Flow Control for ATM-ABR Multipoint Connections

网络相关缩略语ADSL: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line，不对称数字订阅线路AH: Authentication Header，鉴定文件头AMR（Audio/Modem Riser，音效/数据主机板附加直立插卡）ARP（Address Resolution Protocol，地址解析协议）ATM（Asynchronous Transfer Mode，异步传输模式）BOD（Bandwidth On Demand，弹性带宽运用）CBR（Committed Burst Rate，约定突发速率）CCIRN: Coordinating Committee for Intercontinental Research Networking，洲际研究网络协调委员会CCM（Call Control Manager，拨号控制管理）CDSL: Consumer Digital Subscriber Line（消费者数字订阅线路）CGI（Common Gateway Interface，通用网关接口）CIEA: Commercial Internet Exchange Association，商业因特网交易协会CIR（Committed Infomation Rate，约定信息速率）CTS（Clear to Send，清除发送）DBS-PC: Direct Broadcast Satellite PC（人造卫星直接广播式PC）DCE: Data Circuit Terminal Equipment，数据通信设备DES: Data Encryption Standard，数据加密标准DMT: Discrete Multi - Tone，不连续多基频模式DNS（Domain Name System，域名系统）DOCSIS（Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications，线缆服务接口数据规格）DTE: Data Terminal Equipment，数据终端设备EBR（Excess Burst Rate，超额突发速率）ESP: Encapsulating Security Payload，压缩安全有效载荷FDM: Frequency Division Multi，频率分离Flow-control流控制FRICC: Federal Research Internet Coordinating Committee，联邦调查因特网协调委员会FTP（File Transfer Protocol，文件传输协议）Ghost:（General Hardware Oriented System Transfer，全面硬件导向系统转移）HDSL: High bit rate DSL，高比特率数字订阅线路HTTP（HyperText Transfer Protocol，超文本传输协议）ICMP（Internet Control Message Protocol，因特网信息控制协议）IETF（Internet Engineering Task Framework，因特网工程任务组）IKE: Internet Key Exchange，因特网密钥交换协议IMAP4: Internet Message Access Protocol Version 4，第四版因特网信息存取协议Internet（因特网）IP（Internet Protocol，网际协议）ISDN（Integrated Service Digital Network，综合服务数字网络）ISOC: Internet Society，因特网协会ISP（Internet Service Provider，因特网服务提供商）LAN（Local Area Network，局域网）LDAP: Lightweight Directory Access Protocol，轻权目录访问协议LOM（LAN-on-Montherboard）IAB: Internet Activities Board，因特网工作委员会IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force，因特网工程作业推动L2TP（Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol，二级通道协议）LMDS: Local Multipoint Distributed System，局域多点分布式系统MIME: Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension，多用途因特网邮件扩展协议MNP: Microcom Networking ProtocalMODEM（Modulator Demodulator，调制解调器）NAT（Network Address Translation，网络地址转换）NC（Network Computer，网络计算机）NDS: Novell Directory Service，Novell目录服务NNTP: Network News Transfer Protocol，网络新闻传输协议MSN: Microsoft Network，微软网络OFDM（orthogonal frequency division multiplexing，直角频率部分多路复用）P3P（Privacy Preference Project，个人私隐安全平台）PDS: Public Directory Support，公众目录支持PGP: Pretty Good Privacy，优良保密协议PICS: Platform for Internet Content Selection，因特网内容选择平台POF: Polymer Optical Fiber，聚合体光纤POP3: Post Office Protocol Version 3，第三版电子邮局协议PPTP: Point to Point Tunneling Protocol，点对点通道协议RADSL: Rate Adaptive DSL，速率自适应数字订阅线路RARP（Reverse Address Resolution Protocol，反向地址解析协议）RDF: Resource Description Framework，资源描述框架RSA（Rivest Shamir Adlemen，一种因特网加密和认证体系）RTS（Request To Send，需求发送）SIS: Switched Internetworking Services（交换式网络互联服务）S/MIME: Secure MIME，安全多用途因特网邮件扩展协议SNMP（Simple Network Management Protocol，简单网络管理协议）SMTP（Simple Mail Transfer Protocol，简单邮件传输协议）SKIP: Simple Key Exchange Internet Protocol，因特网简单密钥交换协议SUA（Single User Account，单用户帐号）TCP（Transmission Control Protocol，传输控制协议）UART（Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter，通用异步接收/发送装置）UDP（User Datagram Protocol，用户数据报协议）ULS: User Location Service，用户定位服务VOD: Video On Demand，视频点播VPN: virtual private network, 虚拟局域网WWW（World Wide Web，万维网，是因特网的一部分）AAL ATM适配层 ATM Adaptation LayerABR可用比特率 Available Bit RateACR 衰减串扰比ADPCM 自适应差分PCMADSL 非对称数字环路 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber LineAMI ATM Management InterfaceAMPS 先进型移动电话系统 Advanced Mobile Phone SystemANS 高级网络与服务 Advanced Networks and ServicesANSI 美国国家标准协会 American National Standard InstituteAPON 无源光纤网络ARP 地址解析协议 Address Resolution ProtocolARQ 自动重发请求 Automatic Repeat RequestAS 自制系统 Autonomous SystemASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit(Chip)ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation OneATD 异步时分复用 Asynchronous Time DivisionATM 异步传输模式 Asynchronous Transfer ModeBBS 电子公告板 Bulletin Board SystemBER 误比特率 bit error rateBGP 边界网关协议 Border Gateway ProtocolBICMOS 双极型CMOSBIP-8 Bit Interleaved Parity-8B-ISDN 宽带综合业务数字网 Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network BMI Bus-Memory InterfaceBOOTP 引导协议 BOOTstrapping ProtocolBRI 单一ISDN基本速率BUS 广播和未知服务器 Broadcast/Unknown ServerCAC 连接接纳控制 Connection Admission ControlCATV 公用天线电视CBDS 无连接宽带数据服务CBR 连续比特率 Continuous Bit RateCCITT 国际电话电报咨询委员会CD Carrier DetectCDB Configuration DatabaseCDMA 码分多址 Code Division Multiple AccessCDPD 蜂窝数字分组数据Cellular Digital Packet DataCDV 信元延时变化 Cell Delay VariationCEC Common Equipment CardCERNET 中国教育科研网CIDR 无类型域间路由 Classless InterDomain RoutingCLIP Classical IPCLP 信元丢失优先级CMIS/CMIP the Common Management Information Service/Protocol CMOS 互补型金属氧化物半导体CMOT CMIS/CMIP on TCP/IPCNOM 网络营运与管理专业委员会 Committee of Network Operation and ManagementCORBA 公共对象请求代理结构 Common Object Request Broker Architecture CPAN Comprehensive Perl archieve NetworkCPE Customer Premises EquipmentCPCS 公共部分会聚子层 Common Part Convergence SublayerCR Carriage ReturnCS 会聚子层 Convergence SublayerCSDN 电路交换数据网CSMA/CD 载波侦听多路访问/冲突检测 Carrier Sense Multi-Access/Collision DetectionDAC Dual Attach ConcentratorDAS Dual Attach StationDCD Data Carrier DetectDCE 数据电路端接设备 Digital Circuit-terminating EquipmentDHCP 动态主机控制协议DIME 直接内存执行 Direct Memory ExecuteDME 分布式管理环境 Distributed Management EnvironmentDNS 域名系统 Domain Name SystemDPI 每英寸可打印的点数 Dot Per InchDQDB 分布式队列双总线 Distributed Queue Dual BusDS-3 Digital Standard-3DSMA 数字侦听多重访问 Digital Sense Multiple AccessDSP Digital Signal ProcessingDTE 数据终端设备 Data Terminal EquipmentDTR Data Terminal ReadyDVMRP 距离向量多目路径协议 Distance Vector Multicast Routing ProtocolECL 硅双极型ECSRN 华东南地区网EGP 外部网关协议 Exterior Gateway ProtocolEIA/TIA Electronic Industries Association and the Telecommunication Industri es AssociationEMA 以太网卡 Ethernet Media AdapterE-mail 电子邮件 Electronic MailEPD 提前舍弃分组数据包FAQ 常见问题解答 Frequently Answer QuestionFCS 快速电路交换 Fast Circuit SwitchingFDDI 光纤分布式数据接口 Fiber Distributed Data InterfaceFDM 频分多路复用 Frequency Division MultiplexingFEC 前向差错纠正 Forward Error CorrectionFEMA 快速以太网卡 Fast Ethernet Media AdapterFEXT 远端串扰FITL 光纤环路FMA FDDI网卡 FDDI Media AdapterFOIRL Fiber Optic Inter-repeater LinkFTP 文件传输协议 File Transfer ProtocolFTTC 光纤到楼群 Fiber To The CurbFTTH 光纤到户 Fiber To The HomeGCRA 通用信元速率算法 Generic Cell Rate AlgorithmGGP 网关-网关协议 Gateway-Gateway ProtocolGSM 移动通信全球系统(全球通) Global Systems for Mobile communications HEC 信头错误控制 Header Error ControlHCS 头校验序列 Header Check SequenceHDLC 高级数据链路控制（协议） High-Level Data Link ControlHDTV 数字高清晰度电视 High Definition TeleVisionHFC 混合光纤同轴 Hybrid Fiber CoaxHIPPI 高性能并行接口 High Performance Parallel InterfaceHOL 队头阻塞HTTP 超文本传输协议 HyperText Transfer ProtocolHub 集线器IAB 因特网结构委员会 Internet Architecture BoardIAP 因特网接入提供商 Internet Access ProviderICCB Internet控制与配置委员会 Internet Control and Configuration Board ICMP 因特网控制信息协议 Internet Control Message ProtocolICP Internet Content ProviderICX 部件间交换 Inter-Cartridge ExchangeIDP 网间数据报协议 Internetwork Datagram ProtocolIDU 接口数据单元 Interface Data UnitIEEE 电子和电气工程师协会 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IETF 因特网工程特别任务组 Internet Engineering Task ForceIGMP Internet组管理协议 Internet Group Management ProtocolIGP 内部网关协议 Interior Gateway ProtocolIISP 间歇交换机信令协议ILMI 过渡性局域管理界面IMP 接口信息处理机 Interface Message ProcessorIMTS 改进型移动电话系统 Emproved Mobile Telephone SystemIP 因特网协议 Internet ProtocolIRC Internet Relay ChatIRTF 因特网研究特别任务组 Internet Research Task ForceISDN 综合业务数字网 Integrated Services Digital NetworkISO 国际标准化组织 International Organization for Standardization（或简称International StandardOrganization）ISP 因特网服务提供商 Internet Service ProvederIT 信息技术 Information TechnologyITU 国际电信联盟 International Telecommunications UnionJPEG 图像专家联合小组 Joint Photographic Experts GroupL2F 第二层转发L2TP 第二层隧道协议LAN 局域网 Local Area NetworkLANE 局域网仿真 LAN EmulationLAP 链路访问过程 Link Access ProcedureLCP 链路控制协议 Link Control ProtocolLE_ARP LAN仿真地址转换协议LEC 局域网仿真客户端 LAN Emulation ClientLECS 局域网仿真配置服务 LAN Emulation Configure Service LED 发光二极管LES 局域网仿真服务器 LAN Emulation ServerLF Line FeedLI 长度指示LIM 插件板LLC 逻辑链路控制 Logical Link ControlMAC 介质访问控制 Media Access ControlMAN 城域网 Metropolitan Area NetworkMACA 避免冲突的多路访问(协议)(IEEE802.11无线局域网标准的基础) Multiple Access with AccessAvoidanceMAU Medium Access UnitMIB 管理信息库 Management Information BaseMIC Media interface connectorModem 调制解调器MOTD 当日消息 Message Of The DayMPC MPOA ClientMPEG 活动图像专家组 Motion Picture Experts GroupMRFCS 多速率快速电路交换 Multirate Fast Circuit Switching MPOA Multi-Protocol Over ATMMPS MPOA ServerMRCS 多速率电路交换 Multirate Circuit SwitchingMSC 移动交换中心 Mobile Switching CenterMTBF 两次故障间的平均时间 Media Time Between Faults MTOR 故障修复所需平均时间 Media Time of RepairMTP 邮件传输协议 Mail Transfer ProtocolMTSO 移动电话交换站 Mobile Telephone Switching Office MTTD 故障诊断所需平均时间 Media Time to DiagnoseMTU 最大传输单元 Maximum Transfer UnitNAP 网络接入点 Network Access PointNCA 网络计算结构 Network Computing ArchitectureNCFC 中国国家计算机网络设施，国内也称中关村网 The National Computing and Network Facility ofChina NCP 网络控制协议 Network Control ProtocolNCP 网络核心协议 Network Core ProtocolNEXT 近端串扰NFS 网络文件系统 Network File SystemNHRP 下一个节点路由协议NIC 网卡 Network Interface CardNIC 网络信息中心 Network Information CentreNIM 网络接口模块 Network Interface ModuleNISDN 窄带ISDN Narrowband Integrited Services Digital Network NLAM 网络层地址管理NNI 网络-网络接口 Network-Network InterfaceNOMS 网络营运与管理专题讨论会 Network Operation and Management SymposiumNREN (美国)国家研究和教育网 National Research and Education Network NSAP 网络服务接入点 Network Service Access PointNSF （美国）国会科学基金会NVRAM Non-volatile RAMNVT 网络虚拟终端 Network Virtual TerminalOAM 操作与维护 Operation And MaintenanceODBC 开放数据库互连 Open Database ConnectionORB 对象请求代理 Object REquest BrokerOSF 开放软件基金会 Open Software FundationOSI 开放系统互联 Open System InterconnectionOSPF 开放最短路径优先(协议) Open Shortest Path FirstPBX 用户交换机 Private Branch eXchangePCM 脉冲编码调制 Pulse Code ModulationPCN 个人通信网络 Personal Communications NetworkPCR 峰值信元速率 Peak Cell RatePCS 个人通信服务 Personal Communications ServicePDH 准同步数字系列PDA 个人数字助理 Personal Digital AssistantPDN 公用数据网 Public Data NetworkPDU 协议数据单元 Protocol Data UnitPER 分组差错率 packet error ratePEM Port Expansion ModulePIR 分组插入率packet insertion ratePI/SO Primary In/Secondary OutPLCP 物理层会聚协议 Physical Layer Convergence ProtocolPLR 分组丢失率 packet loss ratePMD 物理媒体相关（子层） Physical Medium DependentPOH 通道开销PON 无源光纤网POP Post Office ProtocolPO/SI Primary Out/Secondary InPOTS 普通老式电话业务 Plain Old Telephone ServicePPD 部分舍弃分组数据包 Partial Packet DiscardPPP 点到点协议 Point to Point ProtocolPPTP 点对点隧道协议PRM 每分钟可打印输出的页数 Page Per MinutePRM 协议参考模型 Protocol Reference ModelPRN 分组无线网 Packet Radio NetworkPSN 分组交换节点 Packet Switch NodePSDN 分组交换数据网PSTN 公用电话交换网 Public Switched Telephone NetworkPVC 永久虚电路（包括PVPC和PVCC） Permanent Virtual Circuit PVPC permanent virtual path connectionPVCC permanent virtual channel connectionPVP 永久虚路径 Permanent Virtual PathQoS 服务质量 Quality of ServiceRADIUS 远端授权拨号上网用户服务RARP 逆向地址解析协议 Reverse Address Resolution Protocol RAS 远程访问服务器RFC 请求评注 Request for CommentsRFT Request for TechnologyRIP Routing Information ProtocolRMON 远程网络管理Router 路由器RPC 远程过程调用 Remote Procedure CallRSVP 资源重复利用协议RTMP Routing Table Maintenance Protocol(用于Appletalk) RTP 接收和发送端口RTS 往返样本 Round Trip SampleRTS 剩余时间标签SAP 业务接入点 Service Access PointSAP 服务公告协议 Service Advertising ProtocolSAR 分段和重组(子层) Segmentation and ReassemblySAS Single Attached StationSC Stick and Click connectorSCR 信号串扰比SCR 持续信元速率 Sustained Cell RateSCS 交换控制软件SDH 同步数字系列 Synchronous Digital HierarchySDLC 同步数据链路控制(协议) Advanced Data Communication Control Procedure SDTV 标准数字电视SDU 业务数据单元 Service Data UnitSIPP 增强的简单因特网协议 Simple Internet Protocol PlusSLIP 串行线路IP Serial Line Interface ProtocolSMDS 交换式多兆比特数据业务 Switched Multimegabit Data ServicesSMF 单模光纤 Single-mode FiberSMI Structure of Management Information（MIB的结构）SMT 站点管理 Station ManagementSMTP 简单邮件传输协议 Simple Mail Transfer ProtocolSNA 系统网络体系结构 System Network ArchitectureSNMP 简单网络管理协议 Simple Network Management ProtocolSNR 信噪比 Signal-Noise ratioSOH 段开销SONET 同步光纤网络 Synchronous Optical NetworkSPE 同步净荷包 Synchronous Payload EnvelopeSPP 定序分组协议（XNS中，相当于TCP） Sequential Packet ProtocolSRTS 同步剩余时间标签法SSCS 业务特定部分会聚子层SSI 服务器端包含 Server Side IncludeST Stick and Turn connectorSTM 同步传输方式 Synchronous Transfer ModeSTP 屏蔽双绞线 Shielded Twisted PairSTS 同步传输信号 Synchronous Transport SignalSVC 交换虚电路 Switched Virtual CircuitSwitch 交换机TAC Technical Assistance CenterTAST 时间分配话音插空技术 Time Assignment by Speech InterpolationTC 传输汇集(子层) Transmission ConvergenceTCP 传输控制协议 Transmission Control ProtocolTDM 时分多路复用 Time Division MultiplexingTFTP 单纯文件传输协议 Trivial File Transfer protocolTIP 终端接口处理机 Terminal Interface ProcessorTP 双绞线 Twisted PairTSAP 传输层服务访问点 Transport Service Access PointTTL 生存时间 Time To LiveTTR 定时令牌旋转UBR 未定义比特率 Undefined Bit RateUEM 通用以太网模块 Universal Ethernet ModuleUDP 用户数据报协议 User Datagram ProtocolUI Unix国际UNI 用户-网络接口 User-Network InterfaceUPC 使用参数控制 Usage Parameter ControlURL 统一资源定位 Universal Resource LocatorUSB 通用串行总线 Universal Serial BusUTP 非屏蔽双绞线 Unshielded Twisted PairUUCP Unix to Unix Copy ProgramVAN 增值网 value Added NetworkVBR 可变比特率 Variable Bit RateVCC 虚信道连接 Virtual Channel ConnectionVCI virtual channel identifierV-D 向量-距离（算法）又叫Bellman-Ford算法）vector-distance VLAN Virtual LANVLSI 超大规模集成电路VOD 点播图像 Video on DemandVPC 虚路径连接 Virtual Path ConnectionVPI 虚路径标识 virtual path identifierVPN 虚拟专用网络 Virtual Private NetworkVRML 虚拟现实造型语言 Virtual Reality Modeling LanguageVTP 虚拟隧道协议WAN 广域网 Wide Area NetworkWDM 波分多路复用 Wavelength Division MultiplexingWDMA 波分多路访问 Wavelength Division Multiple Access WRB Web请求代理 Web Request BrokerWWW 万维网 World Wide WebXNS Xerox Network System。

Flowmaster V7中文技术手册第一章Flowmaster的图形用户界面 (1)1.1启动Flowmaster (1)1.1.1数据库管理概述 (2)1.2工程视图 (4)1.2.1网络模型 (5)1.2.2目录选项卡 (6)1.2.3用户选项卡 (7)1.2.4共享选项卡 (8)1.3组件网络模型 (8)1.3.1单击，拖拽和释放 (8)1.3.2连接 (9)1.3.3工具栏功能 (9)1.3.4过滤器 (10)1.3.5调色板 (10)实例1 (10)1.4网络模型视图 (11)1.4.1数据收集 (11)1.4.2数据输入 (13)1.4.3数据复制 (14)1.4.4选择单位设置 (15)1.4.5曲线数据 (16)实例2 (18)实例3 (19)1.4.6曲面数据 (19)1.4.7方程编辑器 (19)实例4 (20)1.4.8模拟类型过滤器 (20)1.5运行模拟计算 (21)1.5.1模拟类型和选项 (21)实例5 (22)1.5.2错误和警告 (23)1.6查看模拟结果 (23)1.6.1查看组件和节点模拟结果 (23)1.6.2结果绘制表格 (24)1.6.3结果绘图 (25)1.6.4生成报告 (26)第二章稳态分析 (27)2.1每个组件家族信息内容 (27)2.1.1管道类 (27)2.1.2弯头类 (28)2.1.3控制阀类 (29)2.1.4单向阀 (29)2.1.5方向控制阀 (30)2.1.7接头类 (30)2.1.8过渡接头类 (30)2.1.9节流孔类 (31)2.1.10泵类 (31)2.1.11发动机 (31)2.1.12蓄水箱类 (32)2.1.13稳压器类 (32)2.1.14边界源类 (33)2.1.15控制器类 (33)2.1.16汽缸类 (34)2.1.17负载类 (34)第三章稳态分析算例 (35)3.1稳态分析算例1 (35)3.2稳态分析算例2 (36)3.3稳态分析算例3 (39)3.4稳态分析算例4（飞机燃油系统） (41)第四章瞬态分析 (44)4.1引起剧烈压力波动的原因 (44)4.2流体瞬态特性的抑制 (44)4.3波的传递和最大压力变化估计 (44)4.4流动的“快速”，“缓慢”和“极慢”变化 (45)4.5压力波传播速度 (45)4.6水管中的波速 (46)4.7瞬态管道模型 (47)4.7.1刚性管道模型 (47)4.7.2弹性管道模型 (47)算例6 (47)4.8瞬态阀门模型 (49)4.9瞬态水泵模型 (49)4.10控制器的使用 (51)第五章瞬态分析算例 (52)5.1瞬态算例1 (52)5.2瞬态算例2――压力波分析 (54)5.3瞬态算例3——Rising Main (56)5.4瞬态算例4――PID控件 (60)5.5瞬态算例5——水力瞬态特性 (62)5.6瞬态算例6——水力瞬态特性 (64)第六章自定义目录基础操作 (66)6.1材料 (66)6.1.1利用模板创建新材料 (66)6.2子系统和子网络 (67)6.3符号和符号设置 (68)6.4自定义目录 (71)6.4.1快捷目录 (72)6.4.2复制组件到目录 (72)第七章附加功能 (73)7.1示意图配置和背景 (73)7.1.1添加背景图片 (74)7.2目录搜索功能 (74)7.3动态着色 (75)7.4图层 (77)算例7 (78)7.5压缩与解压缩 (80)第八章GUI高级功能 (83)8.1添加/替换组件 (83)8.2说明子窗体 (84)算例8 (84)8.3添加用户帮助 (86)8.4组件模板 (89)8.5复合组件 (97)算例9 (97)8.6逐步追踪 (103)8.7可变参数 (106)8.7分析模型——简要介绍 (108)第九章服务和支持 (111)其他课程 (112)附录——算例结果 (114)第一章Flowmaster的图形用户界面Flowmaster的图形用户界面（GUI）使用户能够快捷有效地进行系统设计和测试工作。

Key Benefits•Accurately and repeatably control flow ratio providing for better process optimization•Digital control loop provides rapid response to channel set point independent of the gas mix•Uses standard web browser – no special software requiredFigure 2The DELTA III ratio controller provides control for three channels of flow. Above the device starts with flows of 25, 25 and 50% in channels Q1, Q2, and Q3, respectively. The flow then transitions to 33.3% in each channel followed by a transition to 10, 50 and 40% in each channel, respectively.PerformanceFull Scale Ranges (each channel nitrogen equivalent - Q)500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000 and 10000 sccmPercentage Accuracy (includes non-linearity, hysteresis,and non-repeatability)±2% set point (for flow ≥10% of channel Full Scale)Channel Flow Control Range0, 5 to 100% Full ScaleInput Ratio Range 0, 2 to 100% of total flow within flow channel control range Percentage Repeatability±0.3% of set pointResolution 0.02% of channel Full ScaleMaximum Operating Outlet Pressure 200 Torr at maximum flow rate through all channelsMaximum Allowable Outlet Pressure Differential(highest to lowest pressure channel)50 Torr with the same percentage flow through all channelsNormal Operating Pressure Differential <150 Torr @ 3K split 33.3%; Except, <450 Torr for 10K/10K Percentage Settling Time <3 seconds (typical dependent on downstream conductance matching) Maximum Inlet Pressure 150 psig (non-operational)Temperature CoefficientsZeroSpan • <0.05% Full Scale/°C (500 ppm)• <0.08% of Reading/°C (800 ppm)Warmup Time60 minutesNormal Operating Temperature10 to 60°CStorage Temperature-20 to 65°CStorage Humidity0 to 95% relative humidity, non-condensingTemperature Accuracy+2°CTemperature Resolution0.1°CCompliance CE (a n overall metal braided, shielded able, properly grounded at both ends, is required during use). MechanicalFittingsInletOutlet • Swagelok® 4 VCR®• Male (non-rotatable)• Male (non-rotatable)Leak IntegrityExternal (scc/sec He)Through Closed Valve • <1x10-10• <2% of Channel Full Scale at 500 Torr differential to <10 TorrWetted Materials316 S.S. VAR (equivalent to 316 S.S. SCQ for semiconductor quality);316 S.S., Inconel®, KM-45, PTFESurface Finish 5 microinch average RaWeight7.27 lbs (3300 g)Electrical Communications EtherCAT®Input Power Required+24 VDC ±10% (13 Watts)Connector 2 x RJ-45 (comm.) male, M8 male, 5 pin (power)Data Rate Switch/Selection No switchComm. Rate(s)100 MbpsMac ID Switches/Addresses 3 switches, 16 positionsNetwork Size Up to 4095 nodesVisual Indicators LED Power (green), LED Run (green), LED Error (red), LED Comm (green)The MKS DELTA III Flow Ratio Controller shall not be used with any gas mixture which will react with each other as gas reactions are likely to affect the device flow measurements and may damage the device.The MKS DELTA III Flow Ratio Controller uses thermal sensors which add heat energy to the gas (and gas mixture) which may cause the gas to decompose and a mixture to react. Please consult MKS Applications Engineering if this is a concern for the intended application of the device.For channels with "0%" set points, a downstream shut-off valve is required to assure no flow through the channel.MKS products provided subject to the US Export Regulations. Export, re-export, diversion or transfer contrary to US law (and local country law) is prohibited. DELTA ™ is a trademark of MKS Instruments, Inc. or a subsidiary of MKS Instruments, Inc. All other trademarks cited herein are the property of their respective owners.DELTA III EtherCAT - 08/23©2023 MKS Instruments, Inc.Specifications are subject to change without notice.Ordering Code: DLT3B0BBB8R11Code ConfigurationModelDELTA III 3-Channel Flow Ratio Controller DLT3B DLT3BReserved Reserved00Channel Full Scale Flow Ranges3 channel 500 sccm 1000 sccm 2000 sccm 3000 sccm 5000 sccm 10000 sccmAll channels must be the same and are N 2 equivalent.AAA BBB CCC DDD EEE FFFBBBInterface Electronics EtherCAT 88Fittings4 VCR male, non-rotatable on inlet and outlet R RFirmwareFirmware Revision1111Dimensional DrawingNote: Unless otherwise specified, dimensions are nominal values in inches (mm referenced).。

Technical SpecificationFLUXUS® F808/809Transmitter FLUXUS F808Transmitter FLUXUS F809Measurement with transducers mounted by Variofix CMeasurement with transducers mounted by PermaFiXUltrasonic Flowmeters for Liquids for Permanent Installation in Hazardous AreasEspecially designed for the stationary use in explosive atmosphereFeatures•F808: instrument with one measuring channel for exact and reliable flow measurement•F809: Instrument with two measuring channels for exact and reliable flow measurement under complex flow conditions •Precise bi-directional and highly dynamic flow measurement with the non-intrusive clamp-on technology•High precision at fast and slow flow rates, high temperature and zero point stability •Transmitter housing:- Corrosionproof and suitable for offshore application-Transmitter F80x**-A1 in a flameproof housing (degree of protection IP66)-Transmitter F80x**-F1 in an explosionproof housing (NEMA 4X)•Certifications:-F80x**-A1: ATEX/IECEx -F80x**-F1: FM Cl. 1, Div. 1-F808**-F2: FM Cl. 1, Div. 2•The transmitters can be operated by a magnet pen without opening the housing•Automatic loading of calibration data and transducer detection for a fast and easy set-up (less than 5 min), providing precise and long-term stable results •User-friendly design•Communication interfaces Modbus RTU and HART available •Transducers available for a wide range of inner pipe diame-ters () and fluid temperatures ()•Flow measurement independent of pipe wall thickness and medium pressure• approved transducers for hazardous areas available•HybridTrek automatically switches between transit time and NoiseTrek mode of measurement when high particulate flows are encountered•Measurement is unaffected by medium density, viscosity and solid content (max. 10 % of volume)•Product variant FLUXUS XLF is especially suited for precise and reliable flow measurement applications with very low flow velocities (e.g. chemical injection in oil and gas extraction)ApplicationsDesigned for industrial use in harsh environments, especially for oil extraction and processing in the petrochemical and chemical industry.•Chemical industry•Petrochemical industry•Oil extraction and exploration •Refineries6...6500 mm -170...+600 °C ATEX/IECEx, FM Class 1 Div. 1/Div.2FLUXUS® F808/809Technical Specification Table of Contents Function (3)Measurement Principle (3)Calculation of Volumetric Flow Rate (3)Number of Sound Paths (4)Typical Measurement Setup (4)Flow Transmitter (5)Technical Data (5)Dimensions (8)Wall and 2 " Pipe Mounting Kit (10)Terminal Assignment (11)Transducers (13)Transducer Selection (13)Transducer Order Code (14)Technical Data (15)Transducer Mounting Fixture (25)Coupling Materials for Transducers (28)Connection Systems (29)Transducer Cable (30)Junction Box (F80***-A1) (31)Technical Data (31)Dimensions (31)2 " Pipe Mounting Kit (optional) (32)Terminal Assignment (32)Extension Cable (F80***-F1) (33)Terminal Assignment for Terminal Board KFM1 (33)Technical Specification FLUXUS® F808/809FunctionMeasurement PrincipleTransit Time Difference PrincipleIn order to measure the flow of a medium in a pipe, ultrasonic signals are used, employing the transit time dif-ference principle. Ultrasonic signals are emitted by a transducer installed on the pipe and received by a sec-ond transducer. These signals are emitted alternately in the flow direction and against it.As the medium in which the signals propagate is flowing, the transit time of the ultrasonic signals in the flow direction is shorter than against the flow direction.The transit time difference, ∆t, is measured and allows the flowmeter to determine the average flow velocity along the propagation path of the ultrasonic signals. A flow profile correction is then performed in order to ob-tain the area averaged flow velocity, which is proportional to the volumetric flow rate.Two integrated microprocessors control the entire measuring process. This allows the flowmeter to remove disturbance signals, and to check each received ultrasonic wave for its validity which reduces noise.HybridTrekIf the gaseous or solid content in the medium increases occasionally during measurement, a measurement with the transit time difference principle is no longer possible. NoiseTrek mode will then be selected by the flowmeter. This measurement method allows the flowmeter to achieve a stable measurement even with high gaseous or solid content.The transmitter can switch automatically between transit time and NoiseTrek mode without any changes to the measurement setup.Calculation of Volumetric Flow Rate= k Re . A . k a . ∆t/(2 . t fl )wherePath of the ultrasonic signal Transit time difference ∆t-volumetric flow ratek Re -fluid mechanics calibration factor A -cross-sectional pipe area k a -acoustical calibration factor ∆t -transit time difference t fl-transit time in the mediumV ·V ·FLUXUS® F808/809Technical SpecificationNumber of Sound PathsThe number of sound paths is the number of transits of the ultrasonic signal through the medium in the pipe. Depending on the number of sound paths, the following methods of installation exist:•reflection arrangementThe number of sound paths is even. Both of the transducers are mounted on the same side of the pipe. Correct positioning of the transducers is easier.•diagonal arrangementThe number of sound paths is odd. Both of the transducers are mounted on opposite sides of the pipe. In the case of a high signal attenuation by the medium, pipe and coatings, diagonal arrangement with 1 sound path will be used.The preferred method of installation depends on the application. While increasing the number of sound paths increases the accuracy of the measurement, signal attenuation increases as well. The optimum number of sound paths for the parameters of the application will be determined automatically by the transmitter.As the transducers can be mounted with the transducer mounting fixture in reflection arrangement or diagonal arrangement, the number of sound paths can be adjusted optimally for the application.Typical Measurement Setup a - transducer distancenegative transducer distance Example of a measurement setup in reflection arrangementTechnical Specification FLUXUS® F808/809Flow TransmitterTechnical DataFLUXUS F809**-A1F809**-A1AF809**-F1F808**-A1F808**-F1F808**-F2design explosion proof field device, 1 or 2 mea-suring channelsexplosion proof field device, 1 measuring channel transducersC****81, C****LI1, C***2E85C**1N62C****81, C****LI1, C***2E85C**1N62C****53measurementmeasurement principle transit time difference correlation principle,automatic NoiseTrek selection for measurements with high gaseous or solid content flow velocity 0.01...25 m/srepeatability 0.15 % of reading ±0.01 m/smediumall acoustically conductive liquids with < 10 % gaseous or solid content in volume (transit time difference principle)temperature compensation corresponding to the recommendations in ANSI/ASME MFC-5.1-2011accuracy 1with standard calibration with advanced calibration (optional)with field calibration 2±0.5 % of reading ±0.01 m/s flow transmitter power supply100...240 V /50...60 Hz or20...32 V DC power consumption< 8 Wnumber of flow measuring channels 1, optional: 21damping 0...100 s, adjustable measuring cycle (1 channel)100...1000 Hz response time 1 s, option: 70 ms housing material cast aluminum, special offshore coating degree of protection accord-ing to IEC/EN 60529IP66dimensions see dimensional drawing weight 6.1 kg 5.3 kg fixation wall mounting, 2 " pipe mounting operating temperature -30...+60 °C (< -20 °C without operation of the display)display 2 x 16 characters, dot matrix, backlight menu language English, German, French, Dutch, Spanish 1for transit time difference principle, reference conditions and v > 0.15 m/s2reference uncertainty < 0.2 %±1.6 % of reading ±0.01 m/s ±1.2 % of reading ±0.01 m/sFLUXUS® F808/809Technical SpecificationTechnical Specification FLUXUS® F808/809serial data kit (optional)software (all Windows™ versions)-FluxData: download of measurement data, graphical presentation,conversion to other formats (e.g. for Excel™)-FluxDiag (optional): online diagnostics and report generation -FluxKoef: creating medium data sets-FluxSubstanceLoader: upload of medium data sets сable RS2323adapter RS232 - USB 3outputs The outputs are galvanically isolated from the transmitter.numberF809**-A1current output: 2binary output: 2 or 4or current output: 0 or 1binary output: 1Modbus or current output: 2/HART binary output: 2or frequency output: 1binary output: 1F809**-A1A current output (intrinsic safety): 1/HARTcurrent output: 2binary output: 2 or 4or current output: 0 or 1binary output: 1Modbusor current output: 2/HART binary output: 2or frequency output: 1binary output: 1current output: 1binary output: 1or current output: 1Modbus or current output: 1/HART binary output: 1current outputcurrent output I1, I2-range 0/4...20 mA-accuracy 0.1 % of reading ±15 μA -active output R ext < 500 Ω-passive outputU ext = 4...26.4 V, depending on R ext , R ext < 1 k Ωcurrent output I1 in HART mode -range4...20 mA-passive output U ext = 7...30 V DC -active output U int = 24 Vcurrent output (intrinsic safety)current output I1-range 4...20 mA ---accuracy 0.04 % of reading ±3 μA---passive outputU ext = 7...30 V, depending on R ext , R ext < 1 k Ω--current output I1 in HART mode -range4...20 mA--passive output U ext = 7...30 V DC -frequency output range0...5 kHz -open collector24 V/4 mAoptional: 30 V/100 mA or8.2 V DIN EN 60947-5-6 (NAMUR)-binary output Reed relay 48 V/100 mA -open collector24 V/4 mAoptional: 30 V/100 mA or8.2 V DIN EN 60947-5-6 (NAMUR)24 V/4 mAoptional (only in combination with HART): 30 V/100 mA or 8.2 V DIN EN 60947-5-6 (NAMUR)binary output as alarm output -functions limit, change of flow direction or error binary output as pulse output -pulse value 0.01...1000 units -pulse width 80...1000 ms 3connection of the interface RS232 outside of explosive atmosphere (housing cover open)FLUXUSF809**-A1F809**-A1AF809**-F1F808**-A1F808**-F1F808**-F2FLUXUS® F808/809Technical Specification DimensionsTechnical Specification FLUXUS® F808/809FLUXUS® F808/809Technical Specification Wall and 2 " Pipe Mounting KitTerminal Assignmentpower supplytransducersoutputs (Options)FLUXUS F808ACDCterminal strip terminal connection terminal connection KL2L phase L++N neutral L--PEearthPEearthmeasuring channel Aterminal strip terminal connection KL4ARS transducer , internal shieldAR transducer , signal AV transducer , signal AVS transducer , internal shieldcable gland or equipotential bonding terminal (transducers)external shield terminal strip terminalconnection KL1 4 GND 6 (+) 5 (-)binary output B1KL33 GND 2 (+) 1 (-)active current output I1terminal strip terminalconnection KL1 4 GND 6 (+) 5 (-)binary output B1KL33 GND 1 (-) 2 (+)passive current output I1terminal strip terminal connection KL1 1 (S) 2 (A+) 3 (B-)ModbusKL33 GND 2 (+) 1 (-)active current output I1terminal strip terminal connection KL1 1 (S) 2 (A+) 3 (B-)ModbusKL33 GND 1 (-)2 (+)passive current output I1power supplyoutputspower supplytransducersoutputsFLUXUS F809ACDCterminal connection terminal connection L phase L++N neutral L--PEearthPEearthmeasuring channel Ameasuring channel Bterminal connection terminal connection AV transducer , signal BV transducer , signal AVS transducer , internal shield BVS transducer , internal shield ARS transducer , internal shield BRS transducer , internal shield AR transducer , signal BR transducer , signal cable gland or equipo-tential bonding termi-nal (transducers)external shield cable gland or equipo-tential bonding termi-nal (transducers)external shield terminal connection 1(-), 2(+)current output I1frequency output F13(-), 4(+)current output I25(-), 6(+)binary output B1 (open collector)7(-), 8(+)binary output B2 (open collector)9(-), 10(+)binary output B3 (open collector or Reed relay)binary output B1 (open collector)11(-), 12(+)binary output B4 (open collector or Reed relay)A+, B-, SRS485lower housing,front viewupper housing,back viewTransducersTransducer Selectiontransducer order codeFSG4005006500FSK10020036006500FSM5010020003400FSP2550200600FSQ1025150400FSS610705105010050010005000inner pipe diameter [mm] recommended possibleTransducer Order Code1, 2345, 67, 89...1112, 13no. of character t r a n s d u c e rt r a n s d u c e r f r e q u e n c y-a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r ee x p l o s i o n p r o t e c t i o nc o n n e c t i o n s y s t e m-e x t e n s i o n c a b l e/o p t i o ndescriptionFSset of ultrasonic flow transducers for liquids measurement, shear wave G 0.2 MHzK0.5 MHzM 1 MHz P 2 MHz Q 4 MHz S 8 MHzN normal temperature rangeEextended temperature range (shear wave transducers with trans-ducer frequency M, P, Q)A1ATEX zone 1/IECEx zone 1F1FM Class I Div. 1F2FM Class I Div. 2TS direct connection or connection via junction box TIdirect connectionXXX0 m: without extension cable> 0 m: with extension cable, F80***-A1: with junction box, F80***-F1: with terminal board KFM1LC long transducer cable IP68degree of protection IP68OShousing with stainless steel 316example FSM-NA1TS-000shear wave transducer 1 MHz, normal temperature range, ATEXzone 1/IECEx zone 1, connection system TS (direct connection)--/Technical DataShear Wave Transducers (zone 1)Shear Wave Transducers (zone 1, IP68)Shear Wave Transducers (zone 1, extended temperature range)Shear Wave Transducers (FM Class I, Div. 1)Shear Wave Transducers (FM Class I, Div. 1)Shear Wave Transducers (FM Div. 2)Shear Wave Transducers (FM Div. 2)Shear Wave Transducers (FM Div. 2)Transducer Mounting FixtureOrder Code1, 234567 (9)10, 11no. of character t r a n s d u c e r m o u n t i n g f i x t u r et r a n s d u c e r-m e a s u r e m e n t a r r a n g e m e n ts i z e-f i x a t i o no u t e r p i p e d i a m e t e r/o p t i o ndescriptionVL Variofix LV СVariofix C PF PermaFiXWItransducer box for WaveInjectorK transducers with transducer frequency G, K M transducers with transducer frequency M, P, Q Q transducers with transducer frequency Q Stransducers with transducer frequency SD reflection arrangement or diagonal arrangement Rreflection arrangement S small M medium Llarge B boltsS tension straps W weldingNwithout fixation 00210...20 mm 00420...40 mm T3640...360 mm 01310...130 mm 036130...360 mm 092360...920 mm 200920...2000 mm 4502000...4500 mm 9404500...9400 mm SK10.5...2.5 in SK2 3...6 in SK38...10 in SK412...18 in SK520...36 in SK642...100 in SK7100...170 in SB2 3...6 in SB38...10 in SB412...18 in SB520...36 in SB630...100 in NDRanyIP68degree of protection IP68OS housing with stainless steel 316Zspecial designexample VL M -D S -S 200Variofix L and tension straps for transducers with transducer frequency M, PPFM-DS-S200PermaFiX and tension straps for transducers with transducer frequency M, P, Q--/Coupling Materials for TransducersTechnical Datanormal temperature range(4th character of transducer ordercode=N)extended temperature range(4th character of transducer ordercode=E)WaveInjector WI-400 < 100 °C< 170 °C< 150 °C< 200 °C< 280 °C280...400 °C< 24 h coupling com-pound type N orcoupling foiltype VT coupling com-pound type E orcoupling foiltype VTcoupling com-pound type E orcoupling foiltype VTcoupling com-pound type E or Hor coupling foiltype VTcoupling foiltype A andcoupling foiltype VTcoupling foiltype B andcoupling foiltype VTlong time measurement coupling foiltype VT1coupling foiltype VT2coupling foiltype VT1coupling foiltype VT2coupling foiltype A andcoupling foiltype VTcoupling foiltype B andcoupling foiltype VT1 < 5 years2 < 6 monthstype order code ambient temperature material remark°Ccoupling compoundtype N990739-1-30...+130mineral grease pastecoupling compoundtype E990739-2-30...+200silicone pastecoupling compoundtype H990739-3-30...+250fluoropolymer pastecoupling foil type A990739-7max. 280leadcoupling foil type B990739-8> 280...400silvercoupling foil type VT990739-61-10...+200fluoroelastomer for transducers with transducerfrequency F990739-0for transducers with transducerfrequency G, H, K990739-6for shear wave transducers withtransducer frequency M, P 990739-14for shear wave transducers IP68and Lambwave transducers withtransducer frequency M, P, Q 990739-5for transducers with transducerfrequency QConnection SystemsTransducer CableTechnical Datatransducer frequency (3d character of transducerorder code)F, G, H, K M, P Q S T S /T 1x lx lx l x l cable lengthm 5≤ 3004≤ 3003≤ 902≤ 40cable length (*****62)m 15≤ 30015≤ 30015≤ 90--cable length (option LC,*****62)m 46≤ 30046≤ 30046≤ 90--cable length (option IP68)m12≤ 30012≤ 300----x - transducer cable lengthl - max. length of extension cabletransducer cabletype16992550 (option IP68)61112549ambient temperature °C-55...+200-40...+100-100...+225-100...+200properties longitudinal water tight cable jacket materialPTFE PUR PFA PTFE outer diameter mm 2.9 5.2 ±0.2 2.7 5.3thickness mm0.30.90.50.5colour brown grey white black shield x xxxsheath materialstainless steel 304 (1.4301)-stainless steel 304 (1.4301)-option OS : 316L (1.4404)option OS : 316L (1.4404)outer diameter mm8-8-extension cabletype26155245transmitterF80***-F1F80***-A1F808**-F2ambient temperature °C-40...+70-30...+70propertieshalogen free fire propagation test according to IEC 60332-1combustion test according to IEC 60754-2halogen free fire propagation test according to IEC 60332-1combustion test according to IEC 60754-2cable jacket materialPUR PUR outer diameter mm 1212thickness mm22colour black black shield x xsheath material -steel wire braid with copolymer sheath outer diametermm -15.6Junction Box (F80***-A1)Technical DataDimensionsTSFLUXUS_F808_809V1-7EN_Leu, 2015-10-14312 " Pipe Mounting Kit (optional)Terminal Assignment32TSFLUXUS_F808_809V1-7EN_Leu, 2015-10-14Extension Cable (F80***-F1)The extension cable and the transducers are connected via terminal board KFM1. The terminal board has to be installed into a junction box (by customer) approved for hazardous areas.Terminal Assignment for Terminal Board KFM1TSFLUXUS_F808_809V1-7EN_Leu, 2015-10-1433FLEXIM GmbH Wolfener Str. 3612681 BerlinGermanyTel.: +49 (30) 93 66 76 60 Fax: +49 (30) 93 66 76 80internet: e-mail:***************Subject to change without notification. Errors excepted. FLUXUS® is a registered trademark of FLEXIM GmbH.34TSFLUXUS_F808_809V1-7EN_Leu, 2015-10-14。

COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE OFFICE AND FIELDDuane A. HarrisVice President Sales and SupportFlow-Cal, Inc.2222 Bay Area BoulevardHouston, TX. USAIntroductionTransferring the knowledge base regarding the measurement equipment between a field measurement technician and a corporate measurement analyst can be extremely challenging. A Field technician’s skill set is tested on a routine basis; therefore, the technician must be knowledgeable in:∙electronic controls to pneumatic controls∙communication system support∙multiple disciplines∙support of measurement equipment∙procedures that must be followed∙regulatory requirements governing the facilities∙ongoing training of field personnelEach organization is constantly facing challenges due to these factors as well as many others.Evaluating periodic data, testing, and calibration procedures requires two different skills sets depending on if you are a field technician or a cement analyst. The task for the measurement analyst is to absorb the wealth of information presented, and utilize their extensive knowledge base in order to determine when a current month adjustment or even a prior month adjustment is warranted.Past to PresentPreviously, all major companies staffed their own measurement training facility. A company would provide the training at regularly scheduled intervals throughout the year. The training would often take place at a live gas facility and might include videos, classroom training sessions, and hands-on field training. Each organization had their own set of Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) and the appropriate AGA, API, and GPA documents. The procedures in each document were taught, demonstrated, and executed by all measurement technicians. Each SOP had a standard form which outlined the procedure on how to successfully document the gas measurement data. Every measurement technician was cycled through multi-level training classes. Upon completion of each measurement level, the technician received a certificate and sign-off.By the mid to late 90s, FERC636, deregulation, and major corporate organizational changes resulted in the discontinuation of the majority of the company-staffed measurement training facilities. Many companies experienced major SOP modifications and consolidations. During that time period, consolidation forced the “retirement” of a significant portion of the industr y’s gas measurement professionals and their associated experience. Fortunately, the prior training investment was able to sustain the industr y’s needs for several years. Presently, new measurement technicians being hired do not have the benefit of the training and understanding their predecessors received. The bar has been raised as new measurement technicians require computer skills and operations knowledge for the never-ending list of new equipment. In addition, the Operator Qualification program has made a significant impact on required documentation and sign-off for new and existing measurement personnel.TrainingTraining has become even more critical with the consolidations and heavy turnover that numerous production and pipeline companies have experienced over the past few years. Effective communication depends on a common vocabulary.Below is a list of terms to be familiar with in order to communicate effectively between the office and field: ∙Plate Size∙Tube ID∙Beta Ratio∙Flange Taps vs. Pipe Taps∙Mercury / Dry / EFM Meters∙Differential Pressure Range∙Static Pressure Range∙Temperature Range∙Actual / Square Root / Percentage Charts∙Orifice Metering and AGA 3∙Turbine Meters and AGA7∙Positive Displacement Meters and AGA 7∙Ultrasonic Meters and AGA 9 and AGA 10∙Coriolis Meters and AGA 11∙AGA 8 - Compressibility Factors of Natural Gas∙API 21.1 – Electronic Gas Measurement∙Positive Displacement / Turbine / Ultrasonic Meter Multipliers∙Mcf / MMcf / MMbtu / Dth∙Absolute vs. Gauge Pressure∙Typical standard units of measurement∙Current Industry Standards∙Overall Measurement Accuracy∙Gas Sampling (Include Safely Transporting Gas Bottles/Samples)∙Chromatograph∙Specific Gravity Determination∙Determination of Moisture Content∙Automatic Control of Flow and Pressure∙Control Valve and Regulator Equipment∙Odorization∙Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)∙Corrosion Control and Cathodic Protection in Pipeline Operations∙Communication Techniques∙Safety IssuesA clear understanding of these terms between both parties can eliminate many mistakes and corrections in the measurement department. A good example of an error is when flange taps and pipe taps get coded incorrectly in a measurement system. The incorrect coding can result in an 8% adjustment to the volume. This costly mistake clearly demonstrates the importance of thorough training.Who Is ResponsibleMost companies have a higher turnover rate than ever before. Therefore, it is becoming more difficult to keep up with and identify the responsible parties in key areas of gas measurement. The best way to solve this problem is to identify who is responsible for each specific area.Who handles:∙Gas Quality Sampling Issues – Lab, Measurement Technicians∙New Station Turn-Ons –Measurement Technician, Measurement Analyst, Production Accounting/ Marketing Operations, Marketing Sales, Regulatory Affairs, Gas Control, Engineering ∙Chart Meter Problems – Area Technicians, Chart Changer, or Third Party Service Company∙EFM Meter Problems - Area Technician∙EFM Meter Communication Problems – Area∙Technician or Communications Technician∙Ordering Charts∙Etc.ChartsThe best way to communicate on chart-based meters is by using the chart itself. Most questions that originate from the office could be answered before they are asked by the measurement technician and/or chart changer. Simply detailing key events of what happened on the chart can prevent the majority of questions.∙Back-Flow situations should always be noted around the hub of the chart.∙Liquid in the meter should also be noted around the hub or under remarks on the back of the chart.∙Whenever a meter is zeroed or tested and the pens are recording low or high this should be noted under the remark's section on the back of the chart.∙Low flow or no flow should be noted in the remark's section especially if this is a station that may be hard to distinguish between the two. There is a significant difference between low flow and zero flow.∙Actual chart changing time (placed and removed) should be recorded on the chart.∙Any clock problems (slow, fast, stopped) or hub problems (loose, too tight) should be noted under remarks.EFMElectronic Flow Measurement (EFM) requires almost immediate response for resolving measurement issues between both the office and field locations. Frequently, the volume received on an hourly basis from the field RTU for a pipeline company is being posted on the Internet for customers to review almost instantaneously. Each company should have their own method to resolve the identified exceptions and minimize the resolution time effect to all internal and external customers.EFM problems can be easily identified by reviewing an exception report or a graphical view of the exceptions. Exception reports summarize errors and potential problems that have occurred during the requested date and time. The primary focus is on the previous and current gas day for all meters and critical volume calculation components. Validation criteria can be defined for each meter. Analysts must rely on raw data, audit trails, prior meter history, check measurement, and information from the measurement technician in order to troubleshoot and resolve potential problems.Trying to communicate between the field and office can sometimes be difficult even with the many methods of communication that exist. Timely communication whether it is via telephone, fax, or e-mail, is required to meet the demands of daily measurement data verification.The current industry trend is to rely on a rules based software package to validate all of the raw electronic measured data that is received from the RTU's in the field. Only the meters that do not pass the validation logic checks are individually reviewed for accuracy as represented in Figure 1.Figure 1Importance of Scheduling Inspections and CalibrationsThe scheduling of meter test inspections and calibrations, gas sampling, and routine maintenance is crucial. Most compan y’s tariff’s, SOPs and/or contracts specify the frequency for the required tasks. Some facilities scheduling requirements are also driven by governmental agencies such as the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation, and Enforcement (BOEMRE). There are a number of gas companies with significant exposure in the industry due to their inability to comply with their scheduled meter test inspections dictated by their contract, tariff, or SOP. When a company deals with a significant number of monthly inspections, the task to schedule these inspections and calibrations become labor intensive. It is usually during an audit that organizations determine whether they are in compliance with their scheduled commitments.Many natural gas companies have taken advantage of computer based tools to document the required tasks along with the schedule for performing these tasks. These industry utilized tools can provide the required information in a format that makes it quick and easy to identify delinquent tests and therefore minimize a company’s potential exposure. One of the strengths of these computer based tools is the ability to sort and prioritize the work by area, region, and throughput. This leads to better utilizati on of a technician’s time. Figure 2 below illustrates how easily a delinquent test is identified and depicted. This calendar view (whereby delinquent tests are highlighted in red) is just one of many ways that the schedules can be viewed, reported, and exported.Figure 2Scheduled Testing and Calibration tasks can provide the office staff with the benefit of knowing what region of the system a technician may be located on any given day. This provides additional insight for troubleshooting exceptions and anomalies identified on a meter.Understanding the Testing and Calibration FormThe importance of standardizing an inspection/calibration form, whether it is paper or electronic, is essential in developing a consistent interpretation and effective communication across all regions of a corporation. It is difficult for the measurement analyst or technician to interpret five different regional forms to determine if the information is complete, conflicting, or wrong. When a company incorporates standardization of both their form and procedures, it helps to eliminate some of the often confused aspects of a test (as listed below).∙Is the working pressure zero adjusted prior to adjusting the atmospheric pressure zero?∙Is the working pressure zero adjusted prior to determining the “as found “multi point calibration?∙When making adjustments to the multi point calibration, are the adjustments made at each point or at the conclusion of the multi point calibration?∙Is your calibration equipment PSIG or PSIA as compared to the transmitter?∙Should any adjustments be made to the transmitter based on the multi point calibration or should the transmitter be replaced and recalibrated at the factory or certified facility?∙The ability to attach pictures of key witnessed events is critical to the documentation process. As they say a picture is worth a thousand words as pointed out in Figure 3.Figure 3Processing the Test and Calibration Form –The Challenge: “Checking vs. Auditing”One key step in the calibration and testing process usually receives the least amount of focus and therefore provides vague end results due to the difficulty of the task. Time invested in this effort will have a direct bottom line impact on measurement. This process will provide the ability to determine a number of items including, but not limited to:∙when an adjustment should be made∙what equipment is out of tolerance∙where suspect plate sizes and tube-ids are in use on the system∙which measurement technicians may require additional trainingFor years, the process of reviewing the calibration and testing forms has been a manual process or “checking”. A significant amount of time has been invested in validating plate sizes, Tube Ids, K-factor, Meter Multipliers, various transmitter/chart ranges, various transmitter/chart calibrated ranges, RTU gas quality, as well as the endless list of user defined fields that every company requires and views as critical. The ability to identify any substantial variances in a manual environment depends upon the education and training of a measurement analyst. Most companies provide a plus/minus tolerance for static pressure, temperature, and differential pressure based on certain ranges. An analyst must perform an additional assessment to determine if the adjustment made a 2% volume difference.Today all of these processes of identifying variances can be automated and flagged to direct the analyst to problem areas automatically. This should eliminate the need to review every calibration and test report. The validation process can now be configured to create exceptions, when necessary, for all calibration and test reports received. An analyst can easily review automatically flagged data including:∙Plate Sizes and Tube Ids are different∙K-factors, meter multipliers various transmitter/chart ranges, various transmitter/chart calibrated ranges are different,∙Unique company required fieldsAll meter adjustments can be processed automatically or “audited” to determine if an adjustment is required based on the calibration and testing results for each reference point. Any auditor in the industry will strongly urge all companies to review each calibration and test report either through a manual or automated exception based process. They can then be certain all reported discrepancies are identified and resolved.ConclusionIn the ever changing gas industry, there must be a working form of communication between the field and office. With the impact of FERC Order 636, NAESB, API 21.1, unaccounted for gas loss, and proposed hourly processing, gas companies must verify and process data with more accuracy and more rapidly than ever before. The environment is in constant flux and shows no signs of flowing down. It is imperative for every company to maintain industry standards and gas measurement practices. By participating in measurement schools, companies will be able to stay current with the latest industry trends and policies.Effective communication is a requirement in order to stay competitive in the industry. An Effective Communication link between the office and field is essential in order to meet the challenge placed upon the Gas Measurement area. Developing and supporting the proper communication channels between the office and field can be time consuming and expensive. However, the resulting accuracy and integrity of the gas measurement system is well worth the investment.。

专利名称：Flow control system 发明人：Beale, David申请号：EP95302911.3申请日：19950428公开号：EP0681148B1公开日：20001206专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：A system for the control of flow of heating fluid to a thermal load (10) comprises an arrangement of conduits including a fluid inlet conduit (4) for connection to a source of heated fluid through which hot fluid is passed to the thermal load (10), and a fluid return conduit (6) through which cooled fluid from the thermal load is returned to the source, including a conduit portion (BC) adapted to receive both cooled fluid from the thermal load and a proportion of hot inlet fluid in response to an oversupply of hot fluid, flow regulation means (12) arranged in the fluid inlet conduit (4), a first temperature sensor (P) located in the return conduit (6) to detect only cooled fluid from the fluid load, and a second temperature sensor (Q) disposed in said conduit portion, and control means (14) adapted to receive the signals from said sensors (P,Q) and to adjust the flow regulation means (12) in response to a differential in temperature between the temperatures indicated by the first and second temperature sensors.申请人：INTER ALBION LTD地址：GB国籍：GB代理机构：Richards, David John更多信息请下载全文后查看。

NEMA 4X (IP65) MASS FLOW CONTROLLERS AND METERSFMA-8301$1697ߜNEMA 4X (IP65)Watertight ConstructionߜStackable Designfor Easy InstallationߜDual AnalogSignal OutputsߜRemovable SensorߜCorrosion-ResistantValveThese controllers and meters offerhigh accuracy, control, andmeasurement of industrial gaseswith the added integrity of NEMA 4X(IP65) industrial packaging. Theheart of the controller and meter isthe removable flow sensor whichproduces an electrical output signal linear with mass flow rate. This output can be used for indicating, recording, and/or controlling purposes. The FMA-8300 controller has an integral valve and accepts a remote setpoint, which makes it a simple and easy-to-install flow control system. SPECIFICATIONSAccuracy:±1% FS including linearity at calibrated conditions Repeatability:0.25% of rate Response Time:Less than 6 seconds to within 2% of full scale of final value for a 0 to 100% command change Operating Pressure:1500 psig (100 bar) maximum Differential Pressure:5 to 50 psid pressure dropPressure Sensitivity:±0.03% per psi up to 200 psig (N2) Operating Temperature:5 to 65°C (41 to 149°F)Temperature Sensitivity:Zero:Less than ±0.075% FSper degree CSpan:Less than ±1.0 FS shift from original calibration over10 to 50°C (50 to 122°F)Leak Integrity:1 x 10-9Atm. scc/sec heliumWetted Materials:316 SS with Viton®O-rings Set Point Input:4 to 20 mA(75⍀ resistance) or0 to 5 Vdc 220 K⍀ resistanceOutput Signal:4 to 20 mA,loop-resistance is power supply dependent or 0 to 5 Vdc 220 K⍀or greater load. Maximum ripple 3 mV Power Voltage:Current:FMA-8200 Series:240 mA @15 VdcFMA-8300 Series:90 mAControl Range:50 to 1Weight:FMA-8200 Series:4.5 kg (10 lb)FMA-8300 Series:2.7 kg (6 lb)Note:Ranges are based on Nitrogen.* For controllers, insert: gas, inlet/outlet pressure and temperature.Comes complete with manual, connection fittings and calibration data.For calibration above 200 psig, add $355to the price.Ordering Examples: FMA-8300,0 to 10 SCCM mass flow meter,$2085.FMA-8209-H2-0/50 PSIG-70°C, 0 to 10 SLM mass flow controller for hydrogen, inlet/outlet pressure, 0/50 PSIG at 70°F,$2275.FMA-8300,$2085.FMA-8200,$2665.D-29CANADA www.omega.ca Laval(Quebec) 1-800-TC-OMEGA UNITED KINGDOM www. Manchester, England0800-488-488GERMANY www.omega.deDeckenpfronn, Germany************FRANCE www.omega.frGuyancourt, France088-466-342BENELUX www.omega.nl Amstelveen, NL 0800-099-33-44UNITED STATES 1-800-TC-OMEGA Stamford, CT.CZECH REPUBLIC www.omegaeng.cz Karviná, Czech Republic596-311-899TemperatureCalibrators, Connectors, General Test and MeasurementInstruments, Glass Bulb Thermometers, Handheld Instruments for Temperature Measurement, Ice Point References,Indicating Labels, Crayons, Cements and Lacquers, Infrared Temperature Measurement Instruments, Recorders Relative Humidity Measurement Instruments, RTD Probes, Elements and Assemblies, Temperature & Process Meters, Timers and Counters, Temperature and Process Controllers and Power Switching Devices, Thermistor Elements, Probes andAssemblies,Thermocouples Thermowells and Head and Well Assemblies, Transmitters, WirePressure, Strain and ForceDisplacement Transducers, Dynamic Measurement Force Sensors, Instrumentation for Pressure and Strain Measurements, Load Cells, Pressure Gauges, PressureReference Section, Pressure Switches, Pressure Transducers, Proximity Transducers, Regulators,Strain Gages, Torque Transducers, ValvespH and ConductivityConductivity Instrumentation, Dissolved OxygenInstrumentation, Environmental Instrumentation, pH Electrodes and Instruments, Water and Soil Analysis InstrumentationHeatersBand Heaters, Cartridge Heaters, Circulation Heaters, Comfort Heaters, Controllers, Meters and SwitchingDevices, Flexible Heaters, General Test and Measurement Instruments, Heater Hook-up Wire, Heating Cable Systems, Immersion Heaters, Process Air and Duct, Heaters, Radiant Heaters, Strip Heaters, Tubular HeatersFlow and LevelAir Velocity Indicators, Doppler Flowmeters, LevelMeasurement, Magnetic Flowmeters, Mass Flowmeters,Pitot Tubes, Pumps, Rotameters, Turbine and Paddle Wheel Flowmeters, Ultrasonic Flowmeters, Valves, Variable Area Flowmeters, Vortex Shedding FlowmetersData AcquisitionAuto-Dialers and Alarm Monitoring Systems, Communication Products and Converters, Data Acquisition and Analysis Software, Data LoggersPlug-in Cards, Signal Conditioners, USB, RS232, RS485 and Parallel Port Data Acquisition Systems, Wireless Transmitters and Receivers。

直线式射频消融笔使用说明书规格型号：MLP1生产商：AtriCure, Inc 爱创科股份有限公司地址：7555 Innovation Way, Mason, Ohio 45040 USA, 美国直线式射频消融系统由AtriCure 射频消融发生器（简称发生器）、直线式射频消融笔（简称消融笔）、脚踏开关、转换器（ASB）组成。

消融笔是一次性使用的电气手术器械，仅供与射频消融发生器（ASU3-230）和转换器（ASB3）配合使用。

消融笔用于现在组织的消融，以及作为手术起搏和标测工具使用。

当消融笔连接到射频消融发生器时，由发生器提供的双极射频能量流动于消融笔的两根电极之间。

操作者通过脚踏开关控制射频能量的应用。

当消融笔连接到辅助起搏、标测或刺激设备时，消融笔可以提供临时起搏或监测。

直线式射频消融笔示意图和部件命名1. 应用头端 6. 电缆2. 消融电极7. 消融连接头3. 标测电极8. 标测连接头4. 连接杆9. 应用头端操作杆5. 手柄适应症●直线式消融笔为无菌、一次性使用电气手术器械，用于心脏外科手术中与射频消融发生器(ASU3-230)和转换器(ASB3)连接，在消融模式下使用射频能量对心脏组织进行消融。

●消融笔可以在外科手术中进行心率评估时，与临时体外心脏起搏器或记录仪连接，进行临时心脏起搏、标测、记录和刺激。

禁忌症●本器械严禁用于输卵管结扎（女性终生绝育）。

●严禁直接对心脏瓣膜消融。

在心脏组织和软组织上制造消融点或消融线可以导致以下并发症：●组织穿孔●术后栓塞●延长体外循环时间●术中心率紊乱（心房和/或心室）●心包填塞●大血管损伤●瓣膜损伤●电传导紊乱（SA/AV 结）●急性心肌缺血事件警告●启动发生器期间严禁接触消融笔的电极，否则操作者可能会被电击或灼伤。

●启动发生器期间消融笔的电极不得接触金属缝合钉或结扎钉、或缝线。

这样可能损坏消融笔，对组织造成伤害，或者消融不彻底。

●严禁使用腐蚀性清洁剂或电气手术器械头端清洁剂对消融电极进行清洁。

【关键字】实验转基因植物产品检测实验室一览其他设备：细胞融合仪、核酸提取仪、紫外分光光度计、核酸蛋白检测仪磁力搅拌机杂交仪、-30℃低温冰箱、超低温冰箱、漩涡混合器、超声波细胞粉碎仪、自动恒温酶标。

7 操作步骤7.1 抽样参照 NY/T672 转基因植物及其产品检测通用要求和NY/T673 转基因植物及其产品检测抽样。

7.2 制样参照 NY/T672 转基因植物及其产品检测通用要求和NY/T673 转基因植物及其产品检测抽样（按照GB 5491中四分法制备样品进行送检）。

7.3 DNA模板的制备a称取200-400 mg试样，在液氮中磨碎，装入已经用液氮预冷的1.5 ml离心管中。

b加入1ml预冷至4 ℃的抽提液，剧烈摇动混匀后，在冰上静置5分钟，用13 000 r/min离心机，4 ℃离心15 min，弃去上清液。

c加入600 μl 预热到65 ℃的抽提裂解液，用玻棒搅拌上下颠倒充分混匀，在65 ℃的水浴锅中裂解40 min。

d用13 000 r/min离心机室温离心10 min，将上清液转至另一离心管中，加入5 μl RNase A （10 mg/ml），37 ℃水浴30 min。

e分别用等体积苯酚：氯仿：异戊醇（25：24：1）和氯仿：异戊醇（24：1）各抽提一次。

f用13 000 r/min离心机室温离心10 min，将上清转至另一离心管中。

加入2/3体积异丙醇，1/10 体积3M乙酸钠（pH 5.6），-20 ℃放置2-3 h，充分沉淀DNA。

g13 000 r/min，4 ℃离心15 min，用70%乙醇洗沉淀一次，倒出乙醇，晾干DNA。

加入50 μl TE（pH8.0）溶解DNA。

h把DNA溶液浓度用重蒸馏水调制为100ng/μl，储存于-20 ℃备用。

注意：I 1 g试样（如棉花种子）提取的DNA量应不小于200 μg。

II DNA的OD260/OD280的比值应在1.8左右，且OD260的值应在曲线的最高峰。