英语国家概况精讲：第十三章 美国地理位置英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列

chapter 14(14章）population.Race and Ethnic groups 必背细节1.The United States of the American is the third most populous county in the world after Chind and India.美国是世界人口第三大国，仅次于中国和印度。

2.Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth,The United States has a more or less open-door policy to immigtants from independence until 1960s.Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration recep tion spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century.19世纪末20世纪初，纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点。

3.Almost 20 million people or 7.8% of the total population were immigrants in 1992.Between 80% and 90% of immig ration to the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic countries.如今美国移民的80%到90%主要来源于亚洲和拉美国家。

4.Arizona,Nevada,and Florida have been the fastest growing states in population for the last 20 years.在过去的二十年里，亚利桑那，内华达和佛罗里达是人口增长最快的州。

英语国家概况精讲：第十四章美国人口种族chapter 14：population.Race and Ethnic groups必背细节1.The United States of America is the third most populous county in the world after Chind and India.美国是世界人口第三大国，仅次于中国和印度。

2。

Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth,The United States has a more or less open-door policy to immigtants from independence until 1960s.Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century.19世纪末20世纪初，纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点。

3。

Almost 20 million people or 7.8% of the total population were immigrants in 1992.Between 80% and 90% of immigration to the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic countries.如今美国移民的80%到90%主要来源于亚洲和拉美国家。

4。

Arizona,Nevada,and Florida have been the fastest growing states in population for the last 20 years.在过去的二十年里，亚利桑那，内华达和佛罗里达是人口增长最快的州。

英概六个国家地理位置山峰，河流，湖泊对比总结地理位置,面积:英国:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandBritain is an island country. It is surounded by the sea. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the north sea in the east.The Britain covers an area of 244,100 square km.It runs 1,000 km from north to south and extents, at the widest part, about 500 kilometres.美国:the United States of AmericaThe continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north.Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its South,the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.The two newest states Alaska and Hawaii are separated from the continetal United States.(Joined in 1959)The U.S. has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres(the 4th largest country in the world).It streches 2,575 kilometres from north to south and 4,500 kilometres from east to west.爱尔兰:the Republic of Ireland(Eire)The Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70,282 sq.km.The cuntry's total boundary si 3,603 km long,of which its land border with Northern Ireland is 434 km.It is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland,on the east and southeast by the Irish Sea and St. Geogore's Channel and on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean.加拿大:CanadaCanada is the world's second largest country after Russia. It has a land area of about 10 million sq.km. It covers about two fifths of North American comtinent.North to South(3,200 kilometres),east to west(6,400 kilometres).Canada and United States share a 6,378 kilometre boundary that has not been fortified for over a hundred years.Canada lies to the north of the United States.The 45th parallel marks the boundary between Canada and norhtern Vermont and New York of the United States.澳大利亚:AustraliaAustralia streches from 10 south to 44 south of latitude and 113 east to 154 east of longitude. Australia is the world's smallest continent with an area of 7.7 milion sq.km. But Australia is the sixth largest country in the world.It surrounded by the Tasman Sea and the Pacific Ocean to the east,by the Indian Ocean to the west,by the Coral Sea,the Atlantic Sea and Timor Sea to the north,and the Southern Indian Ocean and the Great Australian Bight to the south.新西兰:New ZealandNew Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean,halfway between the equator and South Pole. About 1,500 km to the northwest,across the Tasman Sea,is Australia. To the east,10,600 km of the Pacific Ocean separate New Zealand from South America.The icy continent of Antarctica lies 2,300 km to the south. The latitude of the capital city,Wellington,is 40S;the latitude of China's capital is 40N.It is just west of the International Date line,so it is the first country to get the new day.The size of the country is similar to Britain or Japan.气候，人口英国:Britain has a population of 5741,1000(1990).A maritime(近海的) type of climate. Winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool,not too hot,and it has a steady reliable rainfull throughtout the whole year. It has a small range of temperature.美国:The United States of America,with a population of 2，5550，0000 in July 1992,is the third most populous country in the wrold.By the year 2050,the population is expected to climb to 383 million,a 50% increase.The United States is located in the middle latitudes north of the equator. And there are different types of climate in different regions.1)A humid continental climate is found in the north-eastern part of the country.(New England)2)In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate.*these two zones stretch westward across the United States until they approach the 100th meridian.3)Beyond this point they gradually give way to the continental steppe climate of the Great Plains.4)The Pacific northwest is favoured with a maritime climate.5)The souther part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climate.爱尔兰:The population of Ireland in 1990 was estimated at 350,0000 million. It is expected to grow to 4 million by 2000.The weather of Ireland is described as "mild,moist and changeable".Extreme cold,long frosts,heavy snows in winter and scorching days in summer are uncommon.加拿大:Canada has a population of only a little over 2900,0000 (1994).Toronto(340，0000 ),Montreal(290,0000)and Vancouver(130，0000) are the most populous cities in Canada.Except for southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta,Canada recieves adequate rainfall.However the climate throughout Canada is varied.1)A maritime climate similar to that of Washington and Oregon states in the United States is found in the southwestern part of British Colombia.2)North of these regions lie the evergreen forests of the subarctic taiga.3)In the far north there is a polar climate with a treeless tundra zoneGenerally speaking the climate in Canada is unfavourable.Much of Cananda has long and cold winters with deep snow.澳大利亚:Today(1996) Australia's population is about 1800,0000 or about two people to the square kilometre. Most Australia do not know their continent very well because they live on the cool,wet,forested south-east coastland. This is the most pleasant part of the country and the forests are unique but it is not Australia's most common environment. Two thirds of the coutry is hot and dry.新西兰:The population of New Zealand is 350,0000. Approximately 10% are Maori,or part Maori.The climate in New Zealand is generally temperate,but becasue the country runs northsouth,the climate is varied.In the far north it is subtropical and in some mountainous areas of South island it is almost subarcitc.Seasonal variations are less extreme than in many other countries.一.基本政治制度和国家元首英国：The United Kingdome is a constitutional monarchy:the head of States is a king or a queen. In practice,the Sovereign reigns,but does not rule:the United Kingdom is governed,in the name of the Sovereign（君主）,by His or Her Majestty's Government--a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office,and who are responsible to Parliament.The present Sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II.美国：The American Consitution set up a federal（联邦的）systerm of government which has two layers of rule.(central of federal government for the nation ,state and local governments.)The President of the Unites States is head of the executive branch. The White House is his official residence. He is also head of state elected by the whole nation.(4years,two times at the most)爱尔兰：Ireland is a parliamentary(国会的，议会的) republic and a unitary state under the 1937 Consitution. The head of the state is the president.(7years)加拿大：Canada,a self-governing memeber of the Commonwealth(国家，联邦) of Nations,is a federation of 10 povinces and two territories.澳大利亚：The Commonwealth of Australia is a federation.The Six colonies joined together as sovereign States. 新西兰：New Zealand is a sovereign independent State,which a parliament government and a constitutional monarchy.Canada,along with Australia,New Zealand and some other Commonwealth countries,recognizes Britain' monarch,Queen Elizabath II,as Head of State.二.立法机构英国Parliament(maximum 5 years duration)Parliament consisted of the Sovereign,the House of Lords(made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal) and House of Commons(651).美国：CongressArticle I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government to a Congress composed of two chambers,a Senate(two members from each state,six year term and every even year,one-third of the Senate stands for re-election ) and a House of Representatives(based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.435).爱尔兰：All the legislative power are vested in the national parliament.(Oireachats)Oireachats has two houses. They are the Senate(Seanad) and the House of Representives(Dail Eireann)加拿大：All the legislative power of the federal administration are vested in the Parliament of Canada,which consists of the Crown,the Senate(104) and the House of Commons(295).Therefore,laws must be passed by both Houses of Parliament and signed by the Governor-General in the Queen's name.澳大利亚：The Australian Federal Parliament is modelled on the Westminster system.It is the Legislature.It consists of the Queen and two Houses of Parliament:the House of Representatives and the Senate.新西兰：New Zealand follows the British Parliamentary system with some varitions.Since 1950 the New Zealand Parliament has had only one chamber,the House of Representatives. (every 3 years)三.执法机构英国:The Prime Minister is apointed by the Queen.He always sits in the House of Commons.And his residenceis No.10 Downing Street in London.The party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of supporters in the House of Commons usually forms the Government.Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The most senior ministers compose the Cabinet.美国：The head of the departments,chosen by the President and approved by the Senate,form a council of advisers generally known as the President. This inculdes the White House staff,the Office of Management and Budget,the Council of Economic Advisers,and the Office of Emergerency Preparedness. The department are as follows(不打上来了,是书上的P305)爱尔兰：The Article 13 of the Constitution provides that the president shall appoint the prime minister(toiseach) on the nomination of the House of Representatives(Dail) and that he shall appoint the other members of the government on the nomination of the prime minister with the previous approval of the Dail.The prime minister holds office either until he chooses to resign or until he loses the support of the majority in the Dail.加拿大：Queen is represented in Canada by the Governor-General,who is appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.In practice,the Governor-General acts only the advice of the Canada Prime Minister and the Cabinet,who also sit in the federal parliament.The Prime Minister and other members of the Cabinet exercise executive power as the "Government".澳大利亚：In Australia the Queen is represented by the Govenor-General.(这里和加拿大是完全一样的)The executive is the government of the day.It is formed by the party or coalition of parties,which has a majority of seats in the House of Representatives.The Executive consists of the Prime Minister and the other members of the ministry.新西兰：The leader of the party with a majority of members in the House of Representatives becomes Prime Minister.He or she and about 20 other chosen members,form the Cabinet.四.司法机构英国:Criminal Courts in England and Wales including:Magistrates Courts,Youth Courts and the Crown Courts Scotland:1.the High Courts of Justiciary 2.the sheriff court 3. the district courtNorthern Ireland:magistrates' courts,Country courts and the Crown CourtCivil Courts in England and Wales are the Country Court of which there are 270.The High Court deal with the more complicated cases.Scotland:the civil courts are the sheriff court and the Court of Session.Northern Ireland:Country courts are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates' court also deals with certain limited classes of civil cases.The High Court of Justice is the superior civil law court.Appeals from country courts are dealt with by the High Court or the Court of Appeal.美国：The judicial,consists of a system of courts headed by the Supreme Court and including subordinate courts throughtout the country.And it is the organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution.The judicial system has evovlved into the present structure:the Supreme Court,11 courts of appeals,91 district courts,and three courts of special jurisdiction.爱尔兰：Statutes passed by the British Parliament before 1921 have the force of law except those repealed by the Irish Oireachats.The high court has full origianal jurisdiction and power in all matters of law.It also can determine the validity of any law within the provisions of the Constitution.The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal.(a chief jusiceand six other jusices)加拿大：Canada law has its source in acts and judicial decisions,and also in British common law. Quebec is an exception since its system is based on the French civil law.The provincial and federal governments have the power to establish courts. The federal Parliament created the Supreme Court of Canada,the Federal Court and various of special jurisdiction.澳大利亚：The High Court is the most superior.It consists of a chief jusice and six other jusices.The Federal Court of Australia was established in 1977.The Family Court was established in 1976.In each state there is a Superior Court. Below it are intermediate courts commonly called District or County Courts. Below them are Magistrates Courts,Local Courts or Courts of Petty Session.五.党派英国:Since the 1945 eiher the Conservative Party or the Labour Party has held power.A new party--the Social and Liberal Democratic Party was formed in 1988.美国：In general,America has a two-party system.The Democrats(the major party now) and the Republicans. 爱尔兰：Ireland has a bipolar political system with two major paries,Finna Fail and Fine Gael.The Irish Labour Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland. The Progressive Democrats is the largest of the minor parties after 1987 election.加拿大：Two party system and one party rule.There are two main federal parties in Canada.They are the Liberal Party and the Progressive Conservative Party.澳大利亚：We can say that Australia has a two-and-half party system of the ALP(Australia Labour Party) on one side and the Liberal Party and National parties on the other.新西兰：For the last 50 years the two main parties have been the National party and the Labour Party.一.文化英国:With about 130 daily and Sunday newspapers published nationwide,the British public reads more newspapers than virtually any other country in the world.One of the largest and most powerful of these is Rupert murdoch's News International which owns five national papers.The British press is by far the largest advertising medium in Britain.The natioanal newspapers can be divided into two groups(natioanal dailies and national Sundays.)or 3 groups as(quality,popular and mid-market papers.)The most important periodicals are The Economist,New Statesman and Society,and Spectator.Of monthly magazines,Reder's Digest has the highest circulation.(1.7 million)British Broadcasting Corporation still continues to dominate the airwaves.Britain has a reputation for broadcasting some of the finest television in the world.The principal news agencies in Britain are Reuters which was founded in 1851 by the German,Julius Reuter. Football is the most popular sport in England as well as in Europe.Cricket is the most typical English sport.Horse racing is a major British industry and takes two forms--flat racing and Natonal Hunt.The home of golf is Scotland. Snooker is thought to have been invented by Sir Neville Chamberlain in India in 1875.美国:Benjamin Frankin was the only writer in the colonial period whose works are read today.His uncompletedAutobiography is perhapes the first real American writing as well as the first real antobiography in English. Washington Irving was the first American writer who gained international frame.1810-1840 known as the "Knickerbockers era".His famous book:The sketch Book.Ralph Waldo Emerson was regarded as the leader of the movement.(Transcendentalist)His famous books:Nature,Self-relaiance,Representive Men,English Traits and Peoms.Nathaniel Hawthorne was one of those who attacked transcendtalism.The Scarelet Letter.In 1865,Mark Twain became nationally famous with his short story "The celebrated Jumping Frog".The Adventures of Huckleberry Fin became his master work.Walt Whitman's masterpiece was Leaves of Grass. He was the first to explore fully the possiblilities of free verse.Death was one of great themes of Emily Dickinson's work.Dreiser was the representative of naturalist.Sister Carrie was his frist novel.He is also famous for his Trilogy of Desire--The Financier,The Titan,and The Stoic,and An American Tragedy,which is considered to be his best. T.S.Eliot's masterpiece is The Waste Land.He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1946.Ernest Hemingway was one of the most improtant American writers in the 20th century.He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954.The Sun Also Rise was his frist important novel.He is also famous for his simple style and careful structuring of his fiction.Hughes was regarded as Black America's poet laureate and was one of the first writers to depict urban Black realistically.Wright's masterpiece,Native Son was the first book by a Black author about Black life.The first uniquely American contribution to architecture was the Skycraper.Sears Tower completed in 1974 in chicago.爱尔兰:The first newssheet in Ireland was published in February 1659.Today the Irish Times is the nation's most influential daily. The Irish Independent is a best-selling daily.Some 250 magazines are published in Ireland. almost one-fifth of then deal with religion. Ireland has no national news agency.Irish broadcasting began in 1926.The most well-known Irish writer of the modern period is James Joyce.His main works are the book of realistic short stories Dubiners.He introduced the stream of consciousness technique.Ulysses is Jouce's masterpiece. 加拿大:The bilingual,multicultural and North American elements of Canada's character have all influenced the formation of Canadian culture and the way Canadians express themselves through the arts.Canada's first native composer,Calixa Lavallee,wrote the music for "O Canada",now used as Canada's national anthem.Between the two world wars,humorist Stephen Leacock,poet Alain Grandlois and novelis Mazo de la Roche gained an international reputation and made Canadians incresingly aware of thir national literature,in both English and French.The National Film Board of Cananda(NFB) is another important public institution which was founded in the 30s,since 1939.时间国家事件页数1066 英The Norman Conquest(the best known event in English history) 241066-1381 英Norman Rule(feudal system was established in England) 27 1100-1135 英Henry II's Reforms 291215 英The Great Charter(Magna Carta) 321265 英Simon de Montfort arranged the earliest Parliament 341337-1453 英The Hundred year's War with France 351348-1349 英The Black Death 371381 英Wat Tyler and Jack Straw led the peasant uprising 381455-1485 英Wars of Roses 401485 英The English Penaissance 471492 美Columus discovered the new New Continent 2361497 加John Cabot discovered the east coast of Canada 3691529-1543 英The English Reformation (Henry VIII) 421605 英Gunpowder plot 511607 美First English Colony in Americans 2361640-1660 英Long Parliament 541642-1646 英The First Civil War(Puritan Revolution) 561649 英Charles's execution 561660 英The Restoration 581688 英Gloious Revolution(Bill of rights) 591740 英The enclosure 651756-1763 加the Seven Years War 3701769 新the first Engishman to visit New Zealand 5141773 美Boston Tea Party 2391775 美Battle of Lexington(Beginning of American Independence War) 239 1780-1830 英The Industrial Revolution 661783 美Treaty of Paris(Britain recognized independence of the U.S. 241 1787 美Great Compromise 2421788 澳The colonization of Australia by the British 4301791 美Bill of Rights 2431791 美The Act of 1791 separate the Canada to Upper and Lower 371 1812 美,英The 1812 War between Britain and U.S. 2431833 英the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union was established 73 1840 爱Great Irish Famine 1901840 新The Treaty of Waitangi 5151836-1848 英The Chartist Movement 691850s 澳The Goldrushes 4391861 美The Begin of the America Civil War 2481867 加became a dominion(North American Act) 3721893 英The Labour Party was formed 741901 澳Commonwealth of Australia came into being 4461916 爱Eater Uprising(Irish Republic was proclaimed 1901914-1918 全The First World War 80,255,4481929 美The Great Depression 2581936-1939 全The Second World War 83,261,452,5171948 爱declared itself a republic(voted itself out of Commonwealth) 190 1948 美The Berlin blockade 2671949 美The Truman Doctrine 2661950-1976 美The Vietnam War 2741961 美Cuban Missle Crisis 2731961-1973 美Reform,Radicalism and Disappointment 2781972 美Watergate Scandal 2801973 爱admitted to EC 191。

chapter 14(14章）population.Race and Ethnic groups 必背细节1.The United States of the American is the third most populous county in the world after Chind and India.美国是世界人口第三大国，仅次于中国和印度。

2.Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth,The United States has a more or less open-door policy to immigtants from independence until 1960s.Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration recep tion spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century.19世纪末20世纪初，纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点。

3.Almost 20 million people or 7.8% of the total population were immigrants in 1992.Between 80% and 90% of immig ration to the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic countries.如今美国移民的80%到90%主要来源于亚洲和拉美国家。

4.Arizona,Nevada,and Florida have been the fastest growing states in population for the last 20 years.在过去的二十年里，亚利桑那，内华达和佛罗里达是人口增长最快的州。

英语国家概况精讲：美国教育下面是店铺整理的英语国家概况精讲：美国教育，欢迎大家阅读!1)Characteristics of American education:①formal education in the US consistes ofelementary, secondary and highereducation.②Elementary and secondaryeducation,which forms public education, is free andcompulsory③public and private schools:Public schoolsare created, financially supported and governed bystates or communities, and private ones by religiousgroups, or nonreligious private organizati ons orindividuals.④the Tenth Amendment to theConstitution said education was included among theresponsibilities which were "reserved to the states or the people", This makes it clear thateducation is a function of the state, not the federal government.⑤div ersity and sameness ineducational policy and practice.1.正式教育包括初等、中等、高等教育2.构成公共教育的初、中等教育是免费和义务的;3.公立和私立学校：公立学校由州或社区创建、资助和管理，私立由宗教团体、或非宗教性质的个人或组织来创建;4.《宪法第十修正案》把教育包括在‘只属于州和人民’的职责中，这清晰表明教育是州的职能，并非联邦政府的;5.教育政策和教学实践的多样性和类同性2)Elementary and secondary educationin the USElementary schools: In some states the elementary school covers grades 1-8, but in someother states it covers grades 1-5 or 6. so it takes 5,6or 8 years to finish the elementary schoolin the United Stetes. The elementary school curriculum mainly consists of mastery of the"basics"(基础课) ，such as reading, writing, and arithmetic or mathematics.一些州小学包括1-8年级，但另一些是1-5或6年级。

英语国家概况英美对比
英语国家包括英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰和其他国家。

以下是英美两国
的一些对比：
1. 地理位置：英国位于欧洲大陆上，而美国则横跨北美洲的中部和南部。

2. 政治制度：英国是议会制立宪君主制国家，国家元首是女王伊丽莎白二世，而美国
是总统制联邦共和制国家，国家元首是总统。

3. 主要官方语言：英国和美国的主要官方语言都是英语。

4. 文化传统：英国有着悠久的文化传统，包括莎士比亚、狄更斯和爱默生等文学巨匠，以及皇室、制度化的骑士文化等；美国则是一个相对年轻的国家，其文化以多元文化
和自由的价值观为主导，包括好莱坞影片、摇滚乐、民权运动等。

5. 社交礼仪：英国的社交习惯非常注重礼仪和传统，如鸟语式的礼节性问候和正式的
餐桌礼仪；而美国的社交习惯则相对随性和放松，如较为简洁的问候和自由的聚会方式。

6. 体育文化：英国的传统体育项目包括足球、板球、橄榄球等；而美国的传统体育项
目包括篮球、棒球、橄榄球等。

这些是英美两国的一些对比，当然还有很多其他方面的差异，但是两个国家都有其独
特的魅力和价值，令人惊叹。

英语国家概况精讲系列英语国家概况精讲系列（十一）II. The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)工业革命（1780-1830）1．The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanisation of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.工业革命指的是17世纪末、18世纪初英国工业的机械化，以及因此而导致的社会结构和经济结构的变化。

2．Britain was the first country to industrialize because of the following factors:英国成为第一个工业化的国家，原因如下：(1) Favourable geopraphical location. Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade;优越的地理位置：英国地理位置优越，适合参与欧洲与世界贸易；(2) Political stability. Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the 17th century, was increasingly interested in overseas trade and colonies. International trade brought wealth to merchants and city bankers. They and those who had done well out of new farming methods provided capital in large quantities for industralization.政治局面稳定。

I. Trade Unions and the Labour Party⼯会和⼯党1. The Trade Union Act of 1871 legalized the trade unions and gave financial security.1871年通过的《⼯会法》使⼯会合法化并给其财政保障。

2. The Labor Party had its origin in the Independent Labor Party(ILP), which was formed in January, 1893. In 1900, representatives of trade unions, the ILP, and a number of small socialist societies set up the Labor Representation Committee (LRC). The LRC changed its name to the Labor Party for the general election called for in 1906.⼯党起源于独⽴⼯党，于1893年1⽉成⽴。

1900年，⼯会代表，独⽴⼯党和许多⼩型社会主义社团⼀起成⽴了⼯⼈代表委员会。

1906年的⼤选迫使⼯⼈代表委员会及时更名为⼯党。

II. Colonial Expansion殖民扩张1. The growth of dominions⾃治领的兴起English colonial expansion began with the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. Encouraged by Britain’s control of the seas, especially by the rising tide of emigration, British colonialists stepped up their expansion to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries. By 1900, Britain had built up a big empire, “on which the sun never set”. It consisted of a vast number of protectorates, Crown colonies, spheres of influence, and self-governing dominions. It included 25% of the world’s population and area.英国殖民扩张开始于1583年纽芬兰的殖民化。

江苏省普通高校“专转本”选拔考试英语专业大类专业综合基础理论课程B: 英语国家概况英美地理概况（名称、位置、领土和区域）1.1 英国和美国的正式名称及别称1.1.1 英国的正式名称及别称The United Kingdom (UK), founded on January 1, 1801, is still a larger part of the British Isles. Historically, it was a union of four independent countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. In 1922, the title was changed to include "Northern Ireland."Great Britain is often wrongly used as a synonym for the sovereign state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. England is the largest part of Britain. It is sometimes misused to refer to the whole United Kingdom, the whole island of Great Britain, and even the British Isles. This is not only incorrect, but also offensive to people in other parts of the UK.(1) England; (2) Britain, Great Britain or The Island of Great Britain; (3) The British Isles; (4) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; (5) The British Commonwealth of Nations（英联邦）（Canada; Australia; New Zealand …)1.1.2 美国的正式名称及别称The United States of America means the United States. SA, U.S.A., US or U.S. America is the name of the whole continent. Sometimes the singular "America" is commonly used as an abbreviation for the United States of America.Uncle Sam is the common name of the American government. Its origins are as follows: Samuel Wilson, commonly known as "Uncle Sam," was a beef and pork inspector in Troy, New York. He examined meat purchased for the government after the declaration of war on Britain in 1812. A contractor named Elbert Anderson bought a batch of food with the words "E.A." on the bucket, his acronym and "U.S." Sometimes the American acronym is known as "Uncle Sam".1.2 英国和美国的地理位置、领土范围和区域划分1.2.1 英国的地理位置、领土范围和区域划分The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a country located in the British Isles, in the northwest of the European continent. Great Britain has two main natural regions - Highlands and Lowlands. Parts of Scotland, Wales and England are in the highlands. Most of Britain is densely populated and lives in lowlands, which cover most of England.The British Isles include Great Britain, the whole of Ireland and all the offshore islands. Great Britain refers to England, Wales and Scotland, as well as many small islands that make up the main territory of the United Kingdom. Great Britain and the UK refer to different regions.1.2.2 美国的地理位置、领土范围和区域划分The United States is located in North America, with a total area of 9,363,123 square kilometers, second only to Russia, Canada and China. It consists of 50 states and a federal district, located between the Atlantic and Pacific, Canada and Mexico. Alaska and Hawaii, two states without borders with the rest of the United States, are located in the northwest corner of the continent and the middle of thePacific Ocean. From east to west, the United States has four identifiable and definite terrain areas: (1) Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains; (2) Appalachian Mountains and their foothills; (3) inland lowlands; (4) Cordillera mountains, including major mountains and various Intermountain valleys, basins and plateaus.。

英语国家概况：美国文学精讲下面是店铺整理英语国家概况：美国文学精讲，欢迎大家阅读!Literature,Architecture and Music 文学，建筑和音乐1)Major American Writers and their works① Bejamin Franklin(1706-1790)本杰明.富兰克林: theonly writer in the colonial period. Works: PoorRichard'S Almanac, which is an annual collection ofproverbs.殖民地时期的作家。

作品：《穷理查年鉴》，一本年度谚语集。

② Washington Irving(1803-1882) 华盛顿欧文: AHistory of New Youk纽约外史; The Sketch Book最著名的作品为《见闻札记》，his most famous book, contians “Rip Van Winkle”《瑞普.凡.温克尔》and“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”《睡谷的传说》③Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882) 爱默生：the leader of the movement oftranscendentalism.超验主义运动的领导者Works:Nature,(论自然) Self-reliance(论自助),Representative Men(代表人物), English Traits and Poems (英国人的性格和诗).③ Na thaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864) 霍桑：The Scarlet Letter 红字⑤Mark Twain1835-1910)马克吐温: The Celebrated Jumping Frog(《著名的跳蛙》，成名之作) ;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer(a boy book)汤姆.索亚历险记; The Adventures of HuckleberryFinn(his master work)哈克贝利.芬历险记，则是他最杰出著作; Atramp Abroad浪迹海外, Life on theMississippi密西西比河上, The Golded Age 镀金时代and Innocents Abroad异乡奇遇。

英语国家概况精讲：第十四章美国人口种族英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列chapter 14：Population. Race and Ethnic groups必背细节1.The United States of the American is the third most populous county in the world after China and India.美国是世界人口第三大国，仅次于中国和印度。

2。

Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth, The United States has a more or less open-door policy to immigrants from independence until 1960s.Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century.19世纪末20世纪初，纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点。

3。

Almost 20 million people or 7.8% of the total population were immigrants in 1992.Between 80% and 90% of immigration to the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic countries.如今美国移民的80%到90%主要来源于亚洲和拉美国家。

4。

Arizona, Nevada, and Florida have been the fastest growing states in population for the last 20 years.在过去的二十年里，亚利桑那，内华达和佛罗里达是人口增长最快的州。