F9-chapter 14

Chapter 9 ： PsycholinguisticsI.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.The linguistic ability of human beings depends primarily on the structure of the vocal cords.2.Human beings are the only organisms in which one particular part of the lefthalf of the brain is larger than the corresponding part of the right half.3.The case of Phineas Gage suggests that if our language ability is located in the brain, it is clear that it is not situated right at the front.4.In general, the right side of the brain controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from, the left side of the body, whereas the left side controls voluntarymovements of, and responds to signals from, the right side of the body.5.L a nguage functions are believed t o b e lateralized p rimarily in the left hemisphereof the brain.6.The language we speak determines the way we perceive the world a nd t hereforethe nature of thought.7.Human beings can not think without language, just as they can not speak without thinking.8.If a language lacks a word, its speakers will not be able to grasp its concept.9.Generally speaking, left hemisphere is responsible for language and speech, analytic reasoning, associative thought, etc., while the right hemisphere is responsible for perception of nonlinguistic sounds, holistic reasoning, recognition of musical melodies, etc.nguage by no means determines the ways we perceive the objective world, but by its c onvenience, availability, and habitual use, does influence the perceptions of humanbeing.II.Fill in each of the blanks below with one word which begins with the letter given:11.P is the study of language in relation to the mind.12.The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called the cerebral c , which is the decision-making organ of the body.13.The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h , one onthe right and one on the l eft.14.The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular side of thebrain is called l .15.Brain lateralization is g programmed, but takes time to develop.16.In addition to the m_____________area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left hemisphere are vital to language, namely, Broca's area,Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus.17.The relationship between the name and the meaning of a word is quitea .18.When language and t hought are identical or closely parallel to e ach other, we m ayregard thought as s speech and speech as o thought.19.Because languages differ in many ways, Whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, relative to their linguistic background.This notion is called linguistic r .20.The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period fromabout age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.21.The strong version of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has two aspects: linguistic d_______ and linguistic relativism.III.There are four choices following e ach statement. Mark the choicethat can bestcomplete the statement:22.Human linguistic ability largely depends on the structure and dynamics of.A. human brainB. human vocal cordsC. human memoryD. human23.Psychologists, neurologists and lingui sts have concluded that, in addition to themotor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the leftbrain are vital to language, namely, .A.Broca's area, Wernicke's area and t he angular gyrusB.Broca's area, Wernicke's area and c erebral cortexC.Broca's area, Wernicke's area and n euronsD.Broca's area, Wernicke's area and E xner's area24.The ____ age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with the period o brain lateralization.A. youngestB. flexibleC. optimumD. relevant25.Linguistic is the brain's neurological specialization for language.A. fossilizationB. performanceC. competenceD. lateralization26.Our linguistic ability is a gift of the species' gene p rogram.A. chemicalB. physicalC. scientificD. biological27.s hows that if our language ability is located in the brain, it is clear that it isnot situated right at the front of the brain.A.The case of GenieB. The case of Phineas GageC. The componential analysisD. The contrastive analysis28.The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called.A. the neuronsB. nerve pathwaysC. cerebral cortex d. sensory organs29.A c c ording t o l ateralization theory, which of the following i s not the primary functionof the left hemisphere of the brain?A. analytic reasoningB. temporal orderingC. associative thoughtD.visual and spatial skills30.is commonly held to be an evolutionary precondition of the development of superior intelligence as well as a precondition of language acquisition.A. LateralizationB. MaturationC. Brain separationD. Memory capacity31.The dichotic listening research shows that the left hemisphere is not superior f or processing all sounds, but only for those that are in nature.A. non-linguisticB. musicalC. linguisticD. natural32.is responsible for physical articulation of utterances.A. The motor areaB. Broca's areaC. Wernicke's areaD. The angular gyrusnguage disorder resulting from a damage toin the brain reveals word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax.A. the m otor areaB. Broca's areaC. Wernicke's areaD. the angular g yrus34.In 1874, the young German physician Carl Wernicke published his discovery in a paper which contributed to the hypothesis that .A.there was only one language area in the left brainB.there was no language area in the left brainC.there was one language area in the right brainD.there was more than one language area in the left brain.35.is the language center primarily responsible for converting a visual stimulus into an auditory form and vice versa.A. The motor areaB. Broca's areaC. Wernicke's areaD. The angular gyrus36.The neurobiologist Eric Lenneberg is a major proponent of the idea that .A.there is a distinction between acquisition and learningB.there is a critical period for language acquisitionnguage influences thinkingD.there is interrelationship between language and thinking37.The case of Genie s hows that .nguage can not be acquired at all after the critical period.B.Cerebral plasticity after puberty is still high enough to for a successful mastery of a new language.C.the language faculty of an average human degenerates after the critical periodD.the language learning should be done as early as possible.IV Explain the following terms:38.psycholinguistics 39. brain lateralization40. dichotic listening 41. Broca's area42. angular gyms 43. cerebral plasticity44. linguistic determinism 45. sub vocal speech46. cerebral cortex 47. linguistic lateralization48. right ear advantage 49. critical period hypothesis50. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 51. linguistic relativism52. overt thought 53. intrapersonal communication54.interpersonal communicationV. Answer thefollowingquestions:55.What are the biological foundations of language?56.What are the major mental functions under the control of each hemisphere?57.What can we do by means of dichotic listening tests?58.What is the safe conclusion from Genie's case?59.How are language and thought related to each other?Chapter 9 PsycholinguisticsI.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. F2.T3.T4.T5.T6. F7.F8.F9.T 10.TII.II. Fill in each of the blanks below with one word which begins with the letter given:11. Psycholinguistics 12. cortex 13. hemispheres 14. lateralization15. genetically 16. Motor 17. arbitrary 18. sub-vocal, overt 19.relativism20. critical 21. determinismIII.There arefour choices following e ach statement. Mark the choice that can bestcomplete the statement:22.A 23.A 24.C 25.D 26.D 27.B 28.C 29.D 30.A31.C 32. A 33. B 34. D 35. D 36. B 37. CIV Explain the following t erms:38.Psycholinguistics: Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind.39.brain lateralization: The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions ina particular hemisphere of the brain is called brain lateralization.40.dichotic listening: a research technique which has been used to study how the brain controls h earing and language, with which subjects wear earphones and simultaneously receive different sounds in the right and left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear. Dichotic listening research makes use of the generally established fact that anything experienced on the right-hand side of the body is processed in the left hemisphere of thebrain, andvice versa. A basic assumption, thus, would bethat a signal coming in the right earwill go to the left hemisphere and a signal coming in the left ear will go to the right hemisphere.41.Broca's area : It refers to the frontal lobe in the left cerebral hemisphere, whichis vital to language. This area is discovered by Paul Broca, a French surgeon and anatomist.42.angular gyms:The angular gyrus lies behind Wernicke's area.The angular g i syrus the language center responsible for converting a visual stimulus into an auditory form a ndvice versa. This area is crucial for the matching of a spoken form with a perceived object, forthe naming of objects, and for the comprehension of written language , all of which require connections between visual and speech regions.43.cerebral plasticity: According to L enneberg, p rior to the end o f the critical period, both hemispheres are involved to s ome extent in language and o ne c an take o ver if the otheris damaged. This neurological flexibility is called cerebral plasticity .44.linguistic determinism: a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf, which states that the way people view the world is determined bythe structure of their native language.45.subvocal speech: a term used to refer to thought when thought and language areidentical or closely parallel to each other.46.cerebral cortex : the outside surface of the brain which receives messages fromall thesensory organs and where human cognitive abilities reside.47.linguistic lateralization: It refers the brain's neurological specialization for language.48.right ear advantage: The speech signals presented i n the right ear goes directly to theleft brain, while the speech signals in the left ear must first go to the right hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain for processing. Since the speech signals inthe left ear takes a non-direct route and a longer time before processing than a linguisticsignal received through the right ear, linguistic stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right ear. This phenomenon is called the right ear advantage.49.critical period hypothesis: The critical period hypothesis refers to a period in one' slife e xtendingfrom ab o ut age t wo t o p uberty, during which the h uman brain is most ready toacquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction.50.S apir-Whorf hypothesis: a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf which states that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language.51.linguistic relativism: Whorf believed t hat speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of linguistic relativism .52.overt thought: When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, wemay reg ard s peech as "overt thought.”53.intrapersonal communication: It means that language users use language to facilitates thinking, speech behavior and action for the individual.54.i nterpersonal communication: It means language users use language to convey information, thoughts and feelings fromone person to another, or to control each other' sbehavior.V. Answer thefollowingquestions:55.What are the biological foundations of language?Of all organisms, human beings are the only spontaneous creators and users of highly sophisticated languages that permit the communication of a wide range of knowledge and ideas. Evidently, our linguistic ability does not depend primarily on the structure of our vocalcords, for other mammals also h ave vocal cords. Human linguistic ability largely depends,instead, on the structure and dynamics of the human brain. As far as is currently known, human beings are the only organisms in which one particular part of the left half of the brainis larger than the corresponding part of the right half. This has led to the belief that human language is b iologically, or moreexactly, neurologically, based.56.What are the major mental functions under the control of each hemisphere?Psychological research suggests that both hemispheres perform important mental functions and they differ only in the manner in which they treat incoming stimuli. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemi spheremore analytically.Brain lateralization for major mental functions under the control of each hemisphere isgiven as follows:(1)Left hemisphere Right hemispherelanguage and speech perception of nonlinguistic s oundsanalytic reasoning holistic reasoningtemporal ordering visual and spatial skillsreading and writing recognition of p atternscalculation recognition of musical melodiesassociative thoughtBecause each cerebral hemisphere has unique functional superiority, it is accurate to think of the hemispheres as complementarily specialized .57.What can we do by means of dichotic listening tests?Dichotic listening research makes use of the generally established fact that anything experienced on the right-hand side of the body is processed in the left hemisphere of thebrain, andvice versa. A basic assumption, thus, would bethat a signal coming in the right ear will go to the left hemisphere and a signal coming in the left ear will go to the right hemisphere. By means of dichotic listening tests, we can analyze the characteristics of incoming stimuli processed by the individual hemispheres.Dichotic listening test canshow that the left hemisphere is not superior for processing allsounds, but only for those that are linguistic in nature, thus providing evidence in support ofthe view that the left side of the brain is specialized for language and that it is where language centers reside.58.What is the safe conclusion from Genie's case?A safe conclusion from Genie' s case is that the language faculty of an average humandegenerates after the critical period and consequently, most linguistic skills cannot develop.59.How are language and thought related to each other?Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts, where language and thought are consistent with each other and one never occurs without theother. When language and t hought are identical or closely parallel to each other,we may regard thought as "subvocal speech”,and speech as "overt thought. In such a case,speaking and thinking take place simultaneously.。

第14单元了不起的盖茨比The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald事隔两年，我回想起那天其余的时间，那一晚以及第二天，只记得一批又一批的警察、摄影师和新闻记者在盖茨比家的前门口来来往往。

外面的大门口有一根绳子拦住，旁边站着一名警察，不让看热闹的人进来，但是小男孩们不久就发现他们可以从我的院子里绕过来，因此总有几个孩子目瞪口呆地挤在游泳池旁边。

那天下午，有一个神态自信的人，也许是一名侦探，低头检视威尔逊的尸体时用了“疯子”两个字，而他的语气偶然的权威就为第二天早上所有报纸的报道定了调子。

那些报道大多数都是一场噩梦——离奇古怪，捕风捉影，煞有介事，而且不真实。

等到米切里斯在验尸时的证词透露了威尔逊对他妻子的猜疑以后，我以为整个故事不久就会被添油加醋在黄色小报上登出来了——不料凯瑟琳，她本可以信口开河的，却什么都不说，并且表现出惊人的魄力——她那描过的眉毛底下的两只坚定的眼睛笔直地看着验尸官，又发誓说她姐姐从来没见过盖茨比，说她姐姐和她丈夫生活在一起非常美满，说她姐姐从来没有什么不端的行为。

她说得自己都信以为真了，又用手帕捂着脸痛哭了起来，仿佛连提出这样的疑问都是她受不了的，于是威尔逊就被归结为一个“悲伤过度神经失常”的人，以便这个案子可以保持最简单的情节。

案子也就这样了结了。

但是事情的这个方面似乎整个都是不痛不痒、无关紧要的。

我发现自己是站在盖茨比一边的，而且只有我一人。

从我打电话到西卵镇报告惨案那一刻起，每一个关于他的揣测、每一个实际的问题，都提到我这里来。

起初我感到又惊讶又迷惑，后来一小时又一小时过去，他还是躺在他的房子里，不动，不呼吸，也不说话，我才渐渐明白我在负责，因为除我以外没有仟何人有兴趣——我的意思是说，那种每个人身后多少都有权利得到的强烈的个人兴趣。

在我们发现他的尸体半小时之后我就打了电话给黛西，本能地、毫不迟疑地给她打了电话。

但是她和汤姆那天下午很早就出门了，还随身带了行李。

琳篇chapter 序章草原的少女攻略难度：D BOSS难度：D说明：没有难度可言，杀死第一个小斧男后吃点血，杀BOSS。

chapter 1 命运的脚步声攻略难度：C BOSS难度：D说明：多利用剑克斧的原则，还有树木解决。

chapter 2 精灵之剑攻略难度：D BOSS难度：D说明：不说啥了，和上一章差不多方法打。

chapter 3 小小的佣兵团攻略难度：D BOSS难度：C说明：没有难度，在商店中买2剑，1枪，1弓。

为后面做准备。

飞马攻击BOSS有对话。

chapter 4 生计下的阴影攻略难度：B BOSS难度：C说明：稍微有难度的一关，下边靠两个骑士顶着（装备剑），可能要吃点药，左边不要主动开道，让对方自己进来，右边靠琳说得斧男，进森林解决掉几个小兵，斧男和NPC有对话，差不多回合就叫琳用精灵剑解决BOSS。

可能左方有点危险，需要的时候还是后退吧，杀光是不可能的。

chapter 5 穿越国境攻略难度：D BOSS难度：D说明：没有任何难度。

可以稍微练练法师，后面还有点用。

chapter 6 自豪的血统攻略难度：D BOSS难度：C说明：难度不高，蕾拉出来过场，让斧男抱起她一边逛村子去吧。

（或者也可以让她帮忙开几个门，不要让她杀人就行）天使之衣直接让琳吃了，BOSS还是靠琳来杀吧，重甲啊。

chapter 7 旅行的姐弟攻略难度：D BOSS难度：C说明：不难，多多唱歌吧，15回合过关进外传，BOSS可以靠琳打。

（顺便把左边的那棵树可打掉吧，加熟练度哈哈）chapter 7外黑影攻略难度：C BOSS难度：D说明：稍微小心点，速不高可能有点危险，中间卡雷尔出来过场，抱起来。

chapter 8 谋略的漩涡攻略难度：C BOSS难度：D说明：有弓车，不过不强，稍微对右边两个法师操操心，然后一路往下杀。

chapter 9 悲哀的再会攻略难度：C BOSS难度：B说明：略微有点难度的一关，前面没买武器的自己后悔吧。

Chapter 1二、短语翻译。

英翻汉Sluggish economy 萧条的经济Full employment 充分就业Trade deficit 贸易赤字in-depth analysis 深入的分析Industrialized countries 工业化free-trade agreement 自由贸易协定international specialization国际专业化product differentiation 产品差别trade surplus 贸易盈余determinative factor 决定性因素三、汉翻英经济双赢economic win-win 关税壁垒tariff barrier收入不平等wage inequality 劳动生产率labor productivity解雇工人lay off works 生产要素factor of production双边协议bilateral deal 回归分析regression analysis市场准入market access 世界经济复world economic recovery四. Translation1. The monitoring system will finally substitute the US Government’s cap on cigar imports from Cuba.2. The quarrel between Mexico and the US will be no avail and it may disrupt the lifting of the agricultural tariffs under the North American Free Trade Agreement.3. An economic cooperation business forum, which will discusshow to minimize the negative impact of global economic imbalance adjustment on China, will take place shortly before the ministerial conference.4. Few Americans attribute this to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or business cycle.5. Recent research has shed light on the fact that there are heavy financial and political costs associated with the measures necessary to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases.6. There are rumors that the government struck a private deal with the corporation’s chairman last month.7. The opposition is exerting pressure on the US government to change the policy towards textile imports.8. Since the establishment of the bilateral free-trade agreement, the emerging economy has always been at the forefront of science and technology.9. In general, floating exchange rates are supposed to insulate countries from persistent differences in inflation with their trading partners.10. According to conservative estimates, by 2010, China’s import and export volume with North America and the EU would surpass $400 billion respectively, with ten ASEAN countries exceeding $200 billion.五、完形填空1.manufacturingpetitive3.deficit4.budget5.expanding6.recovery7.revival8.emerging9.innovation 10.propertyChapter2二、consumer-goods 消费品discount retailers折扣零售商brand equity 品牌资产价值advertising budget 广告预算real-time sales data 实时销售数据sales promotion促销profit margin 盈利scanner data扫描数据三、汉翻英价格溢价price premium 基线销售base-line sales减价price reductions 广告支出advertising spending营销组合marketing mix 销量溢价quantity premium产品数量（种类）product-line variety 美元分配allocation of dollars四. 翻译1. The government has allocated $ 0.1billion to the development and utilization of renewable energy in the rural areas.2. We should not develop the Western region at the expense of environment. Therefore the government has been following a sustainable development road attaching equal importance toeconomic development and environment protection.3. As a big responsible nation, China will strictly be abide by the WTO rules and honor its commitments.4. The rapid growth in China’s grain production can be ascribed to the fact that the Chinese government has implemented a series of reform policy and measures in the rural areas, such as raising the prices of grain purchased by the state.5. In the globalization era, not all countries play on the level playground. Some developing countries have to adhere to some marketing principles, or even accede to the requests of some governments.6. Over the past year, the global investment demand was on the wane; the major world currencies suffered swift turbulence and some emerging markets underwent severe financial crisis.7. Networks fundamentally alter the nature of competition and level the playing field, especially for smaller business regardless of the barriers like time and distance.8. Through micro credit projects, with the credit available on demand, farmers are able to pay back both the principle and interest in time.9. China’s vigorous economic development is indicative of the fact that China has become one of the countries that enjoy the highesteconomic growth speed in the world.10. With the reform of the wholly state-owned commercial banks, when some qualified commercial banks seek listing in the stock market, others certainly will follow suit.五、完形填空1.blame2.damaged3.short-term4.building5.profiability6.arm7.boosts8.orientation9.moreover 10.loweringChapter3二. Privileged minority 享有特权的少数人Gas station加油站Marketing research 市场调查Professional competence 专业技能A sales point 卖点Product design 产品设计Potential consumer潜在顾客Business disaster 商业灾难三、汉翻英日常生活daily life 广告活动advertising campaigns物理特征physical characteristic 视觉想象visual imagination国媒体national media 销售增长sales increase销售渠道distribution system产品到导向型的广告product-orientated advertising四. 翻译1. Experts have attributed the main cause of the company’s poor performance to its poor HR functions, especially the appointmentof the senior management.2. British Airways intends to create a more flexible and modern corporate culture through the relocation3. Rumors about redundancy make the company at its worst in terms of morale ever since its foundation.4. After financial scandals, many companies can only resort to charity activities to improve their corporate image.5. Politicians should not engage in business affairs that might affect their political judgment.6. As a sleeping partner of the enterprise, he is entitled to share the profits, but is deprived of participating in its management.7. After watching this interview, she realizes how difficult it is to be a venture capitalist. For one thing, you need to have the money; for another, you need to have the insight to pick the right(promising) start-ups.8. T o enter a specific market, in addition to acquiring sufficient knowledge about our target customers, we also need to know about the local policies and abide by them.9. With the efforts of these university students, it was brought to light that this world-famous multinational had established some sweat factories in China.10. In a time when customers change constantly and rapidly intheir needs, only companies who are quick to respond can survive and succeed in the end.五、完形填空1.sincere2.privileged3.led4.constitutes5.intellectual6.resort7.instead8.reduce9.clients 10.divertChapter4三. Phrase Translation1. 人口流动2. 供应商网络3.标准零配件4. 特殊制造技术3.互补经济体 6.反日情绪7. 外方合作人, 外国附属公司8.上市企业并购mergers and acquisition海外扩overseas expansion全球化战略globalization strategy保护主义措施protectionist measures市场准入access to market知识产权intellectual property right贸易伙伴trading partners资本投入capital investment四. 翻译1. Vendors now offer systems that work only with their hardware, but they are trying to make their equipment integrate with other’s hardware.2. Agricultural exports, by contrast, respond immediately, growing at an annual rate of 17.7 percent in 1980 and 1981.3. This book takes a strategic view of business and develops the ability to take a multidisciplinary approach to managing a business and resolving problems and issues.4. Thanks to the recession and 9/11, Mayor Michael Bloomberg must contend with a whopping budget deficit projected to 60 billion.5. Dispose of batteries properly. Do not throw them into fire or expose to high temperature.6. In the future, in addition to syndicating our groups’ efforts, we will ally with foreign companies to leverage advantages and enhance global competitiveness.7. We are certain that in due course of time, the economic reforms will have brought about results and benefits that will go beyond China’s boundaries.8. One of the major banks has lowered its interest rate and the other bank is expected to follow suit.9. During these quarterly meetings, it’s the boss’s responsibility to respond to each manager’s plan.10. We will put in place a new order of the socialist market economy through completing the market system and rectifying and regulating the market behavior.五、完形填空1. ambivalent,2.integration3. hindered4. from5. by.6. shortage,7. options8. acquisitions9. strategy 10. allianceChapte r 5三、汉翻英上市公司对…随时留意, 小心提防会计师事务所国外子公司经济规划的持观望态度(财务)调帐报告业绩评定指标/方法Generally accepted accounting principles revenue recognitionIncome statement earnings per share Managing director credit-rating agenciesFinance chiefs/executives institutionalinvestors四. 翻译1. Escal ating costs have almost wiped out the company’s profits from last year.2. This area is studded with bars all vying for customer attention. But it’s not easy to pin down what exactly it is that pleases customers the most.3. The project team decided to adhere to its original plan despite the appalling weather.4. At the press conference, the PR manager reiterated that the company’s operation has returned to normal. However, many private shareholders remain skeptical about such claims.5. The new labor law, which took effect last year, is likely to raise the labor cost of a considered number of enterprises6. The less senior employees are reluctant to express their views or make any suggestions because they don’t think their ideas will really be put into practice.7. Local relief organizations have also embarked on fund-raising campaigns so as to provide more financial support for the earthquake victims.8. Up to 30 companies submitted their request for price rises, but most of them didn’t stand a chance of getting approval from theregulatory agency.9. The decision-makers seem to have already given up on the reform program though its initiators are still trying hard to elicit support from other stakeholders.10. The new model, which has just been released onto the market recently, is being touted as the most energy-efficient and environmentally-friendly product of its kind.五、完形填空1. toll2.leveraged3. grips4. shaping5.counterpart6. joint7.potential8. with9.light 10. transparent 11. responses 12. onChapter 8三、汉翻英公司未来愿景消减成本利用资源投资组合untapped niches 尚未被竞争者发现的市场机会convenience stores 便利店market segments 市场细分premium brand 高端品牌实施战略execute strategy竞争优势competitive advantage实证研究empirical studies核心品牌core brand分销系统distribution system控股公司 a holding company文化冲突culture clashes股东财富shareholders wealth四. 翻译1. The management believes that its existing manufacturing and marketing expertise can be leveraged with the new business.2. Jack Welch, General Electric chairman, was universally acclaimed as one of the most successful manager in the 20th century.3. The Japanese company is unanimous in its support of divestiture since the acquired business unit is destroying the corporate value.4. This study reveals several fault lines that companies frequently encounter as they execute their corporate strategy.5. Problems arose at the very outset when Anheuser Busch acquired Eagle Snacks.6. AT&T put up with losses in NCR almost from the start, butcontinued to subsidize it.7. Mattel expected to derive above-average profitability from the acquisition of The Learning Company.8. We must bear in mind that a corporate strategy must be constantly evaluated and divestiture decisions made before it is too late.9. AT&T realized that telecom equipment is not identical to computer technologies.10. We can’t view the fai lure of the acquisition strategy in isolation. It’s the result of a combination of several factors, rather than unidimensional.五、完形填空1.acquisitions .2.executing3.divestiture4.at5. on6.plunged7.that8.synergies9.core 10.premium。

国际经济学的国际金融部分的选择题练习C h a p t e r13:T h e B a l a n c e o f P a y m e n t sMultiple-choice Questions:1. Which of the following is false?A. A credit transaction leads to a payment from foreignersB. A debit transaction leads to a payment to foreigners*C. A credit transaction is entered with a negative signD. Double-entry bookkeeping refers to each transaction entered twice.2. Which of the following is a debit?A. The export of goodsB. The export of services*C. Unilateral transfers given to foreignersD. Capital inflows3. Capital inflows:A. refer to an increase in foreign assets in the nationB. refer to a reduction in the nation's assets abroadC. lead to a payment from foreigners*D. all of the above4. When a U.S. firm imports goods to be paid in three months the U.S. credits:A. the current accountB. unilateral transfers*C. capitalD. official reserves5. The receipt of an interest payment on a loan made by a U.S. commercial bank to a foreign resident is entered in the U.S. balance of payments as a:A. credit in the capital account*B. credit in the current accountC. credit in official reservesD. debit in unilateral transfers6. The payment of a dividend by an American company to a foreign stockholder represents:A. a debit in the U.S. capital accountB. a credit in the U.S. capital accountC. a credit in the U.S. official reserve account*D. a debit in the U.S. current account7. When a U.S. firm imports a good from England a pays for it by drawing on its poundsterling balances in a London Bank, the U.S. debits its current account and credits its:A. official reserve accountB. unilateral transfers accountC. services in its current account*D. capital account8. When the U.S. ships food aid to a developing nation, the U.S. debits:*A. unilateral transfersB. servicesC. capitalD. official reserves9. When the resident of a foreign nation (1) sells a U.S. stock and (2) deposits the proceeds in a U.S. bank, the U.S.:A. credits capital for (1) and debits capital for (2)B. credits the current account and debits capitalC. debits capital and credits official reserves*D. debits capital for (1) and credits capital for (2)10. When a U.S. resident (1) purchases foreign treasury billsand pays by (2) drawing down his bank balances abroad, the U.S.:A. debits short-term capital and credits official reserves*B. debits capital for (1) and credits capital for (2)C. debits official reserves and credits capitalD. credits short-term capital and debits official reserves11. From the U.S. point of view, drawing on (reducing) foreign bank balances in a New York bank represents a:A. capital inflow*B. capital outflowC. outflow of official reservesD. debit in the current account12. Which is not an official reserve asset of the U.S.?A. U.S. holdings of Special Drawing RightsB. The U.S. reserve position in the International Monetary Fund*C. Foreign official holdings of U.S. dollarsD. Official holdings of foreign currencies by U.S. monetary authorities13. The capital account of the U.S. includes:A. the change in U.S. assets abroad and foreign assets in the U.S.*B. the change in U.S. assets abroad and foreign assets in the U.S., other than official reserve assetsC. all financial assetsD. all but current account transactions14. Accommodating items are:A. transactions in official reserve assetsB. the items below the lineC. needed to balance international transactions*D. all of the above15. Which of the following is false?*A. a net debit balance in the current and capital accounts measures the surplus in the nation's balance of paymentsB. a balance of payments deficit must be settled by a net credit in the official reserve accountC. a deficit in the balance of payments can be measured by the excess of credits over debits in the official reserve accountD. a net debit balance in the official reserve account refers to a surplus思考题：以2009年中美两国国际收支平衡表为例，分析两国国际经济交易呈现出哪些不同特征？战后美国出现大的贸易失衡，其原因和影响是什么？中国的外汇储备量世界第一，其原因是？有何利弊？Chapter 14: Foreign Exchange Markets and Exchange Rates Multiple-choice Questions:1. Which is not a function of the foreign exchange market?A. to transfer funds from one nation to anotherB. to finance trade*C. to diversify risksD. to provide the facilities for hedging2. An increase in the pound price of the dollar represents:*A. an appreciation of the dollarB. a depreciation of the dollarC. an appreciation of the poundD. a devaluation of the dollar3. A change from $1=€1 to $2=€1 represents*A. depreciation of the dollarB. an appreciation of the dollarC. a depreciation of the poundD. none of the above4. A shortage of pounds under a flexible exchange rate system results in:A. a depreciation of the pound*B. a depreciation of the dollarC. an appreciation of the dollarD. no change in the exchange rate5. An effective exchange rate is a:A. spot rateB. forward rateC. flexible exchange rates*D. weighted average of the exchange rates between the domestic currency and the nation's most important trade partners6. The exchange rate is kept within narrow limits in different monetary centers by:A. hedging*B. exchange arbitrageC. interest arbitrageD. speculation7. If SR=$1/€1 and the three-month FR=$0.99/€1:*A. the euro is at a three-month forward discount of 1%B. the euro is at a forward discount of 1% per yearC. the euro is at a three-month forward premium of 1%D. the dollar is at a three-month forward discount of 1%8. Hedging refers to:A. the acceptance of a foreign exchange risk*B. the covering of a foreign exchange riskC. foreign exchange speculationD. foreign exchange arbitrage9. A U.S. importer scheduled to make a payment of €100,000 in three months can hedgehis foreign exchange risk by:A. purchasing $100,000 in the forward market for delivery in three monthsB. selling €100,000 in the spot market fo r delivery in three months*C. purchasing €100,000 in the forward market for delivery in three monthsD. selling €100,000 in the spot market for delivery in three months10. If the three-month FR=$1/€1 and a speculator anticipates that SR=$1.02/€1 in thre emonths, he can earn a profit by:A. selling euros forward*B. purchasing euros forwardC. selling dollars forwardD. purchasing dollars forward11. Destabilizing speculation refers to the:*A. sale of the foreign currency when the exchange rate falls or is lowB. purchase of the foreign currency when the exchange rate falls or is lowC. sale of the foreign currency when the exchange rate rises or is highD. all of the above12. A capital outflow from New York to Frankfurt under covered interest arbitrage can take place if the interest differential in favor of Frankfurt is:A. smaller than the forward discount on the euroB. equal to the forward discount on the euro*C. larger than the forward discount on the euroD. none of the above.13. According to the theory of covered interest arbitrage, if the interest differential in favor of the foreign country exceeds the forward discount on the foreign currency, there will be a:A. capital inflow under covered interest arbitrage*B. capital outflow under covered interest arbitrageC. no capital flow under a covered interest arbitrageD. any of the above14. When the interest differential in favor of the foreign country is equal to the forwardpremium on the foreign currency, we:A. are at covered interest arbitrage parity*B. are not at covered interest arbitrage parityC. may or may not be at covered interest arbitrage parityD. we cannot say without additional information15. The currency of the nation with the lower interest rate is usually at a*A. forward premiumB. forward discountC. covered interest arbitrage parityD. any of the above思考题：1. 我国外汇市场与美国等发达国家的外汇市场相比有什么不同？为什么？2. 为什么在浮动汇率之下国际收支逆差或顺差的测度并不是十分适当的？3. 如何看待以美国为首的国家要求人民币升值问题？4. 如何看待人民币国际化的前景？Chapter 15: Exchange Rate DeterminationMultiple-choice Questions:1. Which is correct with respect to the absolute PPP theory?A. It postulates that the exchange rate between two currencies is equal to the ratio of the price levels in the two nationsB. it does not take into consideration transportation costs or other obstructions to the flow of international tradeC. can be very misleading*D. all of the above2. The relative purchasing power-parity theory postulates that:A. The equilibrium exchange rate is equal to the ratio of the price level in the two nations*B. the change in the exchange rate over a period of time should be proportional to the relative change in the price level in the two nations over the same time periodC. the change in the exchange rate over a period of time should be proportional to the absolute change in the price level in the two nations over the same time periodD. the exchange rate at a period of time should be proportional to the relative prices in the two nations3. The relative PPP theory gives better results:*A. in the long run than in the short runB. when structural changes take placeC. the greater is the level of commodity aggregationD. in tests including developed and developing countries4. The monetary approach to the balance of payments:A. views the balance of payments as an essentially monetary phenomenonB. rests on the purchasing power-parity theoryC. postulates that money plays the crucial role in the long run both as a disturbance and adjustment in the nation's balance of payments*D. all of the above5. If a nation's money GDP is 100 and the velocity of circulation of money is 4, the quantity demanded of money in the nation is:A. 20*B. 25C. 50D. 1006. The monetary base of the nation refers to the:A. domestic credit created by the nation's monetary authorities or the domestic a ssets backing of the nation's money supplyB. international reserves of the nation*C. domestic credit created by the nation's monetary authorities or the domestic assets backing of the nation's money supply plus the international reserves of the nationD. legal reserve requirements in the nation7. If the legal reserve requirement of the nation is 25%, the money multiplier in the nation is:A. 2*B. 4C. 5D. 68. According to the monetary approach to the balance of payments, a deficit in the nation's balance of payments results from:*A. an excess in the nation's stock of money supply that is not eliminated or corrected by the nation's monetary authoritiesB. an excess in the stock of money demanded in the nation that is not satisfied by domestic monetary authoritiesC. an excess in the stock of money demanded in the other nation that is not satisfied by the other nation's monetary authoritiesD. an excess of imports over exports in the nation9. If the increase in a nation's money supply grows less rapidly than its GNP, the nation will face a:A. once-and-for-all balance of payments deficitB. once-and-for-all balance of payments surplusC. continuous balance of payments deficit*D. continuous balance of payments surplus10. According to the monetary approach to the balance of payments a non-reserve currency nation: *A. has no control over its money supply in the long-run under fixed exchange ratesB. has no control over its money supply in the short-run under fixed exchange ratesC. has no control over its money supply in the long-run under flexible exchange ratesD. retains complete control over its money supply in the long-run11. According to the monetary approach to the balance of payments, a surplus nation will have to give up in the long-run its goal of:A. price stabilityB. fixed exchange rate*C. price stability or fixed exchange rateD. price stability and fixed exchange rate12. Which of the following statements is true with respect to the monetary approach to the balance of payments:A. the interest differential in favor of the dollar equals the expected rate of appreciation of the euroB. the interest differential in favor of the dollar equals the expected rate of depreciation of the dollarC. the interest differential in favor of the pound equals the expected rate of depreciation of the pound*D. all of the above13. The monetary approach assumes that the following assumption holds:*A. domestic and foreign bonds are perfect substitutesB. covered interest arbitrage holdsC. expectations do not affect the future spot exchange rate.D. the risk premium is positive14. The portfolio balance approach:A. can be regarded as an extension of the monetary approachB. deals with money and other domestic and foreign financial assetsC. can more readily be extended than the monetary approach to deals with the real sector*D. all of the above15. According to the portfolio balance approach, an increase in the expected appreciation of the foreign currency leads domestic residents to increase:A. the demand for domestic moneyB. the demand for the domestic bond*C. the demand for the foreign bondD. the risk premium16. According to the portfolio balance approach, a reduction in the risk premium on the foreign bond leads domestic residents to increase the demand for the:A. domestic moneyB. domestic bond*C. foreign bondD. all of the above17. According to the portfolio balance approach, an increase in domestic real income or GDP leads domestic residents to increase the demand for the:*A. domestic moneyB. domestic bondC. foreign bondD. all of the above18. According to the portfolio balance approach, an increase in domestic wealth leads domestic residents to increase the demand for the:A. domestic moneyB. domestic bondC. foreign bond*D. all of the above19. Which of the following is false with regard to exchange rate dynamics:A. seeks to explain exchange rate fluctuations over time*B. results because the real sector adjusts instantaneously to disturbancesC. in the short run, the exchange rate overshoots its long-run equilibriumD. results from the stock adjustment in financial assets20. An unexpected increase in the U.S. money supply leadsto:A. an immediate reduction in the U.S. interest rateB. an immediate larger dollar depreciationC. a gradual appreciation of the dollar over time*D. all of the above思考题：现代汇率理论和传统汇率理论格式什么？他们有何区别？每一种理论的实质是什么？他们之间的关系如何？什么是购买力平价理论？它包括哪两种形式？各有何作用？如何对它们进行经验检验？结果如何？根据货币分析法，在辅导汇率替下下，什么决定了汇率的至极其变得？从货币分析法的观点出发，与浮动汇率体系和固定汇率体系相比，有管理的浮动汇率体系有何特点？资产市场分析法与货币分析法有何不同？两者是怎样解释在当今外汇市场中经常出现的汇率超调的？经验检验是支持还是拒绝者两种观点？我们还需要做哪些理论和经验的工作？在可预见的将来，这种工作的成果将是什么？PART FOUR:OPEN ECONOMY MACROECONOMICS AND THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEMChapter 16: The Price Adjustment Mechanisms with Flexible and Fixed Exchange RatesMultiple-choice Questions:1. The more elastic is a nation's demand and supply of foreign exchange the:A. larger is the devaluation or depreciation required to correct a deficit of a given size in the nation's balance of payments*B. smaller is the devaluation or depreciation required to correct a deficit of a given size in the nation's balance of paymentsC. less feasible is a flexible exchange rate systemD. less feasible is a devaluation as a policy to correct a deficit in the nation's balance of payments2. A nation's demand curve for foreign exchange is derived from the:A. foreign demand curve for the nations' exportsB. nation's supply curve of exports*C. domestic demand curve for imports and the foreign supply curve for the nation's importsD. foreign demand curve and the domestic supply curve for the nation's exports3. A depreciation of a nation's currency shifts:A. down its supply curve of imports in terms of the foreign currencyB. up its demand curve of imports in terms of the foreign currency*C. down its demand curve of imports in terms of the foreign currencyD. down its demand curve of imports in terms of the domestic currency4. When a nation's demand curve for imports in terms of the foreign currency is vertical: *A. the nation's demand curve for the foreign currency has zero elasticityB. the nation's demand for the currency is elasticC. the nation's supply of the currency is verticalD. the other nation's demand for the nation's currency has zero elasticity5. A depreciation of a nation's currency shifts:A. down its supply curve of exports in terms of the domestic currency*B. down its supply curve of exports in terms of the foreign currencyC. down its demand curve for exports in terms of the foreign currencyD. up its supply curve of imports in terms of the foreign currency6. When a nation's demand curve for exports in terms of the foreign currency is inelastic: *A. the nation's supply curve of the foreign currency is negatively inclinedB. the nation's supply curve of the foreign currency is verticalC. the nation's demand curve for the foreign currency is negatively inclinedD. the other nation's supply curve of the nation's currency is negatively inclined7. For a small nation:A. the foreign supply of exports is horizontalB. the domestic demand for imports is horizontal*C. the foreign demand for its exports is horizontalD. the foreign supply of exports is vertical8. A depreciation of the nation's currency causes its terms of trade to:A. deteriorateB. improveC. remain unchanged*D. any of the above9. A depreciation of a nation's currency is:*A. inflationary for the nationB. deflationary for the nationC. deflationary for the trade partnerD. any of the above10. The foreign exchange market is stable when:A. The demand curve of foreign exchange is negatively inclined and the supply curve of foreign exchange is positively inclinedB. the supply curve of foreign exchange is negatively inclined and less elastic than the demand curveC. the sum of the absolute values of the elasticity of the nation's demand of imports and the foreign demand for the nation's exports is greater than one*D. all of the above11. The United States has a trade problem with Japan because the U.S. trade deficit with Japan:A. is very largeB. has persisted for a long timeC. did not seem to decline when the dollar depreciated sharply with respect to the yen*D. all of the above12. The mint parity refers to the:A. gold export pointB. gold import pointC. equilibrium exchange rate*D. ratio of the price of a unit of gold in terms of the currency of two nations13. Under the gold standard:A. each nations defines the price of gold in terms of its currency and then stands ready to buy and sell any amount of gold at that priceB. there is a fixed relationship between any two currencies called the mint parityC. the exchange rate is determined by demand and supplybetween the gold points and is prevented from moving outside the gold points by gold shipmentsD. all of the above14. Which of the following statements is not true with regard to the price-specie-flow mechanism:A. relies on the quantity theory of moneyB. requires that nations allow their money supply to rise when the nation has a surplus in its balance of payments and to fall when the nation has a deficit*C. requires that the price elasticity of demand for imports and exports be equal to zeroD. it was introduced by David Hume to show the futility of the mercantilists' prescription that a nation should attempt to continuously accumulate gold15. A currency board refers to the case where:A. the central bank sterilizes changes in the money supply resulting from balance of payments disequilibria*B. the money supply of the nation is backed by 100 percent international reservesC. the nation operates under flexible exchange ratesD. the nation retains firm control over its money supply思考题：贬值为什么会带来通货膨胀趋势？为的外汇市场的马歇尔-勒纳条件是什么？贬值能否不改变国际收支状况？弹性悲观主义背着注意的含义是？它是怎么产生的？为什么不合理？针对外汇市场的稳定性以及外汇供求曲线的弹性，目前普遍的官邸时什么？什么是货币传递？它与国际竞争有什么关系？Chapter 17: The Income Adjustment Mechanism andSynthesis of Automatic AdjustmentsMultiple-choice Questions:1. In order to isolate the income adjustment mechanism, we assume that:A. the nation operates under a fixed exchange rate systemB. all prices, wages, and interest rates are constantC. the nation operates at less than full employment*D. all of the above2. The marginal propensity to consume measures:A. the ratio of imports to incomeB. the ratio of income to imports*C. the change in imports over the change in incomeD. the change in income over the change in imports3. The income elasticity of imports is given by:A. the percentage change in income over the percentage change in importsB. the change in imports over the change in income*C. the marginal propensity to import over the average propensity to importD. the average propensity to import over the marginal propensity to import4. The equilibrium level of national income in an open economy is given by:A. I + X = S + MB. X - M = S - IC. I + (X-M) = S*D. all of the above5. If MPS=0.2 and MPM=0.3, the foreign trade multiplier is:A. 5B. 3.3C. 3*D. 26. When S exceeds I, an open economy has a trade balance:*A. surplusB. deficitC. equilibriumD. any of the above7. The S-I function rises because:A. rising I are subtracted from constant S*B. constant I are subtracted from rising SC. rising I are subtracted from rising SD. constant I are added to falling S8. An autonomous fall in M from a condition of equilibrium in national income and in thetrade balance results in the nation's income:A. rising and its trade balance turning to deficitB. falling and its trade balance turning into surplus*C. rising and its trade balance turning into surplusD. rising and the trade balance remaining in equilibrium9. An autonomous increase in S from a condition of equilibrium in national income and in thetrade balance results in the nation's income:A. rising and its trade balance turning into surplus*B. falling and its trade balance turning into surplusC. falling and its trade balance turning into deficitD. rising and its trade balance turning into deficit10. The foreign trade multiplier of nation 1 is largest:A. when there are no foreign repercussionsB. with foreign repercussions for an autonomous increase in nation 1's X that replace domestic production in nation 2*C. with foreign repercussions for an autonomous increase in I in nation 1D. with foreign repercussions for an autonomous increase inI in nation 211. By itself, the automatic income adjustment mechanism is likely to bring about:*A. incomplete adjustmentB. complete adjustmentC. perverse adjustmentD. any of the above12. A depreciation of a deficit nation's currency from a condition of full employment:*A. may improve the nation's trade balanceB. will improve the nation's trade balanceC. will leave the nation's trade balance unchangedD. will cause a deterioration in the nation's trade balance13. The improvement in a nation's balance of trade and payments resulting from a depreciationof its currency is:A. reinforced by the induced fall in imports*B. partly neutralized by the induced rise in importsC. partly neutralized by the induced fall in importsD. any of the above.14. In the real world, the automatic income, price, and interest adjustment mechanisms, ifallowed to operate, are likely to:A. reinforce each other but still result in incomplete adjustment*B. reinforce each other and result in complete adjustmentC. work at cross purposes from each other and result inincomplete adjustmentD. work at cross purposes from each other and result in perverse adjustment15. A benefit of automatic adjustment mechanisms is that they:A. avoid the possibility of policy mistakesB. avoid the time lags associated with adjustment policiesC. begin to operate as soon as balance of payments disequilibria develop*D. all of the above思考题：自动收入调节机制怎样调节一国的国际收支？为单独分析该机制，我们假定哪些变量不变？怎样理解自动收入调节机制带来贸易差额的不完全调节？什么是弹性法与吸收法？吸收法如何把自动价格与收入调节机制综合起来？从充分就业开始，如果允许逆差国货币贬值，其贸易差额将会怎样？实际国内吸收如何才能减少？什么事自动货币调节？他们如何帮助调节国际收支失衡？在固定或有管理的汇率制度下，如果一国处于非充分就业，所有的自动调节机制如何共同调节其国际收支逆差？每种自动调节机制的缺点是什么？Chapter 18: Open Economy Macroeconomics: Adjustment PoliciesMultiple-choice Questions:1. The most important economic objective of industrial nations is:A. external balance*B. internal balanceC. a reasonable rate of growthD. an equitable distribution of income2. In order to achieve internal and external balance simultaneously, a nation must usually use at least:A. one policy*B. two policiesC. three policiesD. cannot say3. Points below internal balance line YY in the Swan diagram indicate:A. a balance of payments deficitB. a balance of payments surplus*C. unemploymentD. inflation4. To correct a balance of payments deficit and unemployment a nation requires a:A. devaluation and expansionary fiscal and monetary policiesB. devaluation and contractionary fiscal and monetary policies*C. devaluation and either expansionary or contractionary fiscal and monetary policiesD. revaluation and either expansionary or contractionary fiscal and monetary policies5. To correct a balance of payments deficit and inflation a nation requires a:A. devaluation and expansionary fiscal and monetary policiesB. devaluation and contractionary fiscal and monetary policies*C. devaluation or revaluation and contractionary fiscal and monetary policiesD. revaluation and either expansionary or contractionaryfiscal and monetary policies6. To correct a balance of payments surplus and unemployment a nation requires a:A. devaluation and expansionary fiscal and monetary policiesB. devaluation and contractionary fiscal and monetary policies*C. devaluation or revaluation and expansionary fiscal and monetary policiesD. revaluation and either expansionary or contractionary fiscal and monetary policies7. To correct a balance of payments surplus and inflation a nation requires a:A. devaluation and expansionary fiscal and monetary policiesB. devaluation and contractionary fiscal and monetary policies*C. devaluation and either expansionary or contractionary fiscal and monetary policiesD. revaluation and either expansionary or contractionary fiscal and monetary policies8. The IS curve is negatively inclined because:A. the higher is the rate of interest the smaller is the quantity of money demanded for speculative purposesB. higher rates of interest lead to greater capital flows*C. at lower interest rates the levels of investment and national income are higherD. at lower interest rates the level of national income is lower9. If the BP curve is above the point of intersection of the IS and LM curves, the nation will: *A. have a balance of payments deficit at that level of incomeB. have a balance of payments surplus at that level of income。

T ABLE OF CONTENTS How To Use This User Guide (iv)Assumptions (iv)Contents of This Manual (iv)Installation Process Overview (v)Installation Preparation (v)Chapter 1—Introduction (1)Chapter Objective (1)Product Description (1)Features (1)Following Option (SXF) (2)Chapter 2—Getting Started (3)Chapter Objectives (3)What You Should Have (3)High and Low Power Drives (3)Chapter 3—Installation (9)Chapter Objectives (9)Installation Precautions (9)Environmental Considerations (9)Wiring Considerations (9)Preventing Electrical Noise Problems (10)Installation Overview (10)Series vs. Parallel Motor Wiring (11)Motor Configurations (12)Configuration of the Drive (19)Fan Connection (20)I/O Connections (20)OPTO1 (24)CW and CCW Limits (25)OPTO2 (25)O1—O4 Outputs (27)Encoder Connections (28)Incremental Encoder Connection (29)Absolute Encoder Connection (29)AC Power Connection (30)Transformers (30)Transformer Specifications (30)Power Ratings (31)Installation Verification (33)Input Conventions (33)Output Conventions (33)Fault Output Convention (34)Motor Test (34)Incremental Encoder Test (34)Absolute Encoder Test (35)Drive Mounting (35)Minimum Width (35)Minimum Depth (35)Attaching the Load (37)Contents iCouplings (37)Tuning (38)Resonance (38)Mid-Range Instability (38)Tuning Procedures (38)Motor Waveforms (40)Anti-Resonance (40)Chapter 4—Application Design (41)Chapter Objectives (41)Motion Profile Application Considerations (41)Preset Mode Moves (42)Incremental Mode Preset Moves (42)Absolute Mode Preset Moves (42)Continuous Mode Moves (43)Closed Loop Operation (44)Setting Encoder Resolution (45)Encoder Step Mode (45)Motion Programs and Sequences (56)Sequence Commands (56)Creating and Executing Sequences (58)Subroutines (59)Sequence Debugging Tools (63)High-Level Programming Tools (67)Complex Branching and Looping (70)Conditionals (71)Error Flag (75)Branching Using Variables and Boolean Logic (76)Motion Profiling Mode—On-the-Fly Changes (77)Interfacing to the SX (81)Programmable Inputs and Outputs (81)PLC Operation (94)Rotary vs. Linear Indexers (97)Chapter 5—SXF Follower (99)Chapter Objectives (99)What is Following? (99)Types of Following (100)Velocity Following (100)Position and Velocity Following (103)Recede and Advance While Following (115)Synchronization (132)Other Following Features (135)Following Equation and Command Summary (137)Chapter 6—Hardware Reference (143)Chapter Objectives (143)Environmental Specifications (143)Drive Electrical Specifications (143)I/O Electrical Specifications (144)Motor Electrical Specifications (147)Operational Specifications (147)Motor Current & Torque (148)Drive Dimensions (149)Motor Dimensions (150)DIP Switch Summary (152)Non-Compumotor—Drive/Motor Connection (155)Wiring Configurations.............................................................................................................................155, 156 Terminal Connections. (157)Non-Compumotor Motors—Setting Motor Current (158)Motor Performance Specifications (158)ii SX/SXF Indexer/Driver User GuideChapter 7—Maintenance & Troubleshooting (161)Chapter Objectives (161)Maintenance (161)Battery Maintenance (161)Drive Maintenance (161)Motor Maintenance (162)Common Problems and Solutions (163)Software Debugging Tips (165)Returning the System (167)Appendices (169)Command Listing (169)SX Example Programs (171)Appendix C—LVD Installation Instructions (175)Complying with the Low Voltage Directive (LVD) (175)Additional Installation Procedures for LVD Compliance (175)Table of Graphic Symbols and Warnings (177)Index (179)Contents iiiHow To Use This User GuideThis user guide is designed to help you install, develop, and maintain your system. Each chapterbegins with a list of specific objectives that should be met after you have read the chapter. Thissection is intended to help you find and use the information in this user guide. AssumptionsThis user guide assumes that you have the skills or fundamental understanding of the followinginformation.t Basic electronics concepts (voltage, switches, current, etc.)t Basic motion control concepts (torque, velocity, distance, force, etc.)Contents of This ManualThis user guide contains the following information.Chapter 1:IntroductionThis chapter provides a description of the product and a brief account of its specific features.Chapter 2:Getting StartedThis chapter contains a detailed list of items you should have received with your SX shipment. Itwill help you to become familiar with the system and ensure that each component functions properly.Chapter 3:InstallationThis chapter provides instructions for you to properly mount the system and make all electricalconnections. Upon completion of this chapter, your system should be completely installed and readyto perform basic operations. Tuning considerations and procedures are also provided.Chapter 4:Application DesignThis chapter will help you customize the system to meet your application’s needs. Importantapplication considerations are discussed. Sample applications are provided.Chapter 5:SXF FollowerThis chapter explains the SXF Following function and the SXF’s capability to support absolute andincremental encoders.Chapter 6:Hardware ReferenceThis chapter contains information on system specifications (electrical, dimensions, and perfor-mance). It may be used as a quick-reference tool for proper switch settings and connections.Chapter 7:TroubleshootingThis chapter contains information on identifying and resolving system problems.iv SX/SXF Indexer/Driver User GuideInstallation Process OverviewTo ensure trouble-free operation, pay special attention to the environment in which the SX equip-ment will operate, the layout and mounting, and the wiring and grounding practices used. Theserecommendations are intended to help you easily and safely integrate SX equipment into yourmanufacturing facility. Industrial environments often contain conditions that may adversely affectsolid-state equipment. Electrical noise or atmospheric contamination, may also affect the SXSystem.Developing Your ApplicationBefore you attempt to develop and implement your application, there are several issues that youshould consider and address.Recognize and clarify the requirements of your application. Clearly define what you expect the system todo.Assess your resources and limitations. This will help you find the most efficient and effective means ofdeveloping and implementing your application (hardware and software).Follow the guidelines and instructions outlined in this user guide. Do not skip any steps or procedures.Proper installation and implementation can only be ensured if all procedures are completed in the propersequence.Installation PreparationBefore you attempt to install this product, you should complete the following steps:Review this entire user guide. Become familiar with the user guide’s contents so that you can quickly findthe information you need.Develop a basic understanding of all system components, their functions, and interrelationships.Complete the basic system configuration and wiring instructions (in a simulated environment, not apermanent installation) provided in Chapter 2, Getting Started.Perform as many basic functions as you can with the preliminary configuration. You can only perform thistask if you have reviewed the entire user guide. You should try to simulate the task(s) that you expect toperform when you permanently install your application (however, do not attach a load at this time). Thiswill give you a realistic preview of what to expect from the complete configuration.After you have tested all of the system’s functions and used or become familiar with tll of the system’sfeatures, carefully read Chapter 3, Installation.After you have read Chapter 3 and clearly understand what must be done to properly install the system,you should begin the installation process. Do not deviate from the sequence or installation methodsprovided.Before you begin to customize your system, check all of the systems functions and features to ensure thatyou have completed the installation process correctly.The successful completion of these steps will prevent subsequent performance problems and allowyou to isolate and resolve any potential system difficulties before they affect your system’soperation.ConventionsTo help you understand and use this user guide effectively, the conventions used throughout this userguide are explained in this section.CommandsAll commands that you are instructed to enter are shown in capital letters. The symbol >, is the SXcommand prompt. The command is displayed in boldface. A delimiter (space or carriage return) isrequired after each command. A description is provided next to each command example.Command Description>MR Sets motor resolution to 25,000 steps/revThe system ignores command syntax that is not within the valid range for a specific command. A ?prompt will be returned by the drive when the last command entered was not understood, or aparameter limit was exceeded.Contents vMotorsS Series and SX Series motors are one in the same (interchangeable terms).Warnings & CautionsWarning and caution notes alert you to possible dangers that may occur if you do not follow instruc-tions correctly. Situations that may cause bodily injury are present as warnings. Situations that maycause system damage are presented as cautions. These notes will appear in bold face and the wordwarning or caution will be centered and in all capital letters. Refer to the examples shown below:WARNINGDo not touch the motor immediately after it has been in use for an extended period of time. The motormay be hot.CAUTIONSystem damage will occur if you power up the system improperly.Related Publicationst Current Parker Compumotor Motion Control Catalogt SX Indexer/Drive Software Reference Guidevi SX/SXF Indexer/Driver User Guide。

Application GuideTable of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction (1)Chapter 2. System Design (2)Chapter 3. Application Architecture (5)Chapter 4. DOCA Libraries (7)Chapter 5. Configuration Flow (8)Chapter 6. Dependencies (10)Chapter 7. Running the Application (11)Chapter 8. Arg Parser DOCA Flags (14)Chapter 9. References (17)Chapter 1.IntroductionApp Shield Agent monitors a process in the host system using the DOCA App Shield library (doca-apsh).This security capability helps identify corruption of core processes in the system from an independent and trusted DPU. This is a major and innovate intrusion detection system (IDS) ability since it cannot be provided from inside the host.The DOCA App Shield library gives the capability to read, analyze, and authenticate the host (bare metal/VM) memory directly from the DPU.Using the library, this application hashes the un-writeable memory pages (also unloaded pages) of a specific process and its libraries. Then, at regularly occurring intervals the app authenticates the loaded pages.The app reports pass/fail after every iteration until the first attestation failure. The reports are both printed to the console and exported to the DOCA telemetry service (DTS) using inter-process communication (IPC).This document describes how to build secure process monitoring using the DOCA App Shield library, which leverages the DPU's advantages such as hardware-based DMA, integrity, and more.Chapter 2.System DesignThe App Shield agent is designed to run independently on the DPU's Arm without hindering the host.The host's involvement is limited to configuring monitoring of a new process when there is a need to generate the needed ZIP and JSON files to pass to the DPU. This is done at inception ("time 0") which is when the host is still in a "safe" state.Generating the needed files can be done by running DOCA App Shield'sdoca_apsh_config.py tool on the host. See NVIDIA DOCA App Shield Programming Guide for more info.System DesignSystem DesignChapter 3.Application ArchitectureThe user creates three mandatory files using the DOCA tool doca_apsh_config.py and copies them to the DPU. The application can report attestation results to the:‣File‣Terminal‣DTS1.The files are generated by running doca_apsh_config.py on the host against the processat time zero.Note: The actions 2-5 recur at regular time intervals.2.The App Shield agent requests new attestation from DOCA App Shield library.3.The DOCA App Shield library creates a new attestation:a).Scans and hashes process memory pages (that are currently in use).b).Compares the hash to the original hash.c).Creates attestation for each lib/exe involved in the process. Each of attestationincludes the number of valid pages and the number of pages.Application Architecture4.The App Shield agent searches each attestation for inconsistency between number of usedpages and number of valid pages.5.The App Shield agent reports results with a timestamp and scan count to:a).Local telemetry files – a folder and files representing the data a real DTS would havereceived. These files are used for the purposes of this example only as normally thisdata is not exported into user-readable files.b).DOCA log (without scan count).c).DTS IPC interface (even if no DTS is active).6.The App Shield agent exits on first attestation failure.Chapter 4.DOCA LibrariesThis application leverages following DOCA libraries:‣DOCA App Shield library‣DOCA Telemetry libraryChapter 5.Configuration Flow1.Parse application argument.a).Initialize arg parser resources and register DOCA general parameters.doca_argp_init();b).Register application parameters.register_apsh_params();c).Parse app flags.doca_argp_start();2.Initialize DOCA App Shield lib context.a).Create lib context.doca_apsh_create();b).Set DMA device for lib.doca_devinfo_list_create();doca_dev_open();doca_devinfo_list_destroy();doca_apsh_dma_dev_set();c).Start the context.doca_apsh_start();apsh_system_init();3.Initialize DOCA App Shield lib system context handler.a).Get the representor of the remote PCIe function exposed to the system.doca_devinfo_remote_list_create();doca_dev_remote_open();doca_devinfo_remote_list_destroy();b).Create and start the system context handler.doca_apsh_system_create();doca_apsh_sys_os_symbol_map_set();doca_apsh_sys_mem_region_set();doca_apsh_sys_dev_set();doca_apsh_sys_os_type_set();doca_apsh_system_start();4.Find target process by PID.doca_apsh_processes_get();5.Telemetry initialization.telemetry_start();a).Initialize a new telemetry schema.b).Register attestation type event.c).Set up output to file (in addition to default IPC).Configuration Flowd).Start the telemetry schema.e).Initialize and start a new DTS source with the gethostname() name as source ID.6.Get initial attestation of the process.doca_apsh_attestation_get();7.Loop until attestation validation fail.doca_apsh_attst_refresh();/* validation logic */doca_telemetry_source_report();DOCA_LOG_INFO();sleep();8.DOCA App Shield Agent destroy.doca_apsh_attestation_free();doca_apsh_processes_free();doca_apsh_system_destroy();doca_apsh_destroy();doca_dev_close();doca_dev_remote_close();9.Telemetry destroy.telemetry_destroy();10.Arg parser destroy.doca_argp_destroy();Chapter 6.Dependencies The minimum required firmware version is 24.32.1010.Chapter 7.Running the Application1.Refer to the following documents:‣NVIDIA DOCA Installation Guide for Linux for details on how to install BlueField-related software.‣NVIDIA DOCA Troubleshooting Guide for any issue you may encounter with the installation, compilation, or execution of DOCA applications.‣NVIDIA DOCA Applications Overview for additional compilation instructions and development tips of DOCA applications.2.The App Shield Agent binary is located under /opt/mellanox/doca/applications/ app_shield_agent/bin/doca_app_shield_agent. To build the applications together, run:cd /opt/mellanox/doca/applications/meson buildninja -C build3.To build only the App Shield Agent application:a).Edit the following flags in /opt/mellanox/doca/applications/meson_option.txt:‣Set enable_all_applications to false‣Set enable_app_shield_agent to trueb).Run the commands in step 2.Note:doca_app_shield_agent will be created under ./build/app_shield_agent/src/.Application usage:Usage: doca_app_shield_agent [DOCA Flags] [Program Flags]DOCA Flags:-h, --help Print a help synopsis-v, --version Print program version information-l, --log-level Set the log level for the program <CRITICAL=20, ERROR=30, WARNING=40, INFO=50, DEBUG=60>Program Flags:-p, --pid <arg> Pid of the process to monitor-e, --ehm <path> Path to the process executable ‘hash.zip’generated file-m, --memr <path> Path to the system memory regions map –‘mem_regions.json’ generated file.-f, --pcif <arg> System PCI (VF/PF) VUID to use for DMAconnection-d, --dma <arg> DMA device name-o, --osym <path> Path to the system os symbol map –‘symbols.json’ generated file.-s, --osty [windows|linux] OS of the system where the process is running -t, --time <seconds> Time interval between scansNote: For additional information on the application, use the -h flag:/opt/mellanox/doca/applications/app_shield_agent/bin/doca_app_shield_agent-h4.The following steps need to be done only once.‣Configure the BlueField's firmware.‣On the BlueField system, configure the PF base address register and NVME emulation. Run:dpu> mlxconfig -d /dev/mst/mt41686_pciconf0 s PF_BAR2_SIZE=2PF_BAR2_ENABLE=1 NVME_EMULATION_ENABLE=1‣Perform a cold boot from the host. Run:host> ipmitool power cycleNote: These configurations can be checked using the following command:dpu> mlxconfig -d /dev/mst/mt41686_pciconf0 q | grep -E "NVME|BAR"‣Download target system (host/VM) symbols.‣For Ubuntu:host> sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ddebs.list << EOFdeb / $(lsb_release -cs) main restricted universemultiversedeb / $(lsb_release -cs)-updates main restricteduniverse multiversedeb / $(lsb_release -cs)-proposed main restricteduniverse multiverseEOFhost> sudo apt install ubuntu-dbgsym-keyringhost> sudo apt-get updatehost> sudo apt-get install linux-image-$(uname -r)-dbgsym‣For CentOS:host> yum install --enablerepo=base-debuginfo kernel-devel-$(uname -r)kernel-debuginfo-$(uname -r) kernel-debuginfo-common-$(uname -m)-$(uname-r)‣No action is needed for Windows‣Perform IOMMU passthrough. This stage is only needed on some of the cases where IOMMU is not enabled by default (e.g., when the host is using an AMD CPU).Note: Skip this step if you are not sure whether you need it. Return to it only if DMAfails with a message in dmesg similar to the following:host> dmesg[ 3839.822897] mlx5_core 0000:81:00.0: AMD-Vi: Event logged[IO_PAGE_FAULT domain=0x0047 address=0x2a0aff8 flags=0x0000]‣Locate your OS's grub file (most likely /boot/grub/grub.conf, /boot/grub2/grub.cfg, or /etc/default/grub) and open it for editing. Run:host> vim /etc/default/grub‣Search for the line defining GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT and add the argumentiommu=pt. For example:GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="iommu=pt <intel/amd>_iommu=on"‣Run:‣For Ubuntu:host> sudo update-grubhost> ipmitool power cycle‣For CentOS:host> grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfghost> ipmitool power cycle‣For Windows targets only: Turn off Hyper-V capability.5.Running the application on BlueField:‣Pre-run setup:a).The DOCA App Shield library uses hugepages for DMA buffers. Therefore, the useris required to provide allocate specific size huge pages. Run:dpu> nr_huge=$(cat /sys/devices/system/node/node0/hugepages/hugepages-2048kB/nr_hugepages)nr_huge=$((42+$nr_huge))sudo echo $nr_huge > /sys/devices/system/node/node0/hugepages/hugepages-2048kB/nr_hugepagesb).Create the ZIP and JSON files. Run:Note: If the kernel and process .exe have not changed, there no need to redo thisstep.target-system> cd /opt/mellanox/doca/tools/target-system> python3 doca_apsh_config.py <pid-of-process-to-monitor> --os <windows/linux> --path <path to dwarf2json executable or pdbparse-to-json.py>target-system> cp /opt/mellanox/doca/tools/*.* <shared-folder-with-baremetal>dpu> scp <shared-folder-with-baremetal>/* <path-to-app-shield-binary>If the target system does not have DOCA installed, the script can be copied fromthe BlueField.The required dwaf2json and pdbparse-to-json.py are not provided with DOCA.Follow the NVIDIA DOCA App Shield Programming Guide for more information.‣CLI example for running the app:dpu> /opt/mellanox/doca/applications/app_shield_agent/bin/doca_app_shield_agent -p 13577 -e hash.zip -m mem_regions.json -o symbols.json -f MT2125X03335MLNXS0D0F0VF1 -d mlx5_0 -t 3 -s linuxChapter 8.Arg Parser DOCA Flags Refer to NVIDIA DOCA Arg Parser User Guide for more information.Chapter 9.References‣/opt/mellanox/doca/applications/app_shield_agent/src/app_shield_agent.cNoticeThis document is provided for information purposes only and shall not be regarded as a warranty of a certain functionality, condition, or quality of a product. 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