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Paraphrase the following sentences into English in at least three forms:1．中国是社会主义国家，它的发展不会对其他国家构成威胁。
① As a socialist country, the development of China will constitute no threat to other countries.② The socialist nature makes it impossible for China, even when developed, to pose any threat to others.③China will not be a threat to other countries when it becomes developed itself, because it is a socialist country.2．我今天准备的题目是：美国的外交政策对中美关系的影响。
①My topic/the title of my presentation today is the impact of American foreign policies on Sino-US relationship.②Today I am going to talk about the implication of American foreign policies on Sino-US relationship.③Today I am going to discuss how the American foreign policies influence Sino-US relationship.3．直到15世纪以前，中国的科学技术在世界上保持了上千年的领先地位。
①China's science and technology had been in a leading position in the world for 1,000 years until the 15th century.② China had been a world leader in science and technology for 1,000 years until the 15th century.③China had been leading the world in science and technology for 1,000 years until the 15th century.4．中国的潜在市场同国外的先进技术和资金优势结合起来，就能形成众多的发展机遇和强大的发展活力。
经贸翻译教案修改版一、教学目标：1. 掌握经贸领域的基本术语和表达方式。
2. 提高学生的经贸英语翻译能力。
3. 培养学生的跨文化交际意识和能力。
二、教学内容：1. 经贸英语的基本术语和表达方式。
2. 经贸英语翻译技巧和策略。
3. 跨文化交际在经贸翻译中的应用。
三、教学方法：1. 讲授法：讲解经贸英语的基本术语和表达方式，分析经贸英语翻译案例。
2. 实践法：学生进行经贸英语翻译实践，教师进行点评和指导。
3. 案例分析法：分析实际经贸翻译案例，讨论和总结翻译技巧和策略。
四、教学准备：1. 教材：经贸英语翻译教材或相关资料。
2. 课件：制作课件，包括经贸英语术语和表达方式，翻译技巧和策略，以及跨文化交际的相关内容。
3. 案例：准备一些实际的经贸翻译案例，用于分析和讨论。
五、教学过程：1. 导入：介绍经贸翻译的重要性和难度，激发学生的学习兴趣。
2. 讲解：讲解经贸英语的基本术语和表达方式，分析经贸英语翻译案例。
3. 实践：学生进行经贸英语翻译实践，教师进行点评和指导。
4. 案例分析：分析实际经贸翻译案例，讨论和总结翻译技巧和策略。
5. 跨文化交际：讨论跨文化交际在经贸翻译中的应用，培养学生的跨文化交际意识和能力。
6. 总结：总结本节课的重点和难点，布置作业，要求学生进行经贸英语翻译练习。
教学反思：在教学过程中，要注意观察学生的反应和学习情况，根据学生的实际水平调整教学内容和教学方法。
要注重培养学生的跨文化交际意识和能力，提高他们的经贸英语翻译水平。
六、教学评价：1. 平时练习：评估学生在平时练习中的翻译水平和掌握经贸术语的情况。
2. 课堂讨论：观察学生在课堂讨论中的参与程度和跨文化交际能力。
3. 课后作业：检查学生完成课后作业的质量，评估其对课堂内容的掌握情况。
4. 期末考试：设计经贸翻译相关的试题，检验学生的翻译能力和经贸英语知识水平。
七、教学拓展：1. 组织学生参观企业或参加经贸活动，增加他们对经贸领域的了解。
Unit 10Travel and TourismTourism is an activity which cuts across conventional sectors in the economy. It requires in uts of an economic , social, cultural an environmental natural. In this sense it is often described as being multi-faced. The problem in describing tourism as an “industry” is that it does not have the usual formal production function ,nor does it have an output which can physically be measured ,unlike agricultural (tons of wheat ) of beverages ( litres of whisky ). There is no common structure which is representative of the industry in every country. In France an Italy, for example, restaurants and shopping facilities are major attractions for tourists;in Russia they are not .Even the core components of the tourism industry, such as accommodation and transport, can vary between countries. In the UK many tourists use bed and breakfast accommodation in private houses; in Thailand such facilities ate not available .In the transport sector, levels of car ownership and developed road networks cause many tourists to use their cars or buses in Western Europe and the USA . In India and Indonesia, most tourists travel by air . It is some of these problems of definition that have caused many writers to refer to the tourist sector rather than the tourist industry . Sometimes the terms are used interchangeably, as they are used here.However, there are a number of features associating with tourism which are quite explicit .For example, tourism implies that a person undertakes a journey : the journey may be for less than a day (day tripper/visitor); or it may be a journey within a national boundary, therefore constituting a domestic tourist trip; or it might be a journey which crosses an international boundary ,therefore being classified as an international tourism trip .However, it is not only the nature of the journey that very broadly should be for leisure or business . In looking at the development of tourism historically, most attention has been given to the concept of international tourism, i.e. journeys across international boundaries.The problem of definition is a serious and continuing difficulty for analysis of tourism .In particular the amorphous nature of the tourism industry has made it difficult to evaluate its impact on the economy relative to other sectors in the economy .Techniques have been developed to facilitate measurement of impact but there is no universally accepted definition of what constitutes the tourism industry . Most academic writers tend to craft their definition to suit their specific purposes. Here the definition given by Burkart and Medlik (1981) is accepted: the phenomenon arising from temporary visits(or stays away from home) outside the normal place of residence for any reason other than furthering an occupation remunerated from within the place visited.Although the components of the tourism industry will differ between countries, there are certain subsectors which are clearly identified as being components of tourism activity , such as the accommodation sector which would include not only formal accommodation, hotel guest houses, etc.,but also camping sites ,rooms in private houses and bed and breakfast type arrangements. Travel agents and touroperators are recognized as comprising another distinct subsector. Transport-airlines, shipping, rail and cat hire, cars and coaches—will also be seem as being important inputs to the tourism sector . In some countries,shopping and production of handicrafts is another associated activity of tourism.If we use 1945 as being the year when the development of the major growth in the tourism industry began , we can make some general observations relating to the changes which one can discern in the tourism industry.Before the 1950s ,tourism was very much an industry which was fragmented; hotels, transport operators ,travel agents , tour operators all tended to work independently of each other. Hotels were largely in the business of selling bed nights. Airlines and railways were in the business of selling seats. Travel agents , of course , were selling travel and holidays . But in each case they tended to operate very much as individual businesses. From the mid-1950s onwards , particularly in the UK, the growth of tour operators began to change the mature of the industry from essentially individual business activities to more integrated activities. Hotels, for example, were beginning to see customers as wanting a range of services rather than simple buying accommodation. So hotels began to develop shopping arcades and later to offer secretarial centres to try to increase the spending of guests within the hotel complex. Transport services as being integral to a much wider need. Airlines offered insurance and accommodation booking travel services including holiday arrangements, medical services, car hire, etc.What we have seem since the 1950s is the emergence of a holiday and travel industry which is offering more integrated services. This is particularly noticeable with the forward and backward integration of some of the very large tour operators. To some extent this was determined by the nature of demand. In other cases it was a business opportunity to integrate demand and provide a service at a much more competitive price and to maintain and increase market share. By 1990the structure of the tourism industry ,certainly in the UK and Europe , was influenced by the growth of some very large companies. In the USA, American anti-trust laws discouraged, if not prohibited, the development of large integrated companies. The American experience in tour operation has been very different from that within Europe, particularly compared with the UK.As the structure of service provision changed, so did the nature of holiday taking. Up until 1946, i.e. the period between the world wars, much of international travel was for the privileged, wealthy and elite groups in society. From 1950 onwards a combination of factors, for example, increase in leisure time availability, increase in paid holidays, development of package tours, development in air transport—all combined to provide a much wider potential holiday-taking market. This market was different in terms of socioeconomic groups from the pre-1950 era.The changing nature of holiday was reflected in the social groups taking holidays, and in the distances which people were prepared to travel to holiday destinations. One of the major demand changes was the increased availability of leisure for a wider group in society. Rising real incomes, paid holidays and growing propensity to demand foreign holidays, or a combination of these, were important and continuingfactors stimulating international tourism demand. These factors were not simple economic determinants but also social ones. As the world recovered from the Second World War there was growing evidence to indicate that people were spending more time on leisure activities and on travel. These tendencies were reflected in the protection that many people gave to holiday expenditures, these expenditures being the last to be surrendered in the face of income changes.We can conclude that , especially since 1945, tourism has developed into a significant international industry. As it has developed it has also become more specialized, with vertical and horizontal company amalgamations creating different scales of operation in various market segments. The growth in international airlines of operation in various market segments. The growth in international airlines, advances in information technology and the growth flexibility in inclusive tour arrangements have all contributed to the present structure and characteristics of the tourism industry.。
