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矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法(Oxymoron)矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法(Oxymoron)是将两个互相矛盾，互不调和，的词放在同一个短语中，产生特殊的深刻含义的一种修辞手段。
用它来状物写景，能突出事物的实质；用它来描绘人物，能使其更加鲜明；用它来表达复杂的思想感情或意味深长的哲理，能使其更强烈，更深刻。
它是一种紧缩隽语。
矛盾修饰法是将两个意思截然不同的词放在一起，结合成一个词组，而对语是通过平行结构引起两个概念的对比。
矛盾修饰法：从哲学上讲，是对立的统一；从艺术上讲，更能体现出描写主体的个性化，更具渲染力。
例如：1.a clever fool聪明的傻瓜2.a victorious defeat胜利的失败3.cruel kindness残酷的仁慈4.expressionless expression毫无表情的表情5.sick health憔悴的健康6.a living death行尸走肉7.with careful carelessness小心翼翼又漫不经心地8.bright and dark既光彩夺目，又朦胧黑暗9.dove-feather’d raven披着白鸽羽毛的乌鸦10.with her disagreeably pleasant laugh（她）自鸣得意却令人讨厌地笑起来11.an honorable villain体面的恶棍12.There was an audible stillness, in which the common voice sounded strange.(from Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser)这时是一片听得见的寂静，连人声听起来都是异样的。
(选自美国作家西奥多•德莱塞的长篇小说《嘉莉妹妹》)(作者用audible来修饰stillness，匠心独具地从反面烘托环境，使人耳目一新，过目难忘。
矛盾的对立面取得了高度的一致，形成了完美的统一。
浅谈英语双关姓名：陈晓如学号：09班级：外语系09级师范五班浅谈英语双关语On English Pun摘要：双关语就是通常说的文字游戏，是一种非常有效的表达幽默，进行批评的方法。
无论是文学大师，还是市井百姓，都对双关爱不释手。
它是英语中将大量同形或近形异义词、同音或近音异义词，巧妙地融合在语境中，自然地涉及词语的表层和深层意义。
它利用其特有的本质特点，故意造成歧义，来达到言在此而意在彼的艺术效果。
本文通过一些例子分析了英语双关语的含义、分类、修辞功能与应用，旨在领悟英语双关修辞的魅力，以便在今后的英语学习中与生活中更深刻地理解并有效的运用英语双关语。
关键词：双关语；语音双关；语义双关；修辞功能Abstract：Pun is an effective way to express humor and to make criticismwhich we usually called paronomasia. Literal master and ordinary person all fondle it admiringly. It has merged lots of homograph or nearly form objection words or homonym or nearly sound objection words together with the context, touched to the surface and inner meaning naturally. It takes advantage of its distinctive features in nature and tries to produce ambiguity on purpose in order to get the effect of aiming at a pigeon and shooting at a crow. This thesis has analyzed about the definition、classification、rhetoric function and use of pun by some examples. It is aimed at appreciate pun so we can have a deeper understanding and perfect commanding of pun in the future.Key words：pun、phonological pun、semantic pun grammatical pun 、rhetoric function引言：英语修辞格Pun，也被称为paronomasia。
科技信息SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION 2010年第21期1双关语的定义英语语言中有一种常见的修辞，叫双关语，英文是pun,又称paronomasia,利用谐音，或者一词多义，或者特定的情景，带出两层或两层以上的含义，或者联想。
Oxford English Dictionary （1989：832）对pun 的定义是：“the use ofa word in such a way as to suggest two or more meanings or different associations,or the use of two or more words of the same or nearly the same sound with different meanings,so as to produce a humorous effect.”Webster ’s Third New International Dictionary （1981：1842）的解释是：“the humorous of a word in such a way as to suggest different meanings or applications or of words having the same or nearly the same sound but different meanings:a play on words.”从这些定义，我们可以看出双关语是a play on words （文字游戏），不是利用发音相似或相同的词汇，甚至是具有两个或多个含义的同一个词汇，或者句子，表达出两个或以上的含义，达到委婉含蓄，诙谐幽默的效果，这样，让听的人觉得既生动有趣，又点到为止，心领神会，十分有趣。
简单来说，双关语，言在此而意在彼。
所以，双关语无论是在文学作品，影视作品，广告，日常的生活场景中都得到广泛的应用。
英语语义双关的例子篇一：有趣的英语双关语punspuns例句：1.onsundaytheyprayforyouandonmondaypreyonyou.星期天他们为你祈祷，星期一他们却向你榨取。
2.sevendayswithoutwatermakesoneweak(week).七天不喝水，虚的拉不动腿。
homonyms['h?m?nims]：whyisanemptypursealwaysthesame? becausethereisneveranychangeinit.钱包为什么老是瘪的？因为它里面从来就没有零钱。
polysemy[,p?li'si:mi,p?'lis?mi,'p?lisi:mi] weeatwhatwecanandwhatwecan’twecan.我们能吃的就吃，不能吃的就做成罐头。
Asteismus岐解双关（asteismus)即后者在回答前者的话时有意（无意）地曲解原意，造成不同理解，进而形成岐解双关。
1.Aprofessortappedonhisdeskandshouted:“gentlemen,order!”Theentireclassyelled“beer!”一位教授敲着桌子喊道：“先生们，安静！”全班同学异口同声地喊“啤酒”。
双关语的语义范围双关语为世界各国人民所喜爱和使用。
在汉语中，双关语的例证比比皆是。
双关语既可用于故事、笑话、谜语、儿歌等，又可以用于正式场合，表达严肃的思想和深邃的感情。
（一）广告giveyourhairatouchofspring.给你的头发洒满春色,让你的头发富有弹性。
（二）笑话what’sthedifferencebetweenasoldierandayounggirl? onepowderstheface,theotherfacesthepowder.一个士兵和一个年轻姑娘的区别是什么？一个往脸上抹粉，一个面对火药。
pun英语双关语例子English puns are a delightful way to play with language, often using homophones or similar-sounding words to create a humorous effect.For instance, "She told me I was average, but I was below par." This pun uses "average" and "below par" to imply that the speaker's performance was not up to standard, while also referencing a golf term.Another example is, "I used to be a baker, but I couldn't make enough dough." Here, "dough" is used in two senses: the money earned and the bread mixture.Consider this one too: "I'm reading a book on anti-gravity. It's impossible to put down." The pun on "put down" suggests both the act of physically lowering a book and the idea of the book being so engaging that it's hard to stop reading.And here's a classic: "I used to be a teacher, but my class was cancelled." The word "class" is a double entendre, referring to both the group of students and the quality of the situation."I'm on a seafood diet. I see food and I eat it." This pun plays on the words "seafood" and "I see food," humorously suggesting a lack of self-control around food."I told my wife she was drawing her eyebrows too high. She looked surprised." Here, "drawing her eyebrows too high" is a pun on the phrase "raising eyebrows," which is used to express surprise.Lastly, "I used to be a sign maker, but I got the sack." The pun on "sack" refers to both a container for carrying items and being fired from a job, creating a humorous twist.。
1、Pun[pʌn]Definition：The pun, also called paronomasia, is a form of which suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect.Typology(or types)1、The homophonic pun（谐音双关）.The homophonic pun, a common type, utilizes the exploitation [,eksplɔi'teiʃən] of word pairs which sound alike (homophones) but are not synonymous.A homophonic pun exploits words which are spelled the same (homographs) but possess different meanings and sounds. Because of their nature, they rely on sight more than hearing, contrary to homophonic puns. They are also known as heteronymic puns.a common type, uses word pairs which sound alike (homophones) but are not synonymous(the meaning is diffirent).Examples：①In George Carlin's phrase "Atheism is a non-prophet institution", the word "prophet 'prɔfit] " is put in place of its homophone "profit'prɔfit] ", altering the common phrase "non-profit institution".②"Pinky and the Brain" cartoon film series: "I think so, Brain, but if we give peas a chance, won't the lima beans feel left out?" which plays with the similar - but not identical - sound of "peas" and "peace".③Seven days without water makes one week(weak)2、The homographic pun（同形异义双关）exploits words which are spelled the same (homographs) but possess different meanings and sounds. Because of their nature, they rely on sight more than hearing, contrary to homophonic puns. They are also known as heteronymic puns.Examples：Douglas Adams's line "Y ou can tune a guitar, but you can't tuna fish. Unless of course, you play bass." (Bible)The phrase uses the homophonic qualities of "tune a" and "tuna", as well as the homographic pun on "bass", in which ambiguity is reached through the identical spellings of /ˈbeɪs/ (a string instrument), and /ˈbæs/ (a kind of fish).3、Homonymic puns(同音异义双关语), another common type, arise from the①exploitation of words which are both homographs and homophones.The statement "Being in politics is just like playing golf: you are trapped in one bad lie after another" puns on the two meanings of the word lie as "a deliberate untruth" and as "the position in which something rests".②a joke repeated by Isaac Asimov gives us "Did you hear about the little moron who strained himself while running into the screen door?", playing on 'strained' as "to give much effort" and "to filter".4、compound pun is a statement that contains two or more puns.Examples:①a complex statement by Richard Whately includes four puns: "Why can a man never starve in the Great Desert? Because he can eat the sand which is there. But what brought the sandwiches there? Why, Noah sent Ham, and his descendants mustered and bred."[8]This pun uses "sand which is there/sandwiches there, "Ham/ham", "mustered/mustard", and "bred/bread".5、A recursive pun is one in which the second aspect of a pun relies on the understanding of an element in the first.Examples:① the statement "π is only half a pie." (π radians is 180 degrees, or half a circle, and a pie is a complete circle).②"Infinity（无限大）is not in finity（有限的）," which means infinity is not in finite range.③"A Freudian slip is when you say one thing but mean your mother."[9] Finally, we are given "Immanuel doesn't pun, he Kant（康德）" by Oscar Wilde.6、Visual puns are used in many logos, emblems, insignia, and other graphic symbols, in which one or more of the pun aspects are replaced by a picture. In European heraldry, this technique is called canting arms.Visual and other puns and word games are also common in Dutch gable stones as well as in some cartoons Examples:① Visual and other puns and word games are also common in Dutch gablestones;② In some cartoons such as Lost Consonants and The Far SidePuns in comedies、jokes、literatureIn Romeo and Juliet when Mercutio begs Romeo to dance, Romeo refuses.Unlike Mercutio’s shoes with “nimble soles,” Romeo says that he has a “soul of lead.” At one point, Romeo asks for a torch, saying “being heavy [sad], I will bear the light.”Captain Aubrey: "Do you see those two weevils, Doctor?...Which would you choose?"Dr. Maturin: "Neither. There's not a scrap of difference between them. They're the same species of Curculio."Captain Aubrey: "If you had to choose. If you were forced to make a choice. If there were no other option."Dr. Maturin: "Well, then, if you're going to push me. I would choose the right-hand weevil. It has significant advantage in both length and breadth."Captain Aubrey: "There, I have you!...Do you not know that in the Service, onemust always choose the lesser of two weevils?"Other great works of literature have included puns as well. Poet John Donne, whose name rhymed with “done,” often punned his name in his own poetry. In one of his hymns, he even puns the name of his wife Anne More, with the line “Thou hast not done, For I have more.”Our Bible reveals to us the character of our God with minute andremorseless exactness ... It is perhaps the most damnatorybiography that exists in print anywhere. It makes Nero an angelof light and leading by contrast. [Msark Twain]Falling in love is not at all the most stupid thing that people do —but gravitation can not be held responsible for it. [AlbertEinstein]Prediction is very difficult, especially about the future. [NielsBohr]Essentially, all models are wrong, but some are useful. [George E.P. Box]The best material model of a cat is another, or preferably thesame, cat. [Norbert Wiener]As a child, I received instruction both in the Bible and in theTalmud. I am a Jew, but I am enthralled by the luminous figure ofthe Nazarene. [Albert Einstein]One morning I shot an elephant in my pajamas. How he got intomy pajamas I'll never know. » [Groucho Marx]Puns often are used in the titles of comedic parodies. A parody of a popular song, movie, etc., may be given a title that hints at the title of the work being parodied, substituting some of the words with ones that sound or look similar. Such a title can immediately communicate both that what follows is a parody and also which work is about to be parodied, making any further "setup" (introductory explanation) unnecessary.Examples would include the Star Trek: V oyager episode entitled "False Profits" (a pun on the saying 'false prophets') or the episode of Psych entitled "The Polarizing Express" (spoofing The Polar Express and the definition of polarization, which means 'to break into factions')Non-humorous puns were and are a standard rhetorical and poetic device in English literature. Puns and other forms of word play have been used by many famous writers, such as Alexander Pope, James Joyce, Vladimir Nabokov, Robert Bloch, Lewis Carroll, John Donne, and William Shakespeare, who is estimated to have used over 3,000 puns in his plays.[citation needed]Here is an example from Shakespeare's Richard III:"Now is the winter of our discontent made glorious summer by this son of Y ork"(Son/sun)Shakespeare was also noted for his frequent play with less serious puns, the "quibbles" of the sort that made Samuel Johnson complain, "A quibble is to Shakespeare what luminous vapours are to the traveller! He follows it to all adventures; it is sure to lead him out of his way, sure to engulf him in the mire.It has some malignant power over his mind, and its fascinations areirresistible."[14] Elsewhere, Johnson disparagingly referred to punning as "the lowest form of humour".[citation needed]In the poem A Hymn to God the Father, John Donne, married to Anne More,reportedly puns repeatedly: "Son/sun" in the second quoted line, and twocompound puns on "Donne/done" and "More/more". All three arehomophonic, with the puns on "more" being both homographic andcapitonymic. The ambiguities serve to introduce several possible meanings into the verses."When Thou hast done, Thou hast not done / For I have more.that at my death Thy Son / Shall shine as he shines now, and heretoforeAnd having done that, Thou hast done; / I fear no more."。
