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矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法(Oxymoron)矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法(Oxymoron)是将两个互相矛盾，互不调和，的词放在同一个短语中，产生特殊的深刻含义的一种修辞手段。
用它来状物写景，能突出事物的实质；用它来描绘人物，能使其更加鲜明；用它来表达复杂的思想感情或意味深长的哲理，能使其更强烈，更深刻。
它是一种紧缩隽语。
矛盾修饰法是将两个意思截然不同的词放在一起，结合成一个词组，而对语是通过平行结构引起两个概念的对比。
矛盾修饰法：从哲学上讲，是对立的统一；从艺术上讲，更能体现出描写主体的个性化，更具渲染力。
例如：1.a clever fool聪明的傻瓜2.a victorious defeat胜利的失败3.cruel kindness残酷的仁慈4.expressionless expression毫无表情的表情5.sick health憔悴的健康6.a living death行尸走肉7.with careful carelessness小心翼翼又漫不经心地8.bright and dark既光彩夺目，又朦胧黑暗9.dove-feather’d raven披着白鸽羽毛的乌鸦10.with her disagreeably pleasant laugh（她）自鸣得意却令人讨厌地笑起来11.an honorable villain体面的恶棍12.There was an audible stillness, in which the common voice sounded strange.(from Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser)这时是一片听得见的寂静，连人声听起来都是异样的。
(选自美国作家西奥多•德莱塞的长篇小说《嘉莉妹妹》)(作者用audible来修饰stillness，匠心独具地从反面烘托环境，使人耳目一新，过目难忘。
矛盾的对立面取得了高度的一致，形成了完美的统一。
1、Pun[pʌn]Definition：The pun, also called paronomasia, is a form of which suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect.Typology(or types)1、The homophonic pun（谐音双关）.The homophonic pun, a common type, utilizes the exploitation [,eksplɔi'teiʃən] of word pairs which sound alike (homophones) but are not synonymous.A homophonic pun exploits words which are spelled the same (homographs) but possess different meanings and sounds. Because of their nature, they rely on sight more than hearing, contrary to homophonic puns. They are also known as heteronymic puns.a common type, uses word pairs which sound alike (homophones) but are not synonymous(the meaning is diffirent).Examples：①In George Carlin's phrase "Atheism is a non-prophet institution", the word "prophet 'prɔfit] " is put in place of its homophone "profit'prɔfit] ", altering the common phrase "non-profit institution".②"Pinky and the Brain" cartoon film series: "I think so, Brain, but if we give peas a chance, won't the lima beans feel left out?" which plays with the similar - but not identical - sound of "peas" and "peace".③Seven days without water makes one week(weak)2、The homographic pun（同形异义双关）exploits words which are spelled the same (homographs) but possess different meanings and sounds. Because of their nature, they rely on sight more than hearing, contrary to homophonic puns. They are also known as heteronymic puns.Examples：Douglas Adams's line "Y ou can tune a guitar, but you can't tuna fish. Unless of course, you play bass." (Bible)The phrase uses the homophonic qualities of "tune a" and "tuna", as well as the homographic pun on "bass", in which ambiguity is reached through the identical spellings of /ˈbeɪs/ (a string instrument), and /ˈbæs/ (a kind of fish).3、Homonymic puns(同音异义双关语), another common type, arise from the①exploitation of words which are both homographs and homophones.The statement "Being in politics is just like playing golf: you are trapped in one bad lie after another" puns on the two meanings of the word lie as "a deliberate untruth" and as "the position in which something rests".②a joke repeated by Isaac Asimov gives us "Did you hear about the little moron who strained himself while running into the screen door?", playing on 'strained' as "to give much effort" and "to filter".4、compound pun is a statement that contains two or more puns.Examples:①a complex statement by Richard Whately includes four puns: "Why can a man never starve in the Great Desert? Because he can eat the sand which is there. But what brought the sandwiches there? Why, Noah sent Ham, and his descendants mustered and bred."[8]This pun uses "sand which is there/sandwiches there, "Ham/ham", "mustered/mustard", and "bred/bread".5、A recursive pun is one in which the second aspect of a pun relies on the understanding of an element in the first.Examples:① the statement "π is only half a pie." (π radians is 180 degrees, or half a circle, and a pie is a complete circle).②"Infinity（无限大）is not in finity（有限的）," which means infinity is not in finite range.③"A Freudian slip is when you say one thing but mean your mother."[9] Finally, we are given "Immanuel doesn't pun, he Kant（康德）" by Oscar Wilde.6、Visual puns are used in many logos, emblems, insignia, and other graphic symbols, in which one or more of the pun aspects are replaced by a picture. In European heraldry, this technique is called canting arms.Visual and other puns and word games are also common in Dutch gable stones as well as in some cartoons Examples:① Visual and other puns and word games are also common in Dutch gablestones;② In some cartoons such as Lost Consonants and The Far SidePuns in comedies、jokes、literatureIn Romeo and Juliet when Mercutio begs Romeo to dance, Romeo refuses.Unlike Mercutio’s shoes with “nimble soles,” Romeo says that he has a “soul of lead.” At one point, Romeo asks for a torch, saying “being heavy [sad], I will bear the light.”Captain Aubrey: "Do you see those two weevils, Doctor?...Which would you choose?"Dr. Maturin: "Neither. There's not a scrap of difference between them. They're the same species of Curculio."Captain Aubrey: "If you had to choose. If you were forced to make a choice. If there were no other option."Dr. Maturin: "Well, then, if you're going to push me. I would choose the right-hand weevil. It has significant advantage in both length and breadth."Captain Aubrey: "There, I have you!...Do you not know that in the Service, onemust always choose the lesser of two weevils?"Other great works of literature have included puns as well. Poet John Donne, whose name rhymed with “done,” often punned his name in his own poetry. In one of his hymns, he even puns the name of his wife Anne More, with the line “Thou hast not done, For I have more.”Our Bible reveals to us the character of our God with minute andremorseless exactness ... It is perhaps the most damnatorybiography that exists in print anywhere. It makes Nero an angelof light and leading by contrast. [Msark Twain]Falling in love is not at all the most stupid thing that people do —but gravitation can not be held responsible for it. [AlbertEinstein]Prediction is very difficult, especially about the future. [NielsBohr]Essentially, all models are wrong, but some are useful. [George E.P. Box]The best material model of a cat is another, or preferably thesame, cat. [Norbert Wiener]As a child, I received instruction both in the Bible and in theTalmud. I am a Jew, but I am enthralled by the luminous figure ofthe Nazarene. [Albert Einstein]One morning I shot an elephant in my pajamas. How he got intomy pajamas I'll never know. » [Groucho Marx]Puns often are used in the titles of comedic parodies. A parody of a popular song, movie, etc., may be given a title that hints at the title of the work being parodied, substituting some of the words with ones that sound or look similar. Such a title can immediately communicate both that what follows is a parody and also which work is about to be parodied, making any further "setup" (introductory explanation) unnecessary.Examples would include the Star Trek: V oyager episode entitled "False Profits" (a pun on the saying 'false prophets') or the episode of Psych entitled "The Polarizing Express" (spoofing The Polar Express and the definition of polarization, which means 'to break into factions')Non-humorous puns were and are a standard rhetorical and poetic device in English literature. Puns and other forms of word play have been used by many famous writers, such as Alexander Pope, James Joyce, Vladimir Nabokov, Robert Bloch, Lewis Carroll, John Donne, and William Shakespeare, who is estimated to have used over 3,000 puns in his plays.[citation needed]Here is an example from Shakespeare's Richard III:"Now is the winter of our discontent made glorious summer by this son of Y ork"(Son/sun)Shakespeare was also noted for his frequent play with less serious puns, the "quibbles" of the sort that made Samuel Johnson complain, "A quibble is to Shakespeare what luminous vapours are to the traveller! He follows it to all adventures; it is sure to lead him out of his way, sure to engulf him in the mire.It has some malignant power over his mind, and its fascinations areirresistible."[14] Elsewhere, Johnson disparagingly referred to punning as "the lowest form of humour".[citation needed]In the poem A Hymn to God the Father, John Donne, married to Anne More,reportedly puns repeatedly: "Son/sun" in the second quoted line, and twocompound puns on "Donne/done" and "More/more". All three arehomophonic, with the puns on "more" being both homographic andcapitonymic. The ambiguities serve to introduce several possible meanings into the verses."When Thou hast done, Thou hast not done / For I have more.that at my death Thy Son / Shall shine as he shines now, and heretoforeAnd having done that, Thou hast done; / I fear no more."。
双关与Pun的对比双关与Pun的对比摘要：双关和Pun是英汉两种语言当中相对应的一种修辞格，在各种场合下，只要应用得当，都能够巧妙曲折的表达出相应的内容。
但两者也有很大的区别。
文章主要就双关和Pun的定义、分类、手段进行对比，分析两者的不同。
关键字：双关；Pun；对比在英语中，与双关相对应的是Pun。
双关是一种很常见的修辞格，它言此及彼，使得语言幽默，语义含蓄，耐人寻味。
现代，除了在文学作品中和人们的日常对话中以外，双关作为一种幽默、辛辣的语言，在广告和新闻报刊、杂志等领域也被广泛运用，展示着其独特魅力。
但是，由于中外各种因素的影响，两者并不能完全等同。
以下就定义、分类、手段和功能进行对比，分析两者的相同和不同之处。
一、定义的对比根据《辞海》的定义，双关语即修辞学上辞格之一，利用语言文字上同音或多义的关系,使一个词或一句话关涉到两件事。
而朗文词典对Pun的解释是(Longman Dictionary of American English)对pun 的解释为：“also play on words. An amusing use of a word or phrase that has two meanings, or words with the same sound but different meanings.”韦氏三版新国际英语词典(Webster’s Third New International Dictionary)给pun下的定义为：“The humorous of a word in such a way as to suggest different meanings or applications or of words having the same or nearly the samesound but different meanings: a play on words.”通过定义的对比，不难看出，汉语的双关侧重的是双重的含义，涉及到的是两件事。
谐音双关-谐音双关双关语(pun)指在一定的语言环境中，利用词的多义和双(shuāng)关(guān)语(yǔ)。
双(shuāng)关(guān)语(yǔ)指在一定的语言环境中。
利用词的多义和同音的条件。
有意使语句具有双重意义。
言在此而意在彼的修辞方式。
双关可使语言表达得含蓄。
谐音双关幽默。
而且能加深语意。
给人以深刻印象。
中文名,双(shuāng)关(guān)语(yǔ)。
实质,言在此而意在彼的修辞方式。
分为,谐音双关和语义双关。
出处,《刘三姐》。
基本类型。
就构成的条件看。
双关可分为谐音双关和语义双关两类。
利用音同或音近的条件使词语或句子语义双关。
例如：①姓陶不见桃结果。
姓李不见李花开。
姓罗不见锣鼓响。
三个蠢材哪里来？②我失骄杨君失柳。
杨柳轻飏直上重霄九。
例①刘三姐就“陶。
李。
罗”三姓与“桃。
李。
锣”三物同音相谐巧妙地就姓联物。
指物借意。
对给地主老财当帮凶的三个秀才进行了辛辣的嘲讽。
谐音双关嘲笑了他们词穷歌尽。
难以招架的窘态。
鲜明地表现了刘三姐聪明机智。
泼辣勇敢的性格和善于对歌的才能。
歌词读来明快幽默。
饶有风趣。
例②“杨柳”表面上指的是杨花。
柳絮。
实际上指的是杨开慧。
柳直荀两位烈士。
毛泽东同志在这里使用了谐音双关这一修辞手法。
高度赞扬了为无产阶级革命事业英勇献身的杨开慧。
柳直荀两位烈士。
有些歇后语就是借同音或近音双关手法构成的。
例如：山顶滚石头——石打石。
拉着胡子上船——牵须过渡。
嫩蛤蟆跳井一一扑通。
利用词语或句子的多义性在特定语境中形成双关。
比起谐音双关来。
语义双关更为常用。
例：③新事业从头做起。
旧现象一手推平。
④嘿嘿。
秘书长。
你高兴得太早了吧。
你看。
我这儿还埋伏着一个车哪！将！秘书长！从全局来看。
你输了。
你完了。
你交枪吧！例③是新中国成立后。
有家理发店写的春联。
“从头做起”和“一手推平”语义双关。
讲的是理发。
实际是寄托着人民群众除旧布新的愿望。
歌颂新中国。
欢庆新社会。
例④是剧中打入敌军的地下工作人员张敏跟敌秘书长下棋时的一段双(shuāng)关(guān)语(yǔ)。
谐音双关-谐音双关双关语(pun)指在一定的语言环境中，利用词的多义和双(shuāng)关(guān)语(yǔ)。
双(shuāng)关(guān)语(yǔ)指在一定的语言环境中。
利用词的多义和同音的条件。
有意使语句具有双重意义。
言在此而意在彼的修辞方式。
双关可使语言表达得含蓄。
谐音双关幽默。
而且能加深语意。
给人以深刻印象。
中文名,双(shuāng)关(guān)语(yǔ)。
实质,言在此而意在彼的修辞方式。
分为,谐音双关和语义双关。
出处,《刘三姐》。
基本类型。
就构成的条件看。
双关可分为谐音双关和语义双关两类。
利用音同或音近的条件使词语或句子语义双关。
例如：①姓陶不见桃结果。
姓李不见李花开。
姓罗不见锣鼓响。
三个蠢材哪里来？②我失骄杨君失柳。
杨柳轻飏直上重霄九。
例①刘三姐就“陶。
李。
罗”三姓与“桃。
李。
锣”三物同音相谐巧妙地就姓联物。
指物借意。
对给地主老财当帮凶的三个秀才进行了辛辣的嘲讽。
谐音双关嘲笑了他们词穷歌尽。
难以招架的窘态。
鲜明地表现了刘三姐聪明机智。
泼辣勇敢的性格和善于对歌的才能。
歌词读来明快幽默。
饶有风趣。
例②“杨柳”表面上指的是杨花。
柳絮。
实际上指的是杨开慧。
柳直荀两位烈士。
毛泽东同志在这里使用了谐音双关这一修辞手法。
高度赞扬了为无产阶级革命事业英勇献身的杨开慧。
柳直荀两位烈士。
有些歇后语就是借同音或近音双关手法构成的。
例如：山顶滚石头——石打石。
拉着胡子上船——牵须过渡。
嫩蛤蟆跳井一一扑通。
利用词语或句子的多义性在特定语境中形成双关。
比起谐音双关来。
语义双关更为常用。
例：③新事业从头做起。
旧现象一手推平。
④嘿嘿。
秘书长。
你高兴得太早了吧。
你看。
我这儿还埋伏着一个车哪！将！秘书长！从全局来看。
你输了。
你完了。
你交枪吧！例③是新中国成立后。
有家理发店写的春联。
“从头做起”和“一手推平”语义双关。
讲的是理发。
实际是寄托着人民群众除旧布新的愿望。
歌颂新中国。
欢庆新社会。
例④是剧中打入敌军的地下工作人员张敏跟敌秘书长下棋时的一段双(shuāng)关(guān)语(yǔ)。
矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法(Oxymor on)矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法(Oxymoron)是将两个互相矛盾，互不调和，的词放在同一个短语中，产生特殊的深刻含义的一种修辞手段。
用它来状物写景，能突出事物的实质；用它来描绘人物，能使其更加鲜明；用它来表达复杂的思想感情或意味深长的哲理，能使其更强烈，更深刻。
它是一种紧缩隽语。
矛盾修饰法是将两个意思截然不同的词放在一起，结合成一个词组，而对语是通过平行结构引起两个概念的对比。
矛盾修饰法：从哲学上讲，是对立的统一；从艺术上讲，更能体现出描写主体的个性化，更具渲染力。
例如：1.a clever fool聪明的傻瓜2.a victori ousdefeat胜利的失败3.cruel ki ndne ss残酷的仁慈4.expressi onl ess expres sion毫无表情的表情5.sick health憔悴的健康6.a living death行尸走肉7.with carefu l carele ssnes s小心翼翼又漫不经心地8.bright and dark既光彩夺目，又朦胧黑暗9.dove-feathe r’d raven披着白鸽羽毛的乌鸦10.with her disagreeabl y pleasa nt laugh（她）自鸣得意却令人讨厌地笑起来11.an honora ble villai n体面的恶棍12.Therewas an audibl e stilln ess, in whichthe common voicesounde d strang e.(from Sister Carrie by Theodo re Dreise r)这时是一片听得见的寂静，连人声听起来都是异样的。
谐音双关-谐音双关双关语(pun)指在一定的语言环境中，利用词的多义和双(shuāng)关(guān)语(yǔ)。
双(shuāng)关(guān)语(yǔ)指在一定的语言环境中。
利用词的多义和同音的条件。
有意使语句具有双重意义。
言在此而意在彼的修辞方式。
双关可使语言表达得含蓄。
谐音双关幽默。
而且能加深语意。
给人以深刻印象。
中文名,双(shuāng)关(guān)语(yǔ)。
实质,言在此而意在彼的修辞方式。
分为,谐音双关和语义双关。
出处,《刘三姐》。
基本类型。
就构成的条件看。
双关可分为谐音双关和语义双关两类。
利用音同或音近的条件使词语或句子语义双关。
例如：①姓陶不见桃结果。
姓李不见李花开。
姓罗不见锣鼓响。
三个蠢材哪里来？②我失骄杨君失柳。
杨柳轻飏直上重霄九。
例①刘三姐就“陶。
李。
罗”三姓与“桃。
李。
锣”三物同音相谐巧妙地就姓联物。
指物借意。
对给地主老财当帮凶的三个秀才进行了辛辣的嘲讽。
谐音双关嘲笑了他们词穷歌尽。
难以招架的窘态。
鲜明地表现了刘三姐聪明机智。
泼辣勇敢的性格和善于对歌的才能。
歌词读来明快幽默。
饶有风趣。
例②“杨柳”表面上指的是杨花。
柳絮。
实际上指的是杨开慧。
柳直荀两位烈士。
毛泽东同志在这里使用了谐音双关这一修辞手法。
高度赞扬了为无产阶级革命事业英勇献身的杨开慧。
柳直荀两位烈士。
有些歇后语就是借同音或近音双关手法构成的。
例如：山顶滚石头——石打石。
拉着胡子上船——牵须过渡。
嫩蛤蟆跳井一一扑通。
利用词语或句子的多义性在特定语境中形成双关。
比起谐音双关来。
语义双关更为常用。
例：③新事业从头做起。
旧现象一手推平。
④嘿嘿。
秘书长。
你高兴得太早了吧。
你看。
我这儿还埋伏着一个车哪！将！秘书长！从全局来看。
你输了。
你完了。
你交枪吧！例③是新中国成立后。
有家理发店写的春联。
“从头做起”和“一手推平”语义双关。
讲的是理发。
实际是寄托着人民群众除旧布新的愿望。
歌颂新中国。
欢庆新社会。
例④是剧中打入敌军的地下工作人员张敏跟敌秘书长下棋时的一段双(shuāng)关(guān)语(yǔ)。
pun英语双关语解释pun（双关语），通常是指用一个单词的两个（或多个）含义，或用两个（或多个）发音相同或相近而意义不同的词，达到一语双关，幽默含蓄之效果。
谚语：Don’t trouble troubles until troubles trouble you. （麻烦不来找你，别去自找麻烦。
）这是一句采用双关语的谚语。
句中第一与第四个trouble 是名词“麻烦”的意思，而第二与第三个trouble 是动词“找麻烦”的意思。
这一谚语的基本意思是：不要去找“麻烦”的麻烦，直到“麻烦”来找你的麻烦。
英语中的pun（双关语），多见用于谚语俚语、名人名言、广告海报和幽默笑话。
例句：1、He is not a grave man until he is a grave man.要等到他躺在坟墓里，他才会严肃起来。
（句中前一个grave是形容词，意思是“严肃的”，后一个grave 是名词，意思是“坟墓”。
这句话的基本意思是：他不是一个严肃的人，除非他成了坟墓里的人。
）2、Learn some craft when young, that when old you may live without craft.趁年轻时学一点手艺，以便在年老时可不靠行骗为生。
（句中两个craft都是名词，前一个craft 的意思是“手艺”，后一个craft 的意思是“骗术”。
）3、Not everything that can be counted counts and not everything that counts can be counted.并非所有重要的东西都计算得清楚，也并非所有计算得清楚的东西都重要。
（这是爱因斯坦的一句名言。
句中用动词count 的两个不同含义“计算”与“重要”，生动含蓄表达了这句至理名言。
）4、We must all hang together, or assuredly we shallall hang separately.我们大家必须团结一致，否则我们一定都会被分开处死。
pun英语双关语例子English puns are a delightful way to play with language, often using homophones or similar-sounding words to create a humorous effect.For instance, "She told me I was average, but I was below par." This pun uses "average" and "below par" to imply that the speaker's performance was not up to standard, while also referencing a golf term.Another example is, "I used to be a baker, but I couldn't make enough dough." Here, "dough" is used in two senses: the money earned and the bread mixture.Consider this one too: "I'm reading a book on anti-gravity. It's impossible to put down." The pun on "put down" suggests both the act of physically lowering a book and the idea of the book being so engaging that it's hard to stop reading.And here's a classic: "I used to be a teacher, but my class was cancelled." The word "class" is a double entendre, referring to both the group of students and the quality of the situation."I'm on a seafood diet. I see food and I eat it." This pun plays on the words "seafood" and "I see food," humorously suggesting a lack of self-control around food."I told my wife she was drawing her eyebrows too high. She looked surprised." Here, "drawing her eyebrows too high" is a pun on the phrase "raising eyebrows," which is used to express surprise.Lastly, "I used to be a sign maker, but I got the sack." The pun on "sack" refers to both a container for carrying items and being fired from a job, creating a humorous twist.。
