2009年上海理工大学外语学院基础英语试题

2009上海普通高等学校招收应届中等职业学校毕业生统一文化考试英语试卷（部分试题）Ⅱ.词汇和语法知识：21.My one-year-old son, Alex, is already showing an interest_______ music.A. toB. inC. onD. at22. We have to put off the party till next Monday since______ people can come today.A. fewB. littleC. a fewD. a little23. Of all the problems, how to provide enough tents for the villagers is ________ one.A. bigB. biggestC. the biggerD. the biggest24. Try to get as much information of the company as possible, ______ you won’t succeed in the interview.A. andB. orC. soD. for25. If you really hope to make greater progress, you ______ spend more time on your study.A. shouldB. oughtC. needD. dare26. The young man will run into trouble unless he ______ up the bad habit from now on.A. has givenB. givesC. is givingD. gave27. The children from Sichuan Province ______ English for about three years before they came to Shanghai.A. learnB. were learningC. have learnedD. had learned28. The tourists want to know when the famous Shaolin Temple______.A. buildB. builtC. was builtD. was building29. Our classmates have decided ______ a meeting to discuss what we can do for the coming sports meet.A. holdB. heldC. to holdD. to holding30. Li Ming keeps _____ his skills and now he is one of the top workers in the factory.A. developingB. developC. to developD. developed31. The experts were in the meeting-room, _______ the ways to get out of the difficult financial situations.A. to discussB. discussingC. discussD. discussed32. The public are anxious to know ______ the local government will deal with the pollution.A. whichB. whatC. whyD. how33. The employees didn’t agree to the plan ________ they thought it would do no good to them.A. ifB. thatC. becauseD. while34. Anyone_____ wishes to do his bit for the Expo can enter for the volunteer（志愿者）group.A. whichB. whoseC. whomD. who35. The retired teacher contributed most of her money to the victims of the earthquake _______ she was not rich.A. becauseB. althoughC. ifD. until36. Nowadays many students have a lot of _______ about too much homework and too little time to play.A. complainsB. agreementC. informationD. appointments37. Sally’s job is to ______ customers’ opinions of new products and find ways to improve them.A. supportB. guideC. collectD. produce38. The poor girl rose to fame very quickly. Now it was hard for her to return to her past______ life.A. ordinaryB. modernC. nobleD. comfortable39. Mr. White told his secretary to get a smaller desk because the large one________ too much room in the office.A. made up forB. got rid ofC. took upD. brought about40. ---Sorry for not having finished the paper in time.---_________. You can go on with it today.A. Of course notB. It’s a good ideaC. Don’t mention itD. It doesn’t matter Ⅲ.综合填空：“Learning a language is easy. Even a child can do it!”Most adults (who are learning a second language) would not ___41_____ with these words. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee(确保) success for every ___42_____language learner.Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as much as you can in the new language.”“Practise speaking the language every day.”___43_____ not all the language learners can do so. Then, what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.First of all, successful language learners are independent learner. They do not __44_____ the book or the teacher. They discover their own way to learn language. They do not wait for the teacher to explain; they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves___45____.Successful language learning is active learning. ___46_______, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language. They look for such a __47____ . They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not___48____ to repeat what they hear or to say strange things. They are willing to make ___49_____ and try again.Finally, successful language learners are learners with a ____50____. They want to learn the language because they are fond of the language and the people who speak it.41. A. deal B. connect C. do D. agree42. A. junior B. adult C. native D. active43. A. But B. So C. And D. Or44. A. look at B. depend on C. search for D. worry about45. A. instead B. yet C. already D. together46. A. However B. Then C. Therefore D. Still47. A. chance B. teacher C. book D. learner48. A. curious B. surprised C. likely D. afraid49. A. mistakes B. stories C. sentences D. advances50. A. question B. purpose C. reward D. memoryⅤ. 翻译:1. 春天是我最喜欢的季节。

早产儿低血糖性脑损伤早产儿低血糖是早产儿管理中的常见问题，其严重后果可以导致脑损伤。

足月新生儿延迟喂养3—6小时有10%会发生低血糖，早产儿特别是出生时窒息、低出生体重、小于胎龄儿或大于胎龄儿的早产儿风险更大。

早产儿由于糖原储备少，出生早期参与糖异生和糖原分解的葡萄糖6磷酸酶活性差，对各种升血糖的激素不敏感，使得早产儿比足月儿更容易发生低血糖。

虽然低血糖脑损伤与缺血缺氧性脑病的发病机理相似。

但在代谢特点、脑组织影像学、脑电图和组织病理学上有其特点。

由于早产儿低血糖经常与围产期其他导致脑损伤的因素同时发生，如出生时重度窒息时，更关注缺氧缺血造成的脑损害而忽略了低血糖性的脑损伤。

一、早产儿低血糖的定义20世纪70年代初期，曾经认为早产儿未成熟的脑组织比成熟的脑组织对低血糖有较好的耐受性，而且低血糖的早产儿一般临床上表现无症状，所以将早产儿低血糖的标准定为20mg/L。

但当时这种标准的确定缺乏详细的临床检查和追踪随诊。

近些年来，有人经腹脐带穿刺测定胎儿脐静脉的血糖水平，资料显示健康正常的胎儿脐静脉的血糖浓度在72--90mg/ml（4—5mmol/L）。

妊娠早期母亲—胎儿间血糖的梯度较小，妊娠晚期胎儿血糖水平是母体血糖水平的80%--90%。

基于上述资料，建议理想的早产儿血糖水平应维持在72--90 mg/ml（4—5mmol/L），这也是我们治疗的目标。

当然治疗的目标不应和诊断标准混淆。

传统上，希望用一个阈值来定义早产儿的低血糖，一般的定义是在健康人群统计数值中，小于两个标准差以下定义为低值。

但值得注意的是虽然当血糖降低时，可能增加了机能损害的风险，但没有一个阈值能适合所有的早产儿。

健康足月新生儿的阈值低于儿童和成年人。

早产儿低血糖的阈值与胎龄有关，胎龄越大的对低血糖的适应能力越好。

其它影响因素包括生后日龄，生理状况（如进食等），母乳或人工喂养，技术因素包括血糖测定是用全血还是血浆，试纸的可靠性等，以往的研究中采用不同的方法有不同的结果。

2009年英语专业基础知识真题I. Listening Comprehension (50 points)Directions: In Sections A, B, C and D you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then write down your answers on your , ASWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Section A Short Conversations ( 10 points, 1 for each)Directions: In this section, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question. You will be given10 seconds to answer each question you hear.1. A. The gym is scheduled to open tomorrow. B. The new gym is open only to kids.C. There's a new project going on at the gym.D. He's too busy to go to the gym.2. A. Introduce the man to Jane soon. B. Ask Jane if the man could have the book.C. Loan the book to the man after Jane.D. Check with Jane if she's finished the book.3. A. He is used to living in a large apartment. B. She knows the man's neighbor who is moving out.C. He knows about a larger apartment she can rent.D. The woman should go and see the man's apartment.4. A. Call to make sure if there's a heavy storm tomorrow. B. Leave for the airport earlier tomorrow.C. Cancel their vacation plans.D. Check their flight schedule in the morning.5. A. Ask the man to produce his driver's license. B. Go and find out if the wallet is brown in color.C. Show the man some family pictures.D. Show the man a wallet.6. A. Have the man preside over the opening of the exhibit alone. B. Find out what time the exhibit opens.C. Stay at home and take a rest.D. Help the man arrange the opening of the exhibit.7. A. Purchase the car he likes so much. B. Write a check for the new car.C. Try to sell his car before buying Dave's.D. Find out how much the car costs.8. A. He can meet the woman in the afternoon. B. He would like to discuss the idea right away.C. He thinks the woman's idea is a good one.D. He will try to find some time to discuss the special issue with the woman.9. A. The woman is afraid that she'll have to pay a fine. B. He has paid the fine for the woman.C. He's returning the book soon.D. He returned the book to the library.10. A. See the exhibit when it goes to another city. B. Try not to miss a pop show next time.C. Go to the museum next week when the exhibit is on again.D. Seize a chance whenever possible.Section B Long Conversations (14 points, 1 for each)Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you are required to choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D) to each of the following questions or judge whether the following given statements are true or false.Conversation 1Statements 11 to 20 are based on the conversation you have just heard. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.11. The staff members of the restaurant share in decision-making.A. TrueB. False12. The owner, Paul, always has the final say when disagreement comes up.A. TrueB. False13. Mr. Paul Thornton is the owner of the restaurant.A. TrueB. False14. The restaurant is located in the countryside of Australia.A. TrueB. False15. Alan has been with Paul for five years.A. TrueB. False16. Paul once lectured on cooking with practical demonstrations in Australia and New Zealand.A. TrueB. False17. Paul wanted to set up his business in a competitive place.A. TrueB. False18. The restaurant used to be a farmhouse.A. TrueB. False19. The restaurant is attractive because customers are used to those old dishes.A. TrueB. False20. Alan doesn't want to have his recipe publicized in the magazine.A. TrueB. FalseConversation 2Questions 21 to 24 are based on the conversation you have just heard.21. What's the relationship between the speakers?A. They're roommates.B. They're classmates.C. They're cousins.D. They're lab partners.22. Why was the man worried at first?A. He couldn't decide on a topic for his paper.B. He hadn't heard from his family for a while.C. He thought his paper was late.D. He thought the woman had been ill.23. According to the man, how do some bees use their sense of smell?A. To find their way back to the nest.B. To locate plant fibers.C. To identify kinds of honey.D. To identify relatives.24. What will the man probably do over the weekend?A. Visit his parents.B. Plan a family reunion,C. Observe how bees build nests.D. Write a paper. Section C Long Passages (14 points, 1 for each)Directions: In this section, you will hear two long passages. At the end of each passage, you are required to choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D) to each of the following questions or judge whether the following given statements are true or false.Passage 1 Questions 25 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.25. According to the speaker, some job applicants were rejectedA. because they eliminated their names from the applicants' list themselvesB. because of their inadequate education as shown in their poor spelling in writing the resumeC. because they failed to give a detailed description of their background in their applicationsD. because of their carelessness to spell the company's name incorrectly26. Perfectionists refer to those whoA. pay too much attention to details only to lose their major objectivesB. know how to adjust their goals according to the circumstancesC. demand others to get everything absolutely rightD. are capable of achieving perfect results in whatever they do27. The example of the Apollo II moon launch is to illustrate thatA. minor mistakes can be ignored in achieving major objectivesB. keeping one's goal in mind helps in deciding which details can be overlookedC. adjustments are the key to the successful completion of any workD. failure is the mother of success28. The passage is mainly talking aboutA. not to be a perfectionistB. details and major objectivesC. importance of adjustmentsD. hard work plus good luckPassage 2Statements 29 to 38 are based on the passage you have just heard. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.29. Professor Hill does not think that many British newspapers are real newspapers because they don't contain news at all.A. TrueB. False30. In Britain, the most popular newspapers are to instruct people.A. TrueB. False31. The real newspapers that report the facts are more serious than the popular papers but the latter have a largercirculation.A. TrueB. False32. Facts show that the vast majority of British readers want no proper papers at all.A. TrueB. False33. Professor Hill thinks highly of the newspaper he buys every day even though it is of a small circulation.A. TrueB. False34. The editorial column of Professor Hill's favorite newspaper doesn't always support govermnent policy.A. TrueB. False35. If an intelligent person finds a copy of Professor Hill's favorite newspaper 50 years from now, he will still find it shocking and surprising.A. TrueB. False36. Professor Hill likes buying various newspapers to read.A. TrueB. False37. According to Professor Hill, the popular newspapers are much worse than his favorite newspaper.A. TrueB. False38. From the passage, we can see that Professor Hill looks down upon readers of the most popular newspaper.A. TrueB. FalseSection D News Broadcast (12 points, 1 for each)Directions: In this section, you will hear four news items. At the end of each news item, you are required to choose the correct answer (14, B, C or D) to each of the following questions or judge whether the following given statements are true or false.News Item 1Statements 39 to 43 are based on the news you have just heard. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.39. More than 1,000 Rwandan refugees have returned home after almost two years in Congo.A. TrueB. False40. Military officials in Kigali say the refugees were recalled from the Congolese city of Kisangani.A. TrueB. False41. Rebels in Kisangani are trying to overthrow the Congolese governmentA. TrueB. False42. In June, Rwandan soldiers clashed with Ugandan soldiers.A. TrueB. False43. After the clashes, both sides agreed to the United States' control of the city.A. TrueB. FalseNews Item 2Statements 44 to 46 are based on the news you have just heard. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.44. Two African presidents have spoken of African wars again.A. TrueB. False45. The two presidents said money would be better spent on fighting Aids or building roads and bridges.A. TrueB. False46. The two presidents will attend a meeting Monday in Lusaka to discuss the war in Congo Kinshasa.A. TrueB. FalseNews Item 3Questions 47-48 are based on the news you have just heard.47. The Justice Department has accused the industryA. producing dangerous products ofB. conspiring to hide the health dangers of smokingC. not funding a ten-billion-dollar anti-smoking programD. not having changed its marketing practices48. What do the government lawyers ask the judge to force the industry to do?A. To change its marketing practices.B. To fund a ten-billion-dollar anti-smoking program.C. To stop the cigarette production.D. Both A and B.News Item 4 Questions 49-50 are based on the news you have just heard.49. What's the plan GM's CEO announced at the automaker's annual shareholders meeting?A. Close vehicle assembly plants.B. Close vehicle parts plants.C. Job-cuts.D. Both A and B.50. Which is NOT the reason for GM's heavy burden?A. Slumping sales.B. Employee's wages.C. Employee health care.D. Rising cost of raw materials.II. Vocabulary (35 points, 1 for each)Directions: There are 35 sentences in this section.Beneath each sentence there are four choices. Choose the best one to complete each sentence. Mark the correct choice on your ANSWER SHEET.51. his poor record in school, I think he should study harder.A. In view ofB. In case ofC. In spite ofD. In charge of52. Nancy was surprised that they had . They seemed to be a happy couple.A. split upB. broken downC. fallen throughD. cut off53. No horse has a speed _ _ to that of ours.A. comparableB. comparativeC. contradictedD. compatible54. It was her to die in a foreign country, far from her family.A. destinationB. destinyC. dignityD. luck55. Hurricanes are killer winds, and their power lies in the physical damage they can do.A. cumulativeB. destructiveC. turbulentD. prevalent56. If you keep getting wrong numbers, your phone could beA. deceptiveB. ineffectiveC. deficientD. prevalent57. popular belief that classical music is too complex, it achieves a simplicity that only a genius can create.A. Subject toB. Contrary toC. Familiar toD. Similar to58. There are some faults which men readily , but other not so readily.A. acknowledgeB. admitC. confessD. concede59. Prague offers visitors a series of excursions and leads them into a rich and past.A. variableB. diverseC. differentD. changeable60. To produce a mighty book, you must choose a great .A. matterB. topicC. themeD. thesis61.With prices so much, it hard for the company to plan a budget.A. wavingB. fluctuatingC. maintainingD. reserving62. W With all its advantages, the artificial intelligence is by no means without its .A. boundariesB. restraintsC. confinementsD. limitations63. They decided to the traffic away from the affected areas.A. shiftB. adjustC. divertD. change64. Y our decision will a great strain on our friendship.A. imposeB. proposeC. exposeD. suppose65. Things happening in that country are televised to people all over the world.A. liveB. livelyC. aliveD. livingly66. We expect Mr. White will Class Two when Miss Brown suffers from heart attack.A. take overB. take upC. take offD. take to67. The accident _ him of his sight and the use of his legs.A. excludedB. disabledC. deprivedD. gripped68. He offered to college.A. see me throughB. look me throughC. bring me throughD. see through me69. Talking about something which affects them personally is motivating for students.A. chieflyB. ironicallyC. currentlyD. eminently70. I don't know you want to keep the letter. I've it up.A. crackedB. tomC. brokenD. disposed71. These measures are just beginning toA. take placeB. take partC. take effectD. take after72. We have bought an ivory sculpture, which is flawlesslyA. inquisitiveB. explicitC. fragrantD. exquisite73. When the crowd saw the prize-fighter stretch out on the canvas, shouts and cheersA. broke upB. broke forthC. broke throughD. broke upon74. Outside my office window, there is a fire on the right.A. climbB. escapeC. stepD. stair75. Some delegates didn't object to the proposal but stated that they would the right to comment on it at a later time.A. conserveB. preserveC. protectD. reserve76. A budget is an estimate of probable future income andA. awardB. revenueC. expenditureD. bonus77. If a tourist doesn't have a(n) passport, he will be prevented from entering a country.A. operativeB. validC. efficientD. effective78. " If we fail to act now," said Tom, "we'll find ourselves this later on."A. pay backB. pay forC. pay upD. pay off79. Eating too much fat can heart disease and cause high blood pressure.A. attribute toB. attend toC. contribute toD. devote to80. The doctor enjoyed both his work and his life. He had never felt any between these two things.A. constrictB. constraintC. conflictD. construct81. The bird its wings and flew away.A. fluctuatedB. clappedC. flappedD. flung82. All of us must be on our guard against those who always us.A. flatterB. admireC. falterD. criticize83. His intelligence and experience will enable him to the complicated situation.A. cope withB. settle downC. intervene inD. interfere with84. Some people either avoid questions of right and wrong or just remain neutral about them.A. violentlyB. enthusiasticallyC. sincerelyD. deliberately85. She hopes to her artistic talents in the job.A. applyB. utilizeC. employD. availIII. Grammar (30 points, 1 for each)Direction: There are 30 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four choices. Choose the best one to complete each sentence. Mark the correct choice on your ANSWER SHEET.86. , her proposal is of greater value than yours.A. All things consideringB. All things being consideredC. All things consideredD. All things to be considered87. Everybody says she is a good student, ?A. isn't sheB. doesn't sheC. don't theyD. doesn't it88. Y ou me up: I don't have to go to school today. I have asked for sick leave.A. needn't have wokenB. don't need to have wokenC. didn't need to have wokenD. needn't wake89, University teaching in the United States is very different at both undergraduate and graduate levels of many overseas countries.A. from thoseB. thanC. from thatD. from which90. Human beings are superior to animals they can use language as a tool to communicate.A. in thatB. for thatC. for whichD. in which91. My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: "Are you feeling all right?"A. must beB. had beenC. must have beenD. had to be92. in all parts of the state, pines are the most common trees in Georgia.A. FoundB. Finding themC. To find themD. They are found93.Hot air accompanied by high relative humidity feels warmer thanA. as it actuallyB. it actually isC. actually it isD. is actually it94. Not until an infant hedgehog opens its eyes its nest to follow its mother about.A. it leavesB. and leavesC. leavingD. does it leave95. Little schooling the two young men had, the Wright brothers were the first to discover the secret of air travel.A. asB. althoughC. no matter howD. however96. , he prefers a quiet life.A. To be an old man nowB. Being an old man nowC. Having been an old man nowD. With an old man now97. The bite of most varieties of poisonous spiders is the sting of a bee.A. more no deadly thanB. no deadly more thanC. no more deadly thanD. more deadly than not98. Earthworms occur adequate moisture and food and the necessary soil conditions are found.A. andB. butC. howeverD. wherever99. They lost their way in the forest, and made matters worse was that night began to fall.A. thatB. itC. whatD. which100. ---It was cold yesterday.---A. So it wasB. So was itC. Such it wasD. Such was it101. He knows little of mathematics, of chemistry.A. as well asB. and still lessC. no less thanD. and still more102. After twenty years abroad, William came back only his hometown severely damaged in an earthquake.A. to findB. findingC. to have foundD. to be finding103. The physicist has made a discovery, of great importance to the progress of science and technology.A. I think which isB. that I think isC. which I think isD. which I think it is104. He is not under arrest, any restriction on him,A. or the police have placedB. or have the police placedC. nor the police have placedD. nor have the police placed105. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal one.A. rather thanB. other thanC. better thanD. less than106. He might have lost his daughter the timely arrival of the policemen.A. but forB. except forC. besidesD. except107. Physics is the present day equivalent of used to be called natural philosophy, from most of present day science arose.A. which, whatB. that, whichC. what, whichD. what, that108. Mother decided to go to the supermarket as soon as sheA. finishes what she didB. finished what she didC. finished what she was doingD. would finish what she was doing109. With all the data he needed , peter began to write his thesis.A. collectingB. being collectedC. to be collectedD. collected110. It was a long time the neighbors found that the old lady had been dead of cold.A. whenB. untilC. sinceD. before111. In the course of the whole life the wise businessmen do far more than just money.A. madeB. to makeC. makeD. making112. Our scientific findings cannot be regarded as in such a short period of time.A. to have been obtainedB. to be obtainedC. having been obtainedD. being obtained113. Going out for a holiday is a good way to relax and refresh yourself, and this is especially true it comes to preventing depression.A. sinceB. beforeC. afterD. when114. How strict tutors are with their pupils a strong impact on the quality of their pupils’ academic papers.A. hasB. haveC. havingD. to have115. you are proven innocent, you can shake off all the shadows cast on you.A. whileB. even thoughC. now thatD. forⅣ. Error Identification (20 points, 2 for each)Directions: Each sentence has only one mistake. Please point out the mistaken item. Then mark the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET.116. Light rays what enter the eye must be focused onto a point on the retina in order for a clear visual imageA B Cto form.D117. Those part-time students expected to offer some jobs on campus during the coming summer vacation.A B C D118. Certain zoologists regard crows and ravens are the most intelligent of birds.A B C Dll9. Living in such a high-speed society, undeniably, computer is indispensable.A B C D120. Mr. Smith regretted to blame his secretary for the mistake, for he later discovered it was his own fault.A B C D121. Whenever we hear of a natural disaster, even in a distant part of the world, we feel sympathy for the peopleA B Cto have affectedD122. In the teaching of mathematics, the way of instruction is very traditional, with teachers giving lectures andA B Cstudents take notesD123. Ulysses S. Kay was among the United States composers visited the Soviet Union in I958 to participate in aA B Ccultural exchange program.D124. He has been hoped for a raise during the last four months, but his boss is reluctant to give him one.A B C D125. He cannot tell the difference between true praise and flattering statements making only to gain his favor.A B C DV. Cloze T est (15 points, 1 for each)Directions.: There are 15 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.Many professors are associated with a particular stereotype. The 126 image of a writer, for instance, is a slightly easy-looking person, locked in an attic, writing furiously for days 127. Naturally, he has his favorite pen and note-paper, or a beat-up typewriter, 128 which he could not produce a readable word.Nowadays, we know that such images 129. little resemblance to reality. But are they 130 false? In the case of at least one writer, it would seem not. Dame Muriel Spark, who 131 80 in February, in many ways resembles this stereotypical sitter. She is certainly not crazy, and she doesn't work in an attic. But she is rather 132 about the tools of her writing.She insists on writing with a certain type of pen in a certain type of notebook, which she buys from a certain 133 in Edinburgh called James Thin. In fact, so 134. is she that, if someone uses one of her pens 135, she immediately throws it away. And she claims she would have enormous difficulty writing in any notebook 136 those sold by James Thin. This could soon be a problem, as the shop no longer 137 them, and Dame Muriel's supply of 72-page spiral bound is nearly finished.As well as her 138 about writing materials, Dame Muriel Spark 139 one other characteristic with the stereotypical writer: her work is the most important thing in her life. It has stopped her from marrying, 140 the loss of her old friends and driven her from London to New Y ork to Rome. Today she lives in the Italian province of Tuscany with a friend. 126. A. historic B. antique C. senior D. traditional127. A. on finish B. on final C. on end D. on stop128, A. except B. without C. beyond D. on129. A. bear B. stand C. hold D. keep130. A. extremely B. possibly C. likely D. completely131. A. observed B. entered C. saw D, turned132. A. particular B. specific C. peculiar D. special133. A. grocer B. chemist C. stationer D. baker134. A. mysterious B. conventional C. superstitious D. traditional135. A. by fortune B. by accident C. by purpose D. by one136. A. much as B. rather than C. such as D. other than137. A. piles B. stores C. stocks D. conceals138. A. devotion B. preoccupation C. worship D. obsession139. A. shares B. agrees C. sides D. possesses140. A. spent B. caused C. exhausted D. tired。

文档从网络中收集，已重新整理排版.word命题部门：外国语学院试卷序号： A 考试形式：闭卷学分：考生校区：浦口考生班级：考生学号：考生姓名：考试班级：09级普本(英语专业除外)南京审计学院2009级《大学英语》分级考试注意事项1．本次考试答题纸分两部分：答题卡（供阅卷机使用）和答题纸。

2．客观题（Part I – Part III）做在答题卡上，主观题（Part IV – Part VI）做在答题纸上。

3．划线要求：(1) 用HB—2B铅笔按照答题卡上的范例填写。

(2) 要有一定粗度，浓度盖过字母底色(3) 代号划写不能用钢笔或圆珠笔，否则试卷作废。

(4) 修改要用橡皮擦干净，注意不要划错行。

4．答题卡上的学校代号和准考证号填写学生学号。

不足十位数的请在学号前面加0，补足十位数。

请在相应数字上划线。

5．答题卡上的试卷代号一定要划，否则阅卷机无法识别。

注意：不按要求填涂答题卡而造成阅卷机无法识别，得不到成绩，由本人负责。

外国语学院大学外语教学部2009年8月2009级《大学英语》分级考试试卷Part I. Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions:Read the following passages and choose the best answer to each of the questions or incomplete statements following the passage. You must read the four choicesmarked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark thecorresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.(2’×20)Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.It has been a widespread belief that the American family is dying. But a new study reveals that the American family is stronger than ever. This study affords surprising evidence of the persistence of American commitments to family life.The American family is changing, not dying. It is becoming smaller, men and women are becoming more equal, and the divorce rate is higher. But despite the high divorce rate, marriage has never been more popular. The majority of divorced people remarry, but only 2% marry more than twice. Most marriages last a long time, and a large proportion of divorces are from teenage marriages. Depending on the specific situation, there’s often good reason for teenage marriages to break up.There is no evidence that children receive less attention from mothers who work outside the home than from mothers working inside the home. So far the amount of educational or development time hasn’t varied very much, whether or not the mother works outside the home. In fact, working mothers try to make up for it by setting aside time only for their children.The study shows that television is by far the most significant new childcare arrangement of this century. The most important activity for children up to age 14 is watching television.School is the second most time-consuming activity for children. They spend an average of about 19 hours a week in school. A larger proportion of children go to school earlier than ever before, and they stay in school longer. Another big change is that the proportion of very young children in daycare centers (日托站) has almost doubled in recent years. Compared with these two dramatic changes in child activity, the changes caused by mothers working outside the home appear very small.1 The main idea of this article is that _______.A. the American family is dyingB. young people today don’t want to get marriedC. the American family is changing, but it is stronger than everD. education has resulted in dramatic changes in the American family2 Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Marriage is more popular than before.B. Many divorced people remarry.C. The majority of marriages last long.D. Working mothers devote less time to their children.3 The author of this article believes that ________.A. the American family is here to stayB. children should not watch so much televisionC. mothers should not work when their children are smallD. teenage marriages should be encouraged4 What is the most significant new childcare arrangement of this century?A. The daycare center.B. Television.C. The school.D. Development time.5 According to the writer, which two major factors have led to the belief that the Americanfamily is dying?A. The divorce rate is high and working mothers neglect their children.B. The divorce rate is high and children care more about television than anything else.C. Divorces are increasing and many teenage marriages break up.D. Children stay in school longer and mothers have little time to take care of them. Passage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.What you give your relatives, friends, husband, or wife can help you know yourself better. Also, what they give you can tell you something about their personality. Most gift-giving (and getting) shows nothing more than the spirit of love and friendship. But it is possible to form some associations between the kinds of things bought and the people who buy them. Here is a guide to who gives you wha t --- and why.The clothes you wear tell something about your personality. They tell the world not only how you want to be seen but how you see yourself as well. When someone gives you something to wear that agrees with your self-image, they’re saying, “I agree with you. I like you the way you are.” Such a gift should be taken as a form of compliment. On the other hand, a gift of clothing that does not match your personality could be an insult to your character.Making something by hand has become the exception in many countries toda y－so much so that giving a homemade gift is sometimes considered unusual. If you receive a homemade gift, you’re lucky. It may not be made perfectly, but it will show a certain quality of love. People who give homemade gifts may be said to be very generous. They are given time and emotion, two important characteristics of being creative.A person who thinks of food when thinking of a gift is good example of what human warmth means. Whether you give a box of chocolates, a bag of oranges, or a ball of cheese, all carry the same message of comfort and support.People who give books as gifts either like reading or would like everyone to think they do. If you happen to receive a large, heavy book, this giver may be much more interested in the way things appear than in the way they actually are. Of course, reading is a way of feeling the emotions of another person and of learning new things. Giving a book can be a way of sharing a feeling or a newly learned meaning. The giver is probably trying to say to you what the book said to him.6 The first paragraph is written to tell readers that ________.A. the gifts you give can help you understand yourself betterB. the gifts you receive are helpful for you to know the personality of those who give themC. gifts can show friendship and loveD. there is a certain relationship between the kinds of gifts and the people who give them7 A person who likes the self-image of another person will give the latter ________.A. clothesB. a homemade giftC. a gift that agrees with the personality of the receiverD. a gift that matches the character of the giver8 Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A. What you wear can tell something about your personality.B. Homemade gifts are not welcomed in some countries.C. People who give books as gifts either like reading or would like everyone to think they do.D. Reading books given to you as gifts can be a way of sharing a feeling with the giver.9 If you give a large, heavy book as a gift, it may show that _________.A. you are knowledgeableB. the receiver is interested in readingC. you dislike readingD. you are more interested in the appearance of the book than in its contents10 People who want to show their love towards others often give _______.A. homemade giftsB. delicious foodC. expensive clothesD. interesting booksPassage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.My love of nature goes right back to my childhood, to the times when I stayed on my grandparent’s f arm in Suffolk. I think it was my grandmother who encouraged me more than anyone: she taught me the names of wildflowers and got me interested in looking at the countryside, so it seemed obvious to go on to do zoology at university.I didn’t get my first camera until after I’d graduated, when I was due to go diving in Norway and needed a method of recording the sea creatures I would find there. My father didn’t know anything about photography, but he bought me an Exacta, which was really quite a good camera for the time, and I went off to take my first pictures of sea starfish. I became keen very quickly, and I learnt how to develop and print.I’ve tried from the beginning to produce pictures which are always biologically correct. There are people who will alter things deliberately: you don’t pick up sea creatures from the middle of the shore and take them down to attractive pools at the bottom of the shore without knowing you’re doing it.There can be a lot of ignorance in people’s behavior towards wild animals and it’s a problem that more and more people are going to wild places: while some animals may get used to cars, they won’t get used to people suddenly rushing up to them. The sheer pressure of people, coupled with the fact that there are increasingly few places where no one else has photographed, means that over the years, life has become much more difficult for the professional wildlife photographers.Nevertheless, wildlife photographers play a very important part in educating people about what is out there and what needs conserving. Although photography can be an enjoyable pastime, as it is to many people, it is also something that plays a very important part in educating young and old alike.11 The author decided to go to university and study zoology because _______________.A. she wanted to improve her life in the countrysideB. she was persuaded to do so by her grandmotherC. she was keen on the natural worldD. she wanted to stop moving around all the time12 How is the author different from some of the other wildlife photographers she meets?A. She tries to make her photographs as attractive as possible.B. She takes photographs which record accurate natural conditions.C. She likes to photograph plants as well as wildlife.D. She knows the best places to find wildlife.13 The author now finds it more difficult to photograph wild animals because ______________.A. there are fewer of themB. they have become more nervous of peopleC. it is harder to find suitable placesD. they have become frightened of cars14 According to the author, wildlife photography is important because it can make people realizethat ___________________.A. photography is an enjoyable hobbyB. we learn little about wildlife at schoolC. it is worthwhile visiting the countrysideD. it is important to look after wild animals15 Which of the following describes the author?A. Proud.B. Sensitive.C. Aggressive.D. Disappointed.Passage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.If you have been joining in chat room conversations, or trading e-mail with net pals, you have become one of the millions who write in a special, short form of English.Throughout the world, every night children and their elders are “talking”onlin e－many of them are talking at the same time.It is fast: trying talking to six people at once. It is convenient: three or four words per exchange. It takes cleverness, concentration and quick fingers.And it requires very simple language. There’s neither time nor space for explanations. Why waste precious key-strokes telling six friends you have to leave for a moment to take care of your little brother when BRB(= be right back) will do?Want to enter a conversation? Just type PMFJI (= pardon me for jumping in).Interested in whom you’re talking to? Type A/S/L, the common request to know your pal’s age, sex and location. You may get 15/M/NY as a reply from your pal.If something makes you laugh, say you’re OTF (= on the floor), or LOL (= laughing out loud), or join the two into ROTFL (= rolling on the floor laughing).And when it’s time to get back to work or go to bed, you type GTG (= got to go) or TTYL (= talk to you later).People want to write as fast as possible, and they want to get their ideas across as quickly as they can. Capital letters are left in the dust, except when expressing feelings, as it takes more time to hold down the “shift” key and use capitals. Punctuation is going, too.16 When people are online, they talk by_____.A. using body language.B. drawing some strange picturesC. making phone calls17 Internet makes many people in the world ______.A. talk at the same timeB. discover their friends and relativesC. pick out good things to buyD. find out about some problems in societyD. making use of an especially short form of English18 The underlined sentence “There’s neither time nor space for explanation”(L.1, para. 4)means that _____.A. people should use words properlyB. people should know what time it is when they are talkingC. people online have to express themselves in a simple wayD. people should communicate in a funny way19 If you get 19/M/HK as an answer to your A/S/L, it means ______.A. the person who is talking to you is 19 from Hong Kong and he is highB. you are talking to a boy 19 years old and he lives in Hong KongC. you are talking to 19 boys from Hong Kong at the same timeD. the boy from Hong Kong has been online for 19 minutes20 Which of the following is a way to save online time?A. People seldom use capital letters or punctuation marks.B. Many people draw pictures.C. People only use the mouse instead of the keyboard.D. People never use the “shift” key.Part II. Vocabulary and Structure (15%)Directions:There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single linethrough the center. (0.5’×30)21 My sponsor ______ me __________ money when I lost my job.A. worked … out by C. kept… out withB. helped … out with D. carried… out for22 ______ you have finished your work, you may go and have a rest now.A. Now that C. As wellB. In case D. Due to23 He grabbed me ______ and pulled me onto the bus.A. by an arm C. on the armB. by the arm D. with the arm24 Scarcely ___________ now without some sort of incident involving the old lady.A. a day passes C. does a day passB. passes a day D. has a day passed25 Finally, the thief handed everything _______ he had stolen to the police.A. which C. whateverB. what D. that26 The passengers were robbed ________ all their money.A. of C. fromB. off D. away27 You should not _______ the peace of others by speaking so loudly.A. prohibit C. disturbB. collapse D. ban28 He found a number of men already ________.A. worked C. to workB. work D. working29 Where did you _____ the magazine I was reading?A. lay C. remainB. lie D. let30 ________ danger man is often much wiser than usual.A. In a time of C. In the time ofB. In the times of D. In time of31 ______ these books to the library, as they will soon be overdue.A. Bring C. FetchB. Take D. Leave32 What you say is, in a ______, true; but I should express it differently.A. sense C. meaningB. concept D. significance33 The matter _____ you were arguing about last night had been settled.A. when C. thatB. for which D. what34 He climbed up into the tree and picked all the fruit ______ reach.A. within C. beyondB. off D. inside35 Paul doesn’t have to be made ________. He always works hard.A. study C. studiedB. to study D. studying36 There isn’t any difference between the two. I really don’t know _________.A. where to choose C. to choose whatB. which to choose D. to choose which37 It doesn’t matter if you are born in a duck-yard ____ you come from a swan’s egg.A. as well C. as ifB. although D. since38 The house suddenly collapsed while it _______ down.A. pulled C. was being pulledB. had been pulled D. was pulled39 According to ______ they have told me, they should return in about three weeks.A. that C. whatB. any D. which40 Although the town had been ______ several times, little damage was done.A. attacked C. harmedB. injured D. struck41 When the little boy walked near the edge of the pond, his mother became very ______.A. eager C. anxiousB. keen D. frightening42 He used examples to _______ his argument.A. strengthen C. fixB. increase D. underline43 He ________ the whole list but still did not find his friend’s name.A. went by C. went intoB. went on D. went over44 There is always a _____ between what we say and what we do.A. crack C. gapB. room D. space45 In chemical factories, employees sometimes receive ______ pay for doing dangerouswork.A. add C. expensiveB. extra D. rich46 His parents died when he was young so he was ______ by his aunt.A. bred C. grown upB. fed up D. brought up47 The poor driver was still _____ when we pulled him out from under his car.A. live C. aliveB. lively D. living48 I’ve thrown away my old trousers. I’ll have to buy _______.A. some new pair C. a new pairB. a new one D. some new ones49 You ________ in person – a letter would have been enough.A. needn’t have come C. must not have comeB. shouldn’t have come D. can not have come50 I can’t keep ________ the teacher who speaks so fast.A. up C. withB. up with D. on withPart III. Cloze (10%)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the one that best fits into the passage.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single linethrough the center. (0.5’×20)Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. 51 a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect that students to be familiar with 52 in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination.The 53 student is considered to be 54 who is motivated to learn for the sake of 55, not the one only interested in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned 56 brief written comments but without a grade. 51 A. If C. BecauseB. Although D Before52 A. suggestion C. abstractB. context D. information53 A. poor C. averageB. ideal D. disappointed54 A. such C. anyB. one D. some55 A. fun C. learningB. work D. prize56 A. by C. forEven if a grade is not given, the student is 57 for learning the material assigned.When research is 58, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with 59 guidance. It is the 60 responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain 61 a university library works; they expect students, 62 graduate students, to be able to exhaust the reference 63 in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but 64 that their students not be 65 dependent on them.In the United States, professors have many other duties 66 teaching, such as administrative or research work. 67, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is 68. If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either 69 a professor during office hours 70 make an appointment.B. in D with57 A. criticized C. responsibleB. innocent D. dismissed58 A. collected C. assignedB. distributed D. finished59 A. maximum C. possibleB. minimum D. practical60 A. student’s C. assistant’sB. professor’s D. librarian’s61 A. when C. whyB. what D how62 A. particularly C. obviouslyB. essentially D. rarely63 A. selections C. sourcesB. collections D. origins64 A. hate C. likeB. dislike D. prefer65 A. too C. muchB. such D. more66 A. but C. withB. except D besides67 A. However C. FurthermoreB. Therefore D. Nevertheless68 A. plentiful C. irregularB. limited D. flexible69 A. greet C. approachB. annoy D. attach70 A. or C. toB. and D. butPart IV. Word-building (10%)Directions: Complete each of the following sentences with an appropriate form of the word in brackets. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet 2. (1’×10)71. My aunt almost fainted when she was told that what she bought at a very high price was not the________ drawing, but just a copy of it. (origin)72. The football players were trying to make an ______ on the national coach. (impress)73. Moreover, the threat of social violence increased the _______ of the government’s leaders.(anxious)74. I am ________ grateful to my master for all his help. (sincere)75. A _______ person thinks before speaking and considers the feelings of others. (think)76. This book is quite ______ anything I have ever read before. (like)77. My personal ________ with his family is deep. (involve)78. Speech and writing are man’s most important methods of ______. (communicate)79. I admire her because she is a ___ dancer. (talent)80. The ____ of Christie’s books shows no sign of going away. (popular)Part V. Translation(10%)Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in the brackets. Please write your translation on the Answer Sheet 2. (2’×5)81. ______________________________(就这个东西本身的质量和价格而言), it is deserving ofour purchase.82. Several cars crashed into each other on the highway________________________ (由于浓雾).83. _________________________(让我吃惊的是), the husband slapped his wife in front of us.84. National Day is _________________________(即将到来), we should tidy our dorm inadvance.85. He came to the meeting _____ （不顾天热）.Part VI Writing (15%)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic: Make Our Cities Greener.You should write at least 120 words following theoutline given bellow. Write your composition on the Answer Sheet 2. (15’)Your composition should be based on the following outlines:1. 我国城市绿化的现状2. 绿化的好处（如：清洁空气，美化城市，改善气候……等等）3. 怎样才能实现绿化。

上海外国语大学2009年英语语言文学英语综合考研试题英语综合改错A fairly standard consensual definition is "a relatively permanent change in behavior (sic.; it's American of course) that results from practise." This is of course arguable, particularly the "practice" criterion. Others would accept changes in "capability" or even simple "knowledge" or "understanding", even if it is not manifest in behaviour. It is however an important criterion that "learned" behaviour is not pre-programmed or wholly instinctive (not a word used much nowadays), even if an instinctual drive underpins it. Behaviour can also change as a result of maturation-simple growing-up-without being totally learned. Think of the changing attitude of children and adolescents to opposite-sex peers. Whatever the case, there has to be interaction with the environment.Even if psychologists ever agree about what learning is, in practice educationalists won't, because education introduces prescriptive notions about specifying what ought to be learnt, and there is considerable dispute about whether this ought only to be what the teacher wants the learner to learn (implicit in behavioural models), or what the learner wants to learn (as in humanistic models).2009英语语言文学完形填空全文Obtaining Linguistic DataMany procedures are available for obtaining data about a language. They range from a carefully planned, intensive field investigation in a foreign country to a casual introspection about one's mother tongue carried out in an armchair at home.In all cases, someone has to act as a source of language data - an informant. Informants are(ideally) native speakers of a language, who provide utterances for analysis and other kinds of information about the language(e.g. translations, comments about correctness, or judgements on usage). Often, when studying their mother tongue, linguists act as their own informants, judging the ambiguity, acceptability, or other properties of utterances against their own intuitions. The convenience of this approach makes it widely used, and it is considered the norm in the generative approach to linguistics. But a linguist's personal judgements are often uncertain, or disagree with the judgements of other linguists, at which point recourse is needed to more objective methods of enquiry, using non-linguists as informants. The latter procedure is unavoidable when working on foreign languages, or child speech.Many factors must be considered when selecting informants - whether one is working with single speakers(a common situation when languages have not been described before), two people interacting, small groups or large-scale samples. Age, sex, social background and other aspects of identity are important, as these factors are known to influence the kind of language used. The topic of conversation and the characteristics of the social setting(e.g. the level of formality) are also highly relevant, as are the personal qualities of the informants(e.g. their fluency and consistency). For larger studies, scrupulous attention has been paid to the sampling theory employed, and in all cases, decisions have to be made about the best investigative techniques to use.Today, researchers often tape-record informants. This enables the linguist's claims about the language to be checked, and provides a way of making those claims more accurate('difficult' pieces of speech can be listened to repeatedly). But obtaining naturalistic, good-quality data is never easy. People talk abnormally when they know they are being recorded, and sound quality can be poor. A variety of tape-recording procedures have thus been devised to minimise the'observer's paradox'(how to observe the way people behave when they are not bening observed). Some recordings are made without the speaker being aware of the fact - a procedure that obtains very natural data, though ethical objections must be anticipated. Alternatively, attempts can be made to make the speaker forget about the recording, such as keeping the tape recorder out of sight, or using radio microphones. A useful technique is to introduce a topic that quickly involves the speaker, and stimulates a natural language style(e.g. asking older informants about how times have changed in their locality).An audio tape recording does not solve all the linguist's problems, however. Speech is often unclear and ambiguous. Where possible , therefore, the recording has to be supplemented by the observer's written comments on the non-verbal behaviour of the participants, and about the context in general. A facial expression, for example, can dramatically alter the meaning of what is said. Video recordings avoid these problems to a large extent, but even they have limitations(the camera connot be everywhere), and transcriptions always benefit from any additional commentary provided by an observer.Linguists also make great use of structured sessions, in which they systematically ask their informants for utterances that describe certain actions, objects or behaviour. With a bilingual informant, or through use of an interpreter, it is possible to use translation techniques('How do you say table in your language?'). A large number of points can be covered in a short time, using interview worksheets and questionnaires. Often, the researcher wishes to obtain information about just a single variable, in which case a restricted set of questions may be used: a particular feature of pronunciation, for example, can be elicited by asking the informant to say a restricted set of words. There are also several direct methods of elicitation, such as asking informants to fill in the blanks in a substitution frame(e.g I__see a car), or feeding them the wrong stimulus for correction('Is it possible to say I no can see?').A representative sample of language, compiled for the purpose of linguistic analysis, is known as a corpus. A corpus enables the linguist to make unbiased statements about frequency of usage, and it provides accessible data for the use of different researchers. Its range and size are variable. Some corpora attempt to cover the language as a whole, taking extracts from many kinds of text; others are extremely selective, providing a collection of material that deals only with a particular linguistic feature. The size of the porpus depends on practical factors, such as the time available to collect, process and store the data: it can take up to several hours to provide an accurate transcription of a few minutes of speech. Sometimes a small sample of data will be enough to decide a linguistic hypothesis; by contrast, corpora in major research projects can total millions of words. An important principle is that all corpora, whatever their size, are inevitably limited in their coverage, and always need to be supplemented by data derived from the intuitions of native speakers of the language, through either introspection or experimentation.英语综合阅读理解Passage 1BAKELITEThe birth of modern plasticsIn 1907, Leo Hendrick Baekeland, a Belgian scientist working in New York, discovered and patented a revolutionary new synthetic material. His invention, which he named 'Bakelite', was of enormous technological importance, and effectively launched the modern plastics industry.The term 'plastic' comes from the Greek plassein, meaning 'to mould'. Some plastics are derived from natural sources, some are semi-synthetic (the result of chemical action on a naturalsubstance), and some are entirely synthetic, that is, chemically engineered from the constituents of coal or oil. Some are 'thermoplastic', which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can then be reshaped. Others are 'thermosetting': like eggs, they cannot revert to their original viscous state, and their shape is thus fixed for ever., Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic.The history of today's plastics begins with the discovery of a series of semi-synthetic thermoplastic materials in the mid-nineteenth century. The impetus behind the development of these early plastics was generated by a number of factors - immense technological progress in the domain of chemistry, coupled with wider cultural changes, and the pragmatic need to find acceptable substitutes for dwindling supplies of 'luxury' materials such as tortoiseshell and ivory. Baekeland's interest in plastics began in 1885 when, as a young chemistry student in Belgium, he embarked on research into phenolic resins, the group of sticky substances produced when phenol (carbolic acid) combines with an aldehyde (a volatile fluid similar to alcohol). He soon abandoned the subject, however, only returning to it some years later. By 1905 he was a wealthy New Yorker, having recently made his fortune with the invention of a new photographic paper. While Baekeland had been busily amassing dollars, some advances had been made in the development of plastics. The years 1899 and 1900 had seen the patenting of the first semi-synthetic thermosetting material that could be manufactured on an industrial scale. In purely scientific terms, Baekeland's major contribution to the field is not so much the actual discovery of the material to which he gave his name, but rather the method by which a reaction between phenol and formaldehyde could be controlled, thus making possible its preparation on a commercial basis. On 13 July 1907, Baekeland took out his famous patent describing this preparation, the essential features of which are still in use today.The original patent outlined a three-stage process, in which phenol and formaldehyde (from wood or coal) were initially combined under vacuum inside a large egg-shaped kettle. The result was a resin known as Novalak, which became soluble and malleable when heated. The resin was allowed to cool in shallow trays until it hardened, and then broken up and ground into powder. Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton, which increase strength and. moisture resistance, catalysts (substances to speed up the reaction between two chemicals without joining to either) and hexa, a compound of ammonia and formaldehyde which supplied the additional formaldehyde necessary to form a thermosetting resin. This resin was then left to cool and harden, and ground up a second time. The resulting granular powder was raw Bakelite, ready to be made into a vast range of manufactured objects. In the last stage, the heated Bakelite was poured into a hollow mould of the required shape and subjected to extreme heat and pressure; thereby 'setting' its form for life.The design of Bakelite objects, everything from earrings to television sets, was governed to a large extent by the technical requirements of the moulding process. The object could not be designed so that it was locked into the mould and therefore difficult to extract. A common general rule was that objects should taper towards the deepest part of the mould, and if necessary the product was moulded in separate pieces. Moulds had to be carefully designed so that the molten Bakelite would flow evenly and completely into the mould. Sharp corners proved impractical and were thus avoided, giving rise to the smooth, 'streamlined' style popular in the 1930s. The thickness of the walls of the mould was also crucial: thick walls took longer to cool and harden, a factor which had to be considered by the designer in order to make the most efficient use of machines.Baekeland's invention, although treated with disdain in its early years, went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of the twentieth century. It became the wonder product of the new world of industrial expansion -'the material of a thousand uses'. Being both non-porous and heat-resistant, Bakelite kitchen goods were promoted as being germ-free and sterilisable. Electrical manufacturers seized on its insulating: properties, and consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of shades, delighted that they were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the prepfastic era. It then fell from favour again during the 1950s, and was despised and destroyed in vast quantities. Recently, however, it has been experiencing something of a renaissance, with renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors' marketplace, and museums, societies and dedicated individuals once again appreciating the style and originality of this innovative material.英语综合阅读理解Passage 2Nature or Nurture?A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments in behavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a 'leader' in a situation in which the subjects might feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform. Specifically, Milgram told each volunteer 'teacher-subject' that the experiment was in the noble cause of education, and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on the pupils' ability to learn.Milgram's experimental set-up involved placing the teacher-subject before a panel of thirty switches with labels ranging from '15 vols of electricity (slight shock)' to '450 volts (danger - severe shock)' in steps of 15 volts each. The teacher-subject was told that whenever the pupil gave the wrong answer to a question, a shock was to be administered, beginning at the lowest level and increasing in severity with each successive wrong answer. The supposed 'pupil' was in reality an actor hired by Milgram to simulate receiving the shocks by emitting a spectrum of groans, screams and writhings together with an assortment of statements and expletives denouncing both the experiment and the experimenter. Milgram told the teacher-subject to ignore the reactions of the pupil, and to administer whatever level of shock was called for, as per the rule governing the experimental situation of the moment.As the experiment unfolded, the pupil would deliberately give the wrong answers to questions posed by the teacher, thereby bringing on various electrical punishments, even up to the danger level of 300 volts and beyond. Many of the teacher-subjects balked at administering the higher levels of punishment, and turned to Milgram with questioning looks and/or complaints about continuing the experiment. In these situations, Milgram calmly explained that the teacher-subject was to ignore the pupil's cries for mercy and carry on with the experiment. If the subject was still reluctant to proceed, Milgram said that it was important for the sake of the experiment that the procedure be followed through to the end. His final argument was, 'You have no other choice. You must go on.' What Milgram was trying to discover was the number of teacher-subjects who would be willing to administer the highest levels of shock, even in the face of strong personal and moral revulsion against the rules and conditions of the experiment.Prior to carrying out the experiment, Milgram explained his idea to a group of 39 psychiatrists and asked them to predict the average percentage of people in an ordinary population who would be willing to administer the highest shock level of 450 volts. The overwhelming consensus was thatvirtually all the teacher-subjects would refuse to obey the experimenter. They psychiatrists felt that 'most subjects would not go beyond 150 volts' and they further anticipated that only four per cent would go up to 300 volts. Furthermore, they thought that only a lunatic fringe of about one in 1,000 would give the highest shock of 450 volts.What were the actuatl results? Well, over 60 per cent of the teacher-subjects continued to obey Milgram up to the 450-volt limit! In repetitions of the experiment in other countries, the percentage of obedient teacher-subjects was even higher, reaching 85 per cent in one country. How can we possible account for this vast discrepancey between what calm, rational, knowledgeable people predict in the comfort of their study and what pressured, flustered, but cooperative 'teachers' actually do in the laboratory of real life?One's first inclination might be to argue that there must be some sort of built-in animal aggression instinct that was activated by the experimental, and the Milgram's teacher-subjects were just following a genetic need to discharge this pent-up primal urge onto the pupil by administering the electrical shosck. A modern hard-core sociobiologist might even go so far as to claim that this aggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival value to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the caves, ultimately finding its way into our genetic make-up as a remnant of our ancient animal ways.An alternative to this notion of genetic programming is to see the teacher-subjects' actions as a result of the social environment under which the experiment was carried out. As Milgram himself pointed out, 'Most subjects in the experiment see their behaviour in a larger context that is benevolent and useful to society - the pursuit of scientific truth. The psychological laboratory has a strong claim to legitimacy and evokes trust and confidence in those who perform there. An action such as shocking a victim, which in isolation apears evil, acquires a completely different meaning when placed in this setting'.Thus, in this explanation the subject merges his unique personality and personal and moral code with that of larger institutional structures, surrendering individual properties like loyalty, self-sacrifice and discipline to the service of malevolent systems of authority.Here we have two radically different explanations for why so many teacher-subjects were willing to forgot their sense of personal responsibility for the sake of an institutional authority figure. The problem for biologists, psychologists and anthropologists is to sort out which of these two polar explanations is more plausible. This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiology - to discover the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming dictates, or at least strongly biases, the interaction of animals and humans with their environment, that is, their behaviour. Put another way, sociobiology is concerned with elucidating the biological basis of all behaviour.Which paragraph contains the following information?1 a biological explanation of the teacher-subjects' behaviour2 the explanation Milgram gave the teacher-subjects for the experiment3 the identity of the pupils4 the expected statistical outcome5 the general aim of sociobiologial study6 the way Milgram persuaded the teacher-subjects to continueChoose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.7 The teacher-subjects were told that they were testing whether(A) a 450-volt shock was dangerous(B) punishment helps learning(C) the pupils were honest(D) they were stuited to teaching8 The teacher-subjects were instructed to(A) stop when a pupil asked them to(B) denounce pupils who made mistakes(C) reduce the shock level after a correct answer(D) give punishment according to a rule9 Before the experiment took place the psychiatrists(A) believed that a shock of 150 volts was too dangerous(B) failed to agree on how the teacher-subjects would respond to instructions(C) underestimated the teacher-subjects' willingness to comply with experimental procedure(D) thought that many of the teacher-subjects would administer a shock of 450 volts英语综合阅读理解Passage 3The Truth about the EnvironmentFor many environmentalists, the world seems to be getting worse. They have developed a hit-list of our main fears: that natural resources are running out; that the population is ever growing, leaving less and less to eat; that species are becoming extinct in vast numbers, and that the planet's air and water are becoming ever more polluted.But a quick look at the facts shows a different picture. First, energy and other natural resources have become more abundant, not less so, since the book 'The Limits to Growth' was published in 1972 by a group of scientists. Second, more food is now produced per head of the world's population than at any time in history. Fewer people are starving. Third, although species are indeed becoming extinct, only about 0.7% of them are expected to disappear in the next 50 years, not 25-50%, as has so often been predicted. And finally, most forms of environmental pollution either appear to have been exggerated, or are transient - associated with the early phases of industrialisation and therefore best cured not by restricting economic growth, but by accelerating it. One form of pollution - the release of greenhouse gases that causes global warming - does appear to be a phenomenon that is going to extend well into our future, but its total impact is unlikely to pose a devastating problem. A bigger problem may well turn out to be an inappropriate response to it.Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that environmental standards are declining and four factors seem to cause this disjunction between perception and reality.One is the lopsidedness built into scientific research. Scientific funcing goes mainly to areas with many problems. That may be wise policy, but it will also create an impression that many more potential problems exist than is the case.Secondly, environmental groups need to be noticed by the mass media. They also need to keep the money rolling in. Understandably, perhaps, they sometimes overstate their arguments. In 1997, for example, the World Wide Fund for Nature issued a press release entitled: 'Two thirds of the world's forests lost forever'. The truth turns out to be nearer 20%.Though these groups are run overwhelmingly by selfless folk, they nevertheless share many of the characteristics of other lobby groups. That would matter less if people applied the same degree ofscepticism to environmental lobbying as tehy do to lobby groups in other fields. A trade organisation arguing for, say, weaker pollution controls is instantly seen as self-interested. Yet a green organisation opposing such a weakening is seen as altruistic, even if an impartial view of the controls in question might suggest they are doing more harm than good.A third source of confusion is the attitude of the media. People are clearly more cuirous about bad news than good. Newspapers and broadcasters are there to provide what the public wants. That, however, can lead to significant distortions of perception. An example was America's encounter El Nino in 1997 and 1998. This climatic phenomenon was accused of wrecking tourism, causing allergies, melting the ski-slopes and causing 22 deaths. However, according to an artical in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, the damage it did was estimated at US$4 billing but the benefits amounted to some US$19 billion. These came fromhigher winter temperatures (which saved an estimated 850 lives, reduced heating costs and diminished spring floods caused by meltwaters).The fourth factor is poor individual perception. People worry that the endless rise in the amount of stuff everyone throws away will cause the world to run out of places to dispose of waste. Yet, even if America's trash output continues to rise as it has done in the past, and even if the American population doubles by 2100, all the rubbish America produces through the entire 21st centurey will still take up only on 12,000th of the area of the entire United States.So what of global warming? As we know, carbon dioxide emissions are causing the planet to warm. The best estimates are that the temperatures will rise by 2-3°C in this century, causing considerable problems, at a total cost of US$5,000 billion.Despite the intuition that something drastic needs to be done about such a costly problem, economic analyses clearly show it will be far more expensive to cut carbon dioxide emissions radically than to pay the costs of adaptation ot the increased temperatures. A model by one of the main authors of the United Nations Climate Change Panel shows how an expected temperature increase of 2.1 degrees in 2100 would only be diminished to an increase of 1.9 degrees. Or to put it another way, the temperature increase that the planet would have experienced in 2094 would be postponed to 2100.So this does not prevent global warming, but merely buys the world six years. Yet the cost of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, for the United States alone, will be higher than the cost of solving the wolrd's single, most pressing health problem: providing universal access to clean drinking water and sanitation. Such measures would avoid 2 million deaths every year, and prevent half a billion people from becoming seriously ill.It is crucial that we look at the facts if we want to make the best possible decisions for the future. It may be costly to be overly optimistic - but more costly still to be too pessimistic.33 What aspect of scientific research does the writer express concern about in paragraph 4?(A) the need to produce results(B) the lack of financial support(C) the selection of areas to research(D) the desire to solve every research problem34 The writer quotes from the Worldwide Fund for Nature to illustrate how(A) influential the mass media can be(B) effective environmental groups can be(C) the mass media can help groups raise funds(D) environmental groups can exaggerate their claims35 What is the writer's main point about lobby groups in paragraph 6?(A) some are more active than others(B) some are better organised than others(C) some receive more criticism than others(D) some support more important issues than others36 The writer suggests that newspapers print items that are intended to(A) educate readers(B) meet their readers' expectations(C) encourage feedback from readers(D) mislead readers37 What does the writer say about America's waste problem?(A) it will increase in line with population growth(B) it is not as important as we have been led to believe(C) it has been reduced through public awareness of the issues(D) it is only significant in certain areas of the country。

2009年上海市高考英语试卷Ⅰ．ListeningComprehension Direction：In Section A，you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers．At the end of each conversation，a question will be asked about what was said．The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once．After you hear a conversation and the questions about it，read the four possible answers on your paper，and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard．1. A．Go to the officeB．Keep callingC．Try online bookingD．See a doctor．2. 2．A．A reporterB．An athleteC．A fishermanD．An organizer．3. A．At a post office．B．At a fast-food restaurant．C．At a booking office．D．At a check-in desk．4. A．He already has plans．B．The woman should decide where to eat．C．He will make a reservation．D．The woman can ask her brother for advice．5. A．He got wet in the rainB．The shower was out of orderC．He didn't hear the phone ringingD．He got out of the shower to answer the phone．6. A．Reasonable．B．Bright．C．SeriousD．Ridiculous．7. A．Send leaflets．B．Go sightseeing．C．Do some gardening．D．Visit a lawyer．8. A．Her doorbell doesn't need repair．B．She didn't expect him to come so early．9. A．She won't go to the beach if it rains．B．She would like the man to get to the beach．C．It will clear up tomorrow．D．It was pouring when she was at the beach．10. A．What to take up as a hobby．B．How to keep fit．C．How to handle pressure．D．What to play with．11. Questions 11through 13are based on the following passage．11．A．Her school was in a small village．B．She was outstanding at school．C．She was the only Asian girl there．D．Her parents were in London．12．A．London．B．Bath．C．Swindon．D．Oxford．13．A．Coming across a radio producer．B．Taking an earlier train．C．Meeting a professional artist．D．Wearing tow odd shoes．12. Questions 14through 16are based on the following speech．14．A．Education children．B．Saving rare animals．C．Recreating an environment．D．Making a profit．15．A．Animals make visitors stressful．B．Animals must live their lives in cages．C．Animals can feel bored and sad．D．Animals are in danger of extinction．16．A．They are still useful and necessary．B．They have more disadvantages then advantages．C．They are a perfect environment for animals．D．They are recreative places for animals．13. Section CDirections：In Section C，you will hear two longer conversations．The conversations will be read twice．After you he ar each conversation，you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard．Write your answers on your answer sheet．Blanks 17through 20are based on the following conversations．14. Blanks 21through 24are based on the following conversation．SectionADirections：BeneatheachofthefollowingsentencestherearefourchoicesmarkedA，B，CandD．Choosetheoneanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence．15. Four Chinese models were ______ the 14people awarded prizes on Friday at the World Su permodel Competition．（）A amongB betweenC alongD beside16. -Wow!You've got so many clothes．-But _____ of them are in fashion now．（）A allB bothC neitherD none17. It_____ have been Tom that parked the car here，as he is the only one with a car．（）A mayB canC mustD should18. The Great Wall is ______ tourist attraction that millions of people pour in every year.A so a well-knownB a so well-knownC such well-known aD such a well-known19. Mary went to the box office at lunch time，but all the tickets ____out．（）A would sellB had soldC have soldD was selling20. Sally's never seen a play in the Shanghai Grand Theatre，_______？（）A hasn't sheB has sheC isn't sheD is she21. A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city，_____all four people on board．（）A killedB killingC killsD to kill22. You can't borrow books from the school library ______ you get your student card．（）A beforeB ifC whileD as23. With the government's aid，those _____ by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements．（）A affectB affectingC affectedD were affected24. Mozart's birthplace and the house ______ he composed‘The Magic Flute'are both museums now（）A whereB whenC thereD which25. Bill suggested _____ a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation．（）A having heldB to holdC holdingD hold26. During the period of recent terrorist activities，people _____ not to touch and unattended bag．（）A had always been warnedB were always being warnedC are always warningD always warned27. It is not immediately clear _______ the financial crisis will soon be over．（）A sinceB whatC whenD whether28. Hearing the dog barking fiercely，away _____．（）A fleeing the thiefB was fleeing the thiefC the thief was fleeingD fled the thief29. David threatened his neighbour to the police if the damages were not paid．（）A to be reportedB reportingC to reportD having reported30. As a new diplomat，he often thinks of ________he can react more appropriately on such occasions．（）A whatB whichC thatD howSection BDirections： Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.31. A．contents B．taking C．carefully D．plastic E．packagingF．declined G．freely H．typical I．contracts J．registeredIf the package looks pretty，people will buy just about anything．So says an advertising executive in New York，and he has proved his point by selling boxes of rubbish for the price of an expensive bottle of wine．Justin Gignac，26，has sold almost 900 （1）________presented plastic boxes of rubbish from the street of Big Apple at between＄50and ＄100each．Buyers from 19countries have paid for the souvenirs（纪念品）．The idea has been so successful that he is thinking of promoting it around the world．It all began when Mr Gignac was at a summer workshop，"We had a discussion about the importance o（2）________，"he recalls．"Someone said packaging was unimportant．I disagreed．The only way to prov e it was by selling something nobody would ever want．"He searches the streets of Manhattan and typical（3）________include broken glass，subway tickets，Starbucks cups and used（4）________forks．"Special editions"are offered at a high price．He charged＄100for rubbish from the opening day of the New York Yankees'stadium．Mr Gignac denies（5）________his customers for fools："They know what they're getting．They appreciate the fact that they're taking something no body would want and finding beauty in it．"Some（6）________customers include people who used to live in the city and want a down-to-earth souvenir．He claims he has even sold to art collectors．Realizing that the concept appears to be a real money-maker，Mr Gignac has（7）________a company and is employing his girlfriend as vice president．He（8）________to discuss his profit margins："It's actually quite a lot of effort putting them together-but yes，garbage is free．"Mr Gignac is considering more varieties of souvenirs．He maintains that he has signed（9）________with people interested in similar projects from as far as Berlin and London．Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension SectionADirections：ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA，B，CandD．Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext．32. Most people believe they don't have much imagination．They are（1）________．Everyone has imagination, but most of us, once we become adults, forget how to （2）________it．Creativity isn't always （3）________with great works of art or ideas．People at work and in their free time（4）________think of creative ways to solve problems．Maybe you have a goal to achieve, a tricky q uestion to answer or you just want to expand your mind!Here are three techniques to help yo u．Making connections This technique involves taking（5）________ideas and trying to find links between them．First, think about the problem you have to solve or the job you need to do．Then find an image, word, idea or object, for example, a c andle．Write down all the idea/words（6）________with candles: light, fire, matches, wax, night, silence, etc．Think of as many as you can ．The next stage is to relate the（7）________to the job you have to do．So imagine you want to but a friend an original（8）________; you could buy him tickets to match or take him out for the night．NO limits!Imagine that normal limitations don't（9）________．You have as much time/space/money, etc．as you want．Think about your goal an d the new（10）________．If your goal is to learn to ski, （11）________, you can now practise skiing every day of your life （because you have the time and t he money）．Now （12）________ this to reality．Maybe you can practise skiing ever day in December, or every Monda y in January．Be someone else!Look at the situation from a （13）________point of view．Good businessmen use this technique in trade, and so do writes．Ficti on writers often imagine they are the（14）________in their books．They ask question: What does this character want? Why can't she get it? What changes must she make to get what she wants? If your goal involves other people, p ut yourself in their（15）________．The best fishermen think like fish!（1）A wrongB unbelievableC reasonableD realistic（2）A put up withB catch up withC make use ofD keep track of（3）A equippedB comparedC coveredD connected（4）A skillfullyB routinelyC vividlyD deeply（5）A familiarB unrelatedC creativeD imaginary（6）A presentedB markedC litD associated（7）A ideasB ambitionsC achievementD technique（8）A experienceB serviceC presentD object（9）A workB lastC existD change（10）A possibilitiesB limitationsC tendencyD practice（11）A in factB in particularC as a wholeD for example（12）A devoteB adaptC leadD keep（13）A privateB globalC differentD practical（14）A featuresB themesC creaturesD characters（15）A positionsB dreamsC imagesD directionsSection BDirections：Read the following four passages . Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A， B， C，and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.33. Even at school there had been an unhealthy competition between George and Richard． "I'll be the first millionaire in Coleford!"Richard used to boast．"And you'll be sorry you knew me, "George would reply"because I'll be the best lawyer in to wn!"George never did become a lawyer and Richard never made any money．Instead both men opened bookshops on opposite sides of Coleford High Street．It was hard to make money from books, which made the competition between them worse．Now with only one bookshop in town, business was better for George．But sometimes he sat in his narrow, old kitchen and gazed out of the dirty window, thinking about his former ri val （竞争对手）．Perhaps he missed him?George was very interested in old dictionaries, He'd recently found a collector in Australia who was selling a rare first edition．When the parcel arrived, the book was in perfect conditi on and George was delighted．But while he was having lunch, George glanced at the photo in the newspaper that the book had been wrapped in．He was astonished-the smiling face was older than he remembered but unmistakable!Trembling, George started reading．"Bookends have bought ten bookstores from their rivals Dylans．The company, owned by multi-millionaire Richard Pike, is now the largest bookseller in Australia．"（1）George and Rivhard were________ at school．A roommates.B good friends．C competitors.D booksellers．（2）How did George feel about Richard after his disappearance？________A He envied Richard's marriage．B He thought of Richard from time to time．C He felt lucky with no rival in town．D He was guilty of Richard's death．（3）George got information about Richard from________．A a dictionary collector in Australia．B the latter's rivals Dylans．C a rare first edit ion of a dictionary．D the wrapping paper of a book．（4）What happened to George and Richard in the end？________A Both George and Richard became millionaires．B Both of them realized their original ambitions．C George established a successful business white Richard was missing．D Richard became a millionaire while George had no great success．34.Welcome to Banff, Canada's first, most famous and arguably most fascinating national park ．If you've come to ski or snowboard, we'll see you on the slopes．Skiing is a local favourite too．While you're here, try other recreational activities available in our mountains．Popular ch oices include a Banff Gondola ride up Sulphur Mountain, bathe in the natural mineral waters at the Upper Hot Spring, horse-drawn sleigh ride, drive-your-own-team dog sled excursion, and snowmobile tour to the highland（but not in the national park）．We also recommend you make time to enjoy simple pleasures．After looking around BanffAve shops, walk a couple of blocks west or south to the scenic Bow River．True ice skating on frozen Lake Louise where Ice Magic International Ice Sculpture Compet ition Works are displayed after Jan（1）You can rent skates in Banff or at the sport shop in the Fairmont Chateau Lake Louise hotel．Banff's backcountry paths access a wilderness world of silence and matchless beauty-cross country skis and snowshoes provide the means．Banff sport shops rent equipment an d clothes，or join an organized tour．Although we've been many times，we still find the cliffs and icefalls of our frozen canyons worth visiting．Wildlife watching als o creates satisfying memories．We have seen hundreds of the elk and bighorn sheep that att ract visitors，yet they still arouse a sense of wonder．And the rare spotting of a cougar，wolf or woodland caribou takes our breath away．See if simple pleasure work for your Fight in the snow with your kids，walk beside a stream or climb to a high place and admire the view．-Banff Resort Guide Editors69．According to the passage，Banff's backcountry is accessible by________．A cross country skiing. C snowmobiling. D dogsledding．（2）Which of the following is true according to the passage？________A Dogsledding is the most popular sport among local people．B Watching wildlife is a memorable experience．C Travelers should bring their own sports equipment．D Shopping is too simple a pleasure to enjoy．（3）The purpose of the writing is to________．A promote scenic spots in Canada．B advertise for the sports in Banff．C introduce tourist activities in Banff． D describe breathtaking views in Banff．35. "Get your hands off me, I have been stolen, "the laptop, a portable computer, shouted．That is a new solution to laptop computer theft: a program that lets owners give their proper ty a voice when it has been taken．The program allows users to display alerts on the missing computer's screen and even to s et a spoken message．Tracking software for stolen laptops has been on the market for some time, but this is thought to be the first that allows owners to give the thief a piece of their mi nd．Owners must report their laptop missing by visiting a website, which sends a message to t he model: a red and yellow"lost or stolen"sign appears on its screen when it is started．Und er the latest version（版本）of the software, users can also send a spoken message．The message can be set to reappear every 30seconds, no matter how many times the thief closes it．"One customer sent a message saying, 'You are being tracked．I am right at your d oor', "said Carrie Hafeman, chief executive of the company which produces the program, Retr iever．In the latest version, people can add a spoken message．For example, the laptop's speaker s will say: "Help, this laptop is reported lost or stolen．If you are not my owner, report me no w．"The Retriever software package, which costs $29.95but has a free trial period, has the functions of many security software programs．Owners can remotely switch to an alternative pa ssword if they fear that the thief has also got hold of the access details．If a thief accesses the internet with the stolen laptop, Retriever will collect information on t he internet service provider in use, so that the police can be alerted to its location．Thousands of laptops are stolen every year form homes and offices, but with the use of lapt ops increasing, the number stolen while their owners are out and about has been rising shar ply．Other security software allows users to erase data remotely or lock down the computer．（1）The expression"to give the thief a piece of their mind"can be understood as"________"A to give the thief an alert mind．B to express the owners'anger to the thief．C to r emind the thief of this conscience．D to make the thief give up his mind．（2）Different from other security software，Retriever can________．A record the stealing process.B help recognize the lost laptop．C lock down the co mputer remotely ．D send a spoken message．（3）One function of the program is that it allows the owner to________at a distance．A change some access details for switching on the laptop．B turn on the laptop by usin g the original password．C operate the laptop by means of and alternative password．D erase the information kept in the stolen laptop．（4）Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage？________A With no Retriever，thousands of laptops are stolen every year． B A new soft ware provides a means to red uce laptop theft． C Retriever has helped to find thieves and lost computers． D A n ew program offers a communication platform with the thief．36. The latest research suggests that the key factor separating geniuses from the merely ac complished is not I．Q．, a generally bad predictor of success．Instead, it's purposeful pract ice．Top performers spend more hours practising their craft．It you wanted to picture how a typical genius might develop, you'd take a girl who possessed a slightly above average lang uage ability．It wouldn't have to be a big talent, just enough so that she might gain some sen se of distinction．Then you would want her to meet, say, a novelist, who coincidentally share d some similar qualities．Maybe the writer was from the same town, had the same family ba ckground, or shared the same birthday．This contact would give the girl a vision of her future self．It would hive her some idea of a fascinating circle who might someday join．It would also help if one of her parents died wh en she was 12, giving her a strong sense of insecurity and fuelling a desperate need for succe ss．Armed with this ambition, she would read novels and life stories of writers without end ．This would give her a primary knowledge of her field．She's be able to see new writing in deeper ways and quickly understand its inner workings．Then she would practise writing．Her practice would be slow, painstaking and error-focused．By practising in this way, he delays the automatizing process．Her mind wants to turn conscious, newly learned skills into unconscious．Automatically performed skills．By p ractising slowly, by breaking skills down into tiny parts and repeating, she forces the brain to internalize a better pattern of performance．Then she would find an adviser who would pro vide a constant stream of feedback, viewing her performance form the outside, correcting th e smallest errors, pushing her to take on tougher challenges．By now she is redoing problem s-how do I get characters into a room-dozens and dozens of times．She is establishing habits of thought she can call upon in order to understand or solve future problems．The primary quality our young writer possesses is not some mysterious genius．It's the a bility to develop a purposeful, laborious and boring practice routine; the latest research take s some of the magic out of great achievement．But it underlines a fact that is often neglected ．Public discussion is affected by genetics and what we're"hard-wired"to do．And it's true that genes play a role in our capabilities．But the brain is also ver y plastic．We construct ourselves through behaviour．（1）The passage mainly deals with________．A the function of I．B the relationship between genius and success．C the decisive factor in making a genius．D the way of gaining some sense of distinction． Q in cu ltivating a writer．（2）By reading novels and writers'stories，the girl could________．A come to understand the inner structure of writing．B join a fascinating circle of write rs someday．C share with a novelist her likes and dislikes．D learn from the living examples to establish a sense of security．（3）In the girl's long painstaking training process，________．A her adviser forms a primary challenging force to her success．B her writing turns int o an automatic pattern of performance．C she acquires the magic of some great achieve ment．D she comes to realize she is"hard-wired"to write．（4）What can be concluded from the passage？________A A fuelling ambition plays a leading role in one's success．B A responsible adviser is m ore important than the knowledge of writing．C As to the growth of a genius，I． D What really matters is what you do rather then who you are． Q Doesn't matte r，but just his|her effort．Section C37. Directions：Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each paragraph．There is on e extra heading which you do not need．A．Varieties of college dictionariesB．Accessing dictionaries electronicallyC．Elements under a word itemD．Complete editions of dictionariesE．Using dictionaries for particular fieldsF．Features of college dictionaries80．________You're probably most familiar with college dictionaries，often called abridged dictionaries．Although abridged means"shortened"，these dictionaries contain more than 150.000entries and provide detailed definitions that ar e sufficient for most college students and general users．College dictionaries also contain se parate lists of abbreviations．Biographical and geographical names，foreign words and phrases．And tables of measures．Webster'sIINew Riverside University Dictionary and the American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language are college diction aries．81．________unabridged dictionaries contain as many as 500，000entries and provide detailed definitions and extensive word histories （etymologies）．T hese dictionaries，possibly in several volumes and mostly found in libraries，are excellent sources for scholarly inquiries．Unabridged dictionaries include the Oxford En glish Dictionary and the Random House Dictionary of the English Language．82．________A dictionary entry has many elements：multiple definitions，syllabication，preferred spelling and pronunciation （some word have more than one acceptable spelling a nd pronunciation），and part-of-speech labels．Some entries also include plurals and capitalized forms．Synonyms，antonyms，and derivatives．Americanisms and etymologies may be provide along with usage notes，cross-references，and idioms．83．________If you prefer using the dictionary on a computer，you can obtain CD-ROM versions of many major dictionaries．In addition，you can access numerous dictionaries，such as WWWebster's Dictionary，on the Internet．Online dictionaries allow you to enter a search word （you even get help wi th spelling ） to see a definition，and sometimes even an illustration．Online dictionaries also offer additional features，such as word games．Language tips，and amusing facts about words．Some online dictionary services allow you to access numer ous dictionaries，both general and specialized，in on search．84．________Specialized dictionaries provide in-depth information about a certain field．For example there are dictionaries for the specializ ed vocabularies of law，computer technology，and medicine．In addition，there are dictionaries of synonyms，clichés，slang，and even regional expressions．Such as the Dictionary of American Regional English （DARE）．There are also dictionaries of foreign languages，famous people's names，literary characters'names and place names．第II卷（共45分）TranslationDirections：Translate the following sentences into English，using the words given in the brakes.38. 网球运动在上海越来越流行了．（popular）________．39. 我认为你们的建议和他们的一样有价值．（as…as）________．40. 只喝一杯咖啡就会使我整晚睡不着．（keep）________．41. 为了纪念那些勇敢的消防战士，一部电影即将开拍．（memory）________．42. 过了三天她才想起把雨衣忘在语言实验室了．（remember）________．43. 尽管山高林密，医护人员还是迅速地赶到出事地点，试试救援．（despite）________．Guided WritingDirections： Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.44. 某海外学校举办英语夏令营，开设了如下课程：园艺（gardening），烹饪（cooking），防身术（self-defence），护理（nursing）．假如你是王跃华（不可以用自己的真实姓名），写一封申请信，报名参加其中一门课程的学习．信的内容必须包括：（1）你感兴趣的课程（2）你期望从这门课程中学到什么（3）为什么想学这些内容．2009年上海市高考英语试卷答案1. 略2. 略3. 略4. 略5. 略6. 略7. 略8. 略9. 略10. 略11. 11．C 12．B 13．A12. 14．B 15．C 16．A13. Fourteen,downtown,personal,Cash14. 21,22,23,2415. A16. D17. C18. D19. B20. B21. B22. A23. C24. A25. C26. B27. D28. D29. C30. D31. C,E,A,D,B,H,J,F,I32. ACDBBDACCADBCDA33. CBDD34. ABC35. BDAB36. CABD37. F,D,C,B,E38. Tennis is getting more and more popular in Shanghai．39. I think your suggestion is as valuable as theirs．40. Drinking only a cup of coffee will keep me awake all night．41. A film will be made/shot in memory of those brave fire fighters．42. Three days later she remembered leaving/having left her raincoat in the language lab．43. Despite the high mountains and thick forests，the doctors and nurses rushed to the scene of the accident for the rescue/to carry out the res cue．44. Dear leader，I am very glad that your school will hold the English Summer Camp that contains many cou rses，such as gardening，cooking，self-defence，nursing and so on．（点题）I'd like to register to attend a course about gardening because I have liked flowers and grasse s since I was a child．【高分句型一】I especially like playing in the garden where I can enjoy the beauty of nature．（感兴趣的课程以及原因）For one thing，I hope to gain more knowledge of gardening，which can help me to major in the gardening after attending college．Besides，I can realize the bitterness of the gardeners to treasure plants more，and also，I wish to get more information about gardening so as to study it more easily when I enter uni versity．（期望从这门课程中学到什么）For another，after graduation from college，I will devote my life to cultivating flowers and grasses to turn our country into a more beautif ul state，which will attract more foreigners to visit．【高分句型二】（为什么想学这些内容） Looking forward to your early reply．Yours，Wang hua。

25. Four Chinese models were ______ the 14 people awarded prizes on Friday at the World Supermodel Competition.A. amongB. betweenC. alongD. beside26. －Wow! You’ve got so many clothes.－But _____ of them are in fashion now .A. allB. bothC. neitherD. none27. It_____ have been Tom that parked the car here, as he is the only one with a car.A. mayB. canC. mustD. should28. The Great Wall is ____ tourist attraction that millions of people pour in every year.A. so a well-knownB. a so well-knownC. such well-knownD. such a well-known29. Mary went to the box office at lunch time, but all the tickets ____out.A. would sellB. had soldC. have soldD. was selling30. Sally’s never seen a play in the Shanghai Grand Theatre, _______?A. hasn’t sheB. has sheC. isn’t sheD. is she31. A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, _____all four people on board.A. killedB. killingC. killsD. to kill32. You can’t borrow books from the school library ______ you get your student card.A. beforeB. ifC. whileD. as33. With the government’s aid, those _____ by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements.A. affectB. affectingC. affectedD. were affected34. Mozart’s birthplace and the house ______ he composed ‘The Magic Flute’ are both museums nowA. whereB. whenC. thereD. which35. Bill suggested _____ a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during thevacation.A. having heldB. to holdC. holdingD. hold36. During the period of recent terrorist activities, people _____ not to touch and unattended bag.A. had always been warnedB. were always being warnedC. are always warningD. always warned37. It is immediately clear ____ the financial crisis will soon be over.A. sinceB. whatC. whenD. whether38. Hearing the dog barking fiercely, away _____.A. fleeing the thiefB. was fleeing the thiefC. the thief was fleeingD. fled the thief39. David threatened his neighbour to the police if the damages were not paid.A. to be reportedB. reportingC. to reportD. having reported40. As a new diplomat, he often thinks of he can react more appropriately on such occasions.A. whatB. whichC. thatD. howSection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.If the package looks pretty, people will buy just about anything. So says an advertising executive in New York, and he has proved his point by selling boxes ofrubbish for the price of an expensive bottle of wine.Justin Gignac,26, has sold almost 900 41 presented plastic boxes of rubbish from the street of Big Apple at between ＄50 and ＄100 each. Buyers from 19 countries have paid for the souvenirs（纪念品）. The idea has been so successful that he is thinking of promoting it around the world.It all began when Mr Gignac was at a summer workshop, “We had a discussion about the importance of 42 ,”he recalls.” Someone said packaging was unimportant. I disagreed. The only way to prove it was by selling something nobody would ever want.”He searches the streets of Manhattan and typical 43 include broken glass, subway tickets, Starbucks cups and used 44 forks. “Special editions” are offered at a high price. He charged ＄100 for rubbish from the opening day of the New York Yankees’ stadium.Mr Gignac denies 45 his customers for fools: “They know what they’re getting. They appreciate the fact that they’re taking something nobody would want and finding beauty in it.”Some 46 customers include people who used to live in the city and want a down-to-earth souvenir. He claims he has even sold to art collectors.Realizing that the concept appears to be a real money-maker, Mr Gignac has 47 a company and is employing his girlfriend as vice president. He 48 to discuss his profit margins: “It’s actually quite a lot of effort putting them together-but yes, garbage is free.”Mr Gignac is considering more varieties of souvenirs. He maintains that he has signed 49 with people interested in similar projects from as far as Berlin and London.Ⅲ. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Most people believe they don’t have much imagination. They are 50 .Everyone has imagination, but most of us, once we become adults, forget how to 51 it. Creativity isn’t always52 with great works of art or ideas. People at work and in their free time 53 think of creative ways to solve problems. Maybe you have a goal to achieve, a tricky question to answer or you just want to expand your mind! Here are three techniques to help you.Making connections This technique involves taking 54 ideas and trying to find links between them. First, think about the problem you have to solve or the job you need to do. Then find an image, word, idea or object, for example, a candle. Write down all the idea/words 55 with candles: light, fire, matches, wax, night, silence, etc. Think of as many as you can. The next stage is to relate the 56 to the job you have to do. So imagine you want to buy a friend an original 57 ; you could buy him tickets to match or take him out for the night.NO limits!Imagine that normal limitations don’t58 . You have as much time/space/money, etc. as you want. Think about your goal and the new 59 .If your goal is to learn to ski, 60 , you can now practise skiing every day of your life （because you have the time and the money）. Now 61 this to reality. Maybe you can practise skiing ever day in December, or every Monday in January.Be someone else! Look at the situation from a 62 point of view. Good businessmen use this technique in trade, and so do writes. Fiction writers often imagine they are the 63 in their books. They ask question: What does this character want? Why can’t she get it? What changes must she make to get what she wants? If your goal involves other people, put yourself in their 64 . The best fishermen think like fish!50. A. wrong B. unbelievable C. reasonable D. realistic51. A. put up with B. catch up with C. make use of D. keep track of52. A. equipped B. compared C. covered D. connected53. A. skillfully B. routinely C. vividly D. deeply54. A. familiar B. unrelated C. creative D. imaginary55. A. presented B. marked C. lit D. associated56. A. ideas B. ambitions C. achievement D. technique57. A. experience B. service C. present D. object58. A. work B. last C. exist D. change59. A. possibilities B. limitations C. tendency D. practice60. A. in fact B. in particular C. as a whole D. for example61. A. devote B. adapt C. lead D. keep62. A. private B. global C. different D. practical63. A. features B. themes C. creatures D. characters64. A. positions B. dreams C. images D. directionsSection BDirections：Read the following four passages . Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.（A）Even at school there had been an unhealthy competition between George and Richard.“I’ll be the first millionaire in Coleford!” Richard used to boast.“And you’ll be sorry you knew me,” George would reply “because I’ll be the best lawyer in town!”George never did become a lawyer and Richard never made any money. Instead both men opened bookshops on opposite sides of Coleford High Street. It was hard to make money from books, which made the competition between them worse.Now with only one bookshop in town, business was better for George. But sometimes he sat in his narrow , old kitchen and gazed out of the dirty window , thinking about his former rival （竞争对手）。

上海外国语大学09年试题英语语言文学2009年英语语言文学英语综合改错A fairly standard consensual definition is "a relatively permanent change in behavior (sic.; it's American of course) that results from practise." This is of course arguable, particularly the "practice" criterion. Others would accept changes in "capability" or even simple "knowledge" or "understanding", even if it is not manifest in behaviour. It is however an important criterion that "learned" behaviour is not pre-programmed or wholly instinctive (not a word used much nowadays), even if an instinctual drive underpins it. Behaviour can also change as a result of maturation-simple growing-up-without being totally learned. Think of the changing attitude of children and adolescents to opposite-sex peers. Whatever the case, there has to be interaction with the environment.Even if psychologists ever agree about what learning is, in practice educationalists won't, because education introduces prescriptive notions about specifying what ought to be learnt, and there is considerable dispute about whether this ought only to be what the teacher wants the learner to learn (implicit in behavioural models), or what the learner wants to learn (as in humanistic models).2009英语语言文学完形填空全文Obtaining Linguistic DataMany procedures are available for obtaining data about a language. They range from a carefully planned, intensive field investigation in a foreign country to a casual introspection about one's mother tongue carried out in an armchair at home.In all cases, someone has to act as a source of language data - an informant. Informants are(ideally) native speakers of a language, who provide utterances for analysis and other kinds of information about the language(e.g. translations, comments about correctness, or judgements on usage). Often, when studying their mother tongue, linguists act as their own informants, judging the ambiguity, acceptability, or other properties of utterances against their own intuitions. The convenience of this approach makes it widely used, and it is considered the norm in the generative approach to linguistics. But a linguist's personal judgements are often uncertain, or disagree with the judgements of other linguists, at which point recourse is needed to more objective methods of enquiry, using non-linguists as informants. The latter procedure is unavoidable when working on foreign languages, or child speech.Many factors must be considered when selecting informants - whether one is working with singlespeakers(a common situation when languages have not been described before), two people interacting, small groups or large-scale samples. Age, sex, social background and other aspects of identity are important, as these factors are known to influence the kind of language used. The topic of conversation and the characteristics of the social setting(e.g. the level of formality) are also highly relevant, as are the personal qualities of the informants(e.g. their fluency and consistency). For larger studies, scrupulous attention has been paid to the sampling theory employed, and in all cases, decisions have to be made about the best investigative techniques to use.Today, researchers often tape-record informants. This enables the linguist's claims about the language to be checked, and provides a way of making those claims more accurate('difficult' pieces of speech can be listened to repeatedly). But obtaining naturalistic, good-quality data is never easy. People talk abnormally when they know they are being recorded, and sound quality can be poor. A variety of tape-recording procedures have thus been devised to minimise the 'observer's paradox'(how to observe the way people behave when they are not bening observed). Some recordings are made without the speaker being aware of the fact - a procedure that obtains very natural data, though ethical objections must be anticipated. Alternatively, attempts can be made to make the speaker forget about the recording, such as keeping the tape recorder out of sight, or using radio microphones. A useful technique is to introduce a topic that quickly involves the speaker, and stimulates a natural language style(e.g. asking older informants about how times have changed in their locality).An audio tape recording does not solve all the linguist's problems, however. Speech is often unclear and ambiguous. Where possible , therefore, the recording has to be supplemented by the observer's written comments on the non-verbal behaviour of the participants, and about the context in general. A facial expression, for example, can dramatically alter the meaning of what is said. Video recordings avoid these problems to a large extent, but even they have limitations(the camera connot be everywhere), and transcriptions always benefit from any additional commentary provided by an observer.Linguists also make great use of structured sessions, in which they systematically ask their informants for utterances that describe certain actions, objects or behaviour. With a bilingual informant, or through use of an interpreter, it is possible to use translation techniques('How do you say table in your language?'). A large number of points can be covered in a short time, using interview worksheets and questionnaires. Often, the researcher wishes to obtain information about just a single variable, in which case a restricted set of questions may be used: a particular feature of pronunciation, for example, can be elicited by asking the informant to say a restricted set of words. There are also several direct methods of elicitation, such as asking informants to fill in the blanks in a substitution frame(e.g I__see a car), or feeding them the wrong stimulus for correction('Is it possible to say I no can see?').A representative sample of language, compiled for the purpose of linguistic analysis, is known as a corpus. A corpus enables the linguist to make unbiased statements about frequency of usage, and it provides accessible data for the use of different researchers. Its range and size are variable. Some corpora attempt to cover the language as a whole, taking extracts from many kinds of text; othersare extremely selective, providing a collection of material that deals only with a particular linguistic feature. The size of the porpus depends on practical factors, such as the time available to collect, process and store the data: it can take up to several hours to provide an accurate transcription of a few minutes of speech. Sometimes a small sample of data will be enough to decide a linguistic hypothesis; by contrast, corpora in major research projects can total millions of words. An important principle is that all corpora, whatever their size, are inevitably limited in their coverage, and always need to be supplemented by data derived from the intuitions of native speakers of the language, through either introspection or experimentation.2009英语语言文学英语综合阅读理解Passage 1BAKELITEThe birth of modern plasticsIn 1907, Leo Hendrick Baekeland, a Belgian scientist working in New York, discovered and patented a revolutionary new synthetic material. His invention, which he named 'Bakelite', was of enormous technological importance, and effectively launched the modern plastics industry.The term 'plastic' comes from the Greek plassein, meaning 'to mould'. Some plastics are derived from natural sources, some are semi-synthetic (the result of chemical action on a natural substance), and some are entirely synthetic, that is, chemically engineered from the constituents of coal or oil. Some are 'thermoplastic', which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can then be reshaped. Others are 'thermosetting': like eggs, they cannot revert to their original viscous state, and their shape is thus fixed for ever., Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic.The history of today's plastics begins with the discovery of a series of semi-synthetic thermoplastic materials in the mid-nineteenth century. The impetus behind the development of these early plastics was generated by a number of factors - immense technological progress in the domain of chemistry, coupled with wider cultural changes, and the pragmatic need to find acceptable substitutes for dwindling supplies of 'luxury' materials such as tortoiseshell and ivory.Baekeland's interest in plastics began in 1885 when, as a young chemistry student in Belgium, he embarked on research into phenolic resins, the group of sticky substances produced when phenol (carbolic acid) combines with an aldehyde (a volatile fluid similar to alcohol). He soon abandoned the subject, however, only returning to it some years later. By 1905 he was a wealthy New Yorker, having recently made his fortune with the invention of a new photographic paper. While Baekeland had been busily amassing dollars, some advances had been made in the development of plastics. The years 1899 and 1900 had seen the patenting of the first semi-synthetic thermosetting material that could be manufactured on an industrial scale. In purely scientific terms, Baekeland'smajor contribution to the field is not so much the actual discovery of the material to which he gave his name, but rather the method by which a reaction between phenol and formaldehyde could be controlled, thus making possible its preparation on a commercial basis. On 13 July 1907, Baekeland took out his famous patent describing this preparation, the essential features of which are still in use today.The original patent outlined a three-stage process, in which phenol and formaldehyde (from wood or coal) were initially combined under vacuum inside a large egg-shaped kettle. The result was a resin known as Novalak, which became soluble and malleable when heated. The resin was allowed to cool in shallow trays until it hardened, and then broken up and ground into powder. Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton, which increase strength and. moisture resistance, catalysts (substances to speed up the reaction between two chemicals without joining to either) and hexa, a compound of ammonia and formaldehyde which supplied the additional formaldehyde necessary to form a thermosetting resin. This resin was then left to cool and harden, and ground up a second time. The resulting granular powder was raw Bakelite, ready to be made into a vast range of manufactured objects. In the last stage, the heated Bakelite was poured into a hollow mould of the required shape and subjected to extreme heat and pressure; thereby 'setting' its form for life.The design of Bakelite objects, everything from earrings to television sets, was governed to a large extent by the technical requirements of the moulding process. The object could not be designed so that it was locked into the mould and therefore difficult to extract. A common general rule was that objects should taper towards the deepest part of the mould, and if necessary the product was moulded in separate pieces. Moulds had to be carefully designed so that the molten Bakelite would flow evenly and completely into the mould. Sharp corners proved impractical and were thus avoided, giving rise to the smooth, 'streamlined' style popular in the 1930s. The thickness of the walls of the mould was also crucial: thick walls took longer to cool and harden, a factor which had to be considered by the designer in order to make the most efficient use of machines.Baekeland's invention, although treated with disdain in its early years, went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of the twentieth century. It became the wonder product of the new world of industrial expansion -'the material of a thousand uses'. Being both non-porous and heat-resistant, Bakelite kitchen goods were promoted as being germ-free and sterilisable. Electrical manufacturers seized on its insulating: properties, and consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of shades, delighted that they were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the prepfastic era. It then fell from favour again during the 1950s, and was despised and destroyed in vast quantities. Recently, however, it has been experiencing something of a renaissance, with renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors' marketplace, and museums, societies and dedicated individuals once again appreciating the style and originality of this innovative material.2009英语语言文学英语综合阅读理解Passage 2Nature or Nurture?A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments in behavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a 'leader' in a situation in which the subjects might feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform. Specifically, Milgram told each volunteer 'teacher-subject' that the experiment was in the noble cause of education, and was designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect on the pupils' ability to learn.Milgram's experimental set-up involved placing the teacher-subject before a panel of thirty switches with labels ranging from '15 vols of electricity (slight shock)' to '450 volts (danger - severe shock)' in steps of 15 volts each. The teacher-subject was told that whenever the pupil gave the wrong answer to a question, a shock was to be administered, beginning at the lowest level and increasing in severity with each successive wrong answer. The supposed 'pupil' was in reality an actor hired by Milgram to simulate receiving the shocks by emitting a spectrum of groans, screams and writhings together with an assortment of statements and expletives denouncing both the experiment and the experimenter. Milgram told the teacher-subject to ignore the reactions of the pupil, and to administer whatever level of shock was called for, as per the rule governing the experimental situation of the moment.As the experiment unfolded, the pupil would deliberately give the wrong answers to questions posed by the teacher, thereby bringing on various electrical punishments, even up to the danger level of 300 volts and beyond. Many of the teacher-subjects balked at administering the higher levels of punishment, and turned to Milgram with questioning looks and/or complaints about continuing the experiment. In these situations, Milgram calmly explained that the teacher-subject was to ignore the pupil's cries for mercy and carry on with the experiment. If the subject was still reluctant to proceed, Milgram said that it was important for the sake of the experiment that the procedure be followed through to the end. His final argument was, 'You have no other choice. You must go on.' What Milgram was trying to discover was the number of teacher-subjects who would be willing to administer the highest levels of shock, even in the face of strong personal and moral revulsion against the rules and conditions of the experiment.Prior to carrying out the experiment, Milgram explained his idea to a group of 39 psychiatrists and asked them to predict the average percentage of people in an ordinary population who would be willing to administer the highest shock level of 450 volts. The overwhelming consensus was that virtually all the teacher-subjects would refuse to obey the experimenter. They psychiatrists felt that 'most subjects would not go beyond 150 volts' and they further anticipated that only four per cent would go up to 300 volts. Furthermore, they thought that only a lunatic fringe of about one in 1,000 would give the highest shock of 450 volts.What were the actuatl results? Well, over 60 per cent of the teacher-subjects continued to obey Milgram up to the 450-volt limit! In repetitions of the experiment in other countries, the percentage of obedient teacher-subjects was even higher, reaching 85 per cent in one country. How can we possible account for this vast discrepancey between what calm, rational, knowledgeable people predict in the comfort of their study and what pressured, flustered, but cooperative 'teachers' actually do in the laboratory of real life?One's first inclination might be to argue that there must be some sort of built-in animal aggression instinct that was activated by the experimental, and the Milgram's teacher-subjects were just following a genetic need to discharge this pent-up primal urge onto the pupil by administering the electrical shosck. A modern hard-core sociobiologist might even go so far as to claim that this aggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival value to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the caves, ultimately finding its way into our genetic make-up as a remnant of our ancient animal ways.An alternative to this notion of genetic programming is to see the teacher-subjects' actions as a result of the social environment under which the experiment was carried out. As Milgram himself pointed out, 'Most subjects in the experiment see their behaviour in a larger context that is benevolent and useful to society - the pursuit of scientific truth. The psychological laboratory has a strong claim to legitimacy and evokes trust and confidence in those who perform there. An action such as shocking a victim, which in isolation apears evil, acquires a completely different meaning when placed in this setting'.Thus, in this explanation the subject merges his unique personality and personal and moral code with that of larger institutional structures, surrendering individual properties like loyalty, self-sacrifice and discipline to the service of malevolent systems of authority.Here we have two radically different explanations for why so many teacher-subjects were willing to forgot their sense of personal responsibility for the sake of an institutional authority figure. The problem for biologists, psychologists and anthropologists is to sort out which of these two polar explanations is more plausible. This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiology - to discover the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming dictates, or at least strongly biases, the interaction of animals and humans with their environment, that is, their behaviour. Put another way, sociobiology is concerned with elucidating the biological basis of all behaviour.Which paragraph contains the following information?1 a biological explanation of the teacher-subjects' behaviour2 the explanation Milgram gave the teacher-subjects for the experiment3 the identity of the pupils4 the expected statistical outcome5 the general aim of sociobiologial study6 the way Milgram persuaded the teacher-subjects to continueChoose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.7 The teacher-subjects were told that they were testing whether(A) a 450-volt shock was dangerous(B) punishment helps learning(C) the pupils were honest(D) they were stuited to teaching8 The teacher-subjects were instructed to(A) stop when a pupil asked them to(B) denounce pupils who made mistakes(C) reduce the shock level after a correct answer(D) give punishment according to a rule9 Before the experiment took place the psychiatrists(A) believed that a shock of 150 volts was too dangerous(B) failed to agree on how the teacher-subjects would respond to instructions(C) underestimated the teacher-subjects' willingness to comply with experimental procedure(D) thought that many of the teacher-subjects would administer a shock of 450 volts2009英语语言文学英语综合阅读理解Passage 3The Truth about the EnvironmentFor many environmentalists, the world seems to be getting worse. They have developed a hit-list of our main fears: that natural resources are running out; that the population is ever growing, leaving less and less to eat; that species are becoming extinct in vast numbers, and that the planet's air and water are becoming ever more polluted.But a quick look at the facts shows a different picture. First, energy and other natural resources have become more abundant, not less so, since the book 'The Limits to Growth' was published in 1972 by a group of scientists. Second, more food is now produced per head of the world's population than at any time in history. Fewer people are starving. Third, although species are indeed becoming extinct, only about 0.7% of them are expected to disappear in the next 50 years, not 25-50%, as has so often been predicted. And finally, most forms of environmental pollution either appear to have been exggerated, or are transient - associated with the early phases of industrialisation and therefore best cured not by restricting economic growth, but by accelerating it.One form of pollution - the release of greenhouse gases that causes global warming - does appear to be a phenomenon that is going to extend well into our future, but its total impact is unlikely to pose a devastating problem. A bigger problem may well turn out to be an inappropriate response to it.Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that environmental standards are declining and four factors seem to cause this disjunction between perception and reality.One is the lopsidedness built into scientific research. Scientific funcing goes mainly to areas with many problems. That may be wise policy, but it will also create an impression that many more potential problems exist than is the case.Secondly, environmental groups need to be noticed by the mass media. They also need to keep the money rolling in. Understandably, perhaps, they sometimes overstate their arguments. In 1997, for example, the World Wide Fund for Nature issued a press release entitled: 'Two thirds of the world's forests lost forever'. The truth turns out to be nearer 20%.Though these groups are run overwhelmingly by selfless folk, they nevertheless share many of the characteristics of other lobby groups. That would matter less if people applied the same degree of scepticism to environmental lobbying as tehy do to lobby groups in other fields. A trade organisation arguing for, say, weaker pollution controls is instantly seen as self-interested. Yet a green organisation opposing such a weakening is seen as altruistic, even if an impartial view of the controls in question might suggest they are doing more harm than good.A third source of confusion is the attitude of the media. People are clearly more cuirous about bad news than good. Newspapers and broadcasters are there to provide what the public wants. That, however, can lead to significant distortions of perception. An example was America's encounter El Nino in 1997 and 1998. This climatic phenomenon was accused of wrecking tourism, causing allergies, melting the ski-slopes and causing 22 deaths. However, according to an artical in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, the damage it did was estimated at US$4 billing but the benefits amounted to some US$19 billion. These came fromhigher winter temperatures (which saved an estimated 850 lives, reduced heating costs and diminished spring floods caused by meltwaters).The fourth factor is poor individual perception. People worry that the endless rise in the amount of stuff everyone throws away will cause the world to run out of places to dispose of waste. Yet, even if America's trash output continues to rise as it has done in the past, and even if the American population doubles by 2100, all the rubbish America produces through the entire 21st centurey will still take up only on 12,000th of the area of the entire United States.So what of global warming? As we know, carbon dioxide emissions are causing the planet to warm. The best estimates are that the temperatures will rise by 2-3°C in this century, causing considerable problems, at a total cost of US$5,000 billion.Despite the intuition that something drastic needs to be done about such a costly problem, economic analyses clearly show it will be far more expensive to cut carbon dioxide emissions radically than to pay the costs of adaptation ot the increased temperatures. A model by one of the main authors of the United Nations Climate Change Panel shows how an expected temperature increase of 2.1 degrees in 2100 would only be diminished to an increase of 1.9 degrees. Or to put it another way, the temperature increase that the planet would have experienced in 2094 would be postponed to 2100.So this does not prevent global warming, but merely buys the world six years. Yet the cost of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, for the United States alone, will be higher than the cost of solving the wolrd's single, most pressing health problem: providing universal access to clean drinking water and sanitation. Such measures would avoid 2 million deaths every year, and prevent half a billion people from becoming seriously ill.It is crucial that we look at the facts if we want to make the best possible decisions for the future. It may be costly to be overly optimistic - but more costly still to be too pessimistic.33 What aspect of scientific research does the writer express concern about in paragraph 4?(A) the need to produce results(B) the lack of financial support(C) the selection of areas to research(D) the desire to solve every research problem34 The writer quotes from the Worldwide Fund for Nature to illustrate how(A) influential the mass media can be(B) effective environmental groups can be(C) the mass media can help groups raise funds(D) environmental groups can exaggerate their claims35 What is the writer's main point about lobby groups in paragraph 6?(A) some are more active than others(B) some are better organised than others(C) some receive more criticism than others(D) some support more important issues than others36 The writer suggests that newspapers print items that are intended to(A) educate readers(B) meet their readers' expectations(C) encourage feedback from readers(D) mislead readers37 What does the writer say about America's waste problem?(A) it will increase in line with population growth(B) it is not as important as we have been led to believe(C) it has been reduced through public awareness of the issues(D) it is only significant in certain areas of the country。

2009外语专升本试卷及答案2009年专接本综合考试试卷（英语）（考试时间90分钟）（总分120分）I. Phonetics (5 points)Directions : In each of the following group of words, there are four underlined letters or letter combinations marked A, B,C and D .Compare the underlined parts and identify the one that is different from the others in pronunciation .Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet from with a single line through the centre.1.A.live B.alive C.forgive D.active2.A.satisfaction B.vocation C.question D.addition3.A.supply B.simply C.only D.calmly4.A.apologize B.avoid C.agency D.aware5.A.assure B.cure C.pure D.matureⅡSituational Dialogues (10 points)Section ADirections: In this part there are 5short dialogues. For each dialogue, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. You are required to choose the ONE that best fits into the dialogue. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.6. Shop assistant: Good morning, sir. May I help you?Customer: Where do I pay my fees?A.Yes, please.B.Thank you, anyway.C.As you please.D.Yes, you can.7. Steve: Hi, my name is Steve. It’s nice to meet you.Jack: I’m Jack.A.My name is Jack, you know.B.How are you, Steve?C.It’s my pleasure to meet you, Steve.D.You are busy, aren’t you?8. Student A : Why didn’t you come my party last night？Student B: I’m sorry; I had to visit my grandma at the hospital.A.I did it.B.I couldn’t make it.C.I still remember this.D.I’ll come.9. Man: Do I have the pleasure to buy you a drink?Woman:A.It’s my pleasure.B.You are too nice tome.C.It’s very kind of you.D.You spend money again.10. Taxi driver:Passenger: The airport please.A.Where do you want to go?B.To where.C.Where are you going?D.Hello, where would you like to go?Section BDirections: In this section there is a long conversation with 5 missing sentences. At the end of the conversation, there is a list of given choices. You are required to select the ONE that best fits into the conversation. then mark the corresponding letter on theAnswer Sheet with a single line through the center. Note that there are two additional choices and you may not use any of the choices in the list more than once.---Can I do anything for you, sir?--- 11 . It is my cell phone. I brought it in to be repaired but now 12 .---Lost the receipt? Oh, dear. That’s too bad.---C an’t I just describe my phone to you?--- 13 Only our manager can help you but he is not in now .He left only a minute ago.---Oh, my God! I think it was the manager who served me.---Just a moment. 14---This time last week, during my lunch hour.---And was you phone a smell golden one?---yes, that’s right.15---Because you receipt is still here .You dropped it when you left .The manager shouted but you didn’t hear.A.I’m afraid not.B.How did you know?C.When did you bring your cell phone in?D.No, you c an’t.E.I think so.F.I’ve lost the receipt.G.I hope so.III. Vocabulary and structure (30points)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are required to choose the ONE that best fits into the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.16. Those students seem to be interested only in love , ignoring their study and even their health.A. mattersB. events C .stories D. affair17. The books in our library from economics to literature to political science.A. changeB. transferC. varyD. shape18. The president declared the whole country into a state of .A. urgentB. emergencyC. instantD. tendency19. The sky girl felt and uneasy when she could not answer her teacher’s questions.A. amazedB. awkwardC. stupidD. slow20. There Chinese buildings have a strong appeal, especially to the foreigners.A. visualB. tangibleC. virtualD. moral21. The manager spoke highly of such as loyalty, courage and truthfulness shown by his employees.A. featuresB. propertiesC. charactersD. virtues22. his appearance, he doesn’t look like a man of fifty at all.A. JudgingB. ThinkingC. ConsideringD. Finding23. The ability to store knowledge makes computers different from every other machineinvented.A. soB. thusC. everD. yet24. It is impossible to find a good educational program in this channel on TV.A. barelyB. hardlyC. merelyD. nearly25. A love marriage, however, does not necessarily much sharing of interests andresponsibilities.A. take overB. result inC. keep toD. hold on26. When I try to understand that prevents so many Americans from being so happy as onemight expect, it seems to me that there are two causes.A. why it doesB. what it doesC. what it isD. why it is27. The speech , a lively discussion stared.A. to deliverB. be deliveredC. deliveringD. having beendelivered28. evidence that language-acquiring ability must be stimulated.A. It beingB. It isC. There isD. There being29. What he told us about the accident does notA. make any senseB. mean any pointC. mean any importanceD. takeanything30. Studies reveal that people spent two hours dreaming every night, no matter what theyduring the day.A. should doB. would have doneC. may have doneD. must do31. Evidence came up specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as sixmonths old.A. whatB. thatC. whichD. whom32. We agree to accept they thought was the best tourist guide.A. whateverB. whicheverC. whomeverD.whoever33. In no country Britain can one experience four seasons in the course of a single day.A. more thanB. other thanC. rather thanD. betterthan34. me the money for my tuition then , I would be working on the farm now .A. Had my uncle not lentB. S houldn’t my uncle lendC. Would my uncle lendD. If my uncle35. Inexperienced as h is, he has succeeded other experienced researcher.A. whereB. whatC. whichD. howIV. Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage 1Questions 36—40 are based on the following passageTo understand how Americans think about things, it is necessary to understand “the point”. Americans mention it often: “Let’s get right to the point,” they will say. “My point is …”“What is the point of all this?”The “point” is the idea of the piece of information that Americans suppose is, or should be, at the center of people’ thinking, writings, and spoken comments. Speakers and writers are supposed to “make their points clear”, meaning that they are supposed to say or write clearly the idea of information they wish to express.People from many other cultures have different ideas about the point. Africans traditionally tell stories that express the thoughts they have in mind, rather than stating the point is. Thus, while an American might say to a friend , “I don’t think that coat goes very well with the rest of your outfit,” a Japanese might say , “Maybe this other coat would look eve n better than the one you have on .”Americans value a person who “gets right to the point.” Japanese are likely to consider such a person insensitive if not rude.The Chinese and Japanese languages are characterized by vagueness(模糊) and ambiguity(歧义).The precision and directness Americans associate with “the point” cannot be achieved ,and lest not with any grace, in Chinese and Japanese. Speakers of those languages thus have to learn a new way of reasoning and expressing their ideas if they are going to communicate satisfactorily with Americans.36. According to the passage, American expect speakers and writers to ______A. be clear about their man ideasB. give as much information as possibleC. express their personal viewsD. be honest about their true feelings37. Which of the following people will tell a story to express what they have in mind?A. AmericansB. AfricansC. JapaneseD. Chinese38. In the sentence “I don’t think that coat goes very well with the rest of your outfit”, the word “outfit” most probably means_____.A. officeB. timeC. speechD. clothes39. According to the passage, the Japanese may consider it unacceptable to be_____.A. indirectB. straightforwardC. poorly-dressedD. curious40. In order to communicate with Americans satisfactorily, speakers of Chinese need to____A. lean the language wellB. change their way of thinkingC. be careful about their choice of wordsD. explain their reasons clearlyPassage 2Questions 36—40 are based on the following passageMany young people tell me they want to be writers. I always encourage such people, but I also explain that there’s big difference between “being a writer” and writing. In most cases these young people are dreaming of wealth and fame, not the long hours lonely at a typewriter. “You’ve got to want write,”I say to them, “not want to be a writer.”The reality is that writing is lonely, private and poor-paying. for every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is never realized. When I left a 20-year career in the U. S. Army to become a freelance writer (自由撰稿者), I had expectation at all. What I did have was a friend who found me my room in a New York apartment building. It didn’t even matter that it was cold and had no bathroom. I immediately bought a used typewriter and felt like a true writer.After a year or so, however, I still hadn’t gotten any breakthrough and began to doubt myself. It was so hard to sell story that I barely made enough to eat .But I knew I wanted to write. I had dreamed about it for years. I wasn’t going to be one of those people who gave up halfway. I would keep putting my dream to the test---even though it meant living with uncertaintyand fear of failure. This is the shadow-land of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there.41. The passage means to ______A. warn young people of the hardships that a writer has to experienceB. advise young people to give up their idea of becoming a professional writerC. show young people it’s unrealistic for a writer to pursue wealth and fameD. encourage young people to pursue a writing career42. What can be concluded from the passage?A. Genuine writers often find their work interesting and rewarding.B.A writer’s success depends on luck rather than on effort.C. Famous writers usually live in poverty and isolationD. The chance for a writer to become successful are small.43. Why did the author begin to doubt himself after the first year of his writing career?A. He wasn’t able to produce a single book.B. He wasn’t able to have a rest fo r a whole year.C. He found his dream would never come true.D. He hadn’t seen a change for the better.44. When the author began writing, he only had_____.A. a second-hand typewriter.B. a friend who helped him find a room to liveC. a cold room without a bathroomD. empty expectations of his future45. “shadow-land” in the last sentence refers to_____.A. the piece of land one often dreams aboutB. the state of uncertainty before one’s final goal is reachedC. the bright future that one is looking forward toD. a world that exists only in one’s imaginationPassage 3Questions 36—40 are based on the following passageMy friend Mike was shaking his head in disbelief. “That young woman who just waited onme ,”he said ,pointing to an employee of the fas t food restaurant where we eating , “had to call someone over to help her count out the change .the cash register(出纳机) showed her I need 99 nets ,but she couldn’t figure out how to count out the coins .”I understood Mike’s concern .What we have done in thi s country ,although unintentionally ,is to create several generations of individuals most of most of whom have no idea how to reason, how to do simple math ,how to do research ,or finally how to be creative .The reason for this is our overuse of information technology :video games, television, digital watches, calculators, and computer. information technology feeds us information without requiring us to think about it and let us perform operations without understanding them.It is time for us to take a hand look at an educational system that only teaches our children how to push buttons. Our kids can’t tell time if the clock has hands .they can use calculators but cannot add, subtract, divide or multiply. Video games have taken the place of active imaginative play .Although most of them are technically literate ,they choose not to read .They are so used to television and movies that they cannot use their imagination to stay interested in a book .It is not enough to recognize the problem. What we need is solution .the one I offer is simple to suggest , but may be impossible to carry out. We must unplug our children .If wedon’t, they will never learn how to solve problems. They will never learn basic reasoning skills and will certainly not develop creativity .Instead of filling classrooms with electronics, let’s to perform computer operations, but to figure and to figure and reason for themselves. They must see how things work and how process leads to results, they must also stretch their imagination.46. What seems to be the problem of the employee of the fast food restaurant?A. She does not know how to count coins.B. She is unable to solve simple math problem.C. She has no small change for the customers.D. She does not know how to operate cash registers47. What is the author’s and his friend Mike’s concern?A. The educational system is now creating people who can’t think for themselves.B. People now rarely do things on their own.C. Computers feed us too much information nowadays.D. The restaurant does not provide good service.48. For children to have imaginative minds, they must_____.A. be born with talentsB. be taught to read the right booksC .be dragged away from machinesD. have a large vocabulary49. What is the most probable meaning of “unplug o ur children” in the last paragraph?A. Give them freedom of enjoying themselves.B. Teach themC. Get them off TV and computer games.D. Turn off all the power in the schools.50. The conclusion of the article is that the authorbelieves_____A. electronics should have no place in classroomsB. information technology helps us to do things we do not understandC. all books benefit children more than anything elseD. information technology is new being overusedPassage4Questions 36—40 are based on the following passageAll of us communicate with one another nonverbally(不使用语言地)，as well as with words. Most of the time we’re not aware that we are doing it. We gesture with elbows or a hand, meet someone else’s eyes and look away, change positions in a c hair. These actions we assume are occasional. However in recent years researchers have discovered that there is a system to them almost as consistent and understandable as language.One important kind of body language is eye behavior. Americans are careful about how and when they meet one another’s eyes. In our normal conversation, each eye contact lasts only about a second before one or both of us look away. When two Americans look searchingly into each other’s eyes, they become more intimate. Therefore, we carefully avoid this, except in suitable situations.Researchers who are engaged in the study of communication through body movement are not prepared to spell out a precise vocabulary of gestures. When an American rubs his nose, it may mean he is disagreeing with someone or refusing something. But there are other possible interpretations(解释)，too. Anther example: when a student in conversation with a professor holds the older man’s eyes a little longer than is usual, it can be sign of respect; it can be a challenge to the professor’s authority; itcan be something else entirely. The researches look for patterns in the situation, not for a separate meaningful gesture.Communications between human beings would be just dull if it were all done with words.51. The main idea of this article is that________A. study of communication through body movement is a new scienceB. body movements are as important as words in communicationC. all of us communicate with one anotherD. eye behavior is the most important part in body language52. What do researchers think of body language?A. Body language can be understood and used by people in communication.B. Body language is more important than spoken language in communication.C. Body language has been discovered in recent years.D. Body language is the study of communication via body movement.53. The word“intimate” in paragraph two probably means______.A. greatB. closeC. goodD. important54. According to the passage, you make an American person feel uncomfortable if you_____.A. meet his eyesB. avoid meeting his eyesC. stare into his eyes for one secondD. look into his eyes for a long time55. The sentence “the researchers look for patterns in the situation, not for a separate meaningful gesture” means______.A. the researchers explain the meaning of a gesture according to the situation in which it is usedB. the researchers believe that one gesture has only one meaningC. the researchers think that one gesture cannot be used in different situationsD. the researchers look for patterns in textbooks to explain the meaning of a gestureV. Cloze (15 point)Directions: There are 15 blanks in the follow passage. For each there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. You are required to choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the Critics (评论家)like the new play? __56_an event takes place, newspaper are on the streets __57_the details.Wherever anything happens, reporters are on the spot to __58_ the news. Newspapers have one basic __59__ to the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to __60__it. Radio, television, and __61__inventions brought competition for newspapers, so did the development of magazines and other means of communication. __62___,this completion merely spurred(促进) the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the __63___ and thus the efficiency oftheir won operations.Today more newspapers are __64__and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to branch out to many other fields. Besides keeping readers__65__of the latest news, today’s newspapers __66__and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters.Newspapers influence readers’economic choices __67___ advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very __68__.Newspapers are sold at a price that __69___even a small part of the cost of production. The main __70___of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The __71__ in selling advertising depends__72___on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment __73__in a newspaper’s pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on the newspaper’s value to readers as a source of information __74__the community, city, country, state, nation, and world---and even outer space.56. A. Just when B. While C. Soon after D. Before57. A. to give B. giving C. given D. being given58. A. gather B. spread C. carry D. bring59. A. reason B. cause C. problem D. purpose60. A. make B. publish C. know D. write61. A. another B. other C. one another D. the other62. A. However B. And C. Therefore D. So63.A.value B.retio C.rate D.speed64. A.spread B.passed C.printed /doc/2418700139.html,pleted65. /doc/2418700139.html,rm B.be informed C. to be informed D. informed66. A.entertain B.encourage/doc/2418700139.html,cate D.edit67. A.on B.through C.with D.of68. A.forms B.existence C.contente D.purpose69. A.triesto cover B. manages to cover C. fails to cover D. succeeds in70. A.souce B.origin C.cause D.finance71. A. way B. means C. chance D. success72. A.measures B.measured C.is measured D. was measured73. A. somewhat B. little C. much D. something74. A.offering B.offered C.which offered D. to be offered75. A.by B.with C.at D.aboutVI. Translation (5 points)Directions: In this part there five incomplete sentences with Chinese in /doc/2418700139.html,plete the sentences by translating the Chinese into English.76.I have had a lot of trouble__________(告诉她发生的事).77.Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was _______(忙着准备考试).78.(不管你同意还是不同意)___________,we will do it in our own way.79.As far as these people are concerned, the most important thing __________(是立刻把他送往医院).80.It’s high time that ________(采取措施)about the traffic problem downtown.VII. Writing (15 point)Directions:In this part you are required to write a composition entitled My View on Job-Hopping in no less than 100 words according to the following Chinese outline .Please remember to write it on the Composition Sheet.1.现在更换工作队许多人来说是司空见惯的事；2.为什么会出现这种现象；3.你的看法。

09级《大学英语》分级考试试卷A(普本)命题人：大学外语教学部复核人：命题部门：外国语学院试卷序号： A 考试形式：闭卷学分：考生校区：浦口考生班级：考生学号：考生姓名：考试班级：09级普本(英语专业除外)南京审计学院2009级《大学英语》分级考试注意事项1．本次考试答题纸分两部分：答题卡（供阅卷机使用）和答题纸。

2．客观题（Part I – Part III）做在答题卡上，主观题（Part IV – Part VI）做在答题纸上。

3．划线要求：(1) 用HB—2B铅笔按照答题卡上的范例填写。

(2) 要有一定粗度，浓度盖过字母底色(3) 代号划写不能用钢笔或圆珠笔，否则试卷作废。

(4) 修改要用橡皮擦干净，注意不要划错行。

4．答题卡上的学校代号和准考证号填写学生学号。

不足十位数的请在学号前面加0，补足十位数。

请在相应数字上划线。

5．答题卡上的试卷代号一定要划，否则阅卷机无法识别。

注意：不按要求填涂答题卡而造成阅卷机无法识别，得不到成绩，由本人负责。

外国语学院大学外语教学部2009年8月2009级《大学英语》分级考试试卷Part I. Reading Comprehension (40%)irections: Read the following passages and choose the best answer to each of the questions or incomplete statements following the passage. You must read thefour choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Thenmark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line throughthe center.(2’×20)Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.It has been a widespread belief that the American family is dying. But a new study reveals that the American family is stronger than ever. This study affords surprising evidence of the persistence of American commitments to family life.The American family is changing, not dying. It is becoming smaller, men and women are becoming more equal, and the divorce rate is higher. But despite the high divorce rate, marriage has never been more popular. The majority of divorced people remarry, but only 2% marry more than twice. Most marriages last a long time, and a large proportion of divorces are from teenage marriages. Depending on the specific situation, there’s often good reason for teenage marriages to break up.There is no evidence that children receive less attention from mothers who work outside the home than from mothers working inside the home. So far the amount of educational or development time hasn’t varied very much, whether or not the mother works outside the home. In fact, working mothers try to make up for it by setting aside time only for their children.The study shows that television is by far the most significant new childcare arrangement of this century. The most important activity for children up to age 14 is watching television.School is the second most time-consuming activity for children. They spend an average of about 19 hours a week in school. A larger proportion of children go to school earlier than ever before, and they stay in school longer. Another big change is that the proportion of very young children in daycare centers (日托站) has almost doubled in recent years. Compared with these two dramatic changes in child activity, the changes caused by mothers working outside the home appear very small.1 The main idea of this article is that _______.A. the American family is dyingB. young people today don’t want to get marriedC. the American family is changing, but it is stronger than everD. education has resulted in dramatic changes in the American family2 Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Marriage is more popular than before.B. Many divorced people remarry.C. The majority of marriages last long.D. Working mothers devote less time to their children.3 The author of this article believes that ________.A. the American family is here to stayB. children should not watch so much televisionC. mothers should not work when their children are smallD. teenage marriages should be encouraged4 What is the most significant new childcare arrangement of this century?A. The daycare center.B. Television.C. The school.D. Development time.5 According to the writer, which two major factors have led to the belief that the Americanfamily is dying?A. The divorce rate is high and working mothers neglect their children.B. The divorce rate is high and children care more about television than anything else.C. Divorces are increasing and many teenage marriages break up.D. Children stay in school longer and mothers have little time to take care of them. Passage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.What you give your relatives, friends, husband, or wife can help you know yourself better. Also, what they give you can tell you something about their personality. Most gift-giving (and getting) shows nothing more than the spirit of love and friendship. But it is possible to form some associations between the kinds of things bought and the people who buy them. Here is a guide to who gives you wha t --- and why.The clothes you wear tell something about your personality. They tell the world not only how you want to be seen but how you see yourself as well. When someone gives you something to wear that agrees with your self-image, they’re saying, “I agree with you. I like you the way you are.” Such a gift should be taken as a form of compliment. On the other hand, a gift of clothing that does not match your personality could be an insult to your character.Making something by hand has become the exception in many countries toda y－so much so that giving a homemade gift is sometimes considered unusual. If you receive a homemade gift, you’re lucky. It may not be made perfectly, but it will show a certain quality of love. People who give homemade gifts may be said to be very generous. They are given time and emotion, two important characteristics of being creative.A person who thinks of food when thinking of a gift is good example of what human warmth means. Whether you give a box of chocolates, a bag of oranges, or a ball of cheese, all carry the same message of comfort and support.People who give books as gifts either like reading or would like everyone to think they do. If you happen to receive a large, heavy book, this giver may be much more interested in the way things appear than in the way they actually are. Of course, reading is a way of feeling the emotions of another person and of learning new things. Giving a book can be a way of sharinga feeling or a newly learned meaning. The giver is probably trying to say to you what the book said to him.6 The first paragraph is written to tell readers that ________.A. the gifts you give can help you understand yourself betterB. the gifts you receive are helpful for you to know the personality of those who givethemC. gifts can show friendship and loveD. there is a certain relationship between the kinds of gifts and the people who givethem7 A person who likes the self-image of another person will give the latter ________.A. clothesB. a homemade giftC. a gift that agrees with the personality of the receiverD. a gift that matches the character of the giver8 Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A. What you wear can tell something about your personality.B. Homemade gifts are not welcomed in some countries.C. People who give books as gifts either like reading or would like everyone to thinkthey do.D. Reading books given to you as gifts can be a way of sharing a feeling with the giver.9 If you give a large, heavy book as a gift, it may show that _________.A. you are knowledgeableB. the receiver is interested in readingC. you dislike readingD. you are more interested in the appearance of the book than in its contents10 People who want to show their love towards others often give _______.A. homemade giftsB. delicious foodC. expensive clothesD. interesting booksPassage 3Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.My love of nature goes right back to my childhood, to the times when I stayed on my grandparent’s farm in Suffolk. I think it was my grandmother who encouraged me more thananyone: she taught me the names of wildflowers and got me interested in looking at the countryside, so it seemed obvious to go on to do zoology at university.I didn’t get my first camera until after I’d graduated, when I was due to go diving in Norway and needed a method of recording the sea creatures I would find there. My father didn’t know anything about photography, but he bought me an Exac ta, which was really quite a good camera for the time, and I went off to take my first pictures of sea starfish. I became keen very quickly, and I learnt how to develop and print.I’ve tried from the beginning to produce pictures which are always biologic ally correct. There are people who will alter things deliberately: you don’t pick up sea creatures from the middle of the shore and take them down to attractive pools at the bottom of the shore without knowing you’re doing it.There can be a lot of ignora nce in people’s behavior towards wild animals and it’s a problem that more and more people are going to wild places: while some animals may get used to cars, they won’t get used to people suddenly rushing up to them. The sheer pressure of people, coupled with the fact that there are increasingly few places where no one else has photographed, means that over the years, life has become much more difficult for the professional wildlife photographers.Nevertheless, wildlife photographers play a very important part in educating people about what is out there and what needs conserving. Although photography can be an enjoyable pastime, as it is to many people, it is also something that plays a very important part in educating young and old alike.11 The author decided to go to university and study zoology because _______________.A. she wanted to improve her life in the countrysideB. she was persuaded to do so by her grandmotherC. she was keen on the natural worldD. she wanted to stop moving around all the time12 How is the author different from some of the other wildlife photographers she meets?A. She tries to make her photographs as attractive as possible.B. She takes photographs which record accurate natural conditions.C. She likes to photograph plants as well as wildlife.D. She knows the best places to find wildlife.13 The author now finds it more difficult to photograph wild animals because______________.A. there are fewer of themB. they have become more nervous of peopleC. it is harder to find suitable placesD. they have become frightened of cars14 According to the author, wildlife photography is important because it can make peoplerealize that ___________________.A. photography is an enjoyable hobbyB. we learn little about wildlife at schoolC. it is worthwhile visiting the countrysideD. it is important to look after wild animals15 Which of the following describes the author?A. Proud.B. Sensitive.C. Aggressive.D. Disappointed.Passage 4Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.If you have been joining in chat room conversations, or trading e-mail with net pals, you have become one of the millions who write in a special, short form of English.Throughout the world, every night children and their elders are “talking” onlin e－many of them are talking at the same time.It is fast: trying talking to six people at once. It is convenient: three or four words per exchange. It takes cleverness, concentration and quick fingers.And it requires very simple language. There’s neither time nor space for explanations. Why waste precious key-strokes telling six friends you have to leave for a moment to take care of your little brother when BRB(= be right back) will do?Want to enter a conversation? Just type PMFJI (= pardon me for jumping in).Interested in whom you’re talking to? Type A/S/L, the common request to know your pal’s age, sex and location. You may get 15/M/NY as a reply from your pal.If something makes you laugh, say you’re OTF (= on the floor), or LOL (= laughing out loud), or join the two into ROTFL (= rolling on the floor laughing).And when it’s time to get back to work or go to bed, you type GTG (= got to go) or TTYL (= talk to you later).People want to write as fast as possible, and they want to get their ideas across as quickly as they can. Capital letters are left in the dust, except when expressing feelings, as it takes more time to hold down the “shift” key and use capitals. Punctuation is going, too.16 When people are online, they talk by_____.A. using body language.B. drawing some strange picturesC. making phone callsD. making use of an especially short form of English17 Internet makes many people in the world ______.A. talk at the same timeB. discover their friends and relativesC. pick out good things to buyD. find out about some problems in society18 The underlined sentence “There’s neither time nor space for explanation”(L.1, para. 4)means that _____.A. people should use words properlyB. people should know what time it is when they are talkingC. people online have to express themselves in a simple wayD. people should communicate in a funny way19 If you get 19/M/HK as an answer to your A/S/L, it means ______.A. the person who is talking to you is 19 from Hong Kong and he is highB. you are talking to a boy 19 years old and he lives in Hong KongC. you are talking to 19 boys from Hong Kong at the same timeD. the boy from Hong Kong has been online for 19 minutes20 Which of the following is a way to save online time?A. People seldom use capital letters or punctuation marks.B. Many people draw pictures.C. People only use the mouse instead of the keyboard.D. People never use the “shift” key.Part II. Vocabulary and Structure (15%)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes thesentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with asingle line through the center. (0.5’×30)21 My sponsor ______ me __________ money when I lost my job.A. worked … out by C. kept… out withB. helped … out with D. carried… out for22 ______ you have finished your work, you may go and have a rest now.A. Now that C. As wellB. In case D. Due to23 He grabbed me ______ and pulled me onto the bus.A. by an arm C. on the armB. by the arm D. with the arm24 Scarcely ___________ now without some sort of incident involving the old lady.A. a day passes C. does a day passB. passes a day D. has a day passed25 Finally, the thief handed everything _______ he had stolen to the police.A. which C. whateverB. what D. that26 The passengers were robbed ________ all their money.A. of C. fromB. off D. away27 You should not _______ the peace of others by speaking so loudly.A. prohibit C. disturbB. collapse D. ban28 He found a number of men already ________.A. worked C. to workB. work D. working29 Where did you _____ the magazine I was reading?A. lay C. remainB. lie D. let30 ________ danger man is often much wiser than usual.A. In a time of C. In the time ofB. In the times of D. In time of31 ______ these books to the library, as they will soon be overdue.A. Bring C. FetchB. Take D. Leave32 What you say is, in a ______, true; but I should express it differently.A. sense C. meaningB. concept D. significance33 The matter _____ you were arguing about last night had been settled.A. when C. thatB. for which D. what34 He climbed up into the tree and picked all the fruit ______ reach.A. within C. beyondB. off D. inside35 Paul doesn’t have to be made ________. He always works hard.A. study C. studiedB. to study D. studying36 There isn’t any difference between the two. I really don’t know _________.A. where to choose C. to choose whatB. which to choose D. to choose which37 It doesn’t matter if you are born in a duck-yard ____ you come from a swan’s egg.A. as well C. as ifB. although D. since38 The house suddenly collapsed while it _______ down.A. pulled C. was being pulledB. had been pulled D. was pulled39 According to ______ they have told me, they should return in about three weeks.A. that C. whatB. any D. which40 Although the town had been ______ several times, little damage was done.A. attacked C. harmedB. injured D. struck41 When the little boy walked near the edge of the pond, his mother became very______.A. eager C. anxiousB. keen D. frightening42 He used examples to _______ his argument.A. strengthen C. fixB. increase D. underline43 He ________ the whole list but still did not find his friend’s name.A. went by C. went intoB. went on D. went over44 There is always a _____ between what we say and what we do.A. crack C. gapB. room D. space45 In chemical factories, employees sometimes receive ______ pay for doing dangerouswork.A. add C. expensiveB. extra D. rich46 His parents died when he was young so he was ______ by his aunt.A. bred C. grown upB. fed up D. brought up47 The poor driver was still _____ when we pulled him out from under his car.A. live C. aliveB. lively D. living48 I’ve thrown away my old trousers. I’ll have to buy _______.A. some new pair C. a new pairB. a new one D. some new ones49 You ________ in person – a letter would have been enough.A. needn’t have come C. must not have comeB. shouldn’t have come D. can not have come50 I can’t keep ________ the teacher who speaks so fast.A. up C. withB. up with D. on withPart III. Cloze (10%)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the one that best fits into thepassage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with asingle line through the center. (0.5’×20)Many teachers believe that the responsibilities for learning lie with the student. 51 a long reading assignment is given, instructors expect that students to be familiar with 52 in the reading even if they do not discuss it in class or take an examination.The 53 student is considered to be 54 who is motivated to learn for the sake of 55, not the one only interested in getting high grades. Sometimes homework is returned 56 brief written comments but without a grade. Even if a grade is not given, the student is 57 for learning the material assigned.When research is 58, the professor expects the student to take it actively and to complete it with 59 guidance. It is the 60 responsibility to find books, magazines, and articles in the library. Professors do not have the time to explain 61 a university library works; they expect students, 62 51 A. If C. BecauseB. Although D Before52 A. suggestion C. abstractB. context D. information53 A. poor C. averageB. ideal D. disappointed54 A. such C. anyB. one D. some55 A. fun C. learningB. work D. prize56 A. by C. forB. in D with57 A. criticized C. responsibleB. innocent D. dismissed58 A. collected C. assignedB. distributed D. finished59 A. maximum C. possibleB. minimum D. practical60 A. student’s C. assistant’sB. professor’s D. librarian’s61 A. when C. whyB. what D how62 A. particularlyC. obviouslyB. essentially D. rarelygraduate students, to be able to exhaust the reference 63 in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but 64 that their students not be 65 dependent on them.In the United States, professors have many other duties 66 teaching, such as administrative or research work. 67, the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of class is 68. If a student has problems with classroom work, the student should either 69 a professor during office hours 70 make an appointment. 63 A. selections C. sourcesB. collections D. origins64 A. hate C. likeB. dislike D. prefer65 A. too C. muchB. such D. more66 A. but C. withB. except D besides67 A. However C. FurthermoreB. Therefore D. Nevertheless68 A. plentiful C. irregularB. limited D. flexible69 A. greet C. approachB. annoy D. attach70 A. or C. toB. and D. butPart IV. Word-building (10%)Directions : Complete each of the following sentences with an appropriate form of the word in brackets. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet 2. (1’×10)71. My aunt almost fainted when she was told that what she bought at a very high price wasnot the ________ drawing, but just a copy of it. (origin)72. The football players were trying to make an ______ on the national coach. (impress)73. Moreover, the threat of social violence increased the _______ of the government’s leaders.(anxious)74. I am ________ grateful to my master for all his help. (sincere)75. A _______ person thinks before speaking and considers the feelings of others. (think)76. This book is quite ______ anything I have ever read before. (like)77. My personal ________ with his family is deep. (involve)78. Speech and writing are man’s most important methods of ______. (communicate)79. I admire her because she is a ___ dancer. (talent)80. The ____ of Christie’s books shows no sign of going away. (popular)Part V. Translation (10%)Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in the brackets. Please write your translation on the Answer Sheet 2. (2’×5)81. ______________________________(就这个东西本身的质量和价格而言), it is deserving ofour purchase.82. Several cars crashed into each other on the highway________________________ (由于浓雾).83. _________________________(让我吃惊的是), the husband slapped his wife in front of us.84. National Day is _________________________(即将到来), we should tidy our dorm inadvance.85. He came to the meeting _____ （不顾天热）.Part VI Writing (15%)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic: Make Our Cities Greener. You should write at least 120 words following theoutline given bellow. Write your composition on the Answer Sheet 2. (15’)Your composition should be based on the following outlines:1. 我国城市绿化的现状2. 绿化的好处（如：清洁空气，美化城市，改善气候……等等）3. 怎样才能实现绿化。