商业银行管理第二章

2015年银行业专业人员职业资格考试内部资料风险管理第二章 商业银行风险管理基本架构知识点：高级管理层● 定义：向董事会负责，是商业银行的执行机构● 详细描述：1、主要职责：（1）组织实施银行董事会审核通过的重大风险管理事项（2）向董事会就银行风险管理和风险承担水平进行报告并接受监督（3）组织开展各类风险管理活动，识别、计量、监测、控制或缓释银行的风险2、负责实际执行风险管理政策，制定管理程序和操作规程，及时了解风险水平及其管理状况，并确保恰当的组织结构、管理信息系统以及技术水平，来有效地识别、计量、监测和控制各项业务所承担的风险。

3、公司治理是现代商业银行稳健运营/发展的核心，完善的公司治理结构是商业银行有效防范和控制操作风险的前提。

商业银行治理结构中，“将风险管理系统转化为具体的政策、程序和步骤，便于贯彻落实”，是高级管理层的责任。

4、高级管理层应当确保商业银行能够充分识别和及时处理可能导致声誉风险的事件，准确评估和报告声誉风险管理政策的遵守情况，正确识别和审核早期预警指标，在发生未遵守操作规程的情况下采取适当的跟进措施。

例题：1.在银行风险管理中，银行()的主要职责是负责执行风险管理政策，制定风险管理的程序和操作规程，及时了解风险水平及其管理状况等。

A.高级管理层B.董事会C.监事会D.股东大会正确答案：A解析：高级管理层主要负责实际执行风险管理政策，制定管理程序和操作规程，及时了解风险水平及其管理状况，并确保恰当的组织结构、管理信息系统以及技术水平，来有效地识别、计量、监测和控制各项业务所承担的风险。

2.()负责建立识别、计量、监测并控制风险的程序和措施。

A.董事会B.监事会C.股东大会D.高级管理层正确答案：D解析：高级管理层主要负责实际执行风险管理政策，制定管理程序和操作规程，及时了解风险水平及其管理状况，并确保恰当的组织结构、管理信息系统以及技术水平，来有效地识别、计量、监测和控制各项业务所承担的风险。

商业银行经营管理复习大纲商业银行经营管理复习题第一章导论一、名词解释商业银行商业银行是以经营工商业存、放款为主要业务，并以获取利润为目的的货币经营企业。

信用中介是指商业银行在借贷之间充当中间人的角色，即商业银行运用信用方式将社会上各种闲散的资金集中起来，然后依据一定的原则，运用信用方式将这些资金再投向国民经济的各个部门和企业单位，满足经济对资金的各种需求。

支付中介是指商业银行在办理负债业务的基础上，通过代理客户支付贷款和费用、兑付现金等，逐渐成为工商企业、社会团体和个人的货币保管人、出纳人和支付代理人。

信用创造即银行通过在其日常业务活动中发行银行卷和支票等信用工具，以及借助于支票流通，银行可以超出自有资本和吸收的资金总额而扩大信用时所发挥的一种职能。

分行制设有总行，又可以设立分支行的银行体制。

又称总分行制。

分支行制的总行一般都设立在大城市，作为分支行，所有业务都同意遵照总行的指示办理。

流动性资产能够以一个合理的价格顺利变现的能力，它是一种所投资的时间尺度（卖出它所需多长时间）和价格尺度（与公平市场价格相比的折扣）之间的关系二、单项选择1、（）银行的成立，标志着现代商业银行的产生。

A英国 B英格兰 C丽如 D东方2、商业银行能够把资金从盈余者手中转移到短缺者手中，使闲臵资金得到充分利用，这种功能被称为（）功能。

A信用中介 B支付中介 C信用创造 D金融服务3、商业银行利用活期存款账户，为客户办理货币结算、转账、兑换、转移存款等业务，这种功能被称为（）功能。

A信用中介 B支付中介 C信用创造 D金融服务4、商业银行利用吸收的活期存款，通过转账的方式发放贷款，从而衍生出更多存款，扩大社会货币供给量。

这种功能被称为（）功能。

A信用中介 B支付中介 C信用创造 D金融服务5、商业银行的下列功能中，最基本的功能是（）A信用中介 B支付中介 C信用创造 D金融服务6、商业银行的下列功能中，最古老的功能是（）A信用中介 B支付中介 C信用创造 D金融服务7、商业银行的下列功能中，最特殊的功能是（）A信用中介 B支付中介 C信用创造 D金融服务8、下列银行体制中，只存在于美国的是（）A分行制 B私人银行 C国有银行 D单元制9、我国商业银行的组织形式是（）A单元制银行 B分支行制银行 C银行控股公司 D连锁银行10、实行分支行制最典型的国家是（）Ａ美国 B日本 C法国Ｄ英国11、股份制商业银行的最高权利机构是（）。

（存款）创新存款负债中央银行（再贷款、再贴现）短期同业拆借市场“主动”负债（非存款）长期金融债券2、存款成本是银行经营的主要成本，它由利息支出和非利息支出两部分构成。

对银行来说成本管理的要求有其特殊性，主要体现在利息支出上。

利息支出是与存款规模正相关的，而且利率越高存款的吸引力就越大，这是银行扩张存款的基本手段。

非利息支出管理主要是强调如何降低支出的问题。

存款规模越大，自然就拥有了规模经济或范围经济的效应，因此，银行应当设法提高非利息支出的效率，尽可能地减少浪费和闲置。

3、同业拆借是指商业银行与其他金融机构之间的临时性借款，主要用于支持银行资金周转、弥补银行暂时的头寸短缺。

同业拆借的基本特点：1）同业性与批发性2）短期性与主动性3）市场化和高效率4）交易的无担保性5）不需向中央银行缴纳法定存款准备金4、存款保险制度存款保险制度是由官方或行业性的特种公司对商业银行或其他金融机构所吸收的存款承担保险义务的一种制度安排。

其运作方式：管理体制，保险范围，筹资方式，存款保险和互相担保。

对存款保险制度的总体评价：1）保护存款人利益只是存款保险制度的一个方面2）有利于整个金融体系的稳定3）一个完善的存款保护体系可以淡化某些银行所享受的竞争优势，有利于促进竞争的公平性，有利于促使那些效率差的银行退出金融体系，从而有利于提高市场机制的运作效率4）存款人对这些银行的经营管理水平和资金实力并不十分关心，一些银行在业务活动中冒更大风险。

存款保险制度的发展趋势：为了使负效应降至最小限度，存款保险制度正朝着以存款的风险程度和特点为基础来构建和运作的方向发展，把“共同保险”和“差别保险”的概念纳入存款保险制度框架正是这一发展方向的表现。

第三章商业银行的现金和证券业务1、流动性是指商业银行满足存款人提取现金、支付到期债务和借款人正常贷款需求的能力。

2、商业银行流动性的预测：资金来源与运用法，资金结构法，概率分析法3、商业银行证券投资的目的：获取收益，分散风险，增强流动性，改善银行的资产负债表商业银行证券投资的对象：货币市场工具（国库券、商业票据、银行承兑汇票、中央银行票据），资本市场工具（股票、债券）4、证券投资的收益由两部分组成：一部分是利息类收益，包括债券利息、股票红利等，另一部分是资本利得收益，即证券市场价格发生变动所带来的收益。

第二章商业银行资本管理一、单项选择1．按照巴塞尔协议的要求，商业银行的资本充足率至少要达到（）。

A.4%B.6%C.8%D.10%2．我国《商业银行资本充足率管理办法》规定，计入附属资本的长期次级债务不得超过核心资本的（）。

A.20%B.50%C.70%D.100%3．西方商业银行最早用以衡量银行资本是否适度的指标是（）。

A.资本/存款B.资本/贷款C.资本/总资产D.资本/风险资产4．下列属于债务性资本工具的是（）。

A.优先股B.普通股C.可转换债券D.资本溢价5．商业银行用于弥补尚未识别的可能性损失的准备金是（）。

A.一般准备金B.专项准备金C.特殊准备金D.风险准备金6．我国规定商业银行法定盈余公积金的提取比例为税后利润的( )。

A．25% B．50% C．10% D．150%7．资本盈余属于商业银行资本金中的 ( )A．核心资本 B．附属资本 C．未分配利润 D．重估资本8．《巴塞尔协议》规定商业银行的核心资本与风险加权资产的比例关系是( )。

A．≥8% B．≤8% C．≤4% D．≥4%9．票据贴现的期限最长不超过 ( )。

A．6个月 B．9个月 C．3个月 D．1个月10．下列哪一个不属于银行的权益资本 ( )。

A．普通股 B．优先股 C．权益承诺票据 D．盈余公积金二、多项选择1．下列各项中属于商业银行核心资本的是（）。

A.实收资本B.资本公积C.未分配利润D.重估储备E.公开储备2．下列各项中属于商业银行附属资本的是（）。

A.一般准备B.优先股C.盈余公积D.可转换债券E.永久性非累计优先股3．根据巴塞尔《新资本协议》，银行可以采用的信用风险计量方法有（）。

A.标准法B.内部评级初级法C.内部评级高级法D.基本指标法E.内部模型法4．巴塞尔《新资本协议》对商业银行的（）提出了资本拨备要求。

A.流动性风险B.信用风险C.市场风险D.操作风险E.道德风险5．次级债券是商业银行发行的、本金和利息的清偿顺序列于（）的债券。

第二章商业银行经营与管理第一节商业银行经营与管理概述一、商业银行经营与管理的涵义商业银行是以货币和信用为经营对象的金融中介机构。

商业银行的经营是指商业银行对所开展的各种业务活动的组织和营销；商业银行的管理是商业银行对所开展的各种业务活动的控制与监督。

【例题·单选题】商业银行的经营是指对其所开展的各项业务活动的（)。

A.组织和控制B.组织和营销C。

控制和监督D.计划和组织『正确答案』B二、商业银行经营与管理的内容1。

商业银行的经营主要包括以下内容：（1)负债业务的组织和营销；（2）资产业务的组织和营销；（3）中间业务和表外业务的组织和营销2。

商业银行的管理主要包括以下内容:（1）资产负债管理；（2）财务管理；(3)风险管理；（4)人力资源开发与管理三、商业银行经营与管理的关系经营是现代商业银行生存发展的根本,管理是为了确保经营的效率，服务于经营，为了更好地经营。

因此，两者是相互联系、互为依托的。

四、商业银行经营与管理的原则（一)商业银行经营与管理的原则通常把安全性、流动性、盈利性归纳为商业银行经营与管理的三大原则.1。

安全性原则资金经营安全是商业银行生存发展的基础，也是实现资金流动和盈利、保持银行良好信誉的前提，被视为三大原则的首要原则。

2。

流动性原则银行的流动性体现在资产和负债两个方面：(1）资产的流动性，即银行资产在不受损失的条件下能够迅速变现的能力；（2)负债的流动性,即银行在需要时能够及时以较低的成本获得所需资金的能力。

3.盈利性原则盈利性是指商业银行获得利润的能力。

商业银行作为企业，追求盈利是其经营的核心目标，也是其不断改进服务,扩大业务经营的内在动力。

（二）商业银行经营与管理原则之间的关系商业银行经营管理的三原则既有联系又有矛盾。

一般说来流动性与安全性成正比，流动性越强,风险越小，安全就越有保障。

然而，流动性、安全性与盈利性成反比，流动性越高，安全性越好,而银行盈利水平则会越低，反之则相反。

商业银行市场风险管理条例第一章：总则第一条为规范商业银行市场风险管理行为，保护商业银行及金融系统的稳定和风险管理的有效性，制定本条例。

第二条商业银行应建立健全市场风险管理制度，确保市场风险管理活动的科学性和合规性。

第三条商业银行应根据自身的市场风险敞口情况，制定相应的市场风险管理策略和措施，并不断优化完善。

第四条商业银行应建立适当的市场风险管理框架和组织结构，明确内部市场风险管理职责和权限，确保市场风险管理的有效运作。

第五条商业银行应定期进行市场风险评估，评估包括但不限于市场风险的类型、规模、分布和潜在影响等因素，为风险管理和决策提供基础。

第六条商业银行应建立科学合理的市场风险控制指标体系，并制定相应的市场风险限额。

第七条商业银行应建立市场风险监测和报告制度，及时掌握市场风险的动态和变化情况，确保市场风险管理的及时性和准确性。

第八条商业银行应建立相应的市场风险管理操作规程，明确市场风险管理流程和操作要求，确保市场风险管理的规范性和可操作性。

第二章：市场风险管理措施第九条商业银行应采取适当的市场风险对冲措施，包括但不限于建立市场风险对冲机制、积极参与市场交易、合理配置资产组合等。

第十条商业银行应建立市场风险压力测试制度，对不同市场情景下的市场风险进行测试，评估其对商业银行的影响，确定相应的市场风险应急预案。

第十一条商业银行应建立市场风险交易限制制度，对不同类型的市场风险交易设定相应的限制条件，确保市场风险交易的可控性和合规性。

第十二条商业银行应建立市场风险敞口监测制度，监测和控制市场风险敞口的变化情况，及时采取相应的调整措施，确保市场风险敞口的稳定和可控。

第十三条商业银行应建立市场风险管理信息系统，对市场风险进行实时和准确的监测和管理，提高市场风险管理的效率和精确度。

第三章：监督与管理第十四条监管部门应加强对商业银行市场风险管理的监督和管理，要求商业银行严格执行市场风险管理规定，确保市场风险管理的合规性和有效性。

Chapter 2Analyzing Bank PerformanceChapter Objectives1.Introduce bank financial statements, including the basic balance sheet and income statement, and discuss theinterrelationship between them.2.Provide a framework for analyzing bank performance over time and relative to peer banks. Introduce key financial ratios that can be used to evaluate profitability and the different types of risks faced by banks. Focus on the trade-off between bank profitability and risk.3.Identify performance measures that differentiate between small, independent banks (specialty banks) and largerbanks that are part of multibank holding companies or financial holding companies.4. Distinguish between types of bank risk; credit, liquidity, interest rate, capital, operational, and reputational.5. Describe the nature of and meaning of regulatory CAMELS ratings for banks.6.Provide applications of data analysis to sample banks’ financial information.7.Describe performance characteristics of different-sized banks.8. Describe how banks can manipulate financial information to ‘window-dress’ performance.Key Concepts1. Bank managers must balance banking risks and returns because there is a fundamental trade-off between profitability, liquidity, asset quality, market risk and solvency. Decisions that increase banking risk must offer above average profits. The more liquid a bank is and the more equity capital used to fund operations, the less profitable is a bank, ceteris paribus.2. Banks face five basic types of risk in day-to-day operations: credit risk, liquidity risk, market risk, capital/solvency risk, and operational risk. Market risk encompasses interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk and price risk. Each type of risk refers to the potential variation in a ba nk's net income or market value of stockholders’ equity resulting from problems that affect that part of the bank's activities.3. Banks also face risks in the areas of country risk associated with loans or other activity with foreign government units and off-balance sheet activities, which create contingent liabilities. More recently, banks have focused on reputation risk. For example, from 2002-2005 Citigroup, JP Morgan Chase, and Bank of America found that even though they continued to report strong pro fits, they experienced strong criticism for 1) their roles in facilitating strategies to disguise Enron’s true financial status, 2) problems in sub-prime lending programs via the Associates Corp. and their own internal finance company activities, 3) problems with underwriting subsidiaries with analyst conflicts between stock reports and the firm’s investment banking relationships; facilitating market timing of stock trades to their detriment of their own mutual fund holders, 4) lack of supervision of trading groups, and 5) facilitating improper borrowing at Parmalat.4. A bank's return on equity (ROE) can be decomposed in terms of the duPont system of financial ratio analysis. This examination of historical balance sheet and income statement data enables an analyst to evaluate the comparative strengths and weaknesses of performance over time and versus peer banks. The Uniform Bank Performance Report (UBPR) data reflect the basic ratios from this return on equity model.5. Different-sized commercial banks exhibit different operating characteristics and thus performance measures. Small banks typically report a higher return on assets (ROA) than large banks because they earn higher gross yields on assets and pay less interest on liabilities.6. High performance banks generally benefit from lower interest and non-interest expense and limit credit risk so that loan losses are relatively low. They also operate with above average stockholders' equity.7. Many banks can successfully "window-dress" performance by manipulating the reporting of financial data. They may accelerate revenue recognition and defer expenses or selectively alter when they take securities gains or losses and time when to charge off loans or report loans as non-performing. As such, they may inappropriately smooth earnings with provisions for loan losses or by other means. Analysts must be careful when evaluating extraordinary transactions that have one-time gain or loss features.Answers to End of Chapter Questions1. For a large bank, assets consist approximately of marketable securities (20%), loans (70%), and other assets (10%). Liabilities consist of core deposits (40%-60%), noncore, purchased liabilities (20%-40%), and other liabilities (5 %-10%) as a fraction of assets. Small banks typically obtain more funds in the form of core deposits and less in the form of noncore, purchased liabilities. Small banks often invest more in securities as well. Of course, the actual percentages for any bank depend on that bank’s business strategy, mark et competition, and ownership.2. A bank's interest income consists of interest earned on loans and securities while noninterest income includes revenues from deposit service charges, trust department fees, fees from nonbank subsidiaries, etc. Interest expense consists of interest paid on interest-bearing core deposits and noncore liabilities while noninterest expense is comprised of overhead costs, personnel costs, and other costs. A bank’s net interest income equals its interest income minus interest expense. Note that interest income may be calculated on a tax-equivalent basis in which tax-exempt interest is converted to its pre-tax equivalent. A bank’s burden is defined as its noninterest expense minus noninterest income. This is often quoted as a fract ion of total assets. A bank’s efficiency ratio is calculated as noninterest expense divided by the sum of net interest income and noninterest income. The denominator effectively measures net operating revenue after subtracting interest expense. The efficiency ratio measure the noninterest cost per $1of operating revenue generated. Analysts often interpret the efficiency ratio as a measure of a bank’s ability to control overhead relative to its ability to generate noninterest income (and overall revenue). A lower number is presumably better because it reflects better cost control compared with revenue generation.3. Balance sheet accounts:a. Increase liability: money market deposit account (+$5,000)Increase asset: federal funds sold (+$5,000)b. Decrease asset: real estate loanIncrease asset: mortgage loanc. Increase equity: common stock (common and preferred capital)Increase asset: commercial loans4. Income statementInterest on U.S. Treasury & agency securities $44,500Interest on municipal bonds 60,000Interest and fees on loans 189,700Interest income = $294,200Interest paid on interest-checking accounts $33,500Interest paid on time deposits 100,000Interest paid on jumbo CDs 101,000Interest expense = $234,500Net interest income = $59,700Provisions for loan losses = $ 18,000Net interest income after provisions = $41,700Fees received on mortgage originations $23,000Service charge receipts 41,000Trust department income 15,000Non-interest income = $79,000Employee salaries and benefits $145,000Occupancy expense 22,000Non-interest expense = $167,000Income before income taxes -$46,300Income taxes 15,742Net income = -$30,558Cash dividends declared 2,500Retained earnings = -$33,058This assumes that expenses associated with the purchase of the new computer are included in occupancy expense. If not, the computer expense (depreciation) will increase the loss for the period. Also, the bank can receive a tax refund from prior tax payments if the bank made a taxable profit within recent years.5. The primary risks faced by banks are credit risk, liquidity risk, interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk (the latter two represent market risk), operational risk, reputational risk, and capital solvency. In general, promised, or expected, returns should be higher for banks that assume increased risk. There should also be greater volatility in returns over time.a. Credit risk: Net loan charge-offs/LoansHigh risk - high ratio; Low risk - low ratioHigh risk manifests itself in occasional high charge-offs, which requires above average provisions for loan lossses to replenish the loan loss reserve. Thus, net income is volatile over time.b. Liquidity risk: Core deposits/AssetsHigh risk - low ratio; Low risk - high ratioHigh risk manifests itself in less stable funding as a bank relies more on noncore, purchased liabilities thatfluctuate over time. These noncore liabilities are also higher cost, which raises interest expense.c. Interest rate risk: (|Repriceable assets-repriceable liabilities|)/AssetsHigh risk - high ratio; Low risk - low ratioHigh risk banks do not closely match the amount of repriceable assets and repriceable liabilities. Largedifferences suggest that net interest income may vary sharply over time as the level of interest rates changes.d. Foreign exchange risk: Assets denominated in a foreign currency minus liabilities denominated in the same foreign currency.High risk – a large difference; Low risk – a small differenceHigh risk manifests itself when exchange rates change adversely and the value of the bank’s net position of assets versus liabilities denominated in a currency changes sharply.e. Operational risk: total assets/number of employeesHigh risk – low ratio; Low risk – high ratioHigh risk manifests itself when the bank operates at low productivity measured by more employees per amount of assetsf. Capital/solvency risk: Stockholders’ equity/AssetsHigh risk - low ratio; Low risk - high ratioHigh risk manifests itself because fewer assets must go into default before a bank is insolvent and can be closed down by regulators.g. Reputational risk is difficult to measure ex ante. It is more observable by announced problems and issues.6. Equity multiplierBank L: Equity/Assets = 0.06 indicates Assets/Equity = 16.67XBank S: Equity/Assets = 0.10 indicates Assets/Equity = 10XIf each bank earns 1.5% on assets (ROA = 0.015), then the ROEs will equal 25% (Bank L) and 15% (Bank S). If, instead, each bank reports a loss with ROA = -0.012, then the ROEs will equal -20% (Bank L) and -15% (Bank S). When banksare profitable, financial leverage has the positive effect of increasing ROE; when banks report losses, financial leverage increases the magnitude of loss in terms of a negative ROE.7. ROE= net income/stockholders' equityROA = net income/total assetsEM = total assets/stockholders' equityER = total operating expense/total assetsAU = total revenue/total assetsBalance sheet figures should be measured as averages over the period of time the income number is generated.ROE = ROA x EM ROA = AU – ER – TAXwhere TAX = applicable income tax/total assets.8. Profitability ratios differ across banks of different size as measured by assets. The primary reasons are that different size banks have different asset and liability compositions and engage in different amounts of off-balance sheet activities. Typically, small banks report higher net interest margins because their average asset yields are relatively high while their average cost of funds is relatively low. This reflects loans to higher risk borrowers, on average, and proportionately more funding from lower cost core deposits. ROEs, in turn, are often lower because small banks operate with more capital relative to assets, that is with lower equity multipliers, so that even with comparable ROAs the ROEs are lower. Large banks ROAs are increasing faster over time because large banks operate with lower efficiency ratios as they have been more successful in generating fee income.9. CAMELSa. C =capital adequacy: equity/assetsb. A = asset quality: nonperforming loans/loans; loan charge-offs/loansc. M = management: no single ratio is good, although all ratios indicate overall strategyd. E = earnings: aggregate profit ratios; ROE, ROA, net interest margin, burden, efficiencye. L = liquidity: core deposits/assets; noncore, purchased liabilities/assets; marketable securities/assetsf. S = sensitivity to market risk; |repriceable assets-repriceable liabilities|/assets; difference in assets and liabilitiesdenominated in the same currency; size of trading positions in commodities, equities and other tradeable assets.10. Lowest to highest liquidity risk: 3-month T-bills, 5-year Treasury bond, 5-year municipal bond (if high quality and from a known issuer), 4-year car loan with monthly payments (receive some principal monthly, may be saleable), 1-year construction loan, 1-year loan to individual, pledged 3-month T-bill. As stated, the 3-month T-bill that is pledged as collateral is illiquid unless the bank can change its collateral status.11. Comparative credit riska. loan to a comer grocery store representing a little known borrower with uncertain financialsb. loan collateralized with inventory (work in process) because the collateral is less liquid and more difficult to value;this assumes that the receivables are still viable and not too aged.c. normally the Ba-rated municipal bond, unless the agency bond is an "exotic" mortgage backed security, because theagency bond carries an implied guarantee in that Freddie Mac is a quasi-public borrower.d. 1-year car loan because the student loan is typically government guaranteed12. For the balance sheet: high core deposits/assets; high equity/assets; low noncore, purchased liabilities/assets; high investment securities/assets; high agriculture loans/assets (the value refers to that for small banks); For the income statement: net interest margin (high); burden/assets (high), efficiency ratio (high); (the descriptor in parentheses refers to the relationship for small banks versus larger banks).13. Extending a loana. the new loan is typically not classified as nonperforming because no payments are past dueb. often a bank recognizes that the loan is in the problem stage and the borrower renegotiates the terms in its favor;rationale is that the borrower may default if the loan is not restructured. Note that this restructuring gives theappearance that asset quality is higher.c. the primary risk is that the bank is throwing more money down a sink hole and will never recover any of its loan.14. Dividend payment: For: the loss is temporary and stockholders expect the dividend payment. Failure to make the payment will sharply lower the stock price because stockholders will be alienated. Against: the bank has not generated sufficient cash to make the payment from normal operations. By paying the cash dividend, the bank is self-liquidating. The cash dividend will lower the bank’s capital. What normally decides the issue is whether the loss is truly temporary or more permanent. Management typically errs by assuming that losses are temporary, and thus continues to make dividend payments when it should be reducing or eliminating them.15.Liquidity risk:a.Securities classified as held-to-maturity cannot be sold unless there has been an unusual change in the underlyingcredit quality of the security issuer. A high fraction indicates low liquidity because few securities (just 5% of the total) can be sold.b. A low core deposit base indicates a bank that relies proportionately more on noncore, volatile liabilities that are lessstable and more likely to leave the bank if rates change. This makes a bank’s funding sources less reliable and the bank subject to greater liquidity risk.c. A bank that holds long-term securities (8 years is long term) has assumed significant price risk even if the securitiescan be readily sold because they are classified as available-for-sale. Such securities will fall in value if interest rates rise. This indicates high liquidity risk.d.Assuming that $10 million in securities is sufficient, the fact that none are pledged makes them more liquid and isindicative of lower liquidity risk than if any securities were pledged.Problems1. Community National Bank (CNB)1. Profitability analysis for 2004 using UBPR figures:RATIO Community National Bank Peer BanksROE 8.67% 11.72%ROA 0.63 1.09EM 13.97X 10.67XAU 5.91 6.23ER 4.94 4.73TAX 0.34 0.41a.Aggregate profitability for CNB is substantially lower measured both by both ROE and ROA. Because CNB has less equity relative to assets, it has greater financial leverage. Thus, the greater financial leverage increases CNB’s ROE relative to peer banks. The fact that its ROE is lower, despite the greater leverage, indicates that the higher risk does not produce higher overall profitability. CNB has assumed a riskier profile with its greater financial leverage in that fewer assets can default before the bank is insolvent. CNB’s ROA is lower because it earns a lower average yield on assets (AU), pays more in operating expense (ER), offset somewhat by the fact that it pays less in taxes (TAX).b.Risk ComparisonCredit risk: same net charge-offs, much lower nonperforming (more than 90 days past due) and nonaccrual loans, higher provisions for loan losses (.30% versus 0.18%); loan loss reserve is a greater fraction of total loans and leases and a much greater fraction of noncurrent loans. Overall, the ratios indicate below-average risk. Of course, these figures represent only one year of data.Liquidity risk: lower equity to assets suggests higher liquidity risk from a funding perspective, higher available for sale securities and lower pledged securities suggests lower liquidity risk from the asset sale perspective; very high core deposits, low noncore funding (liabilities), low loans and leases and high ST securities suggest lowerliquidity risk. Overall, liquidity risk appears lower because the bank has a strong core deposit base, fewer loans and more securities can be readily sold. Still, the bank might have difficulty borrowing if loans exhibit low qualityand deposit outflows arise. Conclusion: below-average liquidity risk.Capital Risk: low capital to asset ratios; low equity to assets indicate above average capital risk; bank pays less out in dividends and its growth rate in equity capital is lower. Overall, the bank exhibits greater capital risk. Thissituation is offset by the bank’s apparent higher quality assets.Operational risk: low assets to employees ratio, high personnel expense to employees and high efficiency ratio indicate high operational risk. Of course, these data do not capture the likelihood of fraud and other potentialoperational problems.c.Recommendations:1)Impro ve the bank’s capital position; slow asset growth and pursue greater profits.2)Evaluate credit risk carefully; ensure that loans are adequately diversified and that any default of a single loan ortype of loans cannot place the bank’s capital at risk to where regulators will restrict the bank’s activities. Slow loan growth until capital base is at target. Implement a formal credit risk review process.3)Improve operating efficiency. Review noninterest expense sources and cut costs where possible.4)The first t wo suggestions will have the impact of lowering the bank’s earnings, ceteris paribus. Therefore,management should focus on growing sources of noninterest income that currently are not being pursued.2.Citibank UBPRa.In 2004, Citibank’s ROE equaled 15.26% while its ROA equaled 1.49% versus peers’ figures of 14.58% and 1.31%,respectively. Citibank’s equity multiplier (EM = ROE/ROA) equaled approximately 10.24X versus 11.13X for peers. Citibank’s AU is higher at 8.83% (5.25% + 3.58%) versus 7.69% (4.46% + 3.23%) at peers. Citibank clearly generated higher gross revenues from both interest and noninterest sources. Citibank’s expense ratio (ER), in turn, equaled 6.27% while ER for peers was much lower for each type of expense and in total at 4.23%. Based on the profit figures alone, Citibank appears to be a high performance bank and achieves that by generating greater relative revenues.b.Citibank’s credit risk (as evidenced only by the ratios provided) appears high as net losses to loans is higher thanPeers (1.58% versus 0.25%), as is noncurrent loans and leases as a fraction of loans (1.78% versus 0.59%). The loss allowance (reserve) is a higher fraction of loans, but a much smaller fraction of net losses (charge-offs) andnoncurrent loans indicating that more reserves might be appropriate.c.Citibank’s liquidity risk appears high as the bank has a lower equity to asset (tier 1 leverage capital) ratio and reliesmuch more on noncore liabilities (noncore fund dependence). With its greater credit risk, you might expect it to operate with greater equity capital. Similarly, the bank is growing at a fast pace which generally increases overall risk because management cannot easily control risk from growth.d.Recommendations:Carefully assess credit risk; realign portfolio where appropriate.Increase the loan loss reserve.Slow loan growth and/or shift loans to less risky classes.Line up additional sources of liquidity.Review pricing of loans and deposits; identify sources of fees/noninterest income to see if they are sustainable.。

第三节商业银行资本管理对策一、提高商业银行资本充足率的策略（一）分子策略:通过增加资本的方式完成商业银行增加资本的途径有两种1.从外部融资:包括发行普通股或优先股、发行附属票据和公司债等.1）发行普通股优点:（1)没有固定的股息负担(2）没有固定的返还期，银行可以相对稳定的使用这部分资本（3)预期收益相对较高发行普通股的缺陷：(1）影响原有股东对银行的控制权与获得的收益率。

（2）普通股的发行成本与资金成本相对较高，会给银行带来一定的经营管理压力。

2)发行优先股优点：(1)避免新增股东分散银行的控制权（2）股息固定，但是有些优先股可以不必支付股息，例如：非累积性的优先股缺点：（1)股息固定：会减少银行经营的灵活性。

（2）发行成本高（3)会降低银行的信誉3）发行资本票据和债券优点:(1）对原有股东的控制权和收益率影响不大。

（2)发行的成本低。

缺点:(1）不能永久使用（2)有固定利息支出2.从银行内部融资:提高银行的盈利性，增加内部资金的积累（1）税后净利转入留存盈余账户即可增加银行资本金，可降低成本。

（2）留存盈余作为未分配利润保存着银行,其权益仍为普通股股东。

由于不对外发行普通股,所以普通股股东不会因此遭受控制权的损失。

二、提高商业银行资本充足率的策略（一）分子策略：通过增加资本的方式完成1。

从银行外部筹措2.从银行内部筹措两种方式（二）分母策略：通过缩小分母来实现1。

通过降低风险加权总资产以及信用风险、市场风险和操作风险的资本要求。

2. 降低风险加权总资产：主要是减少风险权重较高的资产，增加风险权重较低的资产。

具体方法包括：（1）贷款出售或贷款证券化,即将已经发放的贷款卖出去；收回贷款，用以购买高质量的债券（国债）（2）尽量少发放高风险的贷款：在达到监管当局要求的情况下，采用巴塞尔协议三所规定的内部模型后高级计量法来分别计量信用风险、市场风险和操作风险。

二、商业银行资本筹集方式的选择银行在选择资本筹集方式是必须兼顾以下两个方面:1。