comparative and superlative (definitions)

教案课程名称大学英语1教案书写规范与要求一、以每次课为一个备课单元书写。

二、每一备课单元书写下列内容：1.周次、课次、授课时间、章节名称；2.简要说明：教学目的、重点、难点、教学方法和授课手段（包括与课程相关的上机和实验、课件制作等）；3.教学主要内容（教案主体）及教学方法手段；4.作业内容。

注：其余授课电子版文件待本课程结束后，交教务处统一刻成光盘存档。

大学英语1 课程授课总体计划书厦门软件职业技术学院教案厦门软件职业技术学院教案厦门软件职业技术学院教案厦门软件职业技术学院教案5 We are surprised at his great __improvement__(improve) in English.Activity 5 Fill in the blanks with the proper form of the words and phrases given in the box.1We got tired of his _endless_ boring speech.2 _Chatting_with friends is a good way of relaxation.3 Our country is rich in natural_resources__.4 Upon arrival，the singer are surrounded by a lot of fans and reporters.5 Tom _spends a lot of time in playing computer games every day.6To my surprise，only a third of the students in my class are interested in skiing.7He seems so quiet，but _actually he likes talking.8These days all the college students are very busy，especially the seniors.9 I sent her a bunch of flowers as a (an) expression of gratitude.10 Our college offers an excellent art program .Step II Grammar代词（Pronouns）一代词的分类二代词的用法1 人称代词注意：（1）人称代词在比较分句中作主语，用主格；作宾语，用宾格，如：She works harder than I (do).她比我用功。

高级英语的名词解释在今天的社会中，掌握一门外语已经成为人们提高自身竞争力的必要条件之一。

尤其是英语，作为全球通用的商用和交际语言，对于个人和职业发展至关重要。

然而，当我们掌握了一定程度的英语之后，我们会发现，其中也存在着一些我们不太熟悉甚至陌生的词汇或概念，这就是高级英语。

高级英语，是指在基础英语水平的基础上，更深入、更广泛地了解英语语言的复杂性和细节。

它包括了语法、词汇、文化等方面的知识。

在本文中，我们将对高级英语中的一些名词进行解释。

1. 公认名词（Countable nouns）和不可数名词（Ungountable nouns）公认名词是可以被计数的名词，如“book”（书），“dog”（狗）等。

而不可数名词则是无法被单独计数的名词，如“water”（水），“knowledge”（知识）等。

了解这两种名词的区别在语法上非常重要，因为它们在使用时需要根据数量的不同采用不同的冠词和形式。

2. 主谓一致（Subject-Verb Agreement）主谓一致是指在英语语法中，主语和谓语动词在人称和数上保持一致。

例如，当主语是单数时，谓语动词也要用单数形式；当主语是复数时，谓语动词也要用复数形式。

例如，“He eats apples”（他吃苹果）和“They eat apples”（他们吃苹果）。

3. 省略语（Ellipsis）省略语是指在英语句子中省略一些不必要的成分，以使语言表达更加简洁和流畅。

例如，“I have a pen, and she does too”（我有一支钢笔，她也有）中的“have”被省略了。

4. 比较级和最高级（Comparative and Superlative）在英语中，形容词和副词可以通过比较级和最高级来表示不同程度的比较。

比较级用于两个人或事物的比较，而最高级则用于三个或三个以上的人或事物的比较。

例如，“He is taller than me”（他比我高）和“I am the tallest in my class”（我是这个班最高的）。

Adjectives in Primary School01 Comparative and Superlative Concepts ofChapterDefinition and function of comparative level DefinitionFunctionExampleSupreme Definition and FunctionDefinitionFunctionExamplesExamples01Comparative Adjectives 02Format03Examples Superlative Adjectives FormatExample"biggest," "happiness," "reddest";"Most beautiful," "mostintelligent"Irregular AdjectivesSome objections do not followthe regular patterns ofcomparison and have uniquecomparative and superior formsExamples "good" benefits "better" (comparative) and "best" (superlative); "Bad" behaviors "word" (comparative) and "best" (superlative)02Adaptive comparative change rulesChapterWeak connection 0102Irregular changesSpecial objective variationAdjectives of two or more symmetries commonly form the comparative with 'more' and the superior with 'most.' For example, "beautiful" benefits "more beautiful" (comparative) and "most beautiful" (superlative)Adjectives that end in '-ing' or '-ed' form their comparisons and superlatives by adding 'more' and 'most' respectively For instance, "quoting" benefits "more quoting" (comparative) and "most quoting" (superlative) Similarly, "accelerated" benefits "more accelerated" (comparative) and "most accelerated" (superlative)03The rule of superior impact of objections ChapterWeak connectionIrregular changesSpecial objective variation04Comparative and superior presence structuresChapter01020304010204Structure: "Subject+beverb+the+superior advisory+in the group"Example: "MountEverest is the highestmountain in theworld.""Subject+be verb+themost+objective+inthe group"Example: "The GreatWall is the mostvisited tour attractionin China."03Converting from comparative to superior: Replace the comparative objective and "than" with the superior objective and "in the group."Example: "John is talkerthan Mike." behaviors"John is the talker in theirclass."Converting from superiorto comparative: Replacethe superior objectiveand "in the group" withthe comparative objectiveand "then."Example: "Mount Everestis the highest mountain inthe world." benefits"Mount Everest is higherthan any other mountainin the world."Sentence pattern conversion methods05 Common errors and correction methodsChapterIgnoring consistency of comparison objects Error CorrectionMisuse of comparative or superior formsErrorStudents may use the wrong form of comparative or superior objectives,such as "more better" instead of "better" or "most best" instead of "best"CorrectionTeach students the correct forms of comparative and superior objectivesand provide examples for practice Encourage them to use these forms intheir writing and speechStudents may use comparative or superior objectives without considering the context, which can lead to misunderstandings or inappropriate usageCorrectionDiscuss the importance of context in language use Provide examples of how context can affect the meaning of comparative and superior objectives Encourage students to consider the context when using these objectivesErrorNeglecting context leads to misuseVS06Practice questions and answer analysisChapterQuestion 1AnswersQuestion 3AnswerQuestion 2AnswersExercise questionsAnswerExplanation 1The correct answer is A) teller The presence compares my sister's height to mine, so we use the comparative objective "teller" to show that she is higher in height要点一要点二AnswerExplanation 2The correct answer is A) best The presence is comparing John to all the other students in the class, so we use the superior objective "best" to indicate that he is at the top of the groupAnswerExplanation 3The correct answer is B) more health The presence compares fast food to home cooked meals, so we use the comparative objective "more health" to indicate that home cooked mealsare health要点三Answer Analysis07Summary and Expansion ChapterKey ReviewExpansion and Extension: Comparative and Superlative Expressions in Other LanguagesTHANKS。

高中英语必备语法总结以下为您提供 20 个高中英语必备的语法总结、英语释义、短语、单词、用法及双语例句：---1. 现在完成时（Present Perfect Tense）- 语法总结：表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作。

- 英语释义：The present perfect tense is used to express an action that started in the past and continues to the present, or an action that happened in the past and has an effect on the present.- 短语：have/has done- 单词：finished, completed, achieved- 用法：I have lived in this city for five years. （我在这个城市住了五年了。

）- 双语例句：He has just left. （他刚刚离开。

） She has never been to Beijing. （她从未去过北京。

）2. 过去完成时（Past Perfect Tense）- 语法总结：表示过去某个时间或动作之前已经完成的动作。

- 英语释义：The past perfect tense indicates an action that was completed before another past action or time.- 短语：had done- 单词：gone, been, seen- 用法：By the time I arrived, they had already left. （我到的时候，他们已经离开了。

）- 双语例句：She had studied English for five years before she moved to the UK. （在她搬到英国之前，她已经学了五年英语。

英语副词知识点归纳Adverbs are an important part of the English language and play a crucial role in providing additional information about verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, and even whole sentences. They help to express time, place, manner, degree, frequency, and many other aspects of an action or description.In this detailed analysis, we will discuss various types of adverbs, their functions, and how they are used in sentences. We will also explore common adverbial phrases and clauses, as well as some rules and exceptions related to their usage. By the end of this comprehensive explanation, you will have a strong understanding of adverbs and be able to use them effectively in your own English writing and speaking.1. Types of Adverbs:1.1 Adverbs of Manner: These adverbs describe how an action is performed or how something happens. They are often formed by adding "-ly" to adjectives. Examples include: slowly, quickly, happily, angrily, etc. For instance, "She walked slowly to the park."1.2 Adverbs of Time: These adverbs indicate when an action occurs or how often it happens. Examples include: now, then, soon, never, always, etc. For example, "I will see him tomorrow."1.3 Adverbs of Place: These adverbs indicate where an action occurs or where something is located. Examples include: here, there, everywhere, nowhere, etc. For instance, "The book is on the table."1.4 Adverbs of Degree: These adverbs modify adjectives or other adverbs to indicate the extent or intensity of an action or description. Examples include: very, quite, too, enough, etc. For example, "He is very tall."1.5 Adverbs of Frequency: These adverbs indicate how often an action occurs. Examples include: always, often, sometimes, rarely, etc. For instance, "She usually goes to the gym on weekends."1.6 Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation: These adverbs express agreement or disagreement with a statement. Examples include: certainly, indeed, surely, not, never, etc. For example, "I will definitely attend the party."1.7 Interrogative Adverbs: These adverbs are used to ask questions about the manner, place, time, or reason of an action. Examples include: how, where, when, why, etc. For instance, "Where did you go yesterday?"2. Functions of Adverbs:2.1 Modifying Verbs: Adverbs can be used to modify verbs and provide more information about the action being performed. For example, "He runs quickly."2.2 Modifying Adjectives: Adverbs can modify adjectives to indicate the degree or intensity of a quality. For instance, "She is extremely beautiful."2.3 Modifying Adverbs: Adverbs can also modify other adverbs to provide additional information about the intensity or manner of an action. Examples include: "He plays the guitar very well."2.4 Modifying Whole Sentences: Adverbs can modify a whole sentence and provide information about the speaker's attitude or viewpoint. For example, "Fortunately, the weather improved."3. Adverbial Phrases and Clauses:3.1 Adverbial Phrases: These phrases function as adverbs and provide additional information about the action in the sentence. Examples include: in the morning, on the way, at the park, etc. For instance, "She walks to school every day."3.2 Adverbial Clauses: These clauses also function as adverbs and provide more detailed information about the action. They are introduced by subordinating conjunctions such as when, before, after, while, if, etc. Examples include: "Before he left, he said goodbye."4. Rules and Exceptions:4.1 Placement of Adverbs: Generally, adverbs are placed either before the main verb or after the object in a sentence. However, there can be variations depending on the type of adverb and the emphasis intended. For example, "She carefully read the book" or "She read the book carefully."4.2 Formation of Adverbs: Most adverbs are formed by adding "-ly" to the adjective form. However, some are irregular and do not follow this pattern. Examples include: well (instead of good), fast (instead of quickly), etc.4.3 Comparative and Superlative Forms: When comparing adverbs, the comparative form is used to indicate a higher degree, and the superlative form is used to indicate the highest degree. Examples include: faster (comparative of fast), fastest (superlative of fast), etc.4.4 Double Negatives:In English, when two negatives are used in a sentence, they cancel each other out and create a positive meaning. However, in certain cases, the use of double negatives can be considered acceptable or even emphasize the negative meaning. For example, "I don't have nobody to talk to" (colloquial) or "I cannot disagree with your point."In conclusion, adverbs play a significant role in English grammar by providing additional information about actions, descriptions, and viewpoints. They help to add depth and precision to our language and allow us to express ourselves more effectively. Understanding the different types of adverbs, their functions, and the rules and exceptions associated with their usage is essential for becoming a proficient English speaker and writer. Don't underestimate the power of adverbs in making your language more vibrant and expressive!。

英语语音（上海师范大学）解忧书店 JieYouBookshopAchievement Test 11单选(3分)The soft palate is also called __________A.tracheaB.epiglottisC.velumD.uvula正确答案：C你没选择任何选项2单选(3分)The back of the tongue helps to produce __________ sounds.A.dentalB.alveolarC.velarD. palatal正确答案：C你没选择任何选项3单选(3分)/p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ are produced with the help of __________.A.the tongue tip on or close to the alveolar ridgeB.the upper and lower lipC.the tip of the tongue raised close to the hard palateD.the upper teeth and inner lower lip正确答案：B你没选择任何选项4单选(3分)The sounds produced with the help of the upper teeth are called __________ sounds.A.dentalbio-dentalC.post-alveolarD.bilabial正确答案：A你没选择任何选项5单选(3分)The study of speech organs is important to know the nature of __________.A.speech productionB.public speechC.speech contestD.telegraphic speech正确答案：A你没选择任何选项6单选(3分)The organs that take part in production of speech sounds are called __________A.pharyngeal cavityB.speech organsC.speech productionD.nasal cavity正确答案：B你没选择任何选项7单选(3分)The positional variants of the same phoneme are known as __________.A.consonantsB.vowelsC.allophonesD.sounds正确答案：C你没选择任何选项8单选(3分)In English, [l] and [ɫ] are allophones of the phoneme /l/ because they occur in___________________, i.e., they never appear in the same sound contexts. [l] always occurs before vowels (as in the word leaf, look), while [ɫ] comes after vowels and before consonants (as in the word feel, cold).plementary distributionB.free variationC.a minimal setD.regional differences正确答案：A你没选择任何选项9单选(3分)Using the diacritics provided by the IPA, _____________ transcription captures as many aspects of a specific pronunciation as possible and makes very subtle distinctions between sounds.A.broadB.phoneticC.narrowD.conventional正确答案：C你没选择任何选项10单选(3分)/p/ and /b/ can appear in initial position (as in pin and bin) and also in final position (as in rope and robe)．They are in phonemic contrast and said to form a_______________ because they occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning.A.allophonic distributionB.segmental phonemeplementary distributionD.minimal pair正确答案：D你没选择任何选项Achievement Test 21单选(3分)Like all languages in the world, English phonemes are also divided into vowels and consonants. The distinction between the two lies in the obstruction of __________.A. vocal cordsB. noseC. airstreamD. mouth正确答案：C你没选择任何选项2单选(3分)The __________ Pronunciation, or RP for short, is the instantly recognisable accent often described as ‘typically British’. It is defined in the Concise Oxford English Dictionary as “the standard accent of English as spoken in the south of England”.A. ReceivedB. RespectableC.RenownedD.Respected正确答案：A你没选择任何选项3单选(3分)The vowel __________ can be described as low, front, and unrounded, but the feature “unrounded” is usually omitted because all front vowels in English are unrounded.A. /ɒ/B./æ/C./e/D./i:/正确答案：B你没选择任何选项4单选(3分)Syllabically, although a diphthong is a combination of two vowel sounds, and the tongue glides in the production of it, it is perceived as one phoneme, not two. Thus, diphthongs are treated as having one __________ only.A. allophoneB.vowelC.stressD.syllable正确答案：D你没选择任何选项5单选(3分)Words such as fire /faɪə/, flour /flaʊə/, or loyal /lɔɪəl/ are considered by the native English speakers to have only one syllable, whereas higher /haɪə/ and player /pleɪə/ are more likely to be heard with disyllabic realizations because the third vowel is a__________.A. monophthongB.diphthongC. suffixD. triphthong正确答案：C你没选择任何选项6判断(2分)In the production of a consonant sound, the air stream from the lungs meets no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth, while in the pronunciation of a vowel, the air stream from the lungs is obstructed in one way or another.正确答案：×7判断(2分)Daniel Jones worked out a set of Cardinal Vowels that students learning phonetics could be taught to produce, the aim of which is to give an approximate picture of the degree and direction of the tongue movement involved.正确答案：√8判断(2分)/i:/ and /ɪ/ are both high front vowels, but /i:/ is a bit lower and more forward than /ɪ/. In addition, /i:/ is tense in that the root of the tongue is more advanced than with /ɪ/, which is lax.正确答案：×9判断(2分)English diphthongs are divided into both falling diphthongs (the first vowel sound is pronounced longer, louder and stronger than the second one), and rising diphthongs (the second sound is produced longer and stronger than the first正确答案：×解析：All English diphthongs are said to be falling diphthongs.10判断(2分)If two adjacent vowel sounds occur in different syllables — for example, in the English word re-elect (/ˌri:ˈɪlekt/) — the result is described as hiatus not as a diphthong.正确答案：√Achievement Test 31判断(2分)The manner of articulation refers to the way in which the airstream is obstructed. For example, with plosive sounds, the articulation acts in such a way that the air is temporarily trapped, and then suddenly released.正确答案：√2判断(2分)Generally speaking, the place and the manner of articulation are the two common features of any languages except the voicing, which is language specific. For example, voicing is a distinctive feature of Mandarin Chinese, whereas aspiration is the distinctive feature of English.正确答案：×3判断(2分)Plosives occur when the airstream is blocked or stopped completely before its release. They are also known as stops because they involve the complete blockage of the airstream.正确答案：√4判断(2分)The sound /ŋ/ remains unchanged at the word boundaries where it is followed by a word beginning with a vowel sound as in bring it (/brɪŋɪt/) and sing us a song (/sɪŋəs əsɒŋ/). However, in the case of adjectives, the adding of the suffixes –eror -est to the comparative and superlative degree of the words longer and longest has changed the pronunciation of /ŋ/ into /ŋɡ/.正确答案：√5判断(2分)Within the class of approximants, lateral /l/ and retroflex /r/ are further distinguished from semi-vowels /j/ and /w/. This is because /j/ and /w/ are made without a restriction to the airflow. They are phonetically like consonants but phonologically like vowels.正确答案：×6单选(3分)Consonants are formed by interrupting, narrowing or diverting the airflow in a variety of ways. There are three ways of classifying the English consonant sounds: __________ of articulation, manner of articulation and voicing.A. placeB.obstructionC. aspirationD.vibration正确答案：A你没选择任何选项7单选(3分)When the letter n come before g or k, it is pronounced as /ŋ/ as in strong, bang, thank, drink. However, when g is followed by e or i, the letter n is read as /n/ as in strange, stranger, arrange, longitude because the letter g is pronounced as __________.A./ʃ/B./ʒ/C./ʤ/D. /ʧ/正确答案：C你没选择任何选项8单选(3分)RP has two allophonic variants of /r/. One is retroflex [r], and the other is tapor flap [ɾ]. In the pronunciation of retroflex [r], the tongue curls backward and retroflexes at the __________.A.frontB.centralC. tipD.root正确答案：C你没选择任何选项9单选(3分)The /r/ may be replaced by an alveolar tap [ɾ] in intervocalic positions (e.g. very,sorry, tomorrow) and in word-final /r/ __________ with an initial vowel (e.g. far away).A.connectingB.joiningC. insertingD.linking正确答案：D你没选择任何选项10单选(3分)Generally speaking, plosive sounds undergo three stages: the closing stage, the compression stage and the __________ stage.A.releaseB.unreleasedC.aspiratedD.unaspirated正确答案：A你没选择任何选项Achievement Test 41判断(2分)The general distribution of RP consonants is that all consonants can occur at the initial position as singletons except /n/, and that all consonants can appear at the final position as singletons except /h, w, j, r/.正确答案：×2判断(2分)The dark [ɫ] has two types of distributions. One is in word-final position, after vowel,as in call and real, and also after vowel, before consonant, such as cold and help. The other is syllabic [ɫ̩]: e.g. little and table.正确答案：√3判断(2分)Both ‘clear’ [l] and ‘dark’ [ɫ] are formed with the tip of the tongue touching the teeth ridge. The only difference is that in the articulation of the ‘clear’ [l], the back part of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate. In the articulation of the‘dark’ [ɫ], the front part of the tongue is raised towards the soft palate and slightly velarised, with a concave upper surface.正确答案：×4判断(2分)Within the class of approximants, lateral /l/ and retroflex /r/ are further distinguished from semi-vowels /j/ and /w/. This is because /j/ and /w/ are made without a restriction to the airflow. They are phonetically like consonants but phonologically like vowels.正确答案：×5判断(2分)Affricates occur when a complete closure is made somewhere in the mouth, and the soft palate is raised. Air pressure increases behind the closure, and is then released more slowly than in plosives.正确答案：√6判断(2分)The sound /ŋ/ remains unchanged at the word boundaries where it is followed by aword beginning with a vowel sound as in bring it (/brɪŋɪt/) and sing us a song (/sɪŋəs əsɒŋ/). However, in the case of adjectives, the adding of the suffixes –eror -est to the comparative and superlative degree of the words longer and longest has changed the pronunciation of /ŋ/ into /ŋɡ/.正确答案：√7判断(2分)Inaudible (incomplete) release of plosives refers to the process of articulation of a plosive is not complete. It has only two stages, namely, the closure and the compression, without the release.正确答案：√8判断(2分)Generally speaking, the place and the manner of articulation are the two common features of any languages except the voicing, which is language specific. For example, voicing is a distinctive feature of Mandarin Chinese, whereas aspiration is the distinctive feature of English.正确答案：×9判断(2分)English diphthongs are divided into both falling diphthongs (the first vowel sound is pronounced longer, louder and stronger than the second one), and rising diphthongs (the second sound is produced longer and stronger than the first正确答案：×10判断(2分)If two adjacent vowel sounds occur in different syllables — for example, in the Englishword re-elect (/ˌri:ˈɪlekt/) — the result is described as hiatus not as a diphthong.正确答案：√Achievement Test 51单选(3分)The minimum unit of speech is a syllable. Syllables have a minimum of one (as in the word air /eə/), and a maximum of __________ structural parts (as in the word text/tekst/).A.threeB.twoC.fiveD.four正确答案：A你没选择任何选项2单选(3分)__________ consonants are consonants which form the nucleus of a syllable that does not contain a vowel.A.ApproximantteralC.SyllabicD.Nasal正确答案：C你没选择任何选项3单选(3分)In fact, the formation of syllabic consonants has much to do with the __________principle, a term in auditory phonetics for the overall loudness of a sound relative to others of the same pitch, stress and duration.A.maximumB.sonorityC.articulatoryD.minimum正确答案：B你没选择任何选项4单选(3分)The V and CV syllables are referred to as a/an __________ syllable because they end with a vowel.binationB.closedC.openD.r-syllable正确答案：C你没选择任何选项5单选(3分)Statements of what sequences may or may not occur are called __________. The full description of such constraints is called phonotactics.A.rulesB.constraintsC.regularitiesD.restrictions正确答案：B你没选择任何选项6判断(2分)Syllables are units of language, smaller than a word but larger than a phoneme, and every language is said to have syllables.正确答案：√7判断(2分)Phonological treatments of syllable structure usually call the first part of a syllable the onset, the middle part the nucleus and the end part the coda. The combination of nucleus and coda is called the rhyme.正确答案：√8判断(2分)A syllabic consonant is to be interpreted phonologically as /ə/ plus a consonant, but phonetically as the under-stroke [ ˌ] combining vertical line below a consonant. Thus, the word button is phonologically ['bʌt n̩] but phonetically /'bʌtən/.正确答案：×9判断(2分)Not all English vowel phonemes can occur in the CV syllable pattern, but all can appear in the CVC pattern.正确答案：√10判断(2分)English has a complex system of consonant clusters, in which two or more consonants occur in sequence in onset or coda position.正确答案：√Achievement Test 61单选(3分)__________ stress is the relative degree of force given to a certain syllable in a word of more than one syllable when it is pronounced in isolation, as if quoted from a dictionary.A.TonicB.SentenceC.Word D. Nuclear正确答案：C你没选择任何选项2单选(3分)Stressed syllables bear four physiological properties: loudness, vowel duration, pitch and vowel __________. A.qualityB.intensity C.reductionD.quantity正确答案：A你没选择任何选项3单选(3分)Absence of stress on a syllable, or on a word in some cases, is frequently associated in English with vowel __________, the changes that result from unstressed syllables.A. reduction B.quality C.pitchD.loudness正确答案：A你没选择任何选项4单选(3分)__________, on the whole, do not have much effect on the placement of the base or root element.A.Prefixes B. Suffixes C.Affixes D.Derivation正确答案：A你没选择任何选项5单选(3分)There are two types of -ing + noun combinations. For one type, the -ing form serves as a modifier of the noun and expresses the purpose of the noun; for instance,dining-room means the room for dining. In such circumstances, the word stress always falls on the ___________ element.A.either B.first C.second D.neither正确答案：B你没选择任何选项6判断(2分)Some words in English are shown in dictionaries as having three levels of stress: primary, secondary, unstressed or weak.正确答案：√7判断(2分)In every lexical word, and in some grammatical words, one syllable is identified as having primary stress, though in monosyllables the stress is not generally marked. 正确答案：√8判断(2分)Word stress is the framework upon which sentence stress and intonation contour is built.正确答案：√9判断(2分)The pitch movement is associated with secondary stress, but not with primary stress.A.B.正确答案：×10判断(2分)The major stress on two-syllable words is more likely to fall on the second syllable if the word is a noun or an adjective, and on the first syllable if the word is a verb.正确答案：×Achievement Test 71单选(3分)Stressed syllables bear four physiological properties: loudness, vowel duration, pitch and vowel __________.A. qualityB.quantityC.intensityD.reduction正确答案：A你没选择任何选项2单选(3分)In fact, the formation of syllabic consonants has much to do with the __________ principle, a term in auditory phonetics for the overall loudness of a sound relative to others of the same pitch, stress and duration.A.minimumB.articulatoryC.sonorityD.maximum正确答案：C你没选择任何选项3单选(3分)In English, [l] and [ɫ] are allophones of the phoneme /l/ because they occur in___________________, i.e., they never appear in the same sound contexts. [l] always occurs before vowels (as in the word leaf, look), while [ɫ] comes after vowels andbefore consonants (as in the word feel, cold).A.free variationB.a minimal setC.regional differencesplementary distribution正确答案：D你没选择任何选项4单选(3分)The __________ Pronunciation, or RP for short, is the instantly recognisable accent often described as ‘typically British’. It is defined in the Concise Oxford English Dictionary as “the standard accent of English as spoken in the south of England”.A.RespectedB.ReceivedC.RenownedD.Respectable正确答案：B你没选择任何选项5单选(3分)Stress is being used in a more general way. It refers to the syllable that receives lexical stress. __________, on the other hand, is being used in a more specific way. It is a place where a tonal marker will fall on the lexically stressed syllable.A.LoudnessB.EmphasisC.IntensityD.Accent正确答案：D你没选择任何选项6判断(2分)In more than three-syllable words, if the primary stress falls on the third syllable or later, the secondary stress are usually marked on one of the preceding syllables, for example, introduction / /ɪntrədʌkʃn/ and education/eʤukeɪʃn/.正确答案：√7判断(2分)Word stress in English is not as predictable as it is in other languages, and therefore, the stress placement in English words is not rule-governe正确答案：×8判断(2分)Phonological treatments of syllable structure usually call the first part of a syllable the onset, the middle part the nucleus and the end part the cod The combination of nucleus and coda is called the rhyme.正确答案：√9判断(2分)Not all English vowel phonemes can occur in the CV syllable pattern, but all can appear in the CVC pattern.正确答案：√10判断(2分)In coda position, the maximum number of clusters is four. Many clusters of two or three and virtually all cluster of four are the result of adding a plural /s, z/ or a past tense /t, d/ inflection to a stem ending in two or three consonants正确答案：√Achievement Test 81判断(2分)The notion of rhythm comes from the unstressed syllables. Word and sentence stress combine to create the rhythm of an English utterance.正确答案：×2判断(2分)Just as in music, spoken English moves in regular, rhythmic beats from stress to stress – irrespective of how many unstressed syllables fall in between.正确答案：√3判断(2分)A rhythm group contains more than one stressed syllable, together with unstressed syllables clustering about it or none.正确答案：×4判断(2分)Any unstressed syllables that may come before the first rhythm group do not belong to any stress-group. They are the strong beat and are read as quickly as possible.正确答案：×5判断(2分)Chinese learners of English are likely to assign equal weight to each syllable, regardless of whether the syllable is stressed or unstressed.判断(2分)The epenthesis (or insertion) of glides [j, w] occurs because they are the least marked epenthetic consonants in hiatus position.正确答案：√7判断(2分)A non-rhotic speaker will pronounce words like far as /fɑːr/, whereas a rhotic speaker does not pronounce [r] at all unless followed by a vowel.正确答案：×8判断(2分)For rhotic speakers [r] is pronounced just because far has an [r] in it, but for non-rhotic speakers [r] appears in far away because the first word ends with a vowel and the second word begins with a vowel, namely, the [r] links the two words together.正确答案：√9判断(2分)Vowels which trigger [r]-insertion never trigger [j]-insertion or [w]-insertion. Each glide has its own domain, although the domains exempt short stressed vowels /e, æ, ɒ, ʊ, ʌ/, which never occur word-finally in English.正确答案：√10判断(2分)Generally speaking, the assimilation involves both vowels and consonants, particularly across word boundaries, but within words too.Achievement Test 91判断(2分)English intonation has three systemic features: tonality, tonicity and tone.正确答案：√2判断(2分)A public speaker tends to pause less frequently to make their message clearer or more emphatic. By contrast, if the speaker is communicating urgency, he may contain more breaks.正确答案：×3判断(2分)No matter in spontaneous conversation or in material read aloud, the speaker must pause at a proper place where it makes sense because the intonation phrase boundary may act to differentiate between two possible meanings.正确答案：√4判断(2分)The nucleus, also known as nuclear syllable or tonic syllable, the syllable that bears the nuclear tone (a fall, rise, fall-rise or rise-fall).正确答案：√5判断(2分)Accent has potentiality for stress. It involves how a prominence is supposed to be made, while stress refers to why a prominence is placed in a certain position of an intonation phrase.正确答案：×6判断(2分)Pragmatic reasons for deaccenting the ‘last content word’ involve old or repeated information, namely, words express known or given information.正确答案：√7判断(2分)Some words have little meaning of their own. Their meaning can be inferred from certain context. Such words are usually not accented even though they are the last content words.正确答案：√8判断(2分)When every part of an intonation phrase is brought into focus, we have narrow focus. If we focus only on one particular part, we have broad focus.正确答案：×9判断(2分)A fall may indicate definiteness, a rise may suggest some implications, and a fall-rise may imply incompleteness.正确答案：×10判断(2分)In sentence non-final position the difference in tone meaning between low rise, high rise, fall-rise or mid level tone varieties is not great. Sometimes speakers just seem to ring the changes between them to avoid repetition.正确答案：√Achievement Test 101判断(2分)If there are syllable following the nucleus (i.e. the tail), the rising pitch movement does not happen wholly on the nuclear syllable, as in the case of a fall. Rather, the syllable or syllables of the tail will continue to move upwards from the pitch of the nuclear syllable.正确答案：√2判断(2分)The pitch movement for a fall, either high or low, is all in one direction, namely downwards. Often there are syllables after the nucleus, a tail. After a falling nucleus, the tail is always high.正确答案：×3判断(2分)In a complex low level head, there is no upward movement in the head. The onset and all the remaining syllables of the head are uttered on a low pitch.正确答案：√4判断(2分)A simple head is one that contains only one stressed syllable, while a complex heads contains two or more stressed syllables.正确答案：√5判断(2分)The head does not necessarily consist of a complete word. They are usually spoken with a fairly low level pitch.正确答案：×6判断(2分)By definition, the prehead contains no stressed syllables, but occasionally, prehead may include a syllable that is lexically stressed but that the speaker chooses not to stress.正确答案：√7判断(2分)The prehead does not necessarily consist of a complete word. They are usually spoken with a fairly high level pitch.正确答案：×8判断(2分)The relative height of the pitch range will depend on the frequency of vibration of the vocal cords: the higher the frequency of vibration, the lower the pitch.正确答案：×9判断(2分)Although every IP contains a nucleus, not all IPs contain a prehead, head or a tail.正确答案：√10判断(2分)A complete IP, according to John Wells (2006), consists of four constituent elements, namely, the prehead, the head, the nucleus and the tail.正确答案：√期末考试1单选(3分)The soft palate is also called __________.A. uvulaB.tracheaC.velumD.epiglottis正确答案：C你没选择任何选项2单选(3分)/p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ are produced with the help of __________.A.the upper teeth and inner lower lipB. the tip of the tongue raised close to the hard palateC.the tongue tip on or close to the alveolar ridgeD.the upper and lower lip正确答案：D你没选择任何选项3单选(3分)The study of speech organs is important to know the nature of __________.A. public speechB.speech contestC.telegraphic speechD.speech production正确答案：D你没选择任何选项4单选(3分)The positional variants of the same phoneme are known as __________.A.soundsB.consonantsC.vowelsD.allophones正确答案：D你没选择任何选项5单选(3分)Using the diacritics provided by the IPA, _____________ transcription captures as many aspects of a specific pronunciation as possible and makes very subtle distinctions between sounds.A.phoneticB.narrowC.broadD.conventional正确答案：B你没选择任何选项6单选(3分)Like all languages in the world, English phonemes are also divided into vowels andconsonants. The distinction between the two lies in the obstruction of __________.A.vocal cordsB.mouthC.airstreamD.nose正确答案：C你没选择任何选项7单选(3分)The __________ Pronunciation, or RP for short, is the instantly recognisable accent often described as ‘typically British’. It is defined in the Concise Oxford English Dictionary as “the standard accent of English as spoken in the south of England”.A.RespectableB.ReceivedC.RespectedD.Renowned正确答案：B你没选择任何选项8单选(3分)The vowel __________ can be described as low, front, and unrounded, but the feature “unrounded” is usually omitted because all front vowels in English are unrounded.A./æ/B. /e/C./ɒ/D./i:/正确答案：A你没选择任何选项9单选(3分)Syllabically, although a diphthong is a combination of two vowel sounds, and the tongue glides in the production of it, it is perceived as one phoneme, not two. Thus, diphthongs are treated as having one __________ only.A.vowelB.syllableC.allophoneD.stress正确答案：B你没选择任何选项10单选(3分)The duration of a diphthong is similar to that of a __________ vowel.xB.highC.longD.short正确答案：C你没选择任何选项11单选(3分)Consonants are formed by interrupting, narrowing or diverting the airflow in a variety of ways. There are three ways of classifying the English consonant sounds: __________ of articulation, manner of articulation and voicing.A.placeB.aspirationC.obstructionD.vibration正确答案：A你没选择任何选项12单选(3分)When we discuss the English consonant, we begin with voicing first, then the place of articulation and lastly, the manner of articulation. The sound __________, for instance, is said briefly as voiceless palate-alveolar affricate.A./ʒ/B./ʧ/C./ʃ/D./ʤ/正确答案：B你没选择任何选项13单选(3分)__________ release refers to the air used to produce the stop is released through the nose rather than the mouth, namely, the velum is lowered before the stop closure is removed and the air pressure will be released through the nose instead of the mouth.A.IncompleteteralC.InaudibleD.Nasal正确答案：D你没选择任何选项14单选(3分)Fricative sounds can be maintained as long as there is air in the lungs; for this reason they are known as __________.A.obstruentsB.continuantsC.sibilantsD.sonorant正确答案：B你没选择任何选项15单选(3分)RP has two allophonic variants of /r/. One is retroflex [r], and the other is tap or flap [ɾ]. In the pronunciation of retroflex [r], the tongue curls backward and retroflexes at the __________.A.centralB.frontC.tipD.root正确答案：C你没选择任何选项16单选(3分)The minimum unit of speech is a syllable. Syllables have a minimum of one (as in the word air /eə/), and a maximum of __________ structural parts (as in the word text/tekst/).A.fourB.threeC.twoD.five正确答案：B你没选择任何选项17单选(3分)__________ consonants are consonants which form the nucleus of a syllable that does not contain a vowel.A.SyllabicteralC.ApproximantD.Nasal正确答案：A你没选择任何选项18单选(3分)The V and CV syllables are referred to as a/an __________ syllable because they end with a vowel.binationB.closedC.r-syllableD.open正确答案：D你没选择任何选项19单选(3分)With __________ clusters of three consonants, the first sound is always /s/, the second sound is a voiceless plosive /p, t, k/, and the third sound is one of the four approximants /l, r, w, j/.A.codaB.nucleusC.rhymeD.onset正确答案：D你没选择任何选项20单选(3分)There are cases where a consonant or a cluster could be either the coda to the first syllable of a word, or the onset to the second, we can say that it fulfils both functions, for instance, the /b/ in rabbit, the /st / in posting, the /n/ and /m/ in cinema. This is。