浙江新高考 概要写作同义替换

浙江新高考英语题型解读—概要写作一、浙江新高考《考试说明》英语写作样题阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was though to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.Though the belief in the merit (好处) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter (后者) position is gaining some ground.One possible version：People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. (要点 1 ) For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. (要点 2 ) However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. (要点 3) However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system. (要点 4)1. 文章第一段就是本篇文章的主题句，亮明了总的观点：However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. 换句话说：Different people have different attitudes towards dirt. 再结合下文谈到的主题可知Different people have different attitudes towards dirt on the skin. 范文中的要点1“People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.”概括非常精炼。

第十一讲概要写作命题特点概要写作是一种新型的写作模式，既对学生的写作能力有一定的要求，也对学生的阅读能力有一定的要求，能够有效突破传统英语写作的局限性。

该题型主要考查考生对大段阅读文字的概括能力，如考查考生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力。

同时，考查考生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。

进行概要写作时，考生要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词或句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心。

考生要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表达出来。

根据《考试说明》，读后续写和概要写作两种题型交替使用。

浙江2016年10月高考和2017年6月高考以及2017年10月高考均为读后续写，下次高考考概要写作的可能性比较大。

题型特点根据《考试说明》，概要写作题型的命题形式为：提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。

概要写作属于限制性写作。

它是阅读理解和书面表达的有机结合。

所给短文的文体以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。

概要写作旨在考查考生的阅读理解能力和概括运用英语语言知识的能力。

随着新课改的全面实施，高中英语写作课堂教学模式也需要进行改革，教师不仅要培养学生的英语写作能力，还要提高学生的思维能力和语言应用能力。

本部分在此基础上引入“概要写作”这种新型课堂模式，并对这种课堂模式的应用步骤做出详细的分析。

【典题感悟】阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。

Dieters have long sworn that grapefruit helps people lose weight.The Grapefruit Diet, also called the Hollywood Diet, dates back to the 1930s and has a host of celebrity fans including singer Kylie Minogue.It involves having grapefruit or grapefruit juice with every meal while cutting back on calories.Now, scientists are beginning to believe them.A study has found that drinking grapefruit juice when eating fatty food lowers the amount of weight put on by up to a fifth.The research also suggested that grapefruit could be as good as prescription drugs at keeping blood sugar levels under control—a key part of managing diabetes(糖尿病)．The experiments were conducted on mice—but researchers say the results justify studies on humans.Professor Joseph Napoli, of the University of California, Berkeley, said，“We see all sorts of scams about nutrition. But these results, based on controlled experiments, warrant further study of the potential health—promoting properties of grapefruit juice.”The researchers found that when the mice were fed fatty food for three months, those given grapefruit juice to drink gained up to 18 percent less weight than those given water.They also had lower blood sugar and insulin(胰岛素) levels—despite eating the same number of calories and doing the same amount of exercise as the mice who drank water. In fact, grapefruit juice was as good at controlling insulin as the widely used diabetes drug metformin(二甲双胍), the journal PLOSONE reports.However, the fruit juice only had an effect on weight when the animals ate fatty food.The researchers said they did not know how grapefruit stops the pounds from piling on.Spokesman Mariette Abrahams, a dietician, said until then it is too early for people to try grapefruit diets.“Grapefruit should be part of a healthy balanced diet，but it shouldn’t be the focus of the diet，”she said.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________[写作指导]本文是一篇科普类说明文，主要介绍了葡萄柚的减肥功效。

纲要写作[考纲解读 ]供给一篇 350 词之内的短文，要求考生鉴于该短文写出一篇 60 词左右的内容纲要。

[原题剖析 ]1．原文资料 350 词之内，纲要写作 40～80 词。

2．原文以说明文、谈论文为主。

3．纲要，基本就是段落粗心。

每段用一句话归纳，或许两段一个粗心，最多用两句话归纳。

4．要侧重训练自己文章要旨粗心和各段段落粗心的归纳归纳能力。

[写作注意事项 ]1．找重点词和主题句，正确理解、剖析原文重点，归纳段落粗心。

2．各重点的表达要相对独立。

3．各重点之间要有适合的连接。

4．句型力争简单，每句话要表意理解，无空泛、抽象、含混之词。

5．尽量使用短句，慎用长难句。

比如，尽量少用关系代词 which，who 等指引的定语从句，而采纳-ing 形式和-ed形式作定语。

6．多使用归纳性词语，少用详细描绘性词语。

[纲要模板及句型 ]1．表示文章的内容以及研究目的①This paper is aimed at/covers/mainly deals with...②The article focuses on the topic of...2．表示研究的结论①The result showed that...②The author found that...③It was concluded that...3．表示介绍、看法或建议The author suggests/considers that...Suggestions are made for...实战操练 1阅读下边短文，依据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容纲要。

As most children return to school, many affluent families are choosing to pull their children out of themainstream education system altogether in favor of having a tutor at home "Around 50 percent of theinquiries we're getting at the moment are for long-term, daily home tutoring," Steve Spriggs, managingdirector of London-based private tutoring service And, he adds, the trend has grown from families asking forpersonal tutors to replicate the classroom environment in their own homes. Many families that were makingthe inquiries for full-time home tutors, Spriggs said, were either travelling so frequently that sending theirchildren to one school was impractical and others did not want their children to go into boarding school.Home tutoring is nothing new, and many tuition firms also offer extra tutoring services to familieswanting their children to have a little extra help learning aheadof entrance exams at competitive privateschools in the U.K., such as Harrow, St. Pauls or Eton."We always make it clear to parents that we will only offer full-time home schooling for a yearthough," Spriggs explained. "Any more than a year and children start to lose out on what a schoolenvironment can give them, such as social skills and that vital interaction they need –although we try tomitigate that anyway in our home tutoring with sports clubs of museum trips as part of the teachingprogram."Spriggs said that the costs of hiring a full-time tutor would exceed the fees of a top boarding school,which usually charge around 35,00￡0 ($54,400) a year. Some families employ two full-time tutors, one tocover humanities and the other to cover science and maths. Devising an educational plan for youngsters inthese situations is not a quick process, however, taking up to six weeks to plan, Spriggs said,with a tutorbeing matched to the child to ensure they are compatible.参照范文： Home tutoring isn ’trare in society. Some rich families choose full-time tutors because of frequenttravelling or because they don ’t want their children to go into boarding sch要oo点l.( 1) Meanwhile, to perform betterin entrance exams, some children need extra tutoring services.( 重点 2) Some tuition firms add some activities to improve the social skills of the children .( 重点 3) Although the costs of home tutoring are high, some families still employ two full-time tutors to ensure their children can gain balanced development.( 重点 4)实战操练 2阅读下边短文，依据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容纲要。

- 146-校园英语 / 基础教育研究浅析高考新题型概要写作的问题和策略浙江省宁波市鄞江中学/袁晓英【摘要】新推出的一年两考浙江高考英语试卷引进概要写作新题型。

这对浙江师生来说是一个全新的挑战。

基于输出驱动假设，结合一线教学实际，笔者分析出学生在概要写作中所存在的问题，结合语篇实例，指明教师在教学中该如何按策略逐步提高学生在这方面的写作能力。

【关键词】高考英语 概要写作 存在问题 策略培养一、引言自2016年10月份起，浙江省作为高考改革试点省份，英语实行一年两考。

与之前自主命题相比，试卷的内容结构发生了重大变化。

写作部分引进新题型——读后续写或概要写作。

《考试说明》上明确表示“两种形式在不同考次不定期交替使用”。

概要写作原为大学英语的范畴，高中阶段的概要写作为历史新创。

学生在这一陌生题型上存在诸多问题，笔者将以一篇文本为例，提供一些教学上的策略建议。

2015年出的《考试说明》对概要写作的要求是：提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。

阅卷时将主要考虑以下内容：(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；(3)上下文的连贯性；(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。

可见，该题型考察的主要是学生对所给文本的主旨大意的把握能力，能够找准主题句和关键词，把握篇章结构，并能运用准确而简洁的语言概括文章，使用一定的语法结构和连接词，使文章变得通顺而流畅。

二、理论依据输入和输出是语言习得中不可分割的两个部分，二者相辅相成。

立于理解基础上的输入为后续输出的必要条件，而输出则是输入的内容经过内化后自然完成的语言习得的过程。

输出的训练是为了促进输入的语言得到不停的强化和内化，因此将输入(阅读)和输出(写作)结合在一起，也就是新的概要写作题型，既强调了信息的输入，也强调了对输入信息的重新选择、组织语言、和衔接运用。

输出驱动的假设认为输出比输入对语言的能力发展驱动力更强，以输出为导向的阅读会更有效地带动学生对语言体系的注意和加工，提高语言输入的有效性。

2024年高考英语写作词汇同义转换整理有没有发现自己的作文，写来写去就是那几个词，那些个看得都有点“厌烦的”短语句型。

其实阅读老师有时候也是这样的感觉。

因此，积累同近义词、短语、句型是很有必要的。

这样在写作时，我们既有很多选择，还可以脱颖而出。

现在一起看看分别有哪些吧。

01 more and more 的替身有哪些more and more既可以修饰名词，表示“数量越来越多”，也可以修饰形容词/副词，表示程度上的“越来越...”。

以下几个表达比起more and more 更为出彩。

1) an increasing number of +可数名词复数形式。

比如，之前外媒就有报道过中国年轻人的躺平（lying flat）状况。

所以，我们可以说：现在，越来越多中国年轻人选择躺平。

Nowadays, an increasing number of Chinese youngsters embrace a lyingflat lifestyle.2) the number of sb./sth is on the rise 某人/某物的数量在增长（PS：如果要表达减少，就有on the decrease）。

比如说节假日往往游客特别多，还不断增加。

The number of visitors to this tourist attraction is on the rise. 这个旅游景点的游客数量在不断增加。

3）the number of sb./ sth. surge/soar/rocket 某人/某物数量激增。

surge/soar/rocket 强调数量等暴涨、激增，上升速度之快。

如，《逃出大英博物馆》系列短片刚出现时，引发热议，网上的点击量就激增。

因此，可以这么说：The moment the online TV series Escape from the British Museum made its debut, the number of viewers praising its plots surged /soared /rocketed.网剧《逃出大英博物馆》一播出，称赞其情节的观众数量激增。

微技能四同义改写概要写作的评分标准之一是“对各要点表达的独立性”，即要求用自己的语言归纳和表述要点，因此，你必须在正确理解原文要点的基础上，用不同于原文的方式来表述要点。

如何用自己的语言来概括要点而不照抄原文呢？我们可以从以下几个方面入手来解决这一难题。

1．同义替换法：即用相同或相近含义的词来替换原句中的表达。

(1)Keeping silent can actually make your anger longer.→ Keeping silent may not help and can lengthen your anger.(2)I didn’t catch any fish because I was not patient.→I didn’t catch any fish owing to the fact that I was not patient.【温馨提示】更多词汇替换见P167“语料积累”。

2．运用正反法：即把肯定形式改成否定形式，否定改成肯定。

(1)You will fail.→ You will not succeed.(2)Jack didn’t pass the driving test, but he still hoped to.→ Though Jack failed to pass the driving test, he still hoped to.3．词性转换法：即改变原句中一些重要词汇的词性来表达相同的含义。

(1)Patience is very important.→Patience is of great importance.(2)The pollution makes people very anxious about their living environment.→ People show great anxiety about their living environment.4．句式变换法：即运用不同的句式来表达相同的句意。

备战2022年浙江新高考英语一轮复习考点帮48 读后续写与概要写作中的词汇选用【策略简析】1. 词汇变身:替换常用简单词(1)动词变身(2)形容词、副词、介词变身bad disgusting, awful, terribleimportant significant, vital, essential, fundamental, crucialall kinds of a variety of, various, diverseabout concerning, relevant, related输入经典①On the o ne hand, too much praise might lead to children’s lack of enthusiasm to explore new things, for they are afraid they won’t meet parents’ expectations.②Considering the enormous benefits, which we can earn steadily from tennis practice, including preventing us from getting shortsighted and keeping physically healthy, we are lost in training course.输出佳句①The special day allows people to show their love and affection for(对……表达爱和情感) their fathers.②It’s advisable/wise(是明智的)for people to use their cell-phones more appropriately/properly(更恰当地).③Without sufficient preparation(没有充分准备), you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly and obtain satisfactory marks, let alone be admitted into a desirable university(梦想的大学).④Tracy said she had already informed Susan of(通知Susan) the change of the appointment.⑤People generally thought it impossible for the Chinese team to win the championship in the Rio Olympic Games, but they overcame many hurdles(克服许多障碍) and eventually worked miracles/wonders(最终成功).⑥Drama Night is scheduled to (预定)be held on the evening of next Friday in the theatre hall.⑦Additionally(此外), having been awarded scholarship twice in our school, I have excellent academic performance(极好的学术成就).⑧This phenomenon has become a concern/focus (成为焦点)we must face today because of many serious consequences (许多严重后果)caused by improper use of cell-phones.2. 变化所用词的词性在作文中, 可以通过改变一个词的词性, 使文章富有变化, 让阅卷者感受到考生对词汇各种用法的掌握水平和灵活运用的程度。

从阅读理解考题中向出卷老师学习如何在概要中的分析、改写和替换高考新题型概要要求考生能将350-400左右的文章用60左右字数进行概写，这类题型要求学生具备多种能力，包括快速抓准文章主旨，准确分析段落之间的关系，筛选各段要点词汇，然后用自己的语言结合适当的连贯词形成最后的概要文章。

在这个解题的过程中学生主要出现几处难点：1.主旨大意概括不准确，要点概括不准确；2.各段落间关系分析不准确造成连贯词出错，带歪整篇概要。

3.无法区分要点句与细节、讲解、原因等辅助句，不了解哪些该删，哪些该留；4.要点词汇筛选准确，但是不知道该如何用自己的语言落实成自己的文章其实这些写作难点都可以从平时的阅读理解训练中得到启发和帮助，通过分析文章及题目之间微妙的关系就是可以从出题老师那学到如何处理概要。

1.阅读理解采用的文章与概要的文章类型一致；概要的文章相对结构会更清晰明确；2.阅读理解出题的模式大规律上是每个段落一道题目，并且针对关键词、暗示词、关键句、主旨句出题的题目较多；3.阅读理解题目类型中主旨题就是对文章中心段的概括；推理题目是对各段中心句的概括和推理；这两类题目出题老师在编写选项实际上就很好的示范了如何总结、概括及改写。

4.阅读理解的解题技巧例如注意特殊符号；however；如何确定主旨句等同时可以适用于概要；下面列题主要通过分析阅读理解出题老师是如何编写选项来学习如何分析、概括、改写。

例题1；In 2013, Bezos, the CEO and founder of Amazon Inc., made headlines when he announced that within a few years, the company would use unmanned drones(无人机)to deliver packages within 30 minutes after an order was placed. Since Amazon Prime Air was publicized the night before “Cyber Monday,” some just regarded it a publicity stunt(噱头) designed to draw attention to the company. It turns out they were wrong.On December 7, 2016, Amazon revealed that it had completed its first Prime Air delivery in Cambridge, UK. The package, containing a bag of popcorn and an Amazon Fire TV, were loaded on to the unmanned vehicle from a local fulfillment center and delivered to a two-story farmhouse several miles away – all within 13 minutes after the items were bought!The company also announced that the service is now available within the five-square-mile range of the Cambridge area, seven days a week during daylight hours. The thinly populated rural area, with few dozen residents distributed amidst vast areas of farmland and fields, is perfect for testing the drones.Unfortunately, even if the trial is wildly successful, many challenges still remain before drone delivery becomes a reality for most of us. While the drone may do fine in rural areas, they remain untested in crowded urban cities where they would bump into barriers like buildings or trees. There is also fear that the autonomous flying vehicles could injure people as they come down to drop their packages. The drones and their load are also damaged by destroyers.Then there are the delivery logistics(后勤保障). Amazon will not only have to ensure that every Prime Air customer has a special landing flat surface, but also come up with a practical solution for apartment residents who do not have access to an open space where the drone can land. Hence, while Amazon Prime Air may someday be areality, for now, we will just have to wait for two “long” days to receive our packages!28. Why was the trial carried out in Cambridge area?A. Amazon couldn't find out drone landing space in crowded urban cities.B. The vast rural areas with smaller population were perfect test sites.C. Drone flight was prohibited where there were impassable barriers.D. The company had many logistics to guarantee service quality there.29. It can be inferred from the text that _________.A. the new service will save customers more time and money.B. Amazon is the early pioneer of drone flight in the worldC. universal drone package delivery has still a long way to goD. the injuries by drones have got the local residents in panic30.What is the main idea of the text?A. Drone delivery reached customers in a shorter time.B. Bezos tried to expand its delivery service in Cambridge.C. Amazon was the first company to use drone technology.D. Amazon tried to deliver package to customers by drone.【解析】这是一篇介绍亚马逊在研究利用无人机运送包裹的新闻，我们先看第28题，题干中关键词“Cambridge are”可以定位到文章第三段，首先可以详细分析一下这段落的语法结构：The company also announced that the service is now available within the five-square-mile宾语从句主句部分（过渡）定语（细节）range of the Cambridge area, seven days a week during daylight hours. The thinly populated rural状语（细节）定语（细节）area, with few dozen residents distributed amidst vast areas of farmland and fields, is perfect for with复合结构状语（细节）testing the drones.为了方便理解及总结，可以先把修饰的部分去掉这个段落就剩下最中心的部分--the Cambridge area--rural area is perfect for testing the drones这样我们也就基本确定了概要这一段要点的中心部分，接下来就是剩下的细节信息部分起到什么作用，该如何取舍或者改写。

备战2022年浙江新高考英语一轮复习考点帮48 读后续写与概要写作中的词汇选用【策略简析】1. 词汇变身:替换常用简单词(1)动词变身(2)形容词、副词、介词变身bad disgusting, awful, terribleimportant significant, vital, essential, fundamental, crucialall kinds of a variety of, various, diverseabout concerning, relevant, related输入经典①On the o ne hand, too much praise might lead to children’s lack of enthusiasm to explore new things, for they are afraid they won’t meet parents’ expectations.②Considering the enormous benefits, which we can earn steadily from tennis practice, including preventing us from getting shortsighted and keeping physically healthy, we are lost in training course.输出佳句①The special day allows people to show their love and affection for(对……表达爱和情感) their fathers.②It’s advisable/wise(是明智的)for people to use their cell-phones more appropriately/properly(更恰当地).③Without sufficient preparation(没有充分准备), you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly and obtain satisfactory marks, let alone be admitted into a desirable university(梦想的大学).④Tracy said she had already informed Susan of(通知Susan) the change of the appointment.⑤People generally thought it impossible for the Chinese team to win the championship in the Rio Olympic Games, but they overcame many hurdles(克服许多障碍) and eventually worked miracles/wonders(最终成功).⑥Drama Night is scheduled to (预定)be held on the evening of next Friday in the theatre hall.⑦Additionally(此外), having been awarded scholarship twice in our school, I have excellent academic performance(极好的学术成就).⑧This phenomenon has become a concern/focus (成为焦点)we must face today because of many serious consequences (许多严重后果)caused by improper use of cell-phones.2. 变化所用词的词性在作文中, 可以通过改变一个词的词性, 使文章富有变化, 让阅卷者感受到考生对词汇各种用法的掌握水平和灵活运用的程度。