Genetics and Domestication

domestication 造句Sheep are particularly well suited for domestication.绵羊特别适合驯养。

The domestication open up of plant, animal the times that agriculture develops.植物、动物的驯化开辟了农业发展的时代。

.That is one of the painful ironies of domestication.这是一项令人腕惜的具有反嘲意味的驯化进程。

The Domestication Transformation of the striking head, rubber spring and the water - cooled beam assembly structure.通过对撞头、橡胶弹簧以及撞头与水冷梁装配结构的国产化改造,解决了问题,满足了车间产能提升的要求。

The wild flower resources is the material base of flower cultivation, domestication and improved varirety breeding.野生花卉资源是花卉栽培驯化及良种选育的物质基础。

In addition, between the two extremities of for - eignizaton and domestication, equalization forms a noncommittal translation strategy. 另外, 异化与归化只构成翻译策略的两极, 其中间地带是等化翻译。

Methods of domestication and UV mutagenesis were used to prepare tea wine yeast.采用驯化与紫外线诱变并用的方法研制茶酒酵母。

遗传和变异观察作文英文回答：Genetics and Mutation Observation.Genetics is the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring through the transmission of genes. It plays a crucial role in understanding the diversity and variation in living organisms. On the other hand, mutation refers to a change in the DNA sequence, which can lead to variations in traits.Genetic observation involves studying the inheritance patterns of traits in different generations. For example, my family has a history of curly hair. My father has curly hair, and so do I. This observation suggests that the trait for curly hair is likely to be inherited from one generation to the next. It is fascinating to see howcertain traits can be passed down through generations, creating a sense of familial connection.Mutation observation, on the other hand, involves studying the occurrence of genetic changes within a population. Mutations can occur spontaneously or can be induced by external factors such as radiation or chemicals. These changes can result in new traits or variations in existing traits. For instance, in a population of butterflies, a mutation might occur that leads to the development of a new wing pattern. This variation can then be observed and studied to understand its impact on the survival and adaptation of the species.Understanding genetics and mutation is essential in various fields, including medicine, agriculture, and evolutionary biology. In medicine, knowledge of genetic disorders and mutations helps in diagnosing and treating diseases. In agriculture, understanding genetic variations can aid in developing crops with desirable traits, such as disease resistance or increased yield. In evolutionary biology, studying mutations and genetic variations helps in understanding the process of natural selection and how species adapt to their environments.中文回答：遗传和变异观察。

遗传学英语文献Genetics has been a field of study that has captivated the minds of scientists and laypeople alike for centuries. The intricacies of the genetic code and its influence on the development and behavior of living organisms have been the subject of extensive research and literature. In the realm of English literature, the topic of genetics has been explored in various forms, from scientific treatises to fictional narratives.One of the seminal works in the field of genetics is Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of Species," published in 1859. This groundbreaking publication laid the foundation for the theory of evolution through natural selection, which has had a profound impact on our understanding of genetics and the diversity of life on Earth. Darwin's work not only presented his scientific findings but also engaged in a broader philosophical discourse on the implications of his theory, sparking debates and conversations that continue to this day.Another notable contribution to the literature on genetics is the work of Gregor Mendel, an Augustinian friar whose experiments with peaplants in the mid-19th century laid the groundwork for our understanding of heredity. Mendel's laws of inheritance, which describe the patterns of genetic inheritance, have become a cornerstone of modern genetics. While Mendel's work was not widely recognized during his lifetime, it has since been celebrated as a pivotal moment in the history of science.In the realm of fiction, genetics has been a recurring theme, often used as a tool to explore the ethical and social implications of scientific advancements. One such example is Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World," published in 1932, which presents a dystopian future where human beings are genetically engineered and society is strictly controlled. Huxley's novel raises questions about the potential consequences of genetic manipulation and the impact it could have on individual autonomy and societal structures.Similarly, Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein," published in 1818, can be interpreted as an exploration of the ethical boundaries of scientific experimentation, particularly in the realm of creating life. The story of Victor Frankenstein's creation of a sentient being, and the subsequent consequences of his actions, has become a classic in the science fiction genre and continues to be analyzed and discussed in the context of genetics and the limits of scientific inquiry.In more recent years, the field of genetics has been further exploredin popular fiction, such as Michael Crichton's "Jurassic Park," which explores the potential of genetic engineering to resurrect extinct species. This novel, and the subsequent film adaptations, have captured the public's imagination and sparked discussions about the ethical and practical implications of such advancements.Beyond fiction, the field of genetics has also been the subject of various scientific texts and scholarly works, which have helped to advance our understanding of the genetic mechanisms that govern the development and function of living organisms. These works range from textbooks and research papers to more accessible popular science books, which aim to bridge the gap between the scientific community and the general public.One such example is James Watson and Francis Crick's "The Double Helix," a firsthand account of their groundbreaking discovery of the structure of DNA, which revolutionized our understanding of the genetic code. This book not only presents the scientific findings but also provides insights into the personalities and dynamics of the scientists involved in the research, offering a glimpse into the human side of scientific discovery.Another notable work in the field of genetics literature is "The Selfish Gene" by Richard Dawkins, published in 1976. This book presents a gene-centric view of evolution, which has had a significant impact onour understanding of the mechanisms of natural selection and the role of genetics in shaping the natural world. Dawkins' engaging writing style and thought-provoking ideas have made this book a classic in the field of evolutionary biology and genetics.In conclusion, the field of genetics has been the subject of a rich and diverse body of English literature, spanning from scientific treatisesto imaginative works of fiction. These literary contributions have not only advanced our understanding of the genetic mechanisms that govern living organisms but have also explored the ethical, social, and philosophical implications of our growing knowledge in this field. As the field of genetics continues to evolve, it is likely that we will see new and innovative perspectives emerge in the literature, further enriching our understanding of this captivating and ever-expanding area of study.。

the origins of plant and animal domestication解析1. 引言1.1 概述本文将探讨植物和动物驯化的起源及其对人类社会和农业畜牧业发展的意义。

驯化是指人类通过长期选择、培育和改造某些野生植物和动物，使其适应人类需求、提供食物和材料等方面的过程。

自公元前10000年左右开始，人类就开始进行植物和动物驯化，并通过这一过程实现了农业的兴起。

1.2 文章结构本文分为五个部分进行论述。

首先，在第二部分将详细阐述植物驯化的起源，包括其定义、第一次植物驯化的证据与发现以及对人类文明的影响与意义。

随后，在第三部分将介绍动物驯化的起源，包括其定义和过程，以及第一次动物驯化所具有的历史背景和证据，以及对人类社会的影响与意义。

接下来，在第四部分将比较植物和动物驯化的共同特点与差异，包括在驯化过程中存在的相似性与相异性，对遗传变异和基因流动产生的影响比较，以及驯化后植物和动物在形态和生理特征上的改变比较。

最后，在第五部分将总结这些研究所得结果，展望未来的研究方向，并讨论驯化起源研究对现代农业和畜牧业发展的意义。

1.3 目的本文旨在通过对植物和动物驯化起源的解析，加深我们对人类与植物动物之间关系的理解。

同时，通过研究这一过程，我们也可以更好地认识到驯化对人类社会、文明以及农业畜牧业发展带来的深远影响。

2. 植物驯化的起源2.1 什么是植物驯化植物驯化是指人类经过长期选择和种植某些野生植物，使其适应人类需求并具有更高经济和农业价值的过程。

通过改变植物基因和形态特征，人类成功地将野生植物品种转变为农作物。

2.2 第一次植物驯化的证据与发现第一次植物驯化的证据可以追溯到约1万多年前。

研究表明，在中东地区，人类开始选择和栽培小麦、大麦、豌豆等作物。

这些作物在自然状态下难以生存，但经过人工选择和耕种后，逐渐进化成具有高产量、更易保存和收获的农作物品种。

此外，在叙利亚北部发现的杆果花粉也提供了早期农业起源研究的重要线索。

The origins of dogs have long been a subject of fascination and scientific inquiry. As a language enthusiast and a lover of all creatures great and small, I find myself drawn to the stories that unfold about the domestication of our canine companions. The journey of dogs from their wild ancestors to becoming mans best friend is a tale of adaptation, coevolution, and mutual benefit.The story begins with the gray wolf, Canis lupus, which is believed to be the direct ancestor of the modern dog. Around 20,000 to 40,000 years ago, in the late Pleistocene era, a curious relationship began to form between these wild canines and early human societies. The archaeological site of BonnOberkassel in Germany, dating back to approximately 14,000 years ago, provides evidence of one of the earliest known dog burials, suggesting a deep bond between humans and dogs.The process of domestication was not a onetime event but a gradual one, with natural selection playing a significant role. Wolves that were less fearful of humans and more tolerant of their presence would have been more likely to scavenge from human settlements. Over time, humans may have started to selectively breed these more docile wolves, favoring traits such as loyalty, trainability, and a nonthreatening demeanor.Genetic studies have shed light on the complex history of dog domestication. A landmark study published in the journal Science in 2015 analyzed the genomes of dogs from around the world and concluded that dogs were likely domesticated from a nowextinct lineage of wolves. This finding supports the idea that the domestication process was not a simplelinear progression but involved multiple events and populations of wolves.One of the most compelling aspects of dog domestication is the diversity of breeds that has emerged over time. From the majestic Great Dane to the tiny Chihuahua, the range of sizes, shapes, and temperaments is truly astounding. This diversity is a testament to the human penchant for selective breeding and the dogs remarkable adaptability. The Pekingese, for instance, is believed to have been bred in China as early as 1000 BCE, while the Saluki, with its slender build and keen sight, was prized for hunting in ancient Egypt.The role of dogs in human societies has been multifaceted. They have served as hunters, herders, guards, and companions. In colder climates, such as the Arctic regions, breeds like the Alaskan Malamute and the Siberian Husky have been indispensable for transportation and survival, pulling sleds and providing warmth. In agricultural societies, breeds like the Border Collie have been prized for their herding abilities, while in urban environments, dogs like the Poodle and the Bulldog have been bred for companionship and aesthetics.The emotional bond between humans and dogs is also noteworthy. Dogs are known for their loyalty and ability to provide unconditional love, which has earned them the title of mans best friend. This bond is not just a cultural construct but has a biological basis as well. Research has shown that interacting with dogs can release oxytocin, a hormone associated with social bonding and stress reduction, in both humans and dogs.In conclusion, the domestication of dogs is a fascinating chapter in the history of humananimal relationships. It is a story of mutual benefit, where humans gained loyal companions and workers, while dogs gained a consistent source of food and protection. The journey from the wild wolf to the domesticated dog is a testament to the power of natural selection, human ingenuity, and the deep emotional connections that can form between species. As we continue to unravel the mysteries of dog domestication, we gain a deeper appreciation for the complex and ancient relationship we share with our canine friends.。

Hereditas (Beijing) 2019年9月, 41(9): 827―835 收稿日期: 2019-05-28; 修回日期: 2019-07-30基金项目:中组部青年千人计划项目资助[Supported by the Thousand Younth Talents Program]作者简介:杨新萍，博士后，研究方向：基因编辑及作物定向驯化。

E-mail: xinping.yang@于媛，博士研究生，研究方向：基因编辑及作物定向驯化。

E-mail: yuyuan@杨新萍和于媛并列第一作者。

通讯作者:许操，研究员，博士生导师，研究方向：小肽信号与植物细胞通讯，基因编辑及作物定向驯化。

E-mail: caoxu@DOI: 10.16288/j.yczz.19-151网络出版时间: 2019/8/21 10:04:59URI: /kcms/detail/11.1913.R.20190821.1004.002.html综 述重新设计与快速驯化创造新型作物杨新萍1,3，于媛1,2,3，许操1,31. 中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所，植物基因组学国家重点实验室，种子创新研究院，北京 1001012. 中国科学院大学，北京 1000493. 中国科学院–英国约翰英纳斯中心植物和微生物科学联合研究中心，北京 100101摘要: 作物驯化和遗传改良对于产量性状的过分追求常导致其抗逆性和遗传多样性的降低，在全球气候变化加剧和自然灾害频发的大背景下，该效应使得世界粮食稳产和食物安全面临威胁，亟需创新育种策略。

作物重新设计与快速驯化是指选用耐逆、品质营养等性状或其他目标性状优异的野生或者半野生植物，综合运用基因组学、基因编辑和合成生物学等方法，对其农艺性状进行重新设计，在保持其原有优异性状的前提下，快速驯化获得新型作物的全新育种策略。

本文回顾了作物驯化的发展历程及其对农业发展和人类文明的贡献，着重阐述了育种策略创新的紧迫性，并对作物重新设计与快速驯化创造新型作物的可行性、最新进展和发展前景进行探讨和展望。

1. monogenic：单基因的mono-: one,single 一，单一genic: of gene 基因的，产生2.chromosomal:染色体的chrom/o-:color,pigment 色，色素3. phenylketonuria：苯丙酮尿症phen-：苯；-yl:丙；ket/o-:keton 酮urin/o-: 尿4. neurofibromatosis: 神经纤维瘤病neur/o-:nerve 神经fibr/o: fibre 纤维oma：瘤-sis:process, action,diseased state,过程，行为病症5.interplay: 相互作用inter-:between, among , mutual在…之间；互相；为…平分6. multifactorial: 复杂多因素的multi-:many 多；多个7. cystic:囊状的cyst/i-: sac,bladder 囊8. aortic:主动脉aort/o-: 主动脉9. polycystic: 多囊的poly-:多，聚，许多，表示10. renal: 肾的ren/o-: kidney 肾，肾的11.pneum/o-: air, gas, lung 气，肺，呼吸12.gliomas: 胶质瘤gli/o-: glue 胶，胶质13.meningiomas: 脑（脊）膜瘤mening/o-: membrane 脑脊膜-oma : tumor 肿块，瘤14.cerebellum: 小脑cerebella-:小脑；小脑…的15.pheochromocytoma: 嗜铬细胞瘤phil-: love 嗜16.thyroid: 甲状腺thyr/o-:甲状，甲状腺17.parathyroid: 甲状旁腺para-: 旁；周；副18.endocrine 内分泌，内分泌的endo-: within, inside 内19.hemoglobinopathy:血红蛋白病hemo-: blood血液20.galactosemia:半乳糖血症galact/o-: milk,milking fluid 乳，乳汁-ia: diseased state 畸形，病态21.amemia: 贫血-emia:condition of having…blood 血症，血病22.cardiomyopathy: 心肌病cardio-:heart 心脏的my/o-:muscle 肌肉；…的肌23.thrombophilia: 血栓病thromb/o-:血栓，血凝phil-: love,friendly嗜，友好-ia: 病态，畸形24.ovarian: 卵巢的ovar/i-:卵巢25.adenomatous:腺瘤性瘤aden/o-: gland 腺-oma: 瘤26.polyposis: 息肉瘤polyp: 息肉27.colonic: 结肠的colon: 结肠-ic: pertaining to : …的28..endometrial:子宫内膜的metr/o: uterus : 子宫29.bilateral: 两侧的；双边的bi-: double: 双30.hypercholesterolemia:高胆固醇血症hyper-: over,,above 在上，亢进，高于Chol-: gall 胆-ol: 醇，酚-emia: having blood 血病，血症31.phlebotomy:静脉切开phleb/o:vein 静-tomy:切开31.colonoscopy: 肠镜colon/o-：结肠肠-scopy:viewing, examination 检查术，镜检术32.anticoagulation:抗凝治疗anti-:against抗，反Coagul/o: clotting凝血33.polymorphism:多态性morph/o-: form, shape 形式，形态34.genome: 基因组，染色体组geno-: 基因的35.thiopurine:别嘌呤-in/e:中性化合物，碳的基本化合物36.acetyltransferase: 转乙酰酶acetyl: 乙酰-ase: enzyme 酶1．Genetically determined host factors are known to modify susceptibility to infection or other environmental agents. Even individuals who are victims of trauma may find themselves at risk in part because of genetic traits that affect behavior or ability to perceive or escape from danger.人们已知由遗传决定的宿主因素，能影响对感染和其他外界因素的易感性。

遗传学相关词汇中英对照一：细胞遗传学 cytogenetics细胞的遗传学 cell genetics体细胞遗传学 somatic cell genetics发育遗传学 developmental genetics又称“发生遗传学”。

微生物遗传学 microbial genetics细菌遗传学 bacterial genetics生化遗传学 biochemical genetics分子遗传学 molecular genetics生物工程 biotechnology分子细胞遗传学 molecular cytogenetics植物遗传学 plant genetics动物遗传学 animal genetics生统遗传学 biometrical genetics统计遗传学 statistical genetics数量遗传学 quantitative genetics群体遗传学 population genetics进化遗传学 evolutionary genetics人类遗传学 human genetics医学遗传学 medical genetics临床遗传学 clinical genetics法医遗传学 medico-legal genetics, forensic genetics病理遗传学 pathogenetics药物遗传学 pharmacogenetics生理遗传学 physiological genetics免疫遗传学 immunogenetics, immunological genetics行为遗传学 behavioral genetics核遗传学 karyogenetics辐射遗传学 radiation genetics毒理遗传学 toxicological genetics生态遗传学 ecological genetics, ecogenetics群落遗传学 syngenetics优生学 eugenics优型学 euphenics优境学 euthenics染色体学 chromosomology, chromosomics染色体工程 chromosome engineering核学 karyology, caryology核形态学 karyomorphology核型分类学 karyotaxonomy基因学说 gene theory多基因学说 polygenic theory孟德尔遗传定律 Mendel's law of inheritance, Mendel's laws分离定律 law of segregation独立分配定律 law of independent assortment又称“自由组合定律”。

遗传学的英语Genetics, a branch of biology dealing with the study of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms, is a fascinating and rapidly advancing field. At its core, genetics explores the fundamental laws of inheritance that govern the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next. This information, encoded within the DNA of each cell, determines the characteristics and traits of an organism, including its physical appearance, behavior, and even its susceptibility to certain diseases. The field of genetics has made remarkable progress in recent years, thanks to advancements in technology and the availability of vast amounts of genetic data. One of the most significant milestones in genetics was the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. This revelation opened the door to a new understanding of how genetic information is stored, replicated, and transmitted.Since then, genetics has made leaps and bounds in various areas, including human genetics, agricultural genetics, and ecological genetics. Human genetics, forinstance, has provided insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and conditions, leading to the development of new diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches. Agricultural genetics has enabled the creation of crop varieties that are more resistant to diseases and pests, and that produce higher yields. Ecological genetics, on the other hand, studies the genetic variation within and among species in natural populations, providing valuable insights into the evolution and adaptation of organisms to their environment.The impact of genetics on society is profound. It has revolutionized our understanding of human health and disease, leading to the development of personalized medicine and precision health care. Genetic testing and screening have become increasingly common, allowing individuals to learn about their genetic risks for certain diseases and to make informed decisions about their health. However, the rapid pace of genetic research and technology also raises ethical and social concerns. Issues such as genetic privacy, the potential misuse of genetic information, and the ethical implications of geneticengineering and gene editing require careful consideration and debate.In conclusion, genetics is a crucial field that holdsthe key to understanding the fundamental processes of life. As we continue to unravel the mysteries of the genome and apply genetic knowledge to improve human health and address global challenges, it is essential that we also address the ethical and social implications of these advancements. By doing so, we can ensure that the benefits of genetics are realized in a way that is beneficial and responsible for all.**遗传学：遗传的科学**遗传学是生物学的一个分支，研究基因、遗传和生物体变异的科学，这是一个引人入胜且迅速发展的领域。

狗的起源和进化的参考文献狗是一种人类最早驯化的动物之一，它们曾经是狼的近亲。

狗的起源和进化历史是一个令人着迷的话题，许多科学家和研究者一直在探索狗的祖先和演化历程。

以下是一些关于狗的起源和进化的参考文献：1. Larson, G., Karlsson, E. K., Perri, A., Webster, M. T., Ho, S. Y. W., Peters, J., ... & Lindblad-Toh, K. (2012). Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics, archeology, and biogeography. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(23), 8878-8883.这篇文章探讨了狗的起源和驯化历史，并将基因学、考古学和生物地理学相结合，提出了新的关于狗驯化的理论。

2. Ostrander, E. A., & Wayne, R. K. (2005). The canine genome. Genome research, 15(12), 1706-1716.这篇文章涵盖了狗的基因组学，介绍了狗的基因组结构、功能和进化历史。

3. Shipman, P. (2015). The Invaders: How Humans and TheirDogs Drove Neanderthals to Extinction. Harvard University Press.这本书讲述了人类和狗如何影响了人类进化史，并探讨了狗在人类演化中的角色。

4. Wang, G. D., Zhai, W., Yang, H. C., Wang, L., Zhong, L., Liu, Y. H., ... & Zhang, Y. P. (2013). Out of southern East Asia: the natural history of domestic dogs across the world. Cell research, 23(1), 1-3.这篇文章研究了狗在全球范围内的分布和演化历史。

作物学报 ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA 2017, 43(2): 157 170/ISSN 0496-3490; CODEN TSHPA9E-mail: xbzw@本研究由国家重点研发计划专项(2016YFD0100300)资助。

The Principal Investigator was supported by the National Research and Development Program (2016YFD0100300).*通讯作者(Corresponding author): 张学勇, E-mail: zhangxueyong@Received(收稿日期): 2016-09-22; Accepted(接受日期): 2016-11-03; Published online(网络出版日期): 2016-11-18. URL: /kcms/detail/11.1809.S.20161118.1356.002.htmlDOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2017.00157作物驯化和品种改良所选择的关键基因及其特点张学勇1,* 马 琳1 郑 军21中国农业科学院作物科学研究所, 北京 100081; 2山西省农业科学院小麦研究所, 山西临汾 041000摘 要: 近15~20年作物基因组学迅速发展, 特别是第2代测序技术的普及, 显著降低了测序成本, 使单核苷酸多态性(SNP)分析和单元型区段(也称单倍型区段)分析渗透到生命科学的各个领域, 对系统生物学、遗传学、种质资源学和育种学影响最为深刻, 使其进入基因组学的全新时代。

一批驯化选择基因的克隆, 特别是对一些控制复杂性状形成的遗传基础及其调控机制的解析, 更清晰地揭示了作物驯化和品种改良的历史, 提升了人们对育种的认知, 推动育种方法的改进。

驯化和育种既有相似之处, 也存在明显的差异。

驯化选择常常发生在少数关键基因或位点, 对基因的选择几乎是一步到位; 而现代作物育种虽然只有100年左右的历史, 但其对基因组影响更为强烈, 是一些重要代谢途径不断优化的过程。

系统进化树的这些知识，你都Get了吗？系统进化树（Phylogenetic tree，又称为系统发生树/系统发育树/系统演化树/进化树等），是用来表示物种间亲缘关系远近的树状结构图。

在系统进化树中，物种按照亲缘关系远近被安放在树状结构的不同位置，因而，进化树可以简单地表示生物的进化过程和亲缘关系。

自达尔文时期，很多生物学家就希望用一棵树的形式描述地球上所有生命的进化历程。

早期的系统发育研究主要基于生物的表型特征，通过表型比较来研究物种之间的进化关系，然而，利用表型特征进行系统发育分析存在很大的局限性，1965[1]年，Linus Pauling等提出了分子进化理论，基于分子特性（DNA、RNA和蛋白质分子），推断物种之间的系统发生关系，由于核苷酸和氨基酸序列中含有生物进化历史的全部信息，因此利用该方法构建的系统进化树更为准确。

图1 系统进化树理论上，一个DNA序列在物种形成或者基因复制时，会分成两个子序列，因而系统进化树是一般是二叉树，由许多节点和分支构成。

根据位置的不同，节点分为外部节点和内部节点，外部节点代表最终分类，可以是物种、群体，或者DNA、RAN、蛋白质等，内部节点表示该分支可能的祖先节点，不同节点间的连线则称为分支。

根据是否指定根节点，将系统发育树分为有根树和无根树。

有根树绘制过程中需要引入外群，因而具有一个根节点，作为树中所有物种（样本）的共同祖先节点，可以判断演化方向，反映分类单元间的进化关系，外群与进化树中其他物种（样本）的亲缘关系不宜太近，也不能太远，一般构建种内不同品种/亚种间的进化树，外群应选择同属内其他物种，构建属内不同种间的进化树，外群应选择科内其他属物种。

无根树绘制过程中并未引入外群，因而没有根节点，无法判断演化方向，只能表明不同单元之间的分类关系。

图2 无根树[2]（左）和有根树[3]（右）此外，系统进化树还可以根据分支长度是否具有意义分为标度树和非标度树。

标度树的分支长度表示变化的程度，而非标度树的分支只表示进化关系，支长无意义。

上海交通大学附属中学2022-2023学年度第二学期高二英语摸底考试试卷第I卷II.Grammar and Vocabulary(20’+20’)Section ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.1.These teenage girls prefer to take pictures________stands a famous cubism painting in a gallery.A.whereB.whatC.whenD.as2.When guided to reflect on their good fortune,people tend to be more thankful for and appreciative of________they have and________they are on their path right now,thus more willing to contribute to the common good.A.which,whenB.what,whereC.all,whichD.all,that3.—The wounded soldier________have been sent to hospital immediately.—So he________,but all efforts made no difference.A.should,wasB.must,didC.ought to,hadD.can,has4.With robots coming to the rescue and appearing on the farm scene,farming has been more efficient with regard to the time________takes to inspect crops and dig up weed.A.whatB.itC.oneD.which5.We need________to have a good command of English as a medical student needs________a doctor.A.as long and tough a training,to becomeB.as long and tough a training,becomingC.as a long and tough training,to becomeD.as a long and tough training,becoming6.The success of Full River Red(Man Jiang Hong),a2023historical suspense comedy film directed by Zhang Yimou,issuch________even some western celebrities have started to read Chinese history.A.asB.likeC.thatD.making7.According to economics,money flows to________it is that controls the scarce thing,say,the cutting-edge knowledge.A.whomB.whomeverC.whoD.whoever8.It is natural that the prominent actress________charged with tax evasion.A.wereB.would have beenC.may have beenD.should have been9.Premier Li Keqiang is going to take questions from both Chinese and foreign correspondents at the annual press conference_________in March.A.to holdB.to take placeC.occurredD.held10.Given the serious damage and substantial losses caused by the recent7.8magnitude earthquake which struck southern Turkey,just50miles from the Syrian border,more financial support from international society_________.A.remaining to be raisedB.remains to be raisedC.remaining to raiseD.remains to raise11.The firm has been taking measures to cut costs to keep its_________up,including purchasing cheaper raw materials and reducing its workforce.A.expenditureB.profitsC.salariesD.rank12.The idle afternoon we are going through at home really deserves a fix of coffee or tea to_________our tired minds.A.repairB.refreshC.recoverD.rescue13.General Motors(GM)plans to_________its two plants to electric vehicle production by2035and another plant in Coahuila will make the new model of Chevrolet Blazer from2024.A.converseB.convertC.conserveD.preserve14.Since the second wave of COVID-19pandemic in China,investors from home and abroad have lowered expectations of these tech companies,making it harder to lift their_________.A.marketsB.pricesC.brandsD.shares15.A record3.3million Americans applied for unemployment_________in the third week of March2020,according to the US Labor Department,as restaurants,hotels,barber shops,gyms and more shut down in a nationwide effort to slow the spread of the deadly coronavirus.A.claimsB.benefitsC.interestsD.objectives16.On hearing the heart-breaking news,she couldn’t_________herself and broke out crying.A.regainB.reserveposeprise17.ALK or the gene for anaplastic lymphoma kinase is a stretch of DNA whose mutant(突变的)form has been associated with human cancers,but,its normal function which has something to do with thinness in humans had not been _________before the research.A.foundedB.establishedC.maintainedD.received18.When the candidate presented the results of his experiment on the brain of mice to the pharmaceutical company,they laughed and paid no_________to the discovery which later turned out to be a brilliant idea for a new product.A.investigationB.regardC.noticeD.inspection19.In the4-day Shanghai Disneyland Tour,you will spend a full day venturing in dream-like Disney castle,gardens, _________film scenes,enjoying fabulous kid joy with famous Disney characters and various family entertainment activities and amusing shows.A.fancyB.fantasyC.fascinationD.fashion20.The policy_________“renationalisation”,and throws the country’s financial markets back to the past,complains the economist shepherding privatization for the former prime minister.A.accumulatesB.amounts toC.equals toD.recoversSection B:(A)Directions:Complete the following passages by using the words in the box.Each word can only be used once.Note that there is one word more than you need.A.selectedB.distinctiveC.signatureD.odds AB.domestication AC.decidedAD.individuals BC.tamest BD.conflicted CD.mixed ABC.developIf you see a house cat,the____21____are high that it will have white paws,a look that many owners affectionatelycall“socks.”But socks are rarely seen in wildcats,the elusive and undomesticated cousin of the house cat,so why do so many pet cats sport furry white feet?As it turns out,this story started about10,000years ago,when humans and cats____22____life was better together.This____23____eventually led to uber-prevalent socks on cats,as well as other well-known coat patterns,said Leslie Lyons,professor emerita and head of the Feline Genetics Laboratory at the University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine.“As humans became farmers and started staying in one place,they had grain stores and waste piles”that attracted rodents,Lyons said.It was a mutually beneficial arrangement:the humans had fewer rodents to deal with and the cats got aneasy meal.The wild,undomesticated ancestor species of house cats,Felis silvestris,lives in Africa and Eurasia.These felines are tasty snacks as kittens and stealthy predators as adults,so____24____born with a coat that offers camouflage(保护色) have tended to survive and reproduce.But not every F.silvestiis is born with a coat that blends into its habitat.“Genetic mutations are occurring all the time.”Lyons said.There isn’t much evidence to indicate why early cat people chose the individuals they did,but Lyons said the range of coats seen on modern domestic cats shows that our agrarian ancestors favored cats with markings that would have ____25____with their camouflage.In its native mixed forest or scrub desert environment,a cat with stark white paws would have stood out to predators and prey.When humans started taking an interest in cats,these white paws would have stood out to them,too.“There were probably people saying,‘I particularly like that kitten because it has white feet.Let’s make sure it survives’”,Lyons said.Humans probably also____26____cats who were calm and comfortable around humans,Lyons said.Behavioral traits seem unrelated to coat color,but for reasons that scientists don’t fully understand,white spots tend to appear when the _____27_____individuals are selected and bred.These____28____fur colors and markings emerge while a cat embryo is developing.The cells that give cat fur its color first appear as neural crest cells,which are located along what will become the back,Lyons said.Then,those cells slowly migrate down and around the body.If those waves of cells move far enough to meet each other on the cat’s front side,the embryo will be born a solid-colored kitten,such as an all-black or all-orange cat.Felines ____29____white feet,faces,chests and bellies when these cells don’t quite make it all the way.So,the next time you see a kitty wearing white socks,you’ll know that this_______30_______feature is a result of genetic mutations,domestication and developmental biology.Although if you try telling the cat that,it will probably just look at you quizzically before sauntering away.(B)Directions:Complete the following passages by using the words in the box.Each word can only be used once.Note that there is one word more than you need.A.initiallyB.formedC.societiesD.map AB.officiallyAC.constructed AD.potentially BC.investigate BD.perspective CD.boundariesABC.considerationConstruction of the world’s largest radio astronomy observatory,the Square Kilometre Array,has_____31_____begun in Australia after three decades in development.A huge intergovernmental effort,the SKA has been hailed as one of the biggest scientific projects of this century.It will enable scientists to look back to early in the history of the universe when the first stars and galaxies were _____32_____.It will also be used to_____33_____dark energy and why the universe is expanding,and to_____34_____search for extraterrestrial life.The SKA will_____35_____involve two telescope arrays—one on Wajarri country in remote Western Australia, called SKA-Low,comprising131,072tree-like antennas.SKA-Low is so named for its sensitivity to low-frequency radio signals.It will be eight times as sensitive than existing comparable telescopes and will_____36_____the sky135times faster.A second array of197traditional dishes,SKA-Mid,will be built in South Africa’s Karoo region.Dr Sarah Pearce,SKA-Low’s director,said the observatory would define“the next fifty years for radio astronomy, charting the birth and death of galaxies,searching for new types of gravitational waves and expanding the_____37_____of what we know about the universe”.She added:“The SKA telescopes will be sensitive enough to detect an airport radar on a planet circling a star tens of light years away,so may even answer the biggest question of all:are we alone in the universe?”The SKA has been described by scientists as a gamechanger and a major milestone in astronomy research.“To put the sensitivity of the SKA into_____38_____,it could detect a mobile phone in the pocket of an astronaut on Mars,225m kilometres away,”said Dr Danny Price,a senior postdoctoral fellow at the Curtin Institute of Radio Astronomy.“More excitingly,if there are intelligent_____39_____on nearby stars with technology similar to ours,the SKA could detect the aggregate‘leakage’radiation from their radio and telecommunication networks—the first telescope sensitive enough to achieve this feat.”Prof Alan Duffy,director of the space technology and industry institute at the Swinburne University of Technology, said the SKA would probably be the largest telescope______40______,“connecting across continents to create a world-spanning facility allowing us to see essentially across the entire observable universe”.III.Reading Comprehension(15’+22’+8’)Section ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.The economic case for regiftingDespite its pleasures,gift giving can be problematic.A recipient wants items A and B(say,a hat and gloves)yet receives items C and D(say,a scarf and mittens).Another recipient wants C and D,yet receives A and B.The_____41_____seems simple:The two recipients can simply pass along the gifts they received to each other.The_____42_____however,is more complex.People in a study published in the Journal of Consumer Behaviour,for instance,used such words as guilty,lazy,thoughtless and disrespectful in describing their_____43_____about regifting. Popular culture casts it as taboo,as well.Getting stuck with gifts we do not want is no small problem.Consider that the National Retail Federation calculated that the average holiday-season_____44_____in the st year spent more than$1,000on gifts.In a survey across14 countries in Europe,meanwhile,1in7said they were unhappy with what they received for Christmas,yet more than half simply kept the gifts.Why can’t more gifts be passed along to people who_____45_____them?Our research with Francis J.Flynn,a professor of organizational behavior at Stanford University’s Graduate School of Business,suggests the shame associated with regifting is largely_____46_____.Indeed,our research consistently tells us that people overestimate the negative consequences.We conducted a study in which we asked people to imagine themselves either as a”giver,”who gives someone a gift card and later_____47_____it has been regifted;or as a“regifter,”one who receives the gift and gives it to someone else. The latter group saw more offense.Regifters tended to assume the original givers would be_____48_____when they found out.The general_____49_____of the original givers,however,was:It’s your gift,do what you want with it.”Next,we tried to shed light on just how serious the perceived offense is.We asked two group—again givers and regifters—to______50______regifting a hypothetical(假设的)wristwatch with throwing it in the trash.For the original givers,regifting the watch was a much less offensive act than trashing it.The regifters,however,______51______assumed that the givers would find both equally offensive.Finally,given that the feared offense looks more imagined than real,we turned our attention to how people might be______52______to break this taboo.For this part of our research,we invited to our lab at Stanford people who had recently received presents and divided the people into two groups.When we gave the first group an opportunity to______53______that present,9%did so.When we gave the second group the same opportunity,we added that it was‘“National Regifting Day,”a real______54______that happens each year on the Thursday before Christmas.It wasn’t really National Regifting Day,but the group didn’t know that:30%of them agreed to regift.Everyone has received bad gifts in their lives,and we generally accept that we will receive more in the future.Yet for some reason,we believe that we give only good gifts.Our research offers a simple solution to the problem of______55______gifts.This holiday season,consider regifting, and encourage people who receive your gifts to do the same if what you give them isn’t quite what they hope for.41.A.result B.cycle. C.trick D.solution42.A.cause B.psychology C.science. D.theory43.A.feelings B.ideas C.trick. D.evaluations44.A.citizen B.retailer C.shopper D.foreigner45.A.refuse B.appreciate C.envy D.collect46.A.perceived B.ignored C.unjustified D.immeasurable47.A.learns B.suspects plains D.imagines48.A.praised B.hurt C.hateful D.grateful49.A.motto B.code C.principle D.attitude50.A.replace B.connect pare D.exchange51.A.desperately B.voluntarily C.responsibly D.wrongly52.A.encouraged B.pushed C.challenged D.forced53.A.hide B.sell C.regift D.decline54.A.ceremony B.celebration C.day D.event55.A.unpopular B.unwanted C.expensive D.meaninglessSection BDirections:Read the following three passages.Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)Jailbreaking commonly refers to unlocking iOS for iPhones and iPads.Seventeen-year-old George Hotz,or geohot as he liked to be called,was the first person to jailbreak an iPhone.He accomplished his feat in2007,and many others followed his lead.Jailbreaking an iPhone offers some distinct benefits.With a jailbroken iPhone,you have numerous ways to change any setting to suit your needs.You can also alter the look and feel of the phone so that it matches your personality.Another advantage of jailbreaking for iPhone users is the ability to install apps not offered in Apple’s App Store.Cydia,an alternative app store for jailbroken iOS devices,offers a variety of apps,some of which cost more than others.Before jailbreaking your iPhone,you should consider the consequences.Jailbreaking immediately voids(使无效)your iPhone’s warranty,which means that Apple is no longer required to fix your phone if something goes wrong.Jailbreaking also exposes you to the dangers associated with alternative apps.Poor quality apps from alternative app stores may causeyour iPhone to crash more often or stop working altogether.After jailbreaking your iPhone,you must also be careful not to allow Apple to install new software on your phone.Apple naturally discourages its customers from jailbreaking their iPhones.According to the company,jailbreaking doesn’t just affect the security and stability of an iPhone.It can also shorten the phone’s battery life.For many people,this is an important consideration.56.Which aspects of jailbreaking does the article discuss?A.The ways in which jailbreaking can save people timeB.The positives and negatives associated with jailbreakingC.The clients who got into legal trouble for jailbreakingD.The best and worst techniques for jailbreaking phones57.What does the article imply about the first person to jailbreak an iPhone?A.He apologized for his actions.B.He produced hardware designs.C.He gave himself a nickname.D.He was turned down for a job.58.From this article,what can readers learn about the products offered by Cydia?A.Their prices vary somewhat.B.Their inventors are quite young.C.They’re still manufactured abroad.D.They take only a few moments to install.59.According to Apple,what might happen after a person jailbreaks his or her iPhone?A.It might need a new camera stand.B.It might become harder to sell.C.It might be easily damaged by water.D.It might use up its battery faster.(B)Vanuatu is an island nation in the South Pacific.It is also one of the smallest countries in the world.But for those interested in adventure and sport,there is a lot to do.Some of the best snorkeling(浮潜)can be found here.Vanuatu’s islands also offer visitors two of the most exciting and dangerous activities in the world:volcano surfing and land diving.Volcano SurfingOn Tanna Island,Mount Yasur rises300meters(1,000feet)into the sky.It is known as the Lighthouse of the Pacific because of its regular eruptions for hundreds of years.For centuries,both island locals and visitors have climbed this mountain to visit the top.Some visitors find Yasur terrifying;others captivating.Photographers are beside themselves at the opportunity to make stunning artwork from such a special point.Recently,people have also started climbing Yasur to surf the volcano.In some ways,volcano surfing,also commonly known as ash boarding,is like surfing in the sea,but in other ways it’s very different.It was invented by an adventurer journalist named Zoltan Istvan,while on a trip to Vanuatu Islands in2002. Volcano surfing is considered as an extreme sport and there are not many practicing it.A volcano surfer’s goal is to escape the erupting volcano—without getting hit by flying rocks!Riders hike up the volcano and slide down,sitting or standing, on a thin plywood or metal board.It’s fast,fun,and dangerous—the perfect extreme sport.Land DivingMost people are familiar with bungee jumping,but did you know bungee jumping started on Pentecost Island in Vanuatu and is almost fifteen centuries old?The original activity,called land diving,is part of a religious ceremony.A man ties tree vines(藤)to his legs.He then jumps head-first from a high tower.It originated as a rite(仪式)of passage for young men trying to prove their manhood.The idea is to jump from as high as possible,and to land as close to the ground as possible.It is also a harvest ritual.The islanders believe the higher the jumpers dive,the higher the crops will grow.Every spring,island natives(men only)still perform this amazing test of strength.60.Which of the following can be learned from the passage?A.Mount Yasur is a light tower on the Pacific Ocean.B.The history of volcano surfing dates back centuries.C.Bungee jumping grew out of land diving.nd diving came to Vanuatu from another country.61.The underlined word captivating is closest in meaning to________.A.distressingB.charmingC.disappointingD.relieving62.Which of the following could be the best title of this passage?A.Untouched Beauty:VANUATUB.Volcano Adventure:VANUATUC.Extreme Destination:VANUATUD.Preserved Culture:VANUATU(C)The water off the coast of northwest Greenland is a glass-like calm,but the puddles(水坑)on the region’s icebergs are a sign that a transformation is underway higher on the ice sheet.Several days of unusually warm weather in northern Greenland have caused rapid melting,made visible by the rivers of meltwater rushing into the ocean.Temperatures have been running around60degrees Fahrenheit—10degrees warmer than normal for this time of year,scientists said.The amount of ice that melted in Greenland between July15and17this year alone—6billion tons of water per day —would be enough to fill7.2million Olympic-sized swimming pools,according to data from the US National Snow and Ice Data Center.Each summer,scientists worry that they will see a repeat of the record melting that occurred in2019,when532billion tons of ice flowed out into the sea.An unexpectedly hot spring and a July heat wave that year caused almost the entire ice sheet’s surface to melt.Global sea level rose permanently by1.5millimeters as a result.Greenland holds enough ice—if it all melted—to lift sea level by7.5meters around the world.The latest research points to a more and more threatening situation on the Northern Hemisphere’s iciest island.“Unprecedented(史无前例的)”rates of melting have been observed at the bottom of the Greenland ice sheet,a study published in February found,caused by huge quantities of meltwater flowing down from the surface.This water is particularly concerning because it can destabilize the sheet above it and could lead to a massive,rapid loss of ice.And in2020,scientists found that Greenland’s ice sheet had melted beyond the point of no return.The rate of melting in recent years exceeds anything Greenland has experienced in the last12,000years,another study found—and enough to cause measurable change in the gravitational field over Greenland.At the East Greenland Ice-core Project—or EastGRIP—research camp in northwest Greenland,the work of scientists to understand the impact of climate change is being affected by climate change itself.Aslak Grinsted,a climate scientist at the University of Copenhagen’s Niels Bohr Institute,said that they have been trying to get flights into the camp but the warmth is destabilizing the landing site.Before human-caused climate change kicked in,temperatures near32degrees Fahrenheit there were unheard of.But since the1980s,this region has warmed by around1.5degrees Fahrenheit per decade—four times faster than the global pace—making it all the more likely that temperatures will cross the melting point.63.The passage is mainly written to________.A.alert people to the rapid melting of Greenland’s ice sheetB.arouse people’s awareness of protecting the environmentrm people of the large amount of ice Greenland holdsD.reveal to people the cause and effect of the rise in sea level64.What does“a transformation”in the first paragraph refer to?A.Climate change.B.A rise in sea level.C.Global warming.D.The melting of ice.65.What can be learned about the ice that melted in2019?A.It repeated a record melting of the ice sheet several years ago.B.Its amount was the largest ever and lifted sea level permanently.C.It was enough to fill7.2million Olympic-sized swimming pools.D.Its melting rate was so rapid as to result in an unexpectedly hot spring.66.It is implied in the passage that________.A.climate change is a result of human activitiesB.the study of climate change is being made easierC.the melting of Greenland’s ice sheet is reversibleD.temperatures increase1.5°F or so each decade globallySection CDirections:Read the following passage.Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once.Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Can Whales And Dolphins Fight Cancer?Whales and dolphins have been shown to be better at fighting cancer than we are,and now we may be closer tounderstanding why cetaceans(鲸目动物)do it.Cetaceans are generally the oldest living mammals,and some cetaceans have reached their200th birthday.Their size means their bodies contain far more cells than the human body.“_____67_____”says Daniela Tejada-Martinez at the Austral University of Chile.“So,if you are big or live longer, you have thousands and millions of cells that could become harmful.”_____68_____“There’s a joke that whales should be born with cancer and not even able to exist because they’re just too big,”says Vincent Lynch at the University at Buffalo,New York,he says there is a super trivial explanation for how whales can exist.“They just evolved better cancer protection mechanisms,”he says._____69_____Now,Tejada-Martinez and her colleagues have studied the evolution of1077tumor suppressor(肿瘤抑制)genes (TSGs).In all,they compared the evolution of the genes in15mammalian species,including seven cetacean species,Genes regulating DNA damage,tumor spread and the immune system were positively selected among the cetaceans. _______70_______“It’s not like we’re gonna be taking whale genes and putting them into humans and making humans cancer resistant,”says Lynch.“But if you can find the genes that play a role in tumor suppression in other animals,and if you can figure out what they’re doing,maybe you can make a drug that can be used to treat people.”A.They also found cetaceans gained and lost TSGs at a rate2.4times higher than in other mammals.B.If the whale gene was injected into the human body,could humans fight cancer?C.Some people deny that cetaceans can increase TSGs faster than other mammals.D.If you have more cells that means that one of those cells has an increased risk of becoming cancerous.E.In contrast,cetaceans have much lower cancer rates than most other mammals.F.But we still need to learn more about why and how they did this.第II卷IV Grammar(10+10)(A)Directions:After reading the passages below,fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct For the blanks with a given word,fill in each blank with the proper farm of the given word;far the other blanks,use one word that best fits each blank.When Steve Birkinshaw,the British fell running(越野路跑)champion,planned his record-breaking route across the 214peaks of the Lake District,it took him six months of preparation and all his years of experience to figure out ___71___he thought was the perfect path.Now two physics students from the University of Manchester who had never visited the mountains have produced a ___72___(short)route using a computer algorithm.Mr Birkinshaw,52,a researcher at Newcastle University who lives in the Lake District,has had an admirable fell running career,including breaking the72-year-old record set by Joss Naylor___73___climbing the214peaks in the Lake District in only six days and13hours in2014.His record was beaten by seven hours in2019by Paul Tierney,who followed Birkinshaw’s carefully mapped route over512km and36,000m of climbing.Mr Birkinshaw,who advised the students,thought___74___would be impossible to improve the route with a computer,”but they___75___(prove)me wrong“,he said.“The problem is you change one thing in the route and it’s a domino effect and everything else changes.I would have to spend two to three hours a week for six months___76___(redraw)the route on a computer to work out how long a slight adjustment would change the time___77___now they have the algorithms they can put in all the peaks and find out instantly?”To figure out their route,the pair used satellite imaging data of the area,with___78___complex data functions were coupled to describe how fest people can move along different routes.This allowed them to work out the energy costs of moving between each peak.They___79___(feed)all that information into an off-the-shelf solver for the travelling salesman problem,a classic computational science problem for finding out the fastest delivery routes along road networks.Their achievement opens up possibilities to update running records and____80____one day help to deliver aid in badly mapped areas of the world.(B)Directions:After reading the passages below,fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct For the blanks with a given word,fill in each blank with the proper farm of the given word;far the other blanks,use one word that best fits each blank.Sky Kurtz farms in the desert.The co-fbunder and CEO of Pure Harvest Smart Farms—___81___(locate)outside Abu Dhabi,where temperatures regularly top113°F—and his team use the challenging environs to trial new crops and technologies that have the potential to change farming in climate-challenged areas.Pure Harvest also provides produce to supermarkets and restaurants in Dubai and across the region___82___(use)less water,which is important in one of the most arid regions of the world.Kurtz founded Pure Harvest Smart Fanns in2017with his co-founders Mahmoud Adi and Robert Kupstas.Passionate about food insecurity,they spent the first year studying high-tech food-production systems around the world,___83___ searching for the optimal site for their first farm.Kurtz’s farms in the UAE started out with“___84___but a PowerPoint,a pile of dirt,and the promise of what we would do,”says Kurtz.But Pure Harvest quickly proved it was built on more than a promise.The founders’research and technological innovation led to the development of a proprietary(专利的)Controlled-Environment Agriculture(CEA) system—a combination of high-tech greenhouses and vertical farms that___85___(provide)a stable year-round climate. The first crop of tomatoes was planted in August2018and harvested in October.The company’s original farm is now its。

植物[编辑]物种基因组大小和开放阅读框文献Sesamum indicum L. Sesame 芝麻（2n = 26）293.7 Mb, 10,656 orfs 1 Oryza brachyantha短药野生稻261 Mb, 32,038 orfs 2Chondrus crispus Red seaweed爱尔兰海藻105 Mb, 9,606 orfs 3Pyropia yezoensis susabi-nori海苔43 Mb, 10,327 orfs 4Prunus persica Peach 桃226.6 of 265 Mb 27,852 orfs 5Aegilops tauschii 山羊草（DD）4.23 Gb (97% of the 4.36), 43,150 orfs 6 Triticum urartu 乌拉尔图小麦（AA）4.66 Gb (94.3 % of 4.94 Gb, 34,879 orfs 7 moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla) 毛竹2.05 Gb (95%) 31,987 orfs 8 Cicer arietinum Chickpea鹰嘴豆~738-Mb，28,269 orfs 9 520 Mb (70% of 740 Mb), 27,571 orfs 10Prunus mume 梅280 Mb, 31,390 orfs 11Gossypium hirsutum L.陆地棉2.425 Gb 12Gossypium hirsutum L. 雷蒙德氏棉761.8 Mb 13Citrus sinensis 甜橙87.3% of ~367 Mb, 29,445 orfs 14甜橙367 Mb 15Citrullus lanatus watermelon 西瓜353.5 of ~425 Mb (83.2%) 23,440 orfs 16 Betula nana dwarf birch，矮桦450 Mb 17Nannochloropsis oceanica CCMP1779微绿球藻（产油藻类之一）28.7 Mb，11,973 orfs 18Triticum aestivum bread wheat普通小麦17 Gb, 94,000 and 96,000 orfs 19 Hordeum vulgare L. barley 大麦1.13 Gb of 5.1 Gb，26,159 high confidence orfs，53,000 low confidence orfs 20Gossypium raimondii cotton 雷蒙德氏棉D subgenome,88% of 880 Mb 40,976 orfs 21Linum usitatissimum flax 亚麻302 mb (81%), 43,384 orfs 22Musa acuminata banana 香蕉472.2 of 523 Mb, 36,542 orfs 23Cucumis melo L. melon 甜瓜375 Mb（83.3%）27,427 orfs 24Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. cv. Dangshansuli 梨（砀山酥梨）512.0 Mb (97.1%), 42,812 orfs 25,26Solanum lycopersicum 番茄760/900 Mb，34727 orfs 27S. pimpinellifolium LA1589野生番茄739 MbSetaria 狗尾草属（谷子、青狗尾草）400 Mb，25000-29000 orfs 28,29Cajanus cajan pigeonpea木豆833 Mb，48,680 orfs 30Nannochloropis gaditana 一种海藻~29 Mb, 9,052 orfs 31Medicago truncatula蒺藜苜蓿350.2 Mb, 62,388 orfs 32Brassica rapa 白菜485 Mb 33Solanum tuberosum 马铃薯0.73 Mb,39031 orfs 34Thellungiella parvula条叶蓝芥13.08 Mb 29,338 orfs 35Arabidopsis lyrata lyrata 玉山筷子芥? 183.7 Mb, 32670 orfs 36Fragaria vesca 野草莓240 Mb，34,809 orfs 37Theobroma cacao 可可76% of 430 Mb, 28,798 orfs 38Aureococcus anophagefferens褐潮藻32 Mb, 11501 orfs 39Selaginella moellendorfii江南卷柏208.5 Mb, 34782 orfs 40Jatropha curcas Palawan麻疯树285.9 Mb, 40929 orfs 41Oryza glaberrima 光稃稻（非洲栽培稻）206.3 Mb (0.6x), 10 080 orfs (>70% coverage) 42Phoenix dactylifera 棕枣380 Mb of 658 Mb, 25,059 orfs 43Chlorella sp. NC64A小球藻属40000 Kb, 9791 orfs 44Ricinus communis蓖麻325 Mb, 31,237 orfs 45Malus domestica (Malus x domestica) 苹果742.3 Mb 46Volvox carteri f. nagariensis 69-1b一种团藻120 Mb, 14437 orfs 47Brachypodium distachyon 短柄草272 Mb，25,532 orfs 48Glycine max cultivar Williams 82栽培大豆1.1 Gb, 46430 orfs 49Zea mays ssp. Mays Zea mays ssp. Parviglumis Zea mays ssp. Mexicana Tripsacum dactyloides var. meridionale 无法下载附表50Zea mays mays cv. B73玉米2.06 Gb, 106046 orfs 51Cucumis sativus 9930 黄瓜243.5 Mb, 63312 orfs 52Micromonas pusilla金藻21.7 Mb, 10248 orfs 53Sorghum bicolor 高粱697.6 Mb, 32886 orfs 54Phaeodactylum tricornutum 三角褐指藻24.6 Mb, 9479 orfs 55Carica papaya L. papaya 番木瓜271 Mb (75%), 28,629 orfs 56Physcomitrella patens patens小立碗藓454 Mb, 35805 orfs 57Vitis vinifera L. Pinot Noir, clone ENTAV 115葡萄504.6 Mb, 29585 orfs 58Vitis vinifera PN40024葡萄475 Mb 59Ostreococcus lucimarinus绿色鞭毛藻13.2 Mb, 7640 orfs 60Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 莱茵衣藻100 Mb, 15256 orfs 61Populus trichocarpa黑三角叶杨550 Mb, 45000 orfs 62Ostreococcus tauri 绿藻12.6 Mb, 7892 orfs 63Oryza sativa ssp. japonica 粳稻360.8 Mb, 37544 orfs 64Thalassiosira pseudonana 硅藻25 Mb, 11242 orfs 65Cyanidioschyzon merolae 10D红藻16.5 Mb, 5331 orfs 66Oryza sativa ssp. japonica 粳稻420 Mb, 50000 orfs 67Oryza sativa L. ssp. Indica籼稻420 Mb, 59855 orfs 68Guillardia theta -蓝隐藻，551 Kb, 553 orfs 69Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia拟南芥119.7 Mb, 31392 orfs 70参考文献1 Zhang, H. et al. Genome sequencing of the important oilseed crop Sesamum indicum L. Genome Biology 14, 401 (2013).2 Chen, J. et al. Whole-genome sequencing of Oryza brachyantha reveals mechanisms underlying Oryza genome evolution. Nat Commun 4, 1595 (2013).3 Collén, J. et al. Genome structure and metabolic features in the red seaweed Chondrus crispus shed light on evolution of the Archaeplastida. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, 5247-5252 (2013).4 Nakamura, Y. et al. The first symbiont-free genome sequence of marine red alga, susabi-nori Pyropia yezoensis. PLoS ONE 8, e57122 (2013).5 Verde, I. et al. The high-quality draft genome of peach (Prunus persica) identifies unique patterns of genetic diversity, domestication and genome evolution. Nature Genetics advance online publication (2013).6 Jia, J. et al. Aegilops tauschii draft genome sequence reveals a gene repertoire for wheat adaptation. Nature 496, 91-95 (2013).7 Ling, H.-Q. et al. Draft genome of the wheat A-genome progenitor Triticum urartu. Nature 496, 87-90 (2013).8 Peng, Z. et al. The draft genome of the fast-growing non-timber forest species moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla). Nature Genetics 45, 456-461 (2013).9 Jain, M. et al. A draft genome sequence of the pulse crop chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Plant Journal, DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12173 (2013).10 Varshney, R. K. et al. Draft genome sequence of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) provides a resource for trait improvement. Nat Biotech 31, 240-246 (2013).11 Zhang, Q. et al. The genome of Prunus mume. Nat Commun 3, 1318 (2012).12 Lee, M.-K. et al. Construction of a plant-transformation-competent BIBAC library and genome sequence analysis of polyploid Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). BMC Genomics 14, 208 (2013).13 Paterson, A. H. et al. Repeated polyploidization of Gossypium genomes and the evolution of spinnable cotton fibres. Nature 492, 423-427 (2012).14 Xu, Q. et al. The draft genome of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). Nat Genet 45, 59–66 (2013).15 Belknap, W. R. et al. Characterizing the citrus cultivar Carrizo genome through 454 shotgun sequencing. Genome 54, 1005-1015 (2011).16 Guo, S. et al. The draft genome of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and resequencing of 20 diverse accessions. Nat Genet 45, 51–58 (2013).17 Wang, N. et al. Genome sequence of dwarf birch (Betula nana) andcross-species RAD markers. Mol Ecol Article first published online: 21 NOV 2012 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12131 (2012).18 Vieler, A. et al. Genome, functional gene annotation, and nuclear transformation of the heterokont oleaginous alga Nannochloropsis oceanica CCMP1779. PLoS Genet 8, e1003064 (2012).19 Brenchley, R. et al. Analysis of the bread wheat genome using whole-genome shotgun sequencing. Nature 491, 705-710 (2012).20 Consortium, T. I. B. G. S. A physical, genetic and functional sequence assembly of the barley genome. Nature 491, 711–716 (2012).21 Wang, K. et al. The draft genome of a diploid cotton Gossypium raimondii. Nature Genetics 44, 1098–1103 (2012).22 Wang, Z. et al. The genome of flax (Linum usitatissimum) assembled de novo from short shotgun sequence reads. The Plant Journal 72, 461-473 (2012).23 D'Hont, A. et al. The banana (Musa acuminata) genome and the evolution of monocotyledonous plants. Nature 488, 213–217 (2012).24 Garcia-Mas, J. et al. The genome of melon (Cucumis melo L.). PNAS 109, 11872-11877 (2012).25 reporter, A. G. s. Consortium releases pear genome data. GenomeWeb Daily News (2012).26 Wu, J. et al. The genome of pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.). Genome Res.Published in Advance November 13, 2012, doi:10.1101/gr.144311.112 (2012).27 Consortium, T. T. G. The tomato genome sequence provides insights into fleshy fruit evolution. Nature 485, 635–641 (2012).28 Bennetzen, J. L. et al. Reference genome sequence of the model plant Setaria. Nat Biotech 30, 555-561 (2012).29 Zhang, G. et al. Genome sequence of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) provides insights into grass evolution and biofuel potential. Nat Biotech 30, 549-554 (2012).30 Varshney, R. K. et al. Draft genome sequence of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), an orphan legume crop of resource-poor farmers. Nat Biotech 30, 83-89 (2012).31 Radakovits, R. et al. Draft genome sequence and genetic transformation of the oleaginous alga Nannochloropis gaditana. Nat Commun 3, 686 (2012).32 Young, N. D. et al. The Medicago genome provides insight into the evolution of rhizobial symbioses. Nature 480, 520–524 (2011).33 Wang, X. et al. The genome of the mesopolyploid crop species Brassica rapa. Nat. Genet. 43, 1035-1039 (2011).34 Consortium, T. P. G. S. Genome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato. Nature 475, 189-195 (2011).35 Dassanayake, M. et al. The genome of the extremophile crucifer Thellungiella parvula. Nat. Genet. 43, 913-918 (2011).36 Hu, T. T. et al. The Arabidopsis lyrata genome sequence and the basis of rapid genome size change. Nat. Genet. 43, 476-481 (2011).37 Shulaev, V. et al. The genome of woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca). Nat. 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Science 296, 92-100 (2002).68 Yu, J. et al. A draft sequence of the rice genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica). Science 296, 79-92 (2002).69 Douglas, S. et al. The highly reduced genome of an enslaved algal nucleus. Nature 410, 1091-1096 (2001).70 Kaul, S. et al. Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature 408, 796-815 (2000).动物[编辑]•Anopheles gambiae - 疟蚊•Apis mellifera - 蜜蜂•Bos taurus cattle - 牛•Caenorhabditis briggsae - 一种线虫•Caenorhabditis elegans - 秀丽隐杆线虫，模式生物•Canis lupus familiaris dog- 狗•Ciona intestinalis - 一种海鞘•Ciona savignyi - 一种海鞘•Drosophila melanogaster - 黑腹果蝇，模式生物•Fugu rubripes - 河豚•Gallus gallus - 鸡•Homo sapiens - 人•Mus musculus - 小鼠, 模式生物•Pan troglodytes - 黑猩猩•Rattus norvegicus - 大鼠•Schistosoma haematobium - 埃及血吸虫•Anabaena spec. - Fadenblaualge•Gloeobacter violaceus - primitive Blaualge •Synechococcus spec. - Meeres-Blaualge•Synechocystis spec. - Meeres-Blaualge•Thermosynechococcus elongatus - Thermophile Blaualge。

遗传学育种学良种繁育学提供繁育材料巩固育种成果指导育种实践育种实践中发展园林植物遗传育种学Genetics and Breeding ofOrnamental PlantsBy Haifeng Yang1. ornamental plants,Landscape plants , garden flowers1.1 ConceptOrnamental plants are plants that are grown for decorative purposes in gardens and landscape design projects, as house plants, for cut flowers andspecimen display. The cultivation of these forms a major branch of horticulture.Most commonly ornamental garden plants are grown for the display of aesthetic features including:flowers ,leaves ,scent , overall folige texture,fruit ,stem and bark , and aesthetic form.In some cases, unusual features may beconsidered to be of interest, such as theprominent and rather vicious thorns of Rosasericea and cacti. In all cases, their purposeis for the enjoyment of gardeners, visitors,and/or the public.1.2 Main factor in landsacpe designMore ornamental plantsEnjoy the sceneryImprove the environmentEcological balanceComprehensive function1.3 China-Mother of Gardens very plenty of ornamental plants resources Wild plants and cultivated resourcesBe introduce to western countriespaeony 芍药, azalea 杜鹃, Lotus 荷花orchid 兰花, tree paeony 牡丹, etc.1.4 ornamental plants applying condition inwestern countriesplenty of ornamental plants were introducedOrnamental flowers and trees cultivation1000-3000 or more plants species were usedin western public garden.1.5 ornamental plants applying in ChinaThe ornamental plants development in Chinais far behind those of western countries.1500 plants species were used in publicgarden in Guangzhou.Less Species varieties2. Ornamental plants breeding2.1 ConceptTechnique and process to improve ornamental plans or create new species by introduction, cross breeding, selection, and fine variety breeding.Very important tools using in ornamental plants applying.Western countries and Japan 2.2 ornamental plants production Developed very quickly and active 1991, to 100 billion in the world;End of 20th century , be to 200 billion in the world.to 0.13billion in 1996 in China.Need more development.2.3 ornamental plants resourcesKey to development in chinese ornamental plants industryIt is said that “who owns the resources, who will control the future in ornamental plants kingdom”2.4 the characteristic of Chinese ornamental plantsGood quality and famous cultivated flower, plenty of wild flowersBe introduced over the world2.5 Our future to develop Chinese ornamental plants industryimprove the famous flower and find new applying wayBy wild flowers crossing and selection in wild flowers population.Rose, beijing forestry university,more tolerant to adversity.Introduce western ornamental flowers and applying in China. Plenty of cultivated flowers in western countryIntroduce and make it suitable in China Tulip, original tulip cross by western tulip .Select wild flower and applying in garden.Lack of flower varietySelect high esthetics value plantsSelect special characteristics flowerSelect high tolerant flowerSuitable to be ground cover plantsSelection in plant introduction and domestication To focus on collaboration to build the Chinese flower kingdomSuch as Holland, 200-300 years, flower kingdomChina, original habitat, distribute over the world3 Two parts in this course Ornamental plants geneticsOrnamental plants breeding Ornamental plants genetics Genetics basis: cell division, DNA structure, Mendel’s law, the genetic central dogmaFlower’s development and geneticsOrnamental plants breedingthe concept and significance of germplasm resources and its applicationthe principles and methods of plant introduction, acclimatization Fine species selection, crossing breeding, ploidy breeding Heterosis and its applicationThe basic principles, methods, characteristics of genetic mutations and its applicationthe concept and general characteristics of quantitative genetics and heritabilitythe up-to-date development and methods of molecular breeding registration of a cultivar, audit, protection and commercial seed productionThe example for definite ornamental plant breeding: annual andperennial plantsHeredity （遗传)the passing of traits to offspring from its parent or ancestors. 有性繁殖过程中亲代与子代以及子代不同个体之间的相似性。