲板temporary blank临时措施temporary水压试验test of water pressure返工remade返修rework截面section管沟pipe trench管沟截面尺寸section dimension of pipe trench 管沟开挖质量quality of pipe trench开挖机械excavation machinery开挖深度cutting depth/excavating depth回填backfill回填夯实backfill consolidation夯实tamping打夯机tamper恢复原状（地貌）reconversion of landforms 放线setting-out测量工具measuring tool清理cleaning up施工带清理cleaning of construction area修理临时施工道路build access road运输工具（车）carrier vehicle布管stringing运管卡车carrier truck/carrier lorry起下管子pipe trip吊管架pipe hanger/jacket吊管机sideboom tractor吊车crane单机试运转single machine test run防腐常用词汇阳极接地anodic earthing阳极腐蚀（侵蚀）anodic attack /anodic corrosion 烘烤型醇酸树脂漆baking alkyd酚醛环氧树脂bakelite epoxy resin烘干漆烤漆baking finish烘干漆烤漆baking lacquer烘烤型底漆baking primer清烘烤漆baking varnish平衡电位balance potential球磨光试验ball burnishing test球磨机ball mill钢球（布氏）硬ball hardness球阀ball valve层状腐蚀banded corrosion抛光膏bar compound分批装料batch loading间歇法；分批操作法batch method返工do poorly done work over again 预制prefabricate喷砂sandblast打磨burnish砂纸sand paper铁红Bengalen裂口crack mouth缩孔龟裂crawling银纹craze缝隙腐蚀crevice attack交联剂cross-linking agent橘皮crocodile skin细纱布crocus cloth探伤仪defectoscope稀释剂dilution agent熔融环氧树脂涂层FBE瓷漆enamel paint环氧瓷漆epoxy enamel环氧酯涂料epoxy ester pait环氧异氰酸酯涂料epoxy isocyanate paint检漏仪leaky detector漏点leakage point流平剂levelling solution流平level out磁性测厚仪magnetic thickness tester机械除锈mechanical derusting机械喷砂mechanical blasting机械搅拌器mechanical stirrer机械除锈的mechanical rust removable漏涂miss不潮的moisture-free防潮moisture proofness 漆桶paint bath涂料施工paint application涂料施工法paint application method涂料应用规范paint application specification涂料起泡paint blistering涂料杯paint cup漆膜漏点检测仪paint film holiday detector漆膜破坏paint film destruction涂料配方paint formular涂料损耗paint loss涂料面层paint topcoat涂料使用寿命paint service life修补、补伤patch厚漆paste paint无针孔pinhole-free聚氨酯涂料polyurethane paint粉末喷涂法powder coating technique予处理pre-condition予涂敷层pre-construction primer(pre-coat) 预清理pre-cleaning牺牲阳极sacrificial anode喷砂的表面sand blasted surface喷砂机sander ,sanding machine喷砂（处理）sanding喷砂处理的sanded氧化皮层scale layer表面处理surface treatment 表面加工surfacing表面粗糙度surface roughness 焊接常用词汇焊接welding咬边undercut焊工welder焊瘤overlap手工焊manual welding烧穿burn through焊接电流welding current白点fish eye/flake电弧电压arc voltage塌陷excessive penetration 焊接速度welding speed未焊透incomplete penetration 焊炬/割把torch未熔合incomplete fusion3焊条rod/electrode未焊满incompletely filled groove 焊芯core wire飞溅物spatter极性polarity焊机welder/welding machine 母材parent material阴极cathode填充金属filled met阳极anode焊接部件welding assembly焊缝weld坡口groove焊道weld bead/weld pass 钝边root face坡口面bevel余高reinforcement根部间隙root opening/root space 焊接缺陷welding defects熔合区fusion zone气孔gas pocket氧化皮scale夹渣slag inclusion熔渣slag裂纹crack角焊缝fillet weld施工班组常用词句电缆沟cable pit/trench开挖电缆沟ditch /dig the cable trench/pit搬动某物到某地move sth. to somewhere拿某物给某人take/fetch sth. to sb.拿某物给我bring/fetch sth. for me回填沟（坑）backfill the pit/trench盖电缆瓦cover cable tile拿起电缆take up/hold the cable拉电缆drag/stretch the cable拉线机wire stretcher放下电缆put the cable in the pit/trench打开一个箱子open a box听令一起干let us work together after my words听懂了请点头If you get it (understand), please nod.监理，您好Hello, Supervisor.您认为我的工作怎么样?Could you tell me how I get along with my work? 扳手spanner螺丝起子screwdriver十字起plus driver/Phillips driver钢丝绳wire rope吊绳lifting rope铁横担irony cross arm瓷瓶porcelain insulator干的很好Well done/Good job.有电危险Mind the electricity.当心触电Mind the electricity.给这段钢管除锈Please remove the rust from the pipe.我需要10人去干这项工作. Ten persons are needed for this job.你必须在X分钟内完成. You’d better finish the work within x minutes. 把管子抬到那里去Please lift the pipe there.完成这项工作你需要多少时间How long will you take to finish the job? 请保护好你自己Be careful.请戴好安全帽Please wear your safety helmet.请问某地怎么走Could you tell me how to get to..?小心轻放Handle with care.是下班的时间了It is time for us to go off work.是休息的时间了It is time for us to have a rest.探伤常用词汇（中英文对照）Nondestructive testing无损检测UT (ultrasonic testing)超声波探伤RT (radiation testing)射线探伤MT (magnetic particle testing)磁粉探伤Qualified合格Unqualified 不合格（超标）Wagon track/side wall undercut咬边Misalignment 错边Blowhole/bubble/gas pocket气孔Slag inclusion 夹渣Incomplete penetration/lack of penetration未焊透Incomplete fusion/lack of fusion 未熔合Surface defect 表面缺陷Crack 裂纹Porosity 密集气孔Individual pore 单个气孔Scattered porosity 分散气孔Cluster porosity 簇状气孔Destructive test破坏性试验Pressure test 耐压试验Hydraulic test 水压试验Pneumatic test 气压试验Leak test 密封性试验Air tight test 气密性试验Depth 深度Width 宽度Length长度Film/cartridge胶片Backing film/negative 底片Focus/focal point 焦点Focal distance/focal length 焦距Fixation/photographic fixing定影Identification mark 识别标记Qualification 评定Standard标准Blackness黑度Sensibility/sensitivity灵敏度Diaphaneity 透明度Magnet磁铁Switch开关Wire导线Report list报告单Grade级别仪表控制及安全系统常用缩写语COP 中心操作设备CPF 中心处理设备DCS 集散系统DMR 双模冗余ESD 紧急关闭FPF 油田处理设施HV 高压LV 低压MCC 马达控制中心MMI 人工操作界面MOS 过载开关维护OIS 操作界面工作站OGM 集油总管PAA 公告PID 比例性整体性派生性PLC 程序逻辑控制PSD 关闭处理RTU 远程终端设备SCADA 监控和数据采集系统SER 事件记录结果SDV 阀门关闭TMR 三模冗余VDU 显示装置。
八十词关于电脑是一项意外发明的英语作文The Computer: An Awesome AccidentDid you know the computer was invented by mistake? It's true! The story of how computers were created is really amazing. It all started a long, long time ago with a guy named Charles Babbage. Let me tell you all about it!Charles Babbage was a super smart mathematics professor who lived in England in the 1800s. He loved solving tough math problems, but he got really annoyed having to do all the calculations by hand. It took forever and there were always silly little mistakes. Babbage thought there had to be a better way.So in 1822, Babbage started designing a machine that could do calculations all by itself without any human errors. He called it the Difference Engine. It was going to be able to solve any math problem for you, perfectly every time! Unfortunately, building the Difference Engine was way harder than Babbage thought. The technology back then wasn't very advanced, and the machine was enormous with thousands of moving parts. After working on it for a decade, Babbage eventually gave up because it was too complicated to build.But Babbage didn't quit trying to make a smart calculating machine. In the 1830s, he started designing something even more ambitious - the Analytical Engine. This was going to be like a super-advanced Difference Engine that could not only do math, but be programmed with instructions to handle data and make decisions all on its own. It would have a "store" for memory, a CPU for processing, and it could even print out its results! Babbage was designing what we would today call ageneral-purpose computer.Babbage had some amazing ideas that were way ahead of his time. But sadly, he never actually built the Analytical Engine either. The technology and manufacturing just wasn't good enough back in the 1800s to create such a crazy complicated machine. After spending most of his life working on his calculating engines, Babbage passed away in 1871 without ever finishing them.For the next 70 years after Babbage died, nobody was really working on building computing machines. Engineers and inventors were too busy making other revolutionary inventions like the telephone, light bulb, and automobiles. It seemed like Babbage's dream of an automatic calculating device would remain just a dream forever.That all changed in the 1930s during World War 2. The world's governments desperately needed a way to quickly solve the extremely difficult math problems involved in things like breaking enemy codes, calculating missile trajectories, and managing soldiers and supplies. This led to major research into making Babbage's calculating engines finally become a reality.In 1936, an English mathematician named Alan Turing came up with the concept of the modern computer and laid out the basics of computer programming. Then in 1944, a secret team of engineers working for the American military constructed the first real electromechanical computer - the gigantic ENIAC machine weighing 30 tons! Over the next decade, more and more universities, companies, and governments began developing newer and better computers using electronics like vacuum tubes and transistors.Nowadays, computers are everywhere and an essential part of our world. We have powerful computers in our homes, schools, and offices that can handle any calculation or data processing task imaginable. Smartphones in our pockets have way more computing power than huge room-sized machines did just 50 years ago. And it all started simply because one guy got annoyed at having to do too much math by hand!So while Charles Babbage sadly never lived to see his ambitious dream of an automatic calculating machine become a reality, we have him to thank for practically inventing the concept of the computer. If he hadn't gotten frustrated with doing math manually and stubbornly tried to create machines to do it for him, modern computers might never have been invented when they were. Babbage's accidental pursuit of making math easier ended up leading to one of the most important inventions ever that changed the world forever.Isn't that a crazy story? I'm so grateful for computers and everything they allow us to do with ease nowadays. All because one annoyed math professor in England got an idea that was born from frustration and refusing to give up on it. Just imagine what incredible accidental inventions might happen next from somebody getting fed up with having to do things the old hard way! Maybe I'll end up stumbling upon one of them someday. You never know!。
ModSAF on a Portable ComputerScott Jobson, Lucien Zalcman and Mather Mason.Air Operations Division,Aeronautical and Maritime Research Laboratory,Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO),PO Box 4331, Melbourne, Victoria 3001ABSTRACTModSAF (Modular Semi-Automated Forces) is a suite of programs of almost one million lines of code which simulate the behaviour and interaction of military forces in specified tactical environments. The ModSAF software is widely distributed throughout the US simulation community and is being used extensively for investigations, demonstrations and research, much of which is of an interactive and distributed nature (eg using the DIS protocols). To date, most if not all of these activities have been carried out on expensive work stations or mainframe computers. However, recently the performance of some of the more capable portable PCs have reached a level where ModSAF can be run successfully on these computers. Portable PC ModSAF benchmark measurements are compared to those obtained from more traditional ModSAF platforms.1. INTRODUCTIONModSAF (Modular Semi-Automated Forces) [1] is a software package used to generate and control semi-automated entities (ground vehicles, ships, aircraft etc.) on a simulated battlefield in a Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) exercise. ModSAF is used by the Air Operations Division as the simulation tool in work carried by the Technical Panel on Modelling and Simulation under The Technical Co-operation Program (TTCP). ModSAF comes as modules which can be compiled to provide the following components:• SAF Station - contains the user interface and Plan View Display into the simulation;• SAFsim - maintains the behavioural models and databases required by the simulation;• Logger - a data logger which records the activity on the simulation network for analysis and replay;• Blaster - tests ModSAF's ability on the network; and • Stealth 3D Viewer - provides a magic carpet out-the-window view from anywhere in the virtual battlefield. ModSAF is a distributed system - that is any or all of the above components can run on one or many computers; these distributed components can communicate with each other within a single computer or between multiple computers distributed over the network.ModSAF runs on the UNIX operating system although it is being ported to the Microsoft Windows NT operating system [2] (reference to the Carlos Garcia mail from Watson). ModSAF executes on various UNIX workstations such as Silicon Graphics, Sun, IBM etc. As part of the TTCP work it was decided to try to get ModSAF working on a cost-effective Intel based desktop PC and then get ModSAF working on an Intel based portable PC.2. LINUX ON AN INTEL BASED PCModSAF Version 2.1 comes as slightly less than 1 million lines of source code. Linux was chosen as the UNIX operating system to run on an Intel based desktop as it appears to have all the features required to run ModSAF. These include:• TCP/IP networking for a wide selection of industry standard network cards;• X-windows/Motif support libraries;• UNIX utilities and compilers required by ModSAF; • Wide UNIX community support; and• Cost-effective since most of the components are free. 2.1 Which Linux?Linux is freely available over the Internet [3]. The kernel is common to all these distributions. However, different Linux distributions contain different UNIX utilities - some of which are required by ModSAF. Linux can be purchased as a packaged bundle from several vendors [4]. These commercial versions of Linux are conveniently packaged on a CD-ROM, come with a more complete set of the required utilities, are simple to install, and are maintained by the vendor. Some additional software required by ModSAF, such as Motif, must be purchasedand is likely to be available and supported if purchased in conjunction with a commercial Linux distribution. TheRed Hat [5] "Official" Linux OS subscription (provides regular updates) for Intel (US$150) and the Red Hat Motif (US$149) products, which provide all the software required for ModSAF, were purchased.2.2 Partitioning and Formatting the Hard DiskIt has to be decided which operating systems are to run onthe PC. To run ModSAF a Linux partition for Linux filesand a Linux swap partition (128 Mbyte) for memory management are required. If a Microsoft Windows operating system is required a separate partition for this operating system is necessary. For either operating systema separate DOS partition is convenient but not mandatory.When purchased a PC will usually come with a pre-installed Windows operating system with the hard disk formatted as a single drive. The hard disk will have to be repartitioned and reformatted.It is strongly recommended (caveat emptor) that the first partition be the DOS partition, followed by another DOS partition if a Microsoft Windows operating system is required. This first DOS partition should be at least 150 Mbytes long as a partition this size is required to conveniently install Windows NT version 4. The second DOS partition can be converted to another format requiredby the Microsoft operating system (eg. NTFS for Windows NT) if required. The third and fourth hard disk partitions should be the Linux swap file partition and the Linux file system partition. The partitioning informationfor a 2058 Mbyte hard disk is shown belowPartition Type SizeDOS 150 DOS/NTFS 872 Linux Swap Space 130Linux 906Also it is strongly recommended that the DOS FDISK program be used to partition the hard drive and the DOS FORMAT program be used to format the first DOS partition (c:) and any other partitions to be used with any Microsoft operating system. The Linux FDISK program should be used to format any partitions to be used by Linux.NOTE : There are incompatibilities between the DOS FDISK program and the Linux FDISK program. It is not difficult to damage the hard drive's partitioning information when switching between the two programs. Ifthis occurs it may be necessary to repartition the hard drive.Precise step-by-step instructions to partition and formatthe hard disk and install the various operating system components are available in a more detailed report [6].3. LINUX ON AN INTEL BASED PORTABLE PCThe difference between an Intel based desktop computer and an Intel based portable computer, from the Linux point of view, is the selection of interfaces or controllers installed in the computer. The range of supported video systems and network interfaces is much larger for desktop computers than for portable computers. Before attempting to install Linux onto a portable PC one must firstly investigate whether the portable's video system is properly supported (resolution, number of colours, etc.) by available X Windows Server software; otherwise, the X windows components of ModSAF will not get the maximum benefit available from the PC's video hardware. Similarly, one must use a supported PCMCIA network interface. Some industry standard PCMCIA network interfaces in the DOS/Windows world, such as the Xircom cards, are not currently supported in Linux.3.1 Why a Toshiba Tecra 730XCDT?ModSAF consists of a suite of programs. Two main components of ModSAF, SAFstati0n and Logger, interact with the human operator via the X Windows Graphical User Interface. The menus presented to the operator are complex and require the highest resolution windows possible. From our experience a screen resolution of 1024 by 768 is useable. However some window scrolling is still required unless a virtual desktop pager is used. A screen resolution less than 1024 by 768 could be used but it would be inconvenient to use as a SAFstation.ModSAF must be run on a computer that has enough CPU power to run a credible scenario. Rowely [7] recommends a 150 MHz Pentium processor as a minimum. At the time this work was done only the Toshiba Tecra 730 and 740 portable computers [8] met the above criteria of screen resolution and processor speed.3.2 Installation of 1024 by 768 Screen DriverThe default Red Hat Linux Metro-X Server was not installed as it did not support a screen resolution of 1024 by 768 on the Tecra 730XCDT computer. The alternative XFree86 X Server software [9], with appropriate modifications, does provide the required support. Detailed installation instructions are available [6].3.3 Installation of the 3Corn 3C589D PCMCIA Ethernet InterfaceA portable computer will use a PCMCIA ethernet interface and the particular interface used (3Com PCMCIA 3C589D) must be supported by all the operating systems which will run on the computer. Industry standard PCMCIA ethernet interfaces should come with MS-DOS, Windows 95 and Windows NT drivers or they can be downloaded from the particular manufacturers World Wide Web site.The 3COM PCMCIA 3C589x driver supplied with Red Hat Linux version 4.1 did not support the 3Com 3C589D interface correctly. An IRQ conflict was found to exist between the ethernet interface and the mouse. An up to date list of the PCMCIA ethernet interfaces supported by Linux and their respective drivers can be found on the internet [10].4. THE ENDIAN PROBLEMModSAF can be run on various computers - SGI, Sun, IBM (AIX), HP (UX), DEC Alpha, Intel PC, etc. As far as the order of storing bytes of data in memory is concerned these computers fall into two classes - little endian (DEC Alpha and Intel processors) and big endian (the rest). Running ModSAF on different endian computers in a network can create "communication problems" between the two classes of computers. Different endian ModSAF systems cannot communicate via the Persistent Object (PO) protocol. Thus one can only distribute ModSAF components on "same endian" computers eg. a big endian computer cannot control a SAFsim session on a little endian computer and visa-versa.Also, because data bytes are stored differently, scenario and terrain database files are not easily interchangeable between the different sorts of machines. Scenarios must be manually rebuilt on different endian systems but the terrain databases can be converted (from big endian to little endian) using a converter program supplied with ModSAF.5. THE EFFECT OF PROCESSOR TYPE AND AMOUNT OF MEMORY ON PERFORMANCE ModSAF was initially installed on a Digital Equipment Corporation Pentium Pro 200 desktop computer with 128 Mbytes of memory. Once the problems encountered in this installation were solved ModSAF was then ported to the Toshiba Tecra 730XCDT portable computer with 144 Mbytes of memory.The standard ModSAF benchmark [11],[12] was run on both systems for three different situations a) stand alone SAFSIM with only software that was installed and loaded by Red HAT Linux, b) stand alone SAFSIM with X-Windows loaded but without an X-Windows application running (which would impose a slightly larger memory requirement), and c) SAFSIM and SAFStation, which uses X-Windows, running together on the same computer. For each of these three situations the amount of (RAM) memory available to Linux was adjusted by varying the size of the MEM input parameter used in the load Linux LOADLIN command. The values of the mem parameter used were 16, 24, 32, 48, 64, and 128. The results of these benchmark tests are shown in figure 1.Figure 1. Number of Standard ModSAF Benchmark entities versus amount of available memory.One can conclude the following:1. In each of the three situations on both computersystems optimum performance only requires 64 Mbytes of memory if no other significant applications are running.2. Both computer systems suffer a considerableperformance reduction (-50% for the 200 MHz Pentium Pro system and - 40% for the 150 MHz Pentium system) if SAFStation is run in conjunction with SAFSIM on the same computer.3. The video driver on the Pentium Pro 200 desktopsystem with a Matrox Millenium graphics card was set to 16 bits per pixel (64k colours). Running the SAFsim and SAFstation benchmark on the Pentium Pro 200 desktop system with 128 Mbytes of RAM with the video driver set to 8 bits per pixel slightly increased the number of entities from 48 to 52. The benchmark results for the Toshiba Tecra computer were the same for 8 bits per pixel and 16 bits per pixel.4. If another application is loaded (eg X-Windows) asmall reduction (- 5%) in performance is observed5. Time did not permit optimisation of the ModSAFcode. Comparing the results obtained above withthose available on the internet [11],[12] indicates that there would be a considerable increase in performance(from entities to at least 120 to 130 entities - up to 33%) if the ModSAF code was run in its optimised form (this assumes that the benchmark results [11],[12] havebeenoptimised).6. Using the Pentium Pro 200 results above and anappropriate benchmark (the average of the iCOMP Index 2.0 Rating, CPUmark32, Norton SI32, SPECint-base95 and the SPECfp-base95 benchmarks [13]) one can roughly estimate that using a Pentium II 266 MHz system should result in a 30% performance increase (close to 266/200) thus supporting a (SAFSIM only) scenario of approximately 120 entities (-160 entities optimised). Using a 300MHz Pentium II system should realise 135 entities (~180 entities optimised) using a multiplication factor of 300/200 over the 200 MHz Pentium Pro system.7. Running the (optimised) ModSAF benchmark codeon a six processor (195 MHz R10000 processors, 384 Mbytes of RAM and three InfiniteReality2 Graphics Pipelines) Silicon Graphics Onyx2. computer resulted in a benchmark of 136 entities thus a fast Intel based desktop computer is a very cost effective ModSAF system.Figure 2. ModSAF on a Toshiba Tecra 730XCDT Portable Computer6. SUMMARYA multiple boot system was installed on a Pentium Pro 200 desktop personal computer with 128 Mbytes of memory and a 150 MHz Pentium processor Toshiba Tecra 730XCDT portable computer with 144 Mbytes of memory. The hard disk on each PC was partitioned to install Microsoft DOS, Windows NT version 4.0 and the Red Hat Linux operating systems.ModSAF version 2.1, including the Logger and Blaster programs, were installed and compiled (unoptimised) on each platform.Some experimental data were collected which show the effect that processor type, speed and the amount of memory of an Intel based personal computer have on the performance of ModSAF. These data show that optimum performance only requires 64 Mbytes of memory if no other significant applications are running. However, with both SAFstation and SAFsim running on the same computer a performance reduction of between 40% and 50% results compared to running SAFstation alone.For an increasing number of ModSAF applications, the newer generation Pentium II processor systems should provide a very cost effective solution.7. REFERENCES1. http:l//products/catalog/ev20022. Electronic Mail Communication from Carlos Garcia,Sr. Software Architect, COLSA Corporation, 6726Odyssey Dr., Huntsville, AL 35816, voice: 205-922-1512 x 1660, fax: 205-922-0060, e-mail:cgarcia@3. /4. /linux/resources/ftp.html5. http://www.redhat. com/6. Draft DSTO Technical Report7. /modsaffaq.html#LinuxHS8. /9. /XFree86/10. ftp:///pub/pcmcia/SUPPORTED.CARDS11. http://www.modsaf. org/doc/3.0benchmark.html12. /modsaf/ModSAF2.1Result s.html13. /procs/perf/doc/pII_brief. pdf。
