丁往道英语写作手册范本

Part One Manuscript FormAs you are learning to write, you should have a clear idea of what is good manuscript form. You should do everything —writing the title, leaving margins, indenting, capitalizing, and dividing words—according to generally accepted rules. Whenever you write something, work carefully, write neatly and clearly, and try to make as few mistakes as possible. Before handing in your essay or exercise, proofread it once or twice, because you may need to make some final corrections and changes. If you always work in this way, you are sure to make progress.I. ArrangementEither lined exercise books or regular office paper (size 19×27 centimeters) may be used. To make your handwriting easy to read and provide room for corrections, you had better write on every other line, and write on only one side of the paper if it is thin.Leave a margin on each side of the paper—about two centimeters at the top and a centimeter and a half at the left, the right and the bottom. In an exercise book the top and bottom margins are already there, so you need only to draw a vertical line to mark the left margin.You cannot make the right margin very straight, but you must not write to the edge of the paper. When there is not enough space left for a word, write it on the next line if it cannot be divided. In other words, there must be some blank space on the right side of the paper.Write the title in the middle of the first line. Capitalize the first and last words of the title and all other words (including words following hyphens in compound words) except articles, coordinating conjunctions (and, or, but, nor, for), prepositions, and the to in infinitives.My First Visit to the Palace MuseumThe People without a CountryRules to Abide ByDickens and David CopperfieldWhat Can the Artist Do in the World of Today?What Reform Means to ChinaThe Myth of a “Negro Literature”The English-Speaking People in QuebecNo period is used at the end of a title. Use a question mark if the title is direct question, but do not use one if it is an indirect question. Use quotation marks with quotes or titles of articles; and underline (or italicize if you use a computer) names of books.Indent the first line of every paragraph, leaving a space of about four or five letters.For paging use Arabic numerals without parentheses or periods in the upper right-hand corner of all pages. The first page need not be marked.Do not begin a line with a comma, a period, a semicolon, a colon, aquestion mark or an exclamation mark. Do not end a line with the first half of a pair of brackets, parentheses, or quotation marks. The hyphen that indicates a divided word is put at the end, not at the beginning of a line.II. CapitalizationCapitals are used mainly at three places: the first words of sentences, key words in titles, and proper names.Not only a complete sentence, but a sentence fragment treated as a sentence, should begin with a capital letter.The first word of quoted speech (words put between quotation marks) is capitalized. If a quoted sentence is broken into two parts and put in two pairs of quotation marks, the second part does not begin with a capital letter unless the first word is a proper noun or an adjective derived from a proper noun:He said, “My trip to Mount Tai was interesting but tiring.”“My trip to Mount Tai,” he said, “was interesting but tiring.”I asked, “ When do you usually go home?”She answered, “At weekends.”Common nouns that are parts of proper names are capitalized:Common Nouns Proper Namesa famous university Peking Universitya broad street Chang’an Streeta large lake Lake Eriethe president of the university President Brownmiddle, age the Middle Ageslabor, day Labor Daypeople, republic the People’s Republic of China Words derived from proper names are usually capitalized:Marxist Darwinism HegelianConfucian Latinize VietnamizeBut proper names or their derivatives may become common nouns, verbs or adjectives:mackintosh (after Charles Mackintosh, a Scottish chemist)chauvinistic (derived from Nicolas Chauvin, a devoted adherent of Napoleon)quixotic(after Don Quixote, hero of the novel of the same name)anglicize(from the Latin word Anglicus, meaning English)III. Word DivisionWhen you write near the edge of the paper, take a look at the space left. If it is not enough for the word you are going to write, you have to decide whether to divide the word or to write it on the next line. Never squeeze a word into the margin.The general principle is to divide a word according to its syllables and never put the hyphen at the beginning of a line. Pay attention to thefollowing:One-syllable words like through, march, brain and pushed cannot be divided.Do not write one letter of a word at the end or at the beginning of a line, even if that one letter makes up a syllable, such as a•line, trick•y.Do not put a two-letter syllable at the beginning of a line, like hat•ed, cab•in.Avoid separating proper names of people or places, like Chi•na, Aus•tin.Divide hyphenated words only at the hyphen: father-in-law, empty-handed.Do not divide words in a way that may mislead the reader: pea•cock, re•ally.Do not divide the last word on a page. Instead, write the whole word on the next page.Divide words with prefixes or suffixes between the prefix or suffix and the base part of the word: re•state•ment, u n•relent•ing.Divide two-syllable words with double consonants between the two consonants: strug•gle, shat•ter.Dividing words is not always easy. When in doubt, consult a dictionary.IV. PunctuationHow to use different punctuation marks will be discussed in detail in Part Ten. The following are a few basic rules which all students learning to write should remember:Use a period (full stop) at the end of a complete sentence, however short it is.Do not use a comma to join two coordinate clauses; use a comma and a conjunction, or a semicolon.Make your commas different from your periods. A comma has a little tail (,); a period is a dot (.), not a tiny circle (。

◆命题作文<社会热点类>题1 [四川师范大学2015研]In September 2014, the Chinese e-commerce giant Alibaba’s flotation in the US has caused a stir in the work. Undoubtedly, Ma Yun becomes the center of attention in public again. What do you know about Ma Yun and what inspiration you’ve gained from his life ex perience and success? Write an essay of about 400 words on the topic. You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.【参考范文】The Unstoppable Power of PersistenceIn last September, Alibaba, a counterpart to eBay or Amazon in China, floated on the stock market with a value of £140 billion approximately. With such a record-breaking IPO, Ma Yun, the founder of this prosperous company, has become the centre of public discussion again. From my perspective, it is his persistence in chasing his dreams that impresses me most.Throughout his life, Ma Yun himself admitted that he had experienced rejections for many times, including less good performance in entry exams for colleges in China, setbacks in finding a job and so on. However, being clearly aware of his strengths and weaknesses, he chose to sharpen his proficiency in English. Inspite of the limited resources and less ideal environment for learning English, he managed to practice his oral English as well as broaden his horizons by giving foreign tourists free guide every morning in his hometown Hangzhou. And this experience lasting for nine years proved to be conducive to both the improvement in his languages abilities and the formation of a brand new world view.While working as a translator for a US trading company, Ma Yun decided to start his own online business in China, aiming to build a large Internet market to connect consumers and companies from different regions or countries. And that is how Alibaba began. At the beginning, there were only fifteen employees in 1999. But by now, this Chinese e-commerce giant has, according to Ma Yun, directly or indirectly created 40 million jobs in China. And its founder plans to expand market abroad. Nevertheless, the transformation from a startup to a listed company with the largest initial public offering in history, did not proceed smoothly. If he had not manages to attracted investment in 2000, Alibaba could have failed like many other Internet companies did at that time. What’s more, rumors or doubts have never completely disappeared, whether it was at the early stage or at the prosperous period of Alibaba. As for Ma Yun, scarcely does he allow these noises to overwhelm his inner voices. It’s his persistence and commitment that make his dreams come true in the end.To sum up, just as the old saying goes, constant dropping wears the stone. As long as we pursuit our dreams like what Ma Yun does, nothing could stop us from realizing them, since persistence not only gives us the hope to hold on to ourdreams, but also enables us to fight against obstacles all along.【范文点评】题目要求围绕阿里巴巴在美国成功上市这一事件，谈谈作为中国互联网巨头传奇人物马云，他的经历给了你怎样的启发，撰写一篇约400词左右的文章。

北外教授丁往道告诉你英语写作最重要注重写的练习。

强调听和说，听说领先，是对的；经常阅读，大量阅读，也是必要的。

但对于排在“四会”末尾的“写”，千万不要认为它可有可无。

“写”在学英语的过程中有其特别重要和不可替代的作用。

只要是写一篇短文，就得思考内容和观点，组织材料，安排层次，斟酌词句，这是极好的锻炼。

而且写对语言的正确性和表达的准确性的要求比口语要高些，因为可以考虑和修改。

这对提高语言质量十分有益。

要关心中国文化。

中国人都应关心中国文化，主修英语或别的外语的朋友们更要注意对中国文化的学习和钻研，因为在外语上用很多时间，可能会忽略中国文化的学习，结果是对所学语言国家的情况和文化特点知道得多，而对中国的文化特点知道得反而少。

中国文化源远流长，有很多宝贵的成份，我们应该珍视这份遗产，努力予以发扬光大。

中考书面表达专题指导：说明文说明文是中考写作题中常见的形式。

主要目的在于对所写事物进行解释，回答"为什么"或"怎么样"。

在初中阶段说明文主要的是让学生将活动、人物或地点进行清楚的描述，考察学生的观察能力和将表格或所给提示词转化为完整文字信息的能力。

说明文具有直观，具体等特点；它要求语言简明扼要，通俗易懂，说明过程讲究条理性和层次性。

常见的说明文考题有以下两种形式：1. 通过图表式形式，将所要说明的人物或事物的信息特点表达出来，如介绍一个新的同学或朋友，介绍如何使用某一具体的器材等。

2. 以提纲式呈现写作材料，主要是根据汉语提示来完成写作。

怎样写出一篇合要求的说明文？一审。

要做到文章切题、要点齐全，审题至关重要。

同学们在下笔之前就要将所给的材料看清楚，看准材料所要表达的内容或情景，写出符合要求的文章，如果提示语较多，就要严格按照要求来写。

二定。

一定要点：根据所给材料要点，定出中心句。

要特别注意首尾句，注意适当发挥，避免逐字逐句翻译。

二定方法：常用的说明方法有举例法、过程分析法、分类法、因果分析法、比较法、细节法等。

第三章造句Ⅰ. 完整句和不完整句1. 完整句（1）完整句的语法结构必须完整，即一个完整句必修至少有一个主语和一个谓语动词；如果该谓语动词是及物动词，还得有一个宾语；若是个系动词，则必须有一个表语或补语：He came.She wrote a letter.Dr. Smith is a professor.（2）一个完整的句子以大写字母开始，以句号结束。

2. 不完整句有时为取得特殊效果可用到不完整的句子。

如：It is hard to hear a new voice, as hard as it is to listen to an unknown language...Why? Out of fear. The world fears a new experience more than it fears anything. Because a new experience displaces so many old experiences. And it is like trying to use muscles stiff for ages. It hurts horribly.—D. H. Lawrence He was, I think, very handsome. I gather this from photographs and from my own memories of him, dressed in his Sunday best and on his way to preach a sermon somewhere, when I was little. Handsome, proud, and ingrown, “like atoe-nail,” somebody said.—James Baldwin 在上面第一篇中有三个不完整的句子(“why?”“Out of fear.”以及“Because a new experience...”)，在第二篇中有一个(“Handsome，proud”)。

第二章措辞Ⅰ. 词的类型据语体风格，常用的词（规范英语词汇）可分为三类：正式的、一般的、非正式的。

1. 正式词汇（又称作学术性的词、文雅的词或“大”词）（1）适用文体正式文体，如学术性或理论性著作、政治和法律文件，以及正式的演讲或报告。

（2）特点多有三个以上的音节，多数源于希腊或拉丁文。

下面这段文章中包含一些体现正式文体的词汇：There is nothing new in the recognition, within a given language, of a distinction between common usage and uses of the language for more restricted purposes and often enough, perhaps characteristically, more elevated purposes. The monolithic nature of English is not questioned when literary essayists like Emerson contrast poetry and common speech. The latter is recognized in America to be the proper subject for the investigation of linguists who, however, now show some incipient inclination to investigate poetry, too, and other noncasual utterances in a given language.—C. F. Voegelin 正式的或学术性的词汇有：recognition, characteristically, elevated, monolithic,investigation, incipient, inclination, noncasual, utterances等。

丁往道《英语写作手册（中文版）考研真题详解◆应用文题1[英语一2006研]Directions:You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area.Write a letter to the department concerned,asking them to help find a candidate.You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.Write your letter in no less than100words.Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter;use“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)【审题构思】本题要求写一封书信给希望工程，希望他们为写信人推荐一个孩子接受写信人的资助。

因此在内容上写作应该包含三大部分：一、自我介绍以及表明写信的目的。

二、写信人对资助对象条件的具体说明。

三、结束语。

文章用语应偏正式，行文清晰，简洁，要点突出。

此外，还要注意书信的格式：称呼，正文，和落款。

【参考范文】【行文点评】（1）开篇做出自我介绍，表明写信人的身份，以及家庭背景。

（2）so...that...结构，陈述写信缘由。

（3）用who和whose引导的定语从句说明希望资助的对象。

（4）适用would like to表述写信人的具体捐助方式。

（5）表示感谢及希望收信人尽快回信的愿望。

题2[英语一2007研]Directions:Write a letter to your university library,making suggestions for improving its service.You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)【审题构思】本题要求考生写一封建议信给学校图书馆管理员，以帮助他们改善图书馆的服务质量。

英语写作手册part3 第三题答案Ш.Rewrite the following by putting the short sentences into complex sentences, or sentences with participial (分词) , prepositional, or other phrases:1. Xu comes from a working-class family and he enrolled in college last fall.2. The dean issued a bulletin that the library would remain open on weekends.3. Last night was a wild night that the thunder roaring, the windblowing a gale and the rain falling in torrent.4. The temperature must have fallen considerably during the nightthat there are icicles on the trees.5. He returned to his hometown where he had been away fortwelve years and he looked in vain for the familiar landmarks.6. We have made some progress, but we still have a long we to go.7. The sky was cloudless and the sun was shining brightly.8. There were over two hundred passengers on board the plane,about one third of whom were foreigners.9. As the girl’s mother was a famous pianist, she began to learn toplay the piano when she was a child.10. Napoleon was born in 1769 when Corsica had just been acquired by France.11. A stormy applause broke forth as soon as she appeared on the stage .12. The gypsies are really a nomadic people from India who wereonce thought to be Egyptians, migrated into Europe.13. Because of the new workers are young and inexperienced, theyare eager to learn from the veteran worker.14. It was a poor quarter where there were lot of small huts whichdoted a hillside with mud walls and straw roofs.15. Hearing that his father was ill, he was anxious to go home tosee him, so he went to the station early in the morning to buya ticket.。

丁往道英语写作手册（中文版）英语写作手册（中文版）课后习题答案第一章谦堂练习1L Where I Lived, and Whal I Lived For2.Are Transgenic Cwps Safe?3.Well-Known Dramatists of the Ming Dynasty4. A Day to Remember5.Approaches to T eaching English as n Foreign Language6.Criticisms on the Ending of Mark 1 Vain*& At^vemur^s of Huckleberry Finn课犠练习2a-livehandy eor-rect-ftcss grabi't^0ebonus per-mjs-sion so-ria-blethought dic-Ca-tor-ship far-reaching操港竦习3Wc entered (he room. Jane looked around and asked,"Where is ihe cat?*'**Shc must have run away+H 1 aMwercd. u Shc doesn.*! stay al hamc."'*We must go and find her/1 J WK said-"LefsAt this moment the cat walked out frotn uoder the ch&u.第二章课钦练习IL这一段很明显用出自一奉关干语言科学的书.谏节的主要目的是进读者了解谦言墨人类特有的行为.2+这本书主要是面向普通大众*因为文中几平没有专业术语.3文中粒有使用俚语.不过有一些疋式Mifrt Sc GottnniAJiLcafe ^0 rudimcoiary t4谏圧的用词与内容相符，是普通说明性文字风恪。

第五章完整的作文Ⅰ. 好作文的标准※作文要具有一致性，文中所有的事例、观点都应涉及并有助于表达文章的论题或中心思想。

※作文各段应有各自的中心思想，段落的安排顺序要合乎逻辑。

※作文各部分比例要协调：主干部分约占70%—80%，开篇和结尾须简洁。

※好作文内容要重要、有趣、新鲜，语言表达要清楚、准确、得体。

Ⅱ. 撰写作文的步骤1. 总体规划（1）写下有关实例想出并记下与写作题目相关的实例。

（2）确定作文题目作文的主题即其主要观点或中心思想，是列举实例后所得出的结论。

（3）重审列出的实例，撰写提纲主题确定后，重新审查实例清单，删去与主题无关或意义不大的细目，并把剩下的条目按逻辑顺序重新排列，写出提纲。

▲提纲类型①题目式提纲（topic outline）题目式提纲由名词及其修饰语组成，或由与名词作用相当的动名词短语、动词不定式短语组成。

题目式提纲简单明了，全文内容一目了然。

②句子式提纲（sentence outline）句子式提纲由完整的句子组成。

句子式提纲提供的是文章较详细的提要。

▲撰写提纲注意事项①不要列单一的分项。

如果提纲中有“Ⅰ”，则下面至少还有“Ⅱ”，如果有“A”，则必有“B”。

②不要混合使用两种提纲。

题目式提纲用的是(名词、动名词或动词不定式)短语，句子式提纲用的是句子。

在同一提纲中不要既用短语又用句子。

③同一等级的标题要用相同的结构表示。

大标题下的小标题不但应该同等重要，而且要与大标题有关联，并按逻辑顺序排列。

④主题(thesis)应该用完整的肯定陈述句。

不要用疑问句，也不要用短语或从句。

2. 打初稿※初稿不要写得太密，行与行之间要留出空以便将来修改润色。

※打初稿时如果发现原有的提纲完全不合意，要立即修改或重写提纲。

3. 修订初稿（1）内容：审查通篇文章①论文(作文)的题目是要符合作业的要求；②主题要清楚，论据(细节，例子，理由等)要充分；③删除与主题无关内容；④论述要合乎逻辑。

（2）组织结构：审查材料的组织安排①开篇段落要能引出文章的主要观点；②段落是有各自的中心思想，各段落的中心思想要与文章的主要观点有关联，段落之间的衔接自然，段落要按逐步推向高潮的递进顺序排列；③结尾段落要清楚地表明了文章试图说明的问题。