2015新疆大学考博英语真题阅读理解精练

研究生英语水平过关考试模拟卷I.Listening Comprehension(25points)Part one:Spot Dictation(10points)Directions:In this part you'll hear a passage TWICE.When it is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea.Then listen to the passage for the second time and fill in the blanks.The Romans built great"aqueducts"to carry fresh water from the mountains to the cities.Many of these aqueducts are still standing today.The Roman（1）even set up a （2）health service.They built the first great public hospitals in Europe,and they paid doctors to look after poor people.When the Roman Empire fell to pieces,these（3）methods of treatment（4）from most of Europe,for more than a thousand years.People went back to the old ways.They lived in dirty conditions,which helped to cause diseases;and they asked God to（5）the diseases.They shut up（6）sick people in prisons.Or they burnt them alive because they were supposed to have（7）powers.But the work of the Greek and Roman doctors was not lost.Over a thousand years ago,the Arabs moved into many of the Mediterranean countries.They took big parts of the old（8）lands.They translated the Greek and Roman（9）books into Arabic.Arab doctors themselves made many new discoveries. When civilization at last came back to Europe,men once again translated the Greek and Roman works on medicine into Latin.Slowly,European doctors discovered again the things that the Greeks and Romans had known so long ago.Slowly,they began to make new discoveries and（10）more about the way the body works.Part Two:Listening Comprehension Section A(5points)Directions:In this section,you will hear5short conversations.At the end of each conversation,a question will be asked about what was said.Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only ONCE.After each conversation there will be a pause. During the pause,you should read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D and choose the best answer.1.A.She'll probably be too tired to walk to the session.B.She doesn't think it will snow.C.The session might be canceled.D.The location of the session has been changed.2.A.She's looking forward to meeting her new colleagues.B.The job is turning into an excellent opportunity for her.C.She refused the position because of the low salary.D.The job's short hours make it impossible for her to refuse.3.A.He hadn't heard the news about his brother.B.He doesn't think his brother should transfer.C.He hasn't talked to his brother since he transferred.D.His brother doesn't want to transfer.4.A.She thinks the man is too sensitive.B.She wants to know what the man thinks.C.She doesn't know how to react.D.She thinks Mary is too critical.5.A.If the woman keeps money at the bank.B.Which seminar the woman wants to sign up for.C.If the woman has taken other classes on personal finances.D.Where the woman learned about the seminar.Part Two:Listening Comprehension Section B(10points)Directions:In this section,you will hear3short passages.At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions.Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only ONCE.After you hear a question,you should choose the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C and D.6.A.Husband and wife share housework.B.Both the man and woman are well-educated.C.Both the man and woman are financially secure.D.Decisions are made by the man and woman together.7.A.The man is responsible for the welfare of his children.B.The children become homeless.C.The man,rather than the woman,remarries soon.D.Life becomes difficult for the woman and her children.8.A.The mother cannot get along with her stepchildren.B.Remarriages often end up in failure.C.Children are unhappy in the new family.D.Remarriage cause new troubles in the household.9.A.What Dr.Mayer's instructions exactly were.B.Whether they should take the child home.C.When the child would completely recover.D.Who should take care of the child at home.10.A.She encourages them to ask questions when in doubt.B.She asks them to repeat what they are supposed to do.C.She makes them write down all her instructions.D.She has them act out what they are to do at home.11.A.It is heavily dependent on the context.B.It facilitates interpersonal communication.C.It lacks the stability of the printed word.D.It contains many grammatical errors.12.A.The real inventor of the zipper.B.The invention of the zipper and how it works.C.The inventors of the zipper and their friendship and cooperation.D.The difficult job of inventing and marketing the zipper.13.A.That it was excellent in quality.B.That it was not practical.C.That it was blue in color.D.That it was totally unexpected.14.A.The slide-fastener was the first thing to burst open.B.It remained intact after the tests.C.The army was very thorough in testing its quality.D.Its quality was good enough for the army.15.A.The invention of the zipper was no plain sailing but its marketing was.B.The slide-fastener acquired its present name only after it was used in the manufacturing of army suits.C.It was only by a stroke of luck that the zipper found its way into a wider market.D.At least three inventors worked for the perfection of the zipper.II.Vocabulary and Structure(15points)Choose A,B,C or D to fill in the blank in each sentence.1.The plane_____so smoothly that the passengers could hardly feel it.A.took afterB.took toC.took off2.I know this has been a shock to you but you must_____yourself_____and face it.A.pull inB.pull outC.pull upD.pull together3.It was not until after midnight that the party_____.A.broke upB.broke thoughC.broke downD.broke into4.To my disappointment,no one_____him when he was unfairly criticized.A.stood outB.stood byC.stood up forD.stood for5.He was long thought to have killed himself,but one day he__at a hotel in London.A.turned intoB.turned backC.turned upD.turned away6.After destroying the village the enemy_____all the cattle.A.carried throughB.carried offC.carried downD.carried forward7.While telling the story he_____a few jokes to make his listeners laugh.A.worked offB.worked onC.worked outD.worked in8.The coach_____the possibilities,and kept our minds off our weaknesses.A.played downB.played backC.played upD.played on9.We are not going to France for the film festival after all.The whole thing_____.A.has fallen throughB.has fallen forC.has fallen offD.has fallen out10.The local public security bureau will tell you what the____is for getting a passport．B.projectC.processD.Program11.The secretary_____the foreign minister____an interview he was to give that afternoon.A.reminded．．．ofB.consulted．．．aboutC.reassured．．．aboutD.passed．．．for12.His testimony is of no_______to the case.A.connectionB.relationC.relevanceD.substance13.It was a shrewd move______to buy the house just before property prices started to rise.A.at herB.at handC.on her partD.on record14.Whenever any new invention is put forward，those for it and those against it can always find medical men to approve or______it.A.consultB.condemnC.consentD.confirm15.The food was divided______according to the age and size of children.A.equallyB.sufficientlyC.adequatelyD.proportionally16.A sound of hammering came from the workshop，and of______from the knife sharpener's shop．A.groaningB.squeezingC.splashingD.grinding17.It is usually the case that people seldom behave in a_____way when in a furious state．A.legalB.credibleC.stableD.rational18.In case of poisoning，immediately give large quantities of soapy or salty water in order to____vomiting.A.controlB.induceC.cleanD.stop19.At one time the Democratic Party was considered to be a party_____state rights，and the Republican Party，a party representing the Interests of business and industry．A.standing up forB.stand up toC.stand outD.standing by20.To survive in the intense trade competition between countries，we must____the quality and variety of our products to the demands of the world market．A.gearB.enhanceC.improveD.guarantee21.She is one of the few people here I can understand properly，she pronounces all her words so______.A.distinctlyB.distinctivelyC.distinguishablyD.exactly22．Some bankers want the legislation to be passed to______the growth of foreign banks in California.A.restrainB.suppressC.inhibitD.limit23．The newspapers_____the firm is almost bankrupt．A.has it thatB.have it thatC.that it haveD.that it has24．The most important environmental influence on fish is；water temperature，for fish tend to____the temperature of their surroundings．A.take upB.take onC.take downD.take to25．The information about what is needed is provided to the producers by the rate of _____.A.advertisementB.consumptionC.productionD.transportation26．When a space shuttle has accomplished its____，it will be ready for another trip in about two weeks．A.missionB.responsibilitymissionD.angel27.Relative humidity is the amount of water vapour the air contains at a certain temperature___with the amount it could hold at that temperature．paringparedparesD.to compare28.It is easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes_____place in our ever-changing world．A.takenB.takeC.takingD.to take29.This is so difficult a problem that the scientist is known to____it for about ten years．A.have been working onB.work onC.have worked onD.be working on30.Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way you can avoid it,____ you can avoid being hungry．A.no less thanB.much more thanC.any more thanD.no more thanIII.Reading Comprehension(25points)Part One:Error Correction(10points)Directions:In the following passage there are10mistakes,one in each numbered line. please correct the mistakes.Away from their profession,scientists areinherently no more honest or ethical to other people. 1._______But in their profession they work in an arena that putsa high premium in honesty.The cardinal rule in science2._______is that all claims must be testable--they must becapable,at least in principle,of being proving wrong.3._______For example,if someone claims that a certain procedurehas a certain result,it must in principle is possible to4._______perform a procedure that will either confirm orcontradict the claim.If confirmed,then the claim isregarded as useful and a stepping-stone to furtherknowledge.None of us has the time nor energy or 5._______resources to test every claim,so most of the time wemust take somebody's word.Thus,we must have 6._______some criterion for deciding whether one person's wordis as good for another's and whether one claim is as good7._______as another.The criterion,again,is that the claim mustbe testable.To reduce the likelihood of error,scientistsaccept the word only of those whose ideas,theories,and findings are testable---when not in practice then at8._______least in principle.Speculations that cannot be tested areregarded as"unscientific."This has the long-run effectof compelling honesty--findings widely publicizedamong fellow scientists are generally subject to9._______further testing.Sooner or later,mistake(and lies)arebound to be found out;wishful thinking is bound be10.______exposed.The honesty so important to the progress ofscience thus becomes a matter of self-interest to scientists.III.Reading Comprehension(25points)Part Two:Reading(15points)Directions:There are three passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions.For each question there are four suggested answers marked A，B，C and D. You should choose the ONE best answer．Part Two:Reading(15points)Passage1Today we will discuss further that period when reason was lost to romance,so to speak:the Romantic Age in English literature.We have already seen that elsewhere on the continent---France and Germany in particular---there was a definite Romantic movement,complete with periodicals and publishers,philosophers,and courses of university lectures.Unlike the French and Germans,the English romantics of this period were strong individualists who did not see themselves as cooperating in a definite movement.So,what we had in England at the time could be called a mere drift towards romantic writing.This period in English literature,which occurred from approximately the1770's ending to about1830,is often called the Romantic Revival.This is actually a misnomer since,in fact,noting was received.On the contrary,during this period the typical18th-century judgments of the value of medieval and Elizabethan literature were sharply reversed,as was that century's opinion of itself.Although much from the more distant past was rediscovered by romantic poets and critics,this did not constitute a return in spirit to these earlier ages.Rather,the Romantics were consciously expressing a new age,and a new spirit and outlook.While some of the great literature of the English language was produced in this age, it was by no means the greatest.Nor was this age great at all in some forms of literature---namely drama,the novel and biography.Its greatness lay in poetry,in miscellaneous prose,in the essay,and in very personal occasional criticism.Now,let's take a look at some of the most influential English romantic writers of this period.1.What is the main idea of the passage?A.English Romantic literature.B.French and German literature.C.Famous Romantic writers.D.The history of English literature.2.When did the Romantic age in English literature occur?A.From the late18th century to about1830.B.In the18th century.C.From about1830to the end of the19th century.D.In medieval times.3.The Romantic period was known in England as_________.A.the Age of ReasonB.the New AgeC.the Elizabethan PeriodD.the Romantic Revival4.What were the English Romantic writers like according to the passage?A.They were individualists expressing a new spirit and outlook.B.They adhered to the typical18th-century literary judgments.C.They were highly politically conscious.D.They were reviving literary values of earlier ages.5.Which type of literature was not great in England during the Romantic period?A.Poetry.B.The novel.C.Criticism.D.The essay.Passage2Within fifteen years Britain and other nations should be well on with the building of huge industrial complexes for the recycling of waste.The word rubbish could lose its meaning because everything which goes into the dumps(垃圾堆)would be made into something useful.Even the most dangerous and unpleasant wastes would provideenergy if noting else.The latest project is to take a city of around half a million inhabitants and discover exactly what raw materials go into it and what go out.The aim is to find out how much of these raw materials could be provided if a plant for recycling waste were built just outside the city.This plant would recycle not only metal such as steel, lead and copper,but also paper and rubber as well.Another new project is being set up to discover the best ways of sorting and separating the rubbish.When this project is complete,the rubbish will be processed like this:first it will pass through sharp metal bars which will tear open the plastic bags in which rubbish is usually packed; then it will pass through a powerful fan to separate the lightest elements from the heavy solids;after that grounders and rollers will break up everything that can be broken.Finally,the rubbish will pass under magnets,which will remove the bits of iron and steel;the rubber and plastic will then be sorted out in the final stage.The first full-scale giant recycling plants are,perhaps,fifteen years away.Indeed, with the growing cost of transporting rubbish to more distant dumps,some big cities will be forced to build their own recycling plants before long.6.The phrase"be well on with．．．''(Line1,Para.1)most probably means_________.A.get ready to startB.have achieved a great deal inC.put an end toD.have completed what was started7.What is NOT mentioned as a part of the recycling process described in Paragraph 3?A.Breaking up whatever is breakable.B.Sorting out small pieces of metal.C.Sharpening metal bars.D.Separating light elements from the heavy ones.8.What's the main reason for big cities to build their own recycling plants?A.To get big profits from those plants.B.To get raw materials locally.C.To protect the environment from pollution.D.To deal with wastes in a better way.9.The first full-scale huge recycling plants___________.A.will probably be in operation in fifteen yearsB.began to operate fifteen years agoC.will be built fifteen years laterD.will probably take less than fifteen years to build10.The passage is mainly about_______.A.the location of recycling plantsB.the protection of city environmentC.new ways of recycling wastesD.a cheap way to get energyPassage3We recently sailed with our research ship through the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean where we did research work for about a year.Our main objectives(目标)were the little-known Maldives Islands.The Maldives consist of several thousand little islands,some so small that they are hardly a mile in diameter,some as large as twenty or thirty miles across.All the islands in the Maldives have developed on coral reefs (珊瑚礁).A coral reef is a flower garden of stone,growing like a wall or like a tower from the depths,and filled with the most confusing and most colorful varieties of life.The colors are very beautiful,especially in the shallow region down to sixty feet,where some of the red and yellow light of the sun's rays still penetrates.But most corals are greenish,brown,bluish or yellow.Coral reefs offer shelter and food to thousands of creatures.The warmer the climate,the greater the variety of species there is.In the tropics,it is easier to find,in one place,ten different species than ten specimens of the same species,and a coral reef provides ample proof of that rule.Living conditions are most favorable so that many forms are able to develop and survive in their struggle for existence.Here is a wide field for the diving biologist.The value of aqualung(水中呼吸器)diving for the biologist is that he can watch and collect on the spot.If men have not until recently ventured diving in the tropical seas,this has been mainly because of sharks.In the last twenty years I have encountered most of the really dangerous varieties of sharks.There is always a certain risk,but,in general sharks are much less dangerous than people think.You must not show fear or swim quickly away when they come into view.This attracts them,just as a cat is attracted by something on a string.Keep quiet,and,if the shark really heads towards you,then you can scare him off by swimming towards him yourself.11.The colors of a coral reef are most beautiful__________.A.below twenty meters from the water levelB.within twenty meters under the water levelC.near the bottom of the seaD.above the water levelrge varieties of creatures can be found around a coral reef because_______.A.the coral reef provides favorable living conditions for themB.the coral reef exists in regions with warm climateC.there the creatures are away from the danger of being eaten by sharksD.most sea creatures feed on the colorful coral13.From the author's point of view,_____________.A.a diving man should swim toward the shark and scare it off as soon as he sees itB.when a diving man sees a shark the best way for him to do is to swim away quicklyC.the shark looks fierce but is rarely dangerousD.the shark is a fierce animal and dangerous to a certain extent14.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A.It is more difficult to find ten different kinds of animals than to find ten animalsof the same kind around a tropical coral reef.B.The climate has nothing to do with the varieties of sea creatures around the coral reef.C.It was not until recently that people began to dive in the tropical seasD.The author already knew a lot about the Maldives Islands before he did research work there.15.The author of this passage is most likely to be_____________.A.an athleteB.a sailorC.a reporterD.a biologistIV.Translate the following into either English or Chinese(20points)Part One(10points)1.With so much at stake,the chairman had a great many hard questions.Despite thorough knowledge of the subject,the vice-present became just a little unsure under questioning.A few months later,when the president's job became vacant,someone else was chosen to fill it.有如此多的危机,主席有许多棘手的问题。

新疆大学博士研究生英语考试真题全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1New Questions in Xinjiang University Doctoral Graduate English ExamIntroduction:The Xinjiang University Doctoral Graduate English Exam is a crucial part of the evaluation process for potential doctoral students. It tests their proficiency in English and their ability to comprehend and analyze academic texts. The exam is designed to assess the candidates' language skills and readiness for conducting research and writing dissertations in English. In recent years, the exam questions have become more challenging and comprehensive, reflecting the university's commitment to maintaining high academic standards.New Exam Format:1. Reading Comprehension:- Analyze the following passage and answer the following questions:"Globalization has brought about significant changes in the economic, political, and cultural landscape of countries around the world. The interconnectedness of economies and societies has led to increased competition and cooperation among nations. However, globalization has also raised concerns about its impact on local cultures and traditions. In this context, discuss the implications of globalization for developing countries and the challenges they face in adapting to the new global order."2. Writing Task:- Write a research proposal on a topic related to your field of study, explaining the significance of the research, the methodology, and the expected outcomes.3. Speaking Test:- Present a brief overview of a recent research project you have worked on, highlighting the research questions, methods used, and key findings.4. Listening Comprehension:- Listen to an academic lecture on a topic related to your field of study and answer multiple-choice questions based on the lecture content.Conclusion:The Xinjiang University Doctoral Graduate English Exam is a rigorous evaluation of the candidates' language skills and academic abilities. The new exam format includes tasks that require critical thinking, analytical skills, and effective communication. It aims to prepare students for the demands of doctoral research and writing in English. Candidates need to be well-prepared and confident to succeed in this challenging exam.篇2Title: New Doctoral English Exam Questions at Xinjiang UniversityAs one of the top universities in China, Xinjiang University has established a rigorous academic environment for its doctoral students. In order to assess the English proficiency of these graduate students, the university administers an English exam that covers a range of topics and skills.The exam consists of multiple choice questions, short answer questions, and an essay section. Here, we provide a sample of the types of questions that may be found on the exam:Multiple Choice Questions:1. Which of the following is the correct definition of the term "globalization"?A. The process of integrating economies and cultures around the worldB. The process of isolating countries from international tradeC. The process of decentralizing power within a countryD. The process of promoting nationalism over global cooperation2. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The benefits of renewable energy sourcesB. The impact of climate change on the environmentC. The importance of biodiversity conservationD. The role of technology in environmental protectionShort Answer Questions:1. Define the term "sustainable development" and provide an example of a sustainable practice in your field of study.2. Discuss the impact of social media on modern communication and provide examples to support your argument.Essay Section:Choose one of the following topics and write an essay of at least 300 words:1. The role of artificial intelligence in shaping the future of healthcare.2. The importance of cross-cultural communication in a globalized world.3. The challenges and opportunities of renewable energy sources in addressing climate change.Overall, the English exam at Xinjiang University aims to assess the students' ability to communicate effectively in English, analyze and evaluate complex information, and express their ideas clearly and cohesively. By testing these skills, the university ensures that its doctoral students are well-prepared to engage with the global academic community and contribute meaningfully to their respective fields of study.篇3The Ph.D. English Exam Questions of Xinjiang UniversitySection 1: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions below.The Arctic is warming at a rate twice as fast as the rest of the world. This rapid melting of the Arctic ice is not only changing the marine ecosystem but also affecting global climate patterns. As the ice caps continue to shrink, the Arctic region is becoming more accessible, leading to increased competition for resources and potential conflicts among countries with claims to the region.Questions:1. Why is the Arctic warming at a faster rate than the rest of the world?2. How is the melting of Arctic ice affecting the marine ecosystem?3. What are the potential consequences of increased competition for resources in the Arctic region?Section 2: VocabularyProvide the definitions of the following words:1. Precipitation2. Erosion3. Biodiversity4. Sustainability5. AdaptationSection 3: WritingWrite an essay (500-700 words) on the following topic:Discuss the importance of biodiversity conservation in the face of climate change. Include examples of how biodiversity loss can impact ecosystems and human societies, and propose strategies for promoting sustainable development while preserving biodiversity.Section 4: Listening ComprehensionListen to the audio file and answer the questions below.You will hear a conversation between two students discussing a research project. Answer the following questions based on the information in the conversation:1. What is the research project about?2. What are the main objectives of the project?3. How is the research team planning to collect data for the project?Good luck with the exam!。

2015年考博英语真题应用真题应用很关键考博英语对于很多考生来说，是困扰他们的一大难关。

从每年英语没过线的考生人数就可以看出，英语复习必须全力以赴，容不得半点侥幸心理，只有付出才有收获。

全国免费电话：四零零六六八六九七八.2015考博交流群：一零五六一九八二零，联系我们扣扣：二四七八七四八零五四或者四九三三七一六二六。

首先，词汇是基础。

词汇是英语的基石，但是我们都知道词汇的记忆是一项很枯燥的工作，因为它要的是真功夫。

关于词汇的学习根据每个人的不同情况会有不同的方法，常见的背诵单词书、做真题记单词。

关于第一种背诵方法有两点建议：在整块背诵的基础上注意零余时间的利用，比如随身携带一本小的单词书，只要有时间就拿出来看看;关于词汇书的选择，推荐西北大学出版的《考博词汇红宝书》和《考博英语词汇速记宝典》，在记单词的过程中，把不认识的单词标记出来，并且，重新抄写到一张新的纸上，一天记一个单元或者两个单元，就有新的一张或两张纸的陌生词汇被整理出来，然后，重点记忆这些陌生词汇，效率更高。

关于第二种的背诵方法，也是得到很多同学推崇的，做真题记单词，通过语境来记忆，就是从阅读中把单词挑出来背，做一篇阅读要把时间控制在15分钟以内，做完了要花大概45分钟去弄懂，光做不研究是没有效果的。

而且要切记，词汇记忆是每天的必修课。

再说，阅读。

阅读是大头，是做好其他一切题型的基础和前提。

而且不能只是做，一定要分析每一道题，你做对了，为什么做对了?做错了，为什么错?命题的思路是什么，一定要研究透彻。

特别推崇书上说的要读文章，大声的读以培养语感，以及更深刻的理解每一篇文章，读的时候会发现看的时候没有注意到的问题，当然又一次的温习了单词。

也可以把阅读中自己感觉比较好的句型记在小本子上，为以后的写作做好积累。

一般到了九月就可以做十年真题了。

考博英语最宝贵最权威的资料就是十年真题，它有自己的出题套路，反复做反复咀嚼就能培养题感。

阅读到最后，真题都特别熟了，可以做点模拟题，测下自己的水平。

Section II Reading Comprehension Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted kings don't abdicate, they die in their sleep. But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, dies the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the uniting is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case previous arguments both for and against monarchy when public opinion is particularly. Polarized, as it was following the end of the France regime, monarchs can rise above "mere" politics and "embody" a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of states. And so, the Middle East expected, Europe is the most monarch-infested region is the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican city and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respect public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside, symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other ecumenists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inheritedwealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states. The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Prince and princess have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe's monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to strive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-healed) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service—as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings of republicans, who are the monarchy's worst enemies.21、According to the first two paragraphs, king Juan Carl of span_____.ed to enjoy high public supportB.was unpopular among European royalsC.ended his reign in embarrassmentD.eased his relationship with his rivals正确答案是：C22、Monarchs are kept as head of state in European mostly_____.A.owing to their undoubted and respectable statusB.to achieve a balance between tradition and realityC.to give voters more public figures to look up toD.due to their everlasting political embodiment正确答案是：A23、Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?_____.A.Aristocrats' excessive reliance on inherited wealth.B.The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.C.The role of the nobility in modern democracies.D.The nobility's adherence to their privileges.正确答案是：C24、The British royals "have most to fear" because Charles_____.A.takes a tough line on political issues.B.fails to change his lifestyle as advised.C.takes republicans as his potential allies.D.fails to adapt himself to his future role.正确答案是：B25、Which of the following is the best title of the text?_____.A.Carlos, Glory and Disgrace CombinedB.Carlos, a Lesson for All European MonarchsC.Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsD.Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne正确答案是：BText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Cpurt will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California's advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California's lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspect's purse .The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or porcketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one's smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee's reading history ,financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of "cloud computing." meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.But the justices should not swallow California's argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution's protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26、The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to_____.A.search for suspects' mobile phones without a warrant.B.check suspects' phone contents without being authorized.C.prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.D.prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.正确答案是：B27、The author's attitude toward California's argument is one of_____.A.tolerance.B.indifference.C.disapproval.D.cautiousness.正确答案是：C28、The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to_____.A.getting into one's residence.B.handing one's historical records.C.scanning one's correspondences.D.going through one's wallet.正确答案是：A29、In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that_____.A.principles are hard to be clearly expressed.B.the court is giving police less room for action.C.phones are used to store sensitive information.D.citizens’privacy is not effective protected.正确答案是：D30、Orin Kerr's comparison is quoted to indicate that_____.A.the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.B.New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.C.California's argument violates principles of the Constitution.D.Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.正确答案是：BText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings."Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal," writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manu will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal's internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said:"The creation of the 'statistics board'was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statisticsand data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science's overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish."Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to "play primarily an advisory role." He agreed to join because he "found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science."31、It can be learned from Paragraph I that_____.A.Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.B.journals are strengthening their statistical checks.C.few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.ck of data analysis is common in research projects.正确答案是：B32、The phrase “flagged up ”(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to_____.A.found.B.revised.C.markedD.stored正确答案是：C33、Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may_____.A.pose a threat to all its peersB.meet with strong oppositionC.increase Science's circulation.D.set an example for other journals正确答案是：D34、David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now_____.A.adds to researchers’workload.B.diminishes the role of reviewers.C.has room for further improvement.D.is to fail in the foreseeable future.正确答案是：C35、Which of the following is the best title of the text?_____A.Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB.Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC.Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors' DesksD.Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science正确答案是：AText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch's daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the "unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions". Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only "sorting mechanism" in society should be profit and the market. But "it's us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit”.Driving her point home, she continued: "It's increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom." This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking. As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This saga still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of theastonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today's world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms. Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36、According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by_____.A.the consequences of the current sorting mechanism.panies' financial loss due to immoral practicesernmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.D.the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.正确答案是：A37、It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that_____.A.Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.B.more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.C.Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.D.phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.正确答案是：B38、The author believes that Rebekah Brooks's defence_____.A.revealed a cunning personality.B.centered on trivial issues.C.was hardly convincing.D.was part of a conspiracy.正确答案是：C39、The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows_____.A.generally distorted values.B.unfair wealth distribution.C.a marginalized lifestyle.D.a rigid moral code.正确答案是：A40、Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?_____A.The quality of writings is of primary importance.mon humanity is central to news reporting.C.Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.D.Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.正确答案是：CSection II Reading Comprehension Part BDirections: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted kings don't abdicate, they die in their sleep. But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, dies the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the uniting is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?The Spanish case previous arguments both for and against monarchy when public opinion is particularly. Polarized, as it was following the end of the France regime, monarchs can rise above "mere" politics and "embody" a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of states. And so, the Middle East expected, Europe is the most monarch-infested region is the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican city and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respect public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside, symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other ecumenists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states. The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Prince and princess have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe's monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to strive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-healed) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both anexpensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service—as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings of republicans, who are the monarchy's worst enemies.21、According to the first two paragraphs, king Juan Carl of span_____.ed to enjoy high public supportB.was unpopular among European royalsC.ended his reign in embarrassmentD.eased his relationship with his rivals正确答案是：C22、Monarchs are kept as head of state in European mostly_____.A.owing to their undoubted and respectable statusB.to achieve a balance between tradition and realityC.to give voters more public figures to look up toD.due to their everlasting political embodiment正确答案是：A23、Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?_____.A.Aristocrats' excessive reliance on inherited wealth.B.The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.C.The role of the nobility in modern democracies.D.The nobility's adherence to their privileges.正确答案是：C24、The British royals "have most to fear" because Charles_____.A.takes a tough line on political issues.B.fails to change his lifestyle as advised.C.takes republicans as his potential allies.D.fails to adapt himself to his future role.正确答案是：B25、Which of the following is the best title of the text?_____.A.Carlos, Glory and Disgrace CombinedB.Carlos, a Lesson for All European MonarchsC.Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsD.Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne正确答案是：BText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Cpurt will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California's advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California's lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspect's purse .The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or porcketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one's smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee's reading history ,financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of "cloud computing." meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.But the justices should not swallow California's argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution's protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passengercar then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26、The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to_____.A.search for suspects' mobile phones without a warrant.B.check suspects' phone contents without being authorized.C.prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.D.prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.正确答案是：B27、The author's attitude toward California's argument is one of_____.A.tolerance.B.indifference.C.disapproval.D.cautiousness.正确答案是：C28、The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to_____.A.getting into one's residence.B.handing one's historical records.C.scanning one's correspondences.D.going through one's wallet.正确答案是：A29、In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that_____.A.principles are hard to be clearly expressed.B.the court is giving police less room for action.C.phones are used to store sensitive information.D.citizens’privacy is not effective protected.正确答案是：D30、Orin Kerr's comparison is quoted to indicate that_____.A.the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.B.New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.C.California's argument violates principles of the Constitution.D.Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.正确答案是：BText 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings."Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal," writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manu will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal's internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said:"The creation of the 'statistics board'was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science's overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish."Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to "play primarily an advisory role." He agreed to join because he "found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science."31、It can be learned from Paragraph I that_____.A.Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.B.journals are strengthening their statistical checks.C.few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.ck of data analysis is common in research projects.正确答案是：B32、The phrase “flagged up ”(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to_____.A.found.B.revised.C.markedD.stored正确答案是：C33、Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may_____.A.pose a threat to all its peersB.meet with strong oppositionC.increase Science's circulation.D.set an example for other journals正确答案是：D34、David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now_____.A.adds to researchers’workload.B.diminishes the role of reviewers.C.has room for further improvement.D.is to fail in the foreseeable future.正确答案是：C35、Which of the following is the best title of the text?_____A.Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB.Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC.Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors' DesksD.Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science正确答案是：AText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch's daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the "unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions". Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only "sorting mechanism" in society should be profit and the market. But "it's us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit”.Driving her point home, she continued: "It's increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom." This same absence of moralpurpose was wounding companies such as News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking. As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This saga still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today's world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the。

2015年全国医学博士入学统一考试英语真题及答案解析Part I: Listening comprehension(略)Part II: Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word the word or phrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Despite his doctor’s note of caution, he never____from dring and smorking.A. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. people with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to____their hearing.A. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD. supplement33. impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to____larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. when the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their plan______.A. accordinglyB. alternativelyC. considerablyD. relatively35. it is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_____ future adults with appreciation of music.A. acquaintB. familiarizedC. endowD. amuse36. if the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy prices_____A. level outB. stand outC. come offD. wear off37. heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate_____ from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and_____ of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine,______ and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. the newly designed system is ____ to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenable Section BDirections: each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. every year more than 1000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. surviviors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude.A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.A. negativeB. confusingC. eloquentD. indistinct45. top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. his imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47. the discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger, so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench it.A. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. a veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating touchy situation.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze(10%)Direction: in this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth 52 tumors were discovered in her daughter’s cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby’s cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cellsof the mother. But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father 53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child’s body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the fires 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier. But this is not the case----microchimerism 55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 70 percent of cases and to go the other way about half,56.As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer, in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.59, according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of “cancer danger”. Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby’s immune system is extremely low.51. A. suggests B. suggesting C. having suggested D. suggested52. A. since B. although C. whereas D. when53. A. what B. whom C. who D. as54. A. predicted B. notorious C. proven D. detailed55. A. where B. when C. if D. whatever56. A. as many B. as much C. as well D. as often57. A. threat B. puzzle C. obstacle D. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletion C. amplification D. addition59. A. therefore B. furthermore C. nevertheless D. conclusively60. A. likelihood B. function C. influence D. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions: in this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish byhalf.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-first-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it’s pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent response to a cancer drug(or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would’ve been two competing companies hadn’t sat down and put their heads together.Are there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information? Who’s to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology’s favorite four-letter word: cure.61. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Competition and CooperationB.Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. in cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals now ____A. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion’s shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. from the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer that____A. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. from the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question___A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. the tone of the author of this passage seems to be_____A. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. potimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th leading cause of death in the US, chiefly because once it’s determined that a patient needs a new liver it’s difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there’s guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-grown livers into rats.The livers aren’t grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold(支架) with liver cells isolated from health livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also translated some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rat’s vascular systems. However, the current method isn’t perfect and can not seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can’t keep functioning for more than about 24 hours(hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat thansplant).But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong—and especially if stem-cell research established a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. it can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended to____A. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the US.D. address the source of liver transplants67. what does the author mean when he says that the livers aren’t grown from scratch?A. the making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architectureB. a huge step toward building functioning livers in the labC. the building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. growing liver cells in the donor organ68. the biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab until____A. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. what seems to be the problem in the planted liver?A. the rats as wrong recipientsB. the time point of the transplantationC. the short period of the recellularizationD. the insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels70. the research team holds high hopes of_____A. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical bums typically experience severe damage to the cornea—the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye’s focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful on several patients whose bum injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient’s healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however, stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient’s own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The result of the study, based at Italy’s University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journalof Medicine.71. what is the main idea of this passage?A. stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by bums.B. the vision in the eyes blinded by bums for 10 years can be restoredC. the restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for10 yearsD. the burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons72. the Italian technique reported in this passage_____A. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye bums?A. the places in which people workB. the accidents that involve using household cleaning productsC. the mishaps that involved vehicles batteriesD. the disasters caused by battery explosion at home74. what is one of the requirements for the current approach?A. the stem cells taken from a healthy eyeB. the patient physically healthyC. the damaged eye with partial visionD. the blindness due to damaged optic nerves75. which of the following words can best describe the author’s attitude towards the new method?A. sarcasticB. indifferentC. criticalD. positivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the us by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday, a typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies—and are only party explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail(开创), after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city’s black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What’s exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies that it both probes the mechanisms invlilved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation. Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health , similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to while poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a “soft science” with little that’s serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle—fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicine.It’s time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society’s most deprived members. More important, it’s time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor.76. as shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects______.A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?A. where to liveB. which race to belong toC. how to adjust environmentallyD. what medical problem to suffer78. the Chicago-based project focuses its management on_____A. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?A. the racial perspectiveB. the environmental aspectC. the biological dimensionD. the psychological angel80. the author is a big fan of______A. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8,2010, in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered, according to a report on the findings published in the Wall Street Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJ reports. At the very least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008.The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amid the cells of the African—American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. They used the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45’s cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies.Scientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don’t work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found ”broadly neutralizing antibodies”, which knock out many HIV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them, the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization , is a marked improvement.Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest there test methods that blend the three new antibodies together—in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug.If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, they think most people could produce then, the WSJ says.81. we can learn from the beginning of the passage that_______A. a newly discovered antibody defeats 91% of the HIV strainsB. a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC. American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD. the African—American gay man was cured of this HIV infection82. what is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African—American gay man?A. they can cure the 33 million AIDS patients in the worldB. they may strengthen the effects of the existing antiretroviral drugsC. they will kill all the HIV virusesD. they will help make a quick diagnosis of an HIV infection83. the newest antibody found in Donor 45 reflects a dramatic advance in terms of_____.A. pathologyB. pharmacologyC. HIV neutralizationD. HIV epidemiology84. according to the study authors, the three test methods are intended to____.A. advance the technology in condom production to prevent HIV infectionB. facilitate the natural immune defense against AIDSC. develop more effective antiretroviral drugs85. the passage is most likely_____.A. a news reportB. a paper in ScienceC. an excerpt from an Immunology TextbookD. an episode in a science fiction novel.Passage SixWhitening the world's roofs would offset the emissions of the world's cars for 20 years, according to a new study from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.Overall, installing lighter-colored roofs and pavement can cancel the heat effect of two years of global carbon dioxide emissions, Berkeley Lab says. It's the first roof-cooling study to use a global model to examine the issue.Lightening-up roofs and pavement can offset 57 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, about double the amount the world emitted in 2006, the study found. It was published in the journalEnvironmental Research Letters.Researchers used a conservative estimate of increased albedo, or solar reflection, suggesting that purely white roofs would be even better. They increased the albedo of all roofs by 0.25 and pavement by 0.15. That means a black roof, which has an albedo of zero, would only need to be replaced by a roof of a cooler color -- which might be more feasible to implement than a snowy white roof, Berkeley Lab says.The researchers extrapolated a roof's CO2 offset over its average lifespan. If all roofs were converted to white or cool colors, they would offset about 24 gigatons (24 billion metric tons) of CO2, but only once. But assuming roofs last about 20 years, the researchers came up with 1.2 gigatons per year. That equates to offsetting the emissions of roughly 300 million cars, all the cars in the world, for 20 years.Pavement and roofs cover 50 to 65 percent of urban areas, and cause a heat-island effect because they absorb so much heat. That's why cities aresignificantly warmer than their surrounding rural areas. This effect makes it harder -- and therefore more expensive -- to keep buildings cool in the summer. Winds also move the heat into the atmosphere, causing a regional warming effect.Energy Secretary Steven Chu, a Nobel laureate in physics (and former Berkeley Lab director), has advocated white roofs for years. He put his words into action Monday by directing all Energy Department offices to install white roofs. All newly installed roofs will be white, and black roofs might be replaced when it is cost-effective over the lifetime of the roof."Cool roofs are one of the quickest and lowest-cost ways we can reduce our global carbon emissions and begin the hard work of slowing climate change," he said in a statement.86. which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. a Decline in Car EmissionsB. white Roofs or Black PavementsC. the Effect of Linghting-up RoofsD. climate Change and Extreme Weathers87. a indicated by the passage, black roofs______A. are better than snowy white onesB. reflect not heat from the sunC. are more expensive to build in the urban areasD. are supposed to be placed by snowy white ones88. if they are converted to white or cooler colors, all roofs in the world in their lifetime_____A. can absorb 1.2 gigattons of CO2 a yearB. could serve as 300 million cars in terms of emissionC. would offset the emissions from 300 million carsD. would offset about 24 gigatons of CO2 as emitted from the cars89. according to the passage, it is hard and expensive to keep the urban buildings cool because of______A. the heat-island effectB. the lack of seasonal windsC. the local unique weatherD. the fast urban shrinkage90. energy Secretary Steven Chu implies that_____A. nothing could be more effective in cooling global warming than method he has advocatedB. the method in question still needs to be justified in the futureC. our global carbon emissions can be reduced by half if cool roofs are installedD. weather change and global warming can be addressed in no timePart V Writing(20%)Directions: in this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.什么是健康？人的健康包括身体健康和心理健康两个方面。

2015 年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题1 请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按”考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。

2。

试卷一（Paper One)答案和试卷二（PaperTwo）答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。

3。

试卷一答题时必须使用28 铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑：如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。

书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4。

标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5。

听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间。

国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation，you will hear a question about what is said，The question will be read only once, After you hear the question，read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D。

Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETListen to the following example。

You will hear.Woman：1 fell faint.Man: No wonder You haven’t had a bite all day Question: What's the matter with the woman? You will read。

财政部财政科学研究所2015年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题PART ONE: Grammar (15 points)Directions: Below each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the sentence or that best completes the sentence. Please write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. The quality of teaching should be measured by the degree the students’potentiality is developed.A. of whichB. with whichC. in whichD. to which2. Another food crop raised by Indians strange to the European was called Indian corn.A. who wereB. that wereC. that wasD. who was3. We moved to the new house in the suburbs so that the kids would have a garden .A. in which to playB. to play withC. to playD. where to play4. There are many copper mines in the state of Arizona, contributes significantly to the state’s economy.A. a factB. which factC. whose factD. that5. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.A. so thatB. but thatC. in thatD. provided that6. Nearly all trees contains a mix of polymers that can burn like petroleum properly extracted.A. afterB. ifC. when itD. is7. The early years of the United States government were characterized by a debate concerning or individual states should have more power.A. whether the federal governmentB. either the federal governmentC. that the federal governmentD. the federal government8. Exploration of the Solar System is continuing, and at the present rate of progress all the planets within the next 50 years.A. will have been contactedB. will have contactedC. will be contactedD. will contact9. By the year of 2025, scientists probably a cure for cancer.A. will be discoveringB. are discoveringC. will have discoveredD. have discovered10. Thomas Edison’s first patented invention was a device in Congress.A. for counting votesB. that counting votesC. counts votesD. counted votes11. Using many symbols makes to put a large amount of information on a single map.A. possibleB. it is possibleC. it possibleD. that possible12. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely to the outside world.A. being lostB. having lostC. losingD. lost13. Beef cattle of all livestock for economic growth in the certain geographicregions.A. the most are importantB. are the most importantC. is the most importantD. that are most important14. advance and retreat in their eternal rhythms, but the surface of the sea itself isnever at rest.A. Not only when the tides doB. As the tides not only doC. Not only do the tidesD. Do the tides not only15. divorce ourselves from the masses of the people.A. In no time we shouldB. In no time should weC. At no time we shouldD. At no time should wePART TWO: Reading comprehension (20 points)Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1 (5 points)The good news made headlines nationwide: Deaths from several kinds of cancer have declined significantly in recent years. But the news has to be bittersweet for many cancer patients and their families. Every year, more than 500000 people in the United States still die of cancer. In fact, more than half of all patients diagnosed with cancer will die of their disease within a few years. And while it’s true survival is longer today than in the past, thequality of life for these patients is often greatly diminished. Cancer –and many of the treatments used to fight it - causes pain, nausea, fatigue, and anxiety that routinely go undertreated or untreated.In the nation’s single-minded focus on curing cancer, we have inadvertently devalued the critical need for palliative care, which focuses on alleviating physical and psychological symptoms over the course of the disease. Nothing would have a greater impact on the daily lives of cancer patients and their families than good symptom control and supportive therapy. Yet the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the federal government’s leader in cancer research and training, spent less than one percent of its 1999 budget on any aspect of research or training in palliative care.The nation needs to get serious about reducing needless suffering. NCI should commit to and fund research aimed at improving symptom control and palliative care. NCI also could designate “centers of excellence” among the cancer centers it recognizes. To get that designation, centers would deliver innovative, top-quality palliative care to all segments of the populations the centers serve; train professionals in medicine, nursing, psychology, social work, and other disciplines to provide palliative care; and conduct research.Insurance coverage for palliative and hospice care also contributes to the problem by forcing people to choose between treatment or hospice care. This “either/or” approach does not readily allow these two types of essential care to be integrated. The Medicare hospice benefit is designed specifically for people in the final stages of illness and allows enrollment only if patients are expected to survive six months or less. The benefit excludes patients from seeking both palliative care and potentially life-extending treatment.That makes hospice enrollment an obvious deterrent for many patients. And hospices, which may have the most skilled practitioners and the most experience in administering palliative care, cannot offer their services to people who could really benefit but still are pursuing active treatment.It is innately human to comfort and provide care to those suffering from cancer, particularly those close to death. Yet what seems self-evident at an individual, personal level has not guided policy at the level of institutions in this country. Death is inevitable, but severe suffering is not. To offer hope for a long life of the highest possible quality and to deliver the best quality cancer care from diagnoses to death, our public institutions need to move toward policies that value and promote palliative care.16. Palliative care is concerned with improving patients’.A. survival ratesB. quality of lifeC. lifespansD. options for health insurance providers17. According to the author, research on palliative care for .A. is more important than research for cancer curesB. has been overlooked by researchersC. is virtually non-existentD. is regarded by researchers as a frivolous topic18. The main problem of insurance coverage for hospice care and active treatment isthat .A. it does not allow patients to seek bothB. it only covers patients whose life expectancy is less than six monthsC. it deprives patients of the right to choose between two proven treatment methodsD. hospice care is only covered when it may extend a patient’s life expectancy19. Hospices offer cancer patients .A. an alternative to palliative careB. comfort in their early stages of illnessC. skilled and experienced palliative careD. an alternative to active treatment20. This text is mainly about .A. improving cancer research in the U.SB. reforming insurance coverage for cancer patientsC. understanding different options for cancer treatment and careD. reducing the suffering of cancer patientsPassage 2 (5 points)Man and women do think differently, at least where the anatomy of the brain is concerned, according to a new study. The brain is made primarily of two different types of tissue, called gray matter and white matter. This new research reveals that men think more with their gray matter, and women think more with white. Researchers stressed that just because the two sexes think differently, this does not affect intellectual performance.Psychology professor Richard Haier of the University of California, Irvine led the research along with colleagues from the University of New Mexico. Their findings show that in general, men have nearly 6.5 times the amount of gray matter related intelligence compared with women, whereas women have nearly 10 times the amount of white matter related to intelligence compared with men. “These findings suggested that human evolution has created two different types of brains designed for equally intelligent behavior,”said Haier, adding that, “by pinpointing these gender-based intelligence areas, the study has the potential to aid research on dementia and other cognitive-impairment diseases in the brain.The results are detailed in the online version of the journal NeuroImage. In human brains, gray matter represents information processing centers, whereas white matter works to network these processing centers. The results from this study may help explain why men and women excel at different types of tasks, said co-author and neuropsychologist Rex Jung of the University of New Mexico. For example, men tend to do better with tasks requiring more localized processing, such as mathematics, Jung said, while women are better at integrating and assimilating information from distributed gray-matter regions of the brain, which aids language skills. Scientists find it very interesting that while men and women use two very different activity centers and neurological pathways, men and women perform equally well on broad measures of cognitive ability, such as intelligence tests.This research also gives insight to why different types of head injuries are more disastrous to one sex or the other. For example, in women 84 percent of gray matter regions and 86 percent of white matter regions involved in intellectual performance were located inthe frontal lobes, whereas the percentages of these regions in a man’s frontal lobes are 45 percent and zero, respectively. This matches up well with clinical data that shows frontal lobe damage in women to be much more destructive than the same type of damage in men. Both Haier and Jung hope that this research with someday help doctors diagnose brain disorders in men and women earlier, as well as provide help designing more effective and precise treatments for brain damage.21. Which of the following statements is true, according to paragraph 1 ?A. The brain is a monolithic organ.B. Intellectual ability depends on which part of the brain is used.C. Intellectual ability varies between men and women.D. The anatomy of men’s brains and women’s brains differ.22. According to paragraph 2, this discovery is significant because .A. it is necessary to understand the anatomy of the brain when dealing with diseasesaffect thought processesB. it shows that men and women are equally intelligentC. it shows that men and women are equally intelligent overall, but specialize indifferent ways of thinkingD. many diseases of the brain are specific to gender or the other23. Which of the following statements is true about gray brain matter?A. It helps put together information from different parts of the brain.B. It is used for processing i nformation.C. There is less of it in men’s brains.D. There is a direct correlation between the amount of gray brain matter andmathematical ability.24. Which of the following statements is false about white brain matter?A. Women have more of it than men.B. It is used for putting together information from different parts of the brain.C. There is direct correlation between the amount of white brain matter and linguisticability.D. The amount of white brain matter is not directly related to overall intelligence.25. The final paragraph suggests that .A. men and women are equally intelligentB. men and women have different frontal lobesC. head injuries can have varied effects, according to whether a person is male orfemaleD. the research will be useful to other scientistsPassage 3 (5 points)So much data indicate the world’s progress towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), a set of targets adopted by world leaders at the UN more than ten years ago. But the goal-setting exercise has further pitfalls. Too often, the goals are reduced to working out how much money is needed to meet a particular target. Yet the countries that have made most progress in cutting poverty have largely done so not by spending public money, but by encouraging faster economic growth. As Shanta Devarajan,the World Bank’s chief economist for Africa, points out, growth does not just make more money available for social spending. It also increases the demand for such things as schooling, and thus helps meet other development goals. Yet the goals, as drawn up, made no mention of economic growth.Of course growth by itself does not solve all the problems of the poor. It also clear that while money helps, how it is spent and what it is spent on are enormously important. For instances, campaigners often ask for more to be spent on primary education. But throughout the developing world teachers on the public payroll are often absent from school. Teacher-absenteeism rates are around 20% in rural Kenya, 27% in Uganda and 14% in Ecuador.In any case, money that is allocated for such services rarely reaches its intended recipients. A study found that 70% of the money allocated for drugs and supplies by the Uganda government in 2000 was lost; in Ghana, 80% was siphoned off. Money needs to be spent, therefore, not merely on building more schools or hiring more teachers, but on getting them to do what they are paid for, and preventing resources from disappearing somewhere between the central government and their supposed destination.The good news is that policy experiments carried out by governments, NGOs, academics and international institutions are slowly building up a body of evidence about methods that work. A large-scale evaluation in Andhra Pradesh in southern India was shown, for example, that performance pay for teachers is three times as effective at raising pupil’s test scores as the equivalent amount spent on school supplies.And in Uganda the government, appalled that money meant for schools was not reaching them, took to publicizing how much was being allotted, using radio and newspaper. Money wastage was dramatically reduced. The World Bank hopes to bring such innovations to the notice of other governments during the summit, if it can. For if the drive against poverty is succeed, it will owe more to such ideas and wider use than to targets set at UN-sponsored summits.26. According to the text, which of the following merits can’t we derive from economicgrowth?A. It increases other demands such as education.B. It may help the government to fulfill Millennium Development Goals.C. Faster growth will lift the poor out of poverty.D. Economic growth may solve some problems of the poor.27. Teacher-absenteeism is cited as example .A. to call for governments apply performance pay for teachersB. to underline the importance of money should be spent on where it is neededC. to state that the allocated money should get staffs to do what they are paid forD. to show that African countries have a long way to go before reaching the UN’sgoalposts28. According to the author, we should when dealing with allocated money.A. avoid the leakage of moneyB. give the anti-poverty plans the priorityC. promote education to a higher levelD. improve public infrastructure first29. On which of the following would the author most probably agree?A. Economic growth does not make more money available for social spending.B. Money leakage is a big problem that Africa encounters.C. Millennium Development Goals may involve each country’s GDP growth.D. Millennium Development Goals have come to seen as applying to each developingcountry.30.We may infer from the last paragraph that .A. the World Bank plays an important role in helping Uganda fix money leakageB. money leakage is rampantly flourishing in UgandaC. Millennium Development Goals may have failed in lifting the poor out of povertyD. innovative ideas should come before targets set by UNPassage 4 (5 points)In the 20th century, all the nightmare-novels of the future imagined that books would be burnt. In the 21th century, our dystopias imagine a world where books are forgotten. To pluck just one, Gary Steynghart’s novel Super Sad True Love Story describes a world where everybody is obsessed with their electronic Apparat – an even more omnivorous i-phone with a flickering stream of shopping and reality shows and porn – and have somehow come to believe that the few remaining unread paper books left off a rank smell. The book on the book, it suggests, is closing.The book – the physical paper book – is being circled by a shoal of sharks, with sales down 9 percent this year alone. It’s being chewed by the e-book. It’s being gored by the death of the bookshop and the library. And most importantly, the mental space it occupied is being eroded by the thousand Weapons of Mass Destruction that surround us all. It’s hard to admit, but we all sense it: it is becoming almost physically harder to read books.In his gorgeous little book The Lost Art of Reading – Why Books Matter in a Distracted Time, the critic David Ulin admits to a strange feeling. All his life, he had taken reading as for granted as eating – but then, a few years ago, he “become aware, in an apartment full of books, that I could no longer find within myself the quiet necessary to read”. He would sit down to do it at night, as he always had, and read a few paragraphs, then find his mind was wandering, imploring him to check his email, or Twitter, or Facebook. “What I’m struggling with,”he writes, “is the encroachment of the buzz, the sense that there’s something out there that merits my attention.”I think most of us have this sense today, if we are honest. If you read a book with your laptop thrumming on the other side of the room, it can be like trying to read in the middle of a party, where everybody is shouting to each other. To read, you need to slow down. You need mental silence except for the words. That’s getting harder to find.No, don’t misunderstand me. I adore the web, and they will have to wrench my Twitter feed from my cold dead hands. This isn’t going to turn into an antediluvian rant against the glories of our wired world. But there’s a reason why that word –“wired”–means both “connected to the internet” and “high, frantic, unable to concentrate”.In the age of the internet, physical paper books are a technology we need more, not less. In the 1950s, the novelist Herman Hesse wrote: “The more the need for entertainment and mainstream education can be met by new inventions, the more the book will recover itsdignity and authority. We have not yet quite reached the point where young competitors, such as radio, cinema, etc, have taken over the functions from the book it can’t afford to lose.” We have now reached that point.31.By mentioning the work of Gary Steynghart, the author intends to .A. advocate the idea that reading physical paper books is out of fashionB. introduce a brand new electronic product even omnivorous than i-phoneC. prove that books will be outweighed by reality shows and porn in the futureD. indicate that books are left out in fictions describing the future world32. The most significant reason for the falling sales of paper books is that .A. electronic books are taking over more and more market share of paper booksB. people’ minds don’t have the space for reading due to all kinds of temptationC. bookstores are out of business as people prefer to borrowing books from the libraryD. people think things on the Internet are more worthy of their attention33.According to paragraph 3, we can infer that .A. people are inclined to take reading for grantedB. people’ minds are encroached by the InternetC. it’s hard to concentrate on reading nowadaysD. David Ulin’s book gives readers a strange feeling34. The explanation of the word “wired” probably indicates that .A. people always misunderstand the functions of internetB. Internet is partly responsible for the vanishing of paper booksC. people call the internet “wired world” for a reasonD. Internet will take over the functions of paper books35. Which of the following will the author most probably agree on?A. True readers can maintain reading in all kinds of environment, including noisy one.B. The Internet should be strictly condemned for endangering physical paper books.C. Physical paper books are facing extreme danger of being replaced by other things.D. Reading books isn’t in accordance with the increasing need for entertainment. PART THREE (20 points)Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written on the Answer Sheet.When a company unexpectedly finds itself losing market share and taking a beating at the hands of its competitors, it’s a clear signal that a change is needed. For a variety of reasons, any company can suddenly lose the competitive advantage that it previously enjoyed. 36. The mark of a strong business, however, is its ability to overcome such setbacks and reclaim its positions as the front runner in its field.One of the greatest variables in the process, however, is technology, which on one hand makes business more efficient and thus profitable than previously thought possible, but changes at such a rapid pace that few businesses utilize it to its full potential. Those companies that invest heavily in the latest technology of the day may find their machines out dated and obsolete the next year, thus losing the advantage that they hoped to gain, and also a substantial amount of investment money as well. 37. Those are more cautious and buy less of the latest machine may learn that technology changes more slowly, and theircompetitors who invested more heavily now hold the upper hand. It’s a game of hit or miss.Because of the uneven and unpredictable pace of progress between technological fields, 38. companies are devoting more and more resources to not only acquiring more of the latest developments, but researching the factors that determine their production so as to position themselves better to adapt to the next change. This strategy has been producing positive results for those who employ it, but it is a massively expensive one, limiting its viability to only the largest companies, who are already enjoying many advantages in the market.Such dynamics make it increasingly difficult for new setup companies to break into established markets, lacking the funding and cash reserves necessary to play the game way as the big boy do. The same technology that keeps the large companies on top, however, can still topple them. 39. New and smaller companies have less to lose and thus can afford to gamble on new technologies that larger companies consider too risky to devote themselves to. 40. In the rare occurrences when these risky endeavors bear fruit, providing themselves to be the way of future, the rewards to those daring enough, or small enough, to invest in them prove well worth the effort.PART FOUR (20 points)Directions: Translate the following sentences into English. Your translation must be written on the Answer Sheet.41．我们必须全面深化改革，以释放市场活力对冲经济下行压力。

新疆大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析一、SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points) Many foreigners who have not visited Britain call all the inhabitants English,for they are used to thinking of the British Isles as England.1,the British Isles contain a variety of peoples, and only the people of England call themselves English.The others 2to themselves as Welsh,Scottish,or Irish,3the case may be;they are often slightly annoyed4being classified as“English”.Even in England there are many5in regional character and speech. The chief6is between southern England and northern England.South of a7going from Bristol to London,people speak the type of English usually learnt by foreign students,8there are local variations.Further north regional speech is usually“9”than that of southern Britain.Northerners are10to claim that they work harder than Southerners,and are more11.They are open-hearted and Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi hospitable; foreigners often find that they make friends with them12.Northerners generally have hearty13:the visitor to Lancashire or Yorkshire,for instance,may look forward to receiving generous14at meal times.In accent and character the people of the Midlands15a gradual change from the southern to the northern type of Englishman.In Scotland the sound16by the letter“R”is generally a strong sound,and“R”is often pronounced in words in which it would be 17in southern English.The Scots are said to be a serious,cautious, thrifty people,18inventive and somewhat mystical.All the Celtic peoples of Britain(the Welsh,the Irish,the Scots)are frequently 19as being more“fiery”than the English.They are20a race that is quite distinct from the English.(289words)Notes:fiery暴躁的，易怒的。

1、按要求在句子中填上合适的词语（每空1分，共7分）1、这两个人总是一起做坏事，真是呀！（与“动物”有关的成语）2、是他让我做成了这个艺术品，又是他打碎了这个艺术品，真是，呀。

（写出有关历史人物的成语）3、虽然路上有许多（），但谁也别想（）我们前进的脚步，我们是不会受到一点（）就放弃的。

（用“阻”字组成的词语填空，不得重复）4、（）考试不难，（）方法和规范很重要，（）我们要认真审题，注意分点，让自己和知识变成得分。

（填关联词）2、（4分）（2014?上海）据统计，2013年上海市全社会用于环境保护的资金约为60 800 000 000元，这个数用科学记数法表示为（）A． 608×108 B． 60.8×109 C． 6.08×1010 D． 6.08×10113、（4分）（2014?上海）计算：a（a+1）= _________ ．4、一个两位小数，若去掉它的小数点，得到的新数比原数多47.52。

这个两位小数是（）。

5、缩写句子：（2分）。

4、按例句的写法特点，仿写句子。

（3分）太阳无语，却放射出光辉；大地无语，却展示出广博。

____________________________；___________________________。

6、两棵空二叉树或仅有根结点的二叉树相似；对非空二叉树，可判左右子树是否相似，采用递归算法。

int Similar(BiTree p,q) //判断二叉树p和q是否相似{if(p==null && q==null) return (1);else if(!p && q || p && !q) return (0);else return(Similar(p->lchild,q->lchild) && Similar(p->rchild,q->rchild)) }//结束Similar7、已知反比例函数y= （k是常数，k≠0），在其图象所在的每一个象限内，y的值随着x的值的增大而增大，那么这个反比例函数的解析式是_________ （只需写一个）．8、因为后序遍历栈中保留当前结点的祖先的信息，用一变量保存栈的最高栈顶指针，每当退栈时，栈顶指针高于保存最高栈顶指针的值时，则将该栈倒入辅助栈中，辅助栈始终保存最长路径长度上的结点，直至后序遍历完毕，则辅助栈中内容即为所求。

高中英语真题:乌鲁木齐2015高考英语（四月）阅读理解、书面表达选练（10）阅读理解。

’s new buzzword, tuhao, may be in next year’s Oxford En glish Dictionary.“If its influence continues, it is very likely to appear on our upd ated list of words, ”said Julie Kleeman, project manager with t he editing team.In Chinese, tu means uncouth and hao means rich. It has traditionally b een referred to rich people who throw their weight around in ’s rural areas. In recent years, people borrowed the term to des cribe those who spend money in an irrational(没道理的)manner. The word gained credence in September with the launch of Apple’s new gold-colored iPhone, an item loved by ’s rich people. The color bec ame known as“tuhao gold. ”The word is now often used by th e online community to refer to people who have the cash but lack the class to go with it.Kleeman also mentioned two other Chinese words—dama and hukou—which may also be taken in the dictionary. Hukou means hous ehold registration in Chinese and has been widely used. Dama, meaning middle-aged women, was first used in the Western media by the Wall Street Journal in May when thousands of Chinese women we re buying up record number of gold. They were the driving for ce in the global gold market between April and June when the gold prices had slumped(下跌).“We have nearly 120 Chinese-linked words now in Oxford English Dictionary, ”she said. So me of them are: Guanxi, literally meaning“connection”, is the system of social networks and i nfluential relationships which facilitate business and other dea lings. Taikonaut is a mix of taikong,meaning outer space, and astronaut.The new words will be first uploaded on the official website be fore the dictionaries arrive. The online version is also renewed every three months. “It at least broke our old rules. It used to take 10 years to include a new word but now we keep the pacewith the era, ”according to John Simpson.【文章大意】在近期一档关于中国热词的栏目播出后, “tuhao”一词引起了《牛津英语词典》编著者的关注。

2015年普通高等学校专升本招生考试公共英语试卷Part Ⅰ Vocabulary and Structure (1×40 points)Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence，and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1.Both the blue pink and the blue dresses are pretty but I like the ______ better.A.earlierB.b.beginnerC.formerD. first2.He made a ____ to let all children learn English, but he soon found it impossible without an online course.A.confinementB. commitmentC. conceptionD. commission3.The people living in these apartments have free __to that swimming pool.A.accessB. excessC. excursionD. recreation4.He_____the old man with 10 pounds for bringing back the lost dog.A.rewardB. prizedC. gaveD. Paid5.He said would never be intimidated ______what he didn't like by big names.A. DoB.to doC.didD. into doing6.I'm sorry to have_____you with so many questions on such an occasion.A. interferedB. offendedC. impressedD. disturbed7.1 only work_____weekdays, not_____weekends.A. on... onB. At...atC.on...atD.at...on8.She grabbed the soap and washed _____A. thoroughlyB. thoroughC.althoughD. though9.Piano is a popular______.A.machineB.instrumentC.equipmentD.tool10.We are all ______at the way her husband treated her.A.disgustingB.disgustedC.disgustfulD.disgust11.There are many proverbs in Chinese. ______, there are also many proverbs in English.A.meanwhileB. SimilarlyuallyD.typically12.Many youngsters _______pop songs to old songs. They think pop singers are very cool.A.supposeB. preferC.suggestD. expect13.The engineer tried to ______the problem with several drawing.A.recognizeB. impressC. illustrateD. identify14.She_____to book a seat on the next flight.A. pushedB. drewC. rushedD. strokeI5.His favorite______is playing drums.A. pastimeB. actionC. habitD. moment16._______weather may be too hot to the tourists.A.soB.suchC.whatD.which17.He_____ yesterday morning, and would stay for three days.A. checked upB. checked onC. checked outD. checked in18.There is absolutely no need to _______A. panicB. terrorC. frightD.rage19. I'd like to ______ my parents' greetings to you and your family.A.confrontB.displayC.consultD.convey20.The new look of the city has______ a deep impression on those foreign visitors.A. leftB. keptC. markedD. remained21.It is ______ impossible to work with this noise around.A. especiallyB. absolutelyC. unreasonablyD. unusually22.A ____ person is extremely thin, in a way that you find unattractive.A. lonelyB. meanC. braveD. skinny23.Why is it______ the more connected we get, the more disconnected I feel?A. thatB. whetherC. whatD. which24.I was now in a relaxed mood and had no desire______ the man make a fool of himself.A. seeB. to seeC.seeingD.seen25.Why ____me to do it_____you can do it yourself?A.asking; thoughB. ask;whenC.to ask;sinceD.asked;while26.I was too_____to ask him for help.A.embarrassedB.embarrassingC.thrilledD.thrilling27.Over-working can be a______.A.taskB.burdenC.botherD.weight28.The first soon_____the whole town.A.spread throughB.spread downC.spread overD.spread out29.The accident in which two people were seriously injured resulted______careless driving.A.inB.fromC.onD.ofw school doesn't______as many years as medical school does.A.takeB.costC.spendD.pay31._______ opposing views, our boss declared that the company would enter the furniture market.A.despite ofB.althoughC.ThoughD.in spite of32.People_______ believe that the sun went around the earth.A. wouldB. be used toC.willed to33. When I saw the expression on his face, I realized he is______ agreement with me.A. inB. forC.toD.on34.She didn't went to go to Africa, probably_____the whether is too hot.A, for B. because C. since D. as35.She is very______ to his ugly appearanceA.sensibleB. sensitiveC. senseD. sentimental36.It was only a ______injury, not all that serious.A. slightB. specialC. SimilarD. Substantial37. They were ______ white.A. dressedB.put onC. dressed upD. dressed in38.My children are looking forward to ______a trip to Paris.A. makeB. makingC. be makingD. have made39. _______he tried to explain any new idea, he just couldn't make himself understood.A. whoeverB. whateverC. whereverD. whenever40.Because they are ______a date, many of us believe that they are in love.A. inB. onC. outD. atPart Ⅱ Cloze (1×20 points)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B,C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.People’s attitude 41 gift-giving may 42 from country to country , 43 the desire to convey a feeling of friendship is universal. Here is an example to 44 the differences.Japan is a _45__ country. It is not _46_in Japan to offer a gift to a person who is _47__ or has been helpful. When people do that, the gifts_48___ be substantial and expensive. __49___, at least in the typical Japanese style, it is not _50__ to attach a thank-you note or card to the gift. Japanese people may express their __51__ and friendship directly through the gift they have _52___ and given to the person they love and respect.In __53__, you are likely to get more cards__54__ gifts in the United States. A card may come with a small gift or no gift at all. In general, American people don’t _55___ very much whether the gift is expensive or not. As a matter of __56__,your gift to them would be __57__ all the more if you made it yourself _58___ buying it from a store. And the words on the card seem to be the most important thing. __59__ someone does not have a card on hand, he or she would write you a thank-you note on a piece of paper, give it to you _60__ or put it in your pigeon hole.41.A.Towards B. In C. On D. Of42.A. Differ B. Change C.V ary D. Become43.A. If B. Even though C. So D. Thus44.A.argue B. prove C. against D. illustrate45.A. Gift give B. Gift-giving C. Give receive D. Gift-receiving46.A. Unusual B. Common C. Unique D. Extraordinary47.A. Coming B. Going C.Leaving D. Staying48.A. Is likely to B. Tend to C. Turn to D. Like to49.A. However B. Despite C. But D. Thus50.A. Ordered B. Demanded C. Required D. Suggested51.A. Purposes B. Sympathy C. Apologies D. Gratitude52.A. Select B. Selecting C. Chosen D. Choose53.A. Comparison B. Contrast C. Contract D. Contrary54.A. As B. Than C. To D. Then55.A. Care for B.care about C. Care D. Care to56.A. Truth B. Finding C. Fact D. Case57.A.Appreciated B. Regarded C. Received D. Supposed58.A. Instead of B. When C. Instead D. Despite of59.A. Whether B. Since C. As D. When60.A. In person B. In man C. By person D. For personPart Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (2×20 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or incomplete statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A,B,C and D. You should decide on the best choice, and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneWhen I was studying English at a training center in Washington D.C. in 1998, I shared a house with two young Americans, Jim, and Steve. Jim was studying French and Steve Chinese, both at the Foreign Service Institute. We shared many things in common, but we also thought and acted quite differently. Steve was interested in speaking Chinese. He always tried every opportunity to talk with me with his very English-like pronunciation. I was often touched with his diligence. However, I wanted to practice English with him, too. So we often speak at the same time in the other’s mother tongue. Jim was fresh from college and the youngest of the three. He was going out all the time. The only time we met was at breakfast. There was a small round table in our kitchen, where we sat around to enjoy our food. Steve had Chinese fast food such as dumplings or noodles, and I ate bread and boiled eggs. But Jim often just drank a cup of tea because he had nothing in his bridge. He was too busy dating pretty French girls to do any shopping. I often offered him some of my food. But Steve told me in his poor Chinese that I didn’t need to do that. He said that it was Jim’s own fault and that it served hi m right. Although he was learning Chinese, he still held his American sense of value.Two years later, I returned to china. The three of us still keep in touch. Jim now works in a travel agency in Paris. He got married to one of the pretty girls. He wrote to tell us that now he can enjoy a delicious breakfast with his beautiful wife every morning in their comfortable living room. Steve wants to work in china. And I’m helping him with this. I have introduced him to the dean of the Overseas Section of our university. He is very interested in Steve. He wants to know if Steve can work here teaching the overseas students Chinese. I have sent the message toSteve. I’m sure he’d be very happy to accept the job. However, I hope he could try harder to improve himself. Otherwise, all the overseas students would speak with his terrible pronunciation!61. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. The three of them were all language majors.B. Steve and Jim were more alike in character.C. The author didn’t enjoy talking with Steve.D. Their living condition was rather poor.62. What is the author’s opinion of Steve?A. Steve was a very hardworking fellow.B.Steve enjoyed cooking Chinese food.C.Steve enjoyed shopping more than Jim.D. Steve’s Chinese accent was quite pure.63. Which of the following is true about Jim?A. Going out with girls cost him a lot of time.B. He had a French way of making friends.C. He learned French in order to date Paris girls.D. He liked doing housework.64. What does the last sentence of the 1st paragraph imply?A. Steve didn’t like offering help to others.B. American people only eat their own food.C. Americans and Chinese differ in their sense of value.D. Steve wanted Jim to do his own shopping.65. From the last paragraph, we can learn that ______.A. Jim is a very good husband.B. Steve enjoys teaching Chinese.C. The author works for overseas students.D. The three friends still keep in touch.Passage TwoHow often one hears children wishing they were grown-ups and old people wishing they were young again. Each age has its pleasures and its pains, and the happiest person is the one who enjoys what each age gives him without wasting his time in useless regrets.Childhood is a time when there are few responsibilities. If a child has good parents, he is well fed, looked after and loved. It is unlikely that he will ever again in his life be given so much without having to do anything in return. In addition, life is always presenting new things to the child — things that have lost their interest for older people because they are too well known. But a child has his pains:He is not so free to do what he wishes to do; he is continually being told not to do things or being punished for what he has done wrong. Therefore, a child is not happy as he wishes to be.When the young man starts to earn his own living, he becomes free from discipline of school and parents; but at the same time he is forced to accept responsibilities. With no one to pay for his food, his clothes, or his room, he has to work if he wants to live comfortably. If he spends most of his time playing about in the way that he used to as a child, he will go hungry. And if he breaks the laws of society as he used to break the laws of his parents, he may get himself into trouble. If, however, he works hard,goes by the law and has good health, he may feel satisfied in seeing himself make steady progress in his job and in building up for himself his own position in society.Old age has always been thought of as the worst age to be; but it is not necessary for the old to be unhappy. With old age comes wisdom and the ability to help others with advice wisely given. The old can have the joy of seeing their children making progress in life; they can watch their grandchildren growing up around them; and, perhaps best of all, they can, if their life has been a useful one, fell the happiness of having come through the battle of life safely and of having reached a time when they can lie back and rest, leaving everything to others.66.The happiest people should be those who ______.A. Face up to difficulties in lifeB. Hope to be young againC. Enjoy life in different ageD. Wish to be grown up67.The word “they”underlined in Line 4, para. 2 refers to ____.A. Older peopleB. New thingsC. ChildrenD. Interests68. A child has his pains because____. .A. He can not do whatever he wants toB. He is not allowed to play in rainC. He has a lot of new things to learnD. He can not play at the seaside freely69.When a child becomes a grown-up, he is supposed to ____.A.live comfortablyB. Take responsibilitiesC. Make progress in jobD. Impress the society70.The best title of the passage might be ____.A. Pains and AgesB. Differences in AgesC. The Best Age to BeD. Happiness and AgesPassage ThreeLife really should be one long journey of joy for children who are born with a world of wealth at their tiny feet.But experts on psychological research now believe that silver spoons can leave a bitter taste. If suicide statistics are a sign of happiness, then the rich are a miserable lot. Figures show that it is the rich who most often do away with themselves.Dr. Robert Coles, an internationally famous doctor, is the world’s top expert on the influence of money on children. He has written a well-received book on the subject, The Privileged Ones, and his research shows that too much money in the family can cause as many problems as too little. Obviously there are certain advantages to being rich,” says the 53-year-old doctor, such as better health, education and future work expectation. But most important is the quality of family life. Money can’t buy love.”It can buy a lot of other things, though, and that’s where the trouble starts. Rich kids have so much to choose from that they often become confused. Their parents’over favoring can makethem spoiled. They tend to travel more than other children, from home to home and country to country, which often makes them feel restless.“But privileged children do have a better sense of their positions in the world,” adds Mr. Coles, “and they are more self-assured.”Today’s rich parents perhaps have realized that their riches can be more of a burden than a favor to their children. So their priority is to ensure that their families are as rich in love as they are in money.71. According to the passage, children of rich families __________.A. enjoy travelingB. can buy loveC. usually commit suicideD. are not always happy72. Dr. Robert Coles believes that __________.A. being rich has as many advantages as being poorB. rich children often get too little entertainmentC. rich children sometimes can’t enjoy the thin g they are most in need ofD. rich children aren’t given enough things73. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the passage?A. It is love that is always lacking in rich and poor families alike.B. Silver spoons can sometimes leave a bitter taste.C. Money can’t buy everything.D. Rich children are often confused because they have so much to choose from.74. The expression “silver spoons” in Paragraph 1 means __________.A. very expensive spoonsB. rich peopleC. wealthD. spoons made of silver75. This article is written mainly to tell readers that __________.A. the rich are more likely to do away with themselvesB. money can bring a lot of things, including loveC. life is always happy for children of rich parentsD. rich parents should realize what is important in the family is love rather than moneyPassage FourCharlene, a 16-year-old student at a high school, found herself faced with a maths test to which she knew none of the answers. Rather than fail, she took the test out with her and filled in the answers with the help of her friends. During a break, she got back into the classroom without being seen, crumpled the test with her shoe, and left it lying on the floor. The teacher thought it had been dropped when the tests were collected; she corrected it, and Charlene received a B.Cheating is, of course, nothing new. But today, educators are finding that cheating on the part of students has become more frequent than in the past. Whether it is copying a friend's homework, using a prepared sheet on an exam, stealing advance copies of a final, writing down rules in one's hand, or paying someone else to write a term paper, cheating appears to have gained acceptance among a growing number of students between 13 and 19.In a 1978 study of cheating at twenty-two high schools in Georgia, it was found that cheating was common among good and poor students alike——although both boys and girls said they thought boys cheated more.Why is student cheating on the rise? No one really knows. Some blame cheating on a general loss of good values among today's youth. They point to facts showing increased damage of public things and school stealing and think that reports, such as Watergate have disappointed youth about the honesty of people in higher positions.Others think that today's youth are far more practical than their forefathers. In the late sixties and early seventies, students were filled with imaginations about changing the world, but today's students feel great stress to succeed.76. According to Paragraph 1, Charlene took the test out because ____.A. her friends could answer none of the problemsB. she tore the test paper to piecesC. she stepped her shoes on the test paperD. she did not want to fail in the math test77. Charlene passed the test because ____.A. she answered all the questions by herselfB. she did the test by cheatingC. she persuaded her teacher to give her a BD. she returned to the classroom to redo the test78. Which of the following is not an example to show that cheating is becoming more and more common?A. A student pays another for doing a test paper.B. A student writes down something to be tested before an exam.C. A student gets well prepared in his studies before an exam.D. A student gets homework from his classmate and then copies it.79. The 1978 study of cheating in Georgia shows that ____.A. only students in the 24 high schools cheated in examinationsB. both good and poor students cheated in examinationsC. boys liked cheating while girls did not like itD. more girls cheated in examinations than boys did80. One of the facts for the rise of cheating is that ____.A. more and more public things are damagedB. good values disappoint studentsC. more and more students begin to stealD. honest people are in higher positionPart Ⅳ Translation (2×10 points)Directions:There are 10 sentences in this section. Please translate sentences 8185 from Chinese into English, and translate sentences 8690 from English into Chinese. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.81.这个漂亮干净的城市给外国旅游者留下了深刻的印象。

Passage Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as afactor in world peace. They did not foresee that the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressive armies. None of them foresaw that the more weare together-the more chances there are of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that. Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against it can always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds, catarrhs (粘膜炎) and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In those with high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy (中风). The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just the opposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize the circulation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep. The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test of endurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air, the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-class carriages had cushioned seats; but the second-class had only narrow bare boards, while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open trucks. So that third-class passengers gained nothing from the few mode except speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat, but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic (滑稽的) press. This kind of thing: A man was seen yesterday buying a third-class ticket for the new London and Birmingham Railway. The state of his mind is being enquired into. A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second-and third-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railways must have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the open third-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rain from whatever quarter it came. He described them as horizontal shower-baths, from whose searching power there was no escape. 1. All boys and girls in large families know that . A)　a boy and a girl usually fight when they are together B)　people tend to be together more than they used to be C)　a lot of people being together makes fights likely D)　Railway leads the world to peace 2. According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself should include all the following except . A)　the railway enables people travel fast B)　the railway brings comfort to people C)　the railway makes the world peaceful D)　the railway leads the world to war as well. 3. According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are true but . A)　tunnels are dangerous to public health B)　the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect people's nerves C)　the rapid speed through the air does damage to people's lungs D)　to those with high blood-pressure, the rapid speed of the train causes them to die 4. We may safely conclude that . A)　the author belongs to the anti-railway group B)　the author belongs to the for-railway group C)　the author speaks highly of the railway D)　the author may never take train because of its potential dangers 5. What is the tone of this passage? A)Practical B)Satirical C)Humorous D)Exaggerated Answer1.C2.D3.D4.A5.C。

2015年Passage oneThe American society of clinical oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half. 美国临床肿瘤协会于本周召开年会，大会讨论像往年一样提议了一些药物，能够提高疗效以及延长那些已确诊的不治之症患者的寿命，但深挖美联社报道中文章，发现一个有前景的标题，值得我们进一步了解，其中一个治疗研究，明确所有患者经过治疗后有一半患者肿瘤消失。

First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group. 首先，制药公司从主要以效益一刀切发展模式向药物研发和接受长期癌症治疗，以及针对一小部分患者且成效显著的药物研发。

高中英语真题：2015高考英语阅读理解试卷试题之三.doc一、阅读理解(共4题)1.Ashok Gadgil has spent the past three decades helping people in need—and he has no plans to stop .On May 2, Gadgil won the$100．000 Lemelson-MIT Award for Global Innovation. Each year，the honor is given to an inventor who has improved the lives of people in developing countries. Gadgil‘s inventions have helped more than 100 million people around the world.Gadgil is a professor and physicist at the University of California. When he’s not teaching，he works to find solutions to global problems such as energy efficiency and water safety. “I chose to focus on problems where my knowledge of science could help，”he saidIn the 1980s he came up with a program to make energy-efficient light bulbs more affordable for people in developing countries. Then in the 1990s，Gadgil designed his first life—saving invention，UV Waterworks .The device kills deadly disease —carrying germs(病菌)from drinking water. It costs just one cent to clean five liters of water .Gadgil was inspired to find an inexpensive solution to the clean water crisis after more than 10，000 people in his home country of India died from an outbreak of Bengal cholera，in 1993 The disease is spread through contaminated food and drinking water .So far，the invention has provided safe drinking water to more than five million people in poor areas.As a professor，Gadgil encourages his students to stay positive about finding solutions to hard problems.“Be optimistic when you try a hard problem．”he says. “It’s when you solve a large problem that you can havea big impact on the world”41. Gadgil was given Lemelson-MIT Award for___________.A. his teaching experienceB. his new physical researchC. his vast knowledgeD. his helpful inventions42. What call we learn about UV Waterworks?A. It's Gadgil’s first inventionB. It’s used to clean water．C. it was designed for his home countryD. It saved 10，000 people in total43 The underlined word “contamninated”in Paragraph 3 means__________.A. wastedB. consumedC. pollutedD. canned44. According to the last paragraph，Gadgil encourages his students__________.A. to learn lessons from failuresB. to find problems in peaceful lifeC. to make inventions to help poor peopleD. to be confident when facing diffculties45.Which of the following can best describe Gadgil?A. Caring and optimistic.B. Independent and positive.C. Powerful and strict.D. Responsible and sensitive.2..North Korean gymnast Hong Su Jong has been banned for two years by the International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) for lying about her age. The FIG temporarily suspended Hong, a silver medal winner on the vault at the 2007 world championships, on October 6 after discovering she had registered for various international events claiming to be three different ages.“The FIG’s decision is a clear signal to those who would wilfully disregard the current rules surrounding gymnast age,” the sports world governing body said in a statement on Friday. “T he health of its athletes and respect for the law are among the International Gymnastics Federation’s highest priorities.”The ban runs until October 5, 2012, with the North Korean gymnastics federation ordered to pay a 20,000 Swiss Franc (15,000 euros) fine. The gymnast and her federation have 21 days to appeal.Hong had been registered with three different birth years for international competition over the past six years. At the Athens Olympics in 2004 she was down as having been born on Match 9, 1985 but the date of March 9, 1989 was given for the worlds in Rotterdam last month which NorthKorea were excluded from competing in. At the same time, she was registered with a date of March 9, 1986, birth date at the 2007 world championships, where she won the silver medal on vault. If Hong was born in 1989, she would have been not qualified to compete in Athens. Gymnasts must turn 16 in the calendar year of an Olympics in order to be qualified.North Korea were banned from the 1993 worlds after FIG discovered that Kim Gwang Suk, the 1991 gold medallist on uneven bars, was listed as 15 years for three straight years.1. What’s the probable meaning of the word“suspended”?A. stop workingB. prohibit competingC. avoid enteringD. admit making mistakes2. How many times has Hong Su Jong attended world championships?A. One.B. Two.C. Three.D. Four.3. What importance will this ban bring?A. It will remind every country to take the age problem seriously.B. It will bring the sports life of a famous Korean athlete to an end.C. It will strengthen the authority of the International Gymnastics Federation.D. It will enhance the seriousness of sports competition in words.4. What effect will bring to North Korean gymnastics federation?A. North Korean will miss London Olympics.B. North Korean will hand in Hong Su Jong’s medal.C. North Korean will be banned to compete forever.D. North Korean will be required to withdraw from the association.5. Which is right about Hong Su Jong?A. She was listed as 15 years for three straight years.B. She competed in the worlds in 2004, 2007 and 2010.C. She was refused to compete in the Rotterdam worlds.D. She won the silver medal in the Athens Olympics.3.Global warming happens when greenhouse gases trap heat and light from the sun in the earth’s atm osphere, which increases the temperature.This is like when heat is trapped in a car. On a hot day, the car gets hotter when it is out in the parking lot. This is because the heat and light from the sun can get into the car, by going through the windows，but it can’t get back out. This is what the greenhouse effect does to the earth .The heat and light can get through the atmosphere, but it can’t get out As a result，the temperature rises.Sometimes the temperature can change in a way that helps us. The greenhouse effect makes the earth appropriate for people to live on Without it，the earth would be freezing，or it would be burning hot. It would be freezing at night because we would not get the sun’s heat and light .During the day, especially during the summer,it would be burning because the sun would be up with no atmosphere to filter(过滤)it，so people，plants，and animals would be exposed to all the light and heat.Although the greenhouse effect makes the earth able to have people living on it，if there gets to be too many gases，the each can get unusually warmer, and many plants，animals．and people will die. Plants would die because they would not be able to take the heat .This would cause us to have less food to eat,and it would also limit the food that animals have. With less food for the animals that we need to survive we would even have less food. Gradually,people，plants，and animals would all die of hunger．People are doing many things to try to stop global warming .One thing is carpooling—driving with someone to a place that you are both going to. Another thing is being more careful about leaving electrical devices turned on. Now,more people are even riding buses or bikes to lower the amount ofgreenhouse gases in the air .Although adults do many things to help stop global warming,kids call do just as much.46. By the example given in Paragraph l, the author wants to__________.A. explain how global warming happensB. show his feeling in a car in hot summerC. tell us cars are causes of greenhouse gasesD. say that I there are greenhouse gases in every car47. The underlined word‘it” in Paragraph 2 refers to__________.A. lightB. greenhouse effectC. temperatureD. heat48. What is the effect of at mosphere?A. IT only traps the heat of the sun.B. It does great harm to humans.C. It makes the earth neither to hot nor too cold.D. It prevents all the light from the sun shining on the earth.49. What is the main idea of the third paragraph?A. lf there is greenhouse effect．all the plants will dieB. Human beings are likely to disappear from the earthC. Crops can ′t take in the heat lf there is greenhouse effectD. Although greenhouse effect is necessary．Too much of it will cause us to die.50. What will the author most probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?A. What kids can do to help stop global warming.B. Who should be responsible for the environmental problems.C. What global warming is doing to the environment.D. Why cars and buses pollute the air a lot4.Have you ever noticed the colour of the water in a river or stream aftera heavy rainfall?What do you think caused this change in colour?It is soil that has been washed into the river from the riverbank or from the nearby fields.Components of SoilSoil is made up of a number of layers(层),each having its own distinctivecolour and texture. The upper layer is know as the litter. It acts like a blanket,limiting temperature changes and reducing water loss. The topsoil layer is made up of small particles of rock mixed with rotten plant and animal matter called humus(腐殖质),which is black and gives the topsoil its dark colour. This layer is usually rich in nutrients,oxygen,and water. Below the topsoil is the subsoil,a layer that contains more stones mixed with only small amounts of organic matter. This layer is lighter in colour because of the lack of humus. Beneath the soil lies a layer of bedrock.Soil forms from the bottom up. Over time bedrock is attacked by rain,wind,frost,and snow. It is gradually broken down into smaller particles in a process called weathering. Plants begin to grow,and rotten materials enrich the topsoil. Most of the soil in Eastern Canada,for example,was formed from weathered rock that was exposed when the ice disappeared 12,000 years ago.Water Beneath the SoilSurface water collects and flows above the ground in lakes,ponds,and rivers. Once in the soil or rock,it is called groundwater. Gravity pulls groundwater through the soil in a process called percolation(渗透). Eventually the water reaches a layer called the water table. Under this is bedrock through which water cannot percolate.As water percolates downward,it dissolves organic matter and minerals from the soil and carries them to deeper layers. This causes a serious problem because plants require these nutrients for growth.Soil pHSoil can be acidic,neutral,or basic. The pH of the soil is determined by the nature of the rock from which it was formed,and by the nature of the plants that grow and rot in it.The acidity of rain and snow can lower the pH of the groundwater that enters the soil. By burning fossil fuels such as coal,oil and gasoline,humans have been contributing to higher levels of acidity in many soils. When fossil fuels are burned,gases are released into the air and then fall back to earth as acid rain. Acid soil increases the problem of carrying nutrients to lower soil levels. As nutrients are removed,soil is less fertile. Plants grow more slowly in acidic soil,and also become easily attacked by diseases.1. The layer of soil that provides necessary nutrients for plant growth is called .A. litterB. topsoilC. humusD. subsoil2. According to the text,which of the following isNOT true?A. Soil forms from weathered rock on the earth surface.B. The deeper layer of soil is darker in colour than the surface soil.C. Air pollution is partially responsible for acid soil.D. Groundwater tends to carry away nutrients for plant growth.3. We can infer from the passage that the water table lies .A. between the topsoil layer and the subsoil layerB. in the subsoil layer above bedrockC. between the subsoil layer and bedrockD. in the bedrock layer beneath the subsoil4. The underlined word“dissolve” is used to express the idea thatorganic matter and minerals from soil are .A. rushed away into the riverB. cleaned and purified by waterC. destroyed and carried away by waterD. mixed with water and become part of it-->。

新疆维吾尔自治区新疆生产建设兵团2015年初中学业水平夸试英语试题卷考生须知：1. 本试卷分为试题卷和答题卷．．．两部分。

2. 试题卷共8页，满分150分(含听力30分）。

考试时间120分钟。

3. 答题卷共．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．。

．．．．2 ．页，所有答案必须写在答题卷上，写在试题卷上无效4. 答题前，考生应先在答题卷密封区内认真填写准考证号、姓名、考场号、座位号、地（州、市、师）、县(市、区、团场）和学校。

第I卷（选择题，共100分）第一部分听力测试(共四大题，共30分）|【2015新疆】I．听力（30分）【2015新疆】A. 听音选图（本题共5小题，每小题1分，共计5分）句子理解。

看图听描述，选出正确的选项。

每小题两遍。

.2015年自治区、兵团初中学业水平考试英语试题卷第1页共8页【2015新疆】B．情景反应（本题共5小题，每小题1分，共计5分）听句子，选择正确的答案，每小题读两遍。

6. A. In the morning. B. For two hours. C. Three times a week.7. A. Yes, I’d love to. B. No, I don’t. C. Yes, I do.8. A. That’s all right. B. Wow, sounds like fun! C. Of course.9. A. I bought a new coat. B. I met my best friend. C. I failed in the math test.10. A. OK. I will. B. Yes, please. C. I hope so.【2015新疆】C. 对话理解（本题共5小题，每小题2分，共计10分）听对话及问题，选择正确的答案，每组对话读两遍。

11. A. A doctor. B. A driver. C. A teacher.12. A. A Cooked dinner B. Cleaned the room. C. Washed some clothes.13. A. Red. B. Yellow. C. Blue.14. A. To borrow some books. B. To lend some books. C. To return some books.15. A. In a restaurant. B. In a shoe store. C. In the street.【2015新疆】D. 短文理解（本题共5小题，每小题2分，共计10分）听短文，选择正确答案，短文读两遍。

2015年考博英语完型真题解题思路一、词义与词形的辨析选项与选项之间构成同义词、反义词、形近词的关系。

有时出题者也借助选项，考察考生对某些单词词义的精确理解。

举例：Geographers compare and contrast 71 places on the earth.71. A) similarB) variousC) distantD) famous译文：地理学家比较和对照地球上的什么地方。

很明显要求填一个形容词来修饰places. 如果单从语法的角度而言，A、B、C、D四个选项都能入选，出题者精心设计只为考察compare和contrast的精确含义。

compare意为to exam for similarities and differences, contrast意为to compare in order to show differences。

综合两个词的含义，应为“找出其相似之处与不同之处”。

这样一来，答案不言自明。

既然不同与相同皆不可抛，答案A）必然错误，“similar”（相似的）只揭示了两者的相同、相似，未照应不同，故必不入选。

而答案C）distant “遥远的”、D) famous“著名的”均与“相似与不同”不搭界，所以也一并排除掉，剩下B）various“各种各样”为正确答案。

“各种各样”既囊括相似之处，又溶入“不同几许”，既照应compare，又体现了contrast的含义。

所以考生在应试时对于某些重点单词的理解，不能只局限于中文，而应从英文的角度，逐字理解。

二、逻辑关系所填空格的句子，与上下文构成指代、列举、因果、比较、对比、让步、 补充、递进等逻辑关系。

上下文逻辑关系的考察，是完形填空区别于单纯的句子与结构测试中最重要的一点。

不仅在国内考试中，在美国研究生入学考试（GRE）中，也常常考到考生运用逻辑关系解题的能力。

笔者试举一例：文中提到：The foreign research scholar usually isolates himself in the laboratory as a means of protection; 77 , what he needs is to be fitted into a highly organized university system…77. A) otherwiseB) moreoverC) howeverD) also根据上下文，空格前的意思为“外籍研究学者通常把自己隔离在实验室里作为 一种保护的手段”。

2015年博士生入学考试外语真题中国社会科学院研究生院2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷英语2015年3月14 日8:30 – 11:30PART I: Vocabulary and GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.1. Even the president is not really the CEO. No one is. Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured. Power in Washington is ______________ and horizontally spread out.a. prudentb. reversiblec. diffused. mandatory2. In describing the Indians of the various sections of the United States at different stages in their history, some of the factors which account for their similarity amid difference can be readily accounted for, others are difficult to _______________.a. refineb. discernc. embedd. cluster3. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by T ony Blair, wasdesigned to give the other members of the club a bigger ______________ and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.a. sayb. transmissionc. decayd. contention4. It can hardly be denied the proliferation of so-called dirty books and films has, to date, reached almost a saturation point. People do not acknowledge the _______________ fact that children are bound to be exposed to ―dirty words‖in a myriad of ways other than through the public airwaves.a.i rrefutableb. concretec. inevitabled. haphazard5. A condition is an essential term of the contract. If a contract is not performed, it may constitute a substantial breach of contract and allow the other party to _______________ the contract, that is, treat the contract as discharged or terminated.a. repudiateb. spurnc. declined. halt6. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words as well as agreed conventions ______________ these words should be arranged to convey a particular message. a. as the way by which b. by the way in whichc. as to the way in whichd. in the way of which7. Rarely ______________ a technological development _______________ an impact on many aspects of social, economic, and cultural development as greatly as the growth of electronics.a. has… hadb. had…hadc. has…hasd. have…had8. If early humans ______________ as much as they did, they probably ______________ to evolve into different species.a. did not move and intermingle…would continueb. would not move and intermingle…had continuedc. had not moved and intermingled…would have continuedd. were not to move and intermingle…could have continued9. It was ______________ the last time around the track ______________ I really kicked itin--passing the gossiping girlfriends, blocking out the whistles of boys who had already completed their run and now were hanging out on the grassy hill, I ran--pushing hard, breathing shallowly, knowing full well that I was going to have to hear about it from my disapproving friends for the next few days.a. not until…whenb. not until…thatc. until…whend. until…that10．One impediment ______________ the general use of a standard in pronunciation is the fact ______________ pronunciation is learnt naturally and unconsciously, while orthography is learnt deliberately and consciously.a. in…whichb. of …in whichc. on…thatd. to…thatSection B (5 points)Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.11. It is some 15 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of citizensbetween India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.a. divisionb. turmoilc. fusiond. consolidation12. Concerning speculation, philosophy looks upon things from the broadest possible perspective;for criticism, it has the twofold role of questioning and judging everything that pertains either to the foundations or to the superstructure of human thinking.a. inebriatesb. forsakesc. relatesd. emaciates13. Meeting is, in fact, a necessary though not necessarily productive psychological side show.Perhaps it is our civilized way to moderating，if not preventing, change.a. promotingb. impedingc. temperingd. arresting14. The truth about alliances and their merit probably lies somewhere between the travel utopiapresented by the players and the evil empires portrayed bytheir critics.a. collaborationb. worthc. triumphd. defect15. But Naifeh and Smith reveal a keen intellect, an avid reader and a passionate observer of otherartists’ work who progressed from labored figure studies to inspir ed outbursts of creative energy.Far from an artistic flash in the pan, he pursued his calling with dogged determination against nearly insurmountable odds.a. insuperableb. unsurpassablec. uncountabled. invaluableSection C (5 points)Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.16.One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S. Congress is the power toinvestigate, which is usually delegated to committees—either standing committees, specialA Bcommittees set for a specific purpose, or joint committees consisting of members of bothC Dhouses.17.One of the important corollaries to the investigative power is the power to publicizeinvestigations and their results. Most committee hearings areopen to public and are reportedA Bwidely in the mass media. Congressional investigations thus represent one important toolCavailable to lawmakers to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interest in national issues.D18.It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting is something which weA Balmost always know. We begin the natural learning of pronunciation long before we start Clearning to read or write, and in our early years we go on unconsciously imitating andDpracticing the pronunciation of those around us for many hours everyday.19. It had happened too often that the farmers sold their wheat soon after harvest when farm debtsAwere coming due, only to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions,Bproducer groups, asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to become involved, atCleast not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild.D20.Detailed studies of the tribe by the food scientists at the University of London showed thatAgathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields onB Caverage about 100 edible calories as an hour of gathering produces 240.DPART II: Reading comprehension (30 points)Directions: Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage 1Plato’s Republic has been the source of great consternation, especially in literary circles, for itsattack on the poets. Socrates in fact asserts that they should have no place in the ideal state. Eric Havelock suggests that there are several misunderstandings in this regard, and in his Preface to Plato he identifies the issues, explains the historical context.Havelock opens his discussion by suggesting that the very title of the Republic is the source of much confusion. The book is commonly understood to be a treatise on the ideal political entity, but even a casual analysis will show that only one-third of the text is concerned with statecraft. The other two-thirds cover a variety of su bjects, but the thrust of Plato’s argument amounts to an attack on the traditional Greek approach to education.The educational methods still in use in the 4th century BC had their origins in what has been called the Greek Dark Age beginning around 1200 BC when the Mycenaean era collapsed. Very little is known about the whys and wherefores of this collapse, but it wasn’t until around 700 BC that the Phoenicianalphabet began to be adapted and used in the Greek-speaking world. During the intervening centuries, all knowledge concerning Greek history, culture, mores and laws were orally transmitted down through the generations. The most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of information was rhyme. The epic form we see in Homer’s Iliad grew out of the need to preserve the Greek cultural memory. Havelock takes the reader through Book 1 of The Iliad and dissects it in detail to show how this cultural, historical and ethical heritage was conveyed. The Iliad takes on new and significant meaning to the reader of this minute examination.The Iliad and presumably other poetic vehicles were taught to children from an early age. The whole of the Greek-speaking world was immersed in the project of memorizing, and out of the masses arose those individuals with superior memories and theatrical skills who became the next generation of minstrels and teachers. Education was thus comprised of memorization and rote learning, and the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals.Plato’s focus in the Republic and elsewhere is on Homer and Hesiod and to some extent the dramatists which at the time were the centerpieces of the educational regime. Their works presented gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth. The overall result is that the Greek adolescent is continually conditioned to an attitude which at bottom is cynical. It is more important to keep up appearances than to practice the reality. Decorum and decent behavior are not obviously violated, but the inner principle of morality is. Once the Republic is viewed as a critique of the educational regime, Havelock says that the logic of its total organization becomesclear.What Pl ato was railing against was an ―oral state of mind‖ which seems to have persisted even though the alphabet and written documentation had been in use for three centuries. Illiteracy was thus stil l a widespread problem in Plato’s time, and the poetic state of mind was the main obstacle to scientific rationalism and analysis. This is why Plato regarded the poetic or oral state of mind as the arch-enemy. In his teachings he did the opposite. He ask ed his students to ―think about what they were sa ying instead of just saying it.‖The epic had become, in Plato’s view, not ―an act of creation bu t an act of reminder and recall‖ and cont ributed to what Havelock terms ―the Homeric state of mind.‖It was So crates’project (and by extension Plato’s) to reform Greek education to encourage thinking and analysis. Thus all the ranting and railing about the ―poets‖ in Plato’s Republic was limited basically to Homer and Hesiod because of what he viewed as a wholly inadequate approach to education of which these particular poets were an integral part.Unfortunately, Western culture has misconstrued wh at Plato and Socrates meant by ―the poets.‖And because we view poetry as a highly creative and elevated form of expression, our critics have failed to recognize that Plato’s diatribe had a very specific and limited target which had nothing to do with high-minded creativity, of which there is plenty, by the way, in the proscribed poet s. It wasn’t really the poets who were the problem; it was the use of them that was deemed unacceptable.Post-Havelock, we can now read the Republic with the scales lifted from our eyes and see it for what it really was: an indictment of an antiquated educational regime which had no place in a democratic society.Comprehension Questions:21. The mistaken understanding of Plato's Republic consists in the widespread belief that it consistsof _______________.a.literary criticismb. a treatise on the ideal polityc. a critique of rationalismd. an indictment of an obsolete pedagogy22. According to Havelock, Plato’s anger with the poets arose from:I: Their representation of gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth.II: Their transmission of culture, mores and laws.a. I.b. II.c. Both I and II.d. Neither I nor II.23. Prior to the 4th century BC, recitation was considered the best educational method because______________.a.poetry was seen as a highly creative and elevated form of expressionb.rhyme was the most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of informationc.there was no writing systemd.the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals24. In Plato's diatribe the poetic or oral state of mind is the arch-enemy of _______________.a.democratic societyb. the Mycenaean Republicc .the Phoenicians d. literacy25. A common critique of the present-day Chinese educational system resembles the educationalsystem that Plato fulminated against in that it often _______________.a.asks students to think about what they were saying instead of just saying it/doc/8e18884558.htmlprises of memorization and rote learningc.has a very specific and limited targetd.encourages thinking and analysisPassage 2To govern is to choose how the revenue raised from taxes is spent. So far so good, or bad. But some people earn more money than others. Should they pay proportionately more money to the government than those who earn less? And if they do pay more money are they entitled to more services than those who pay less or those who pay nothing at all? And should those who pay nothing at all because they have nothing get anything? These matters are of irritable concern to ourrulers, and of some poignancy to the rest.Although the equality of each citizen before the law is the rock upon which the American Constitution rests, economic equality has never been an American ideal. In fact, it is the one unmentionable subject in our politics, as the senator from South Dakota recently discovered when he came up with a few quasi-egalitarian tax reforms. The furious and enduring terror of Communism in America is not entirely the work of those early cold warriors Truman and Acheson.A dislike of economic equality is something deep-grained in the American Protestant character. After all, given a rich empty continent for vigorous Europeans to exploit (the Indians were simply a disagreeable part of the emptiness, like chiggers), any man of gumption could make himself a good living. With extra hard work, any man could make himself a fortune, proving that he was a better man than the rest. Long before Darwin the American ethos was Darwinian.The vision of the rich empty continent is still a part of the American unconscious in spite of the Great Crowding and its attendant miseries; and this lingering belief in the heaven any man can make for himself through hard work and clean living is a key to the majority’s prevailing and apparently unalterable hatred of the poor, kept out of sight at home, out of mind abroad.Yet there has been, from the beginning, a significant division in our ruling class. The early Thomas Jefferson had a dream: a society of honest yeomen, engaged in agricultural pursuits, without large cities, heavy industry, banks, military pretensions. The early (and the late) Alexander Hamilton wanted industry, banks, cities, and a military force capable of making itself felt in world politics. It is a nice irony that so many of toda y’s laissez-faire conservatives think that they descend from Hamilton, the proponent of a strong federal government, and that so many liberals believe themselves to be the heirs of the early Jefferson, who wanted little more than a police force and a judiciary. Always practical, Jefferson knew that certain men would rise through their own good efforts while, sadly, others would fall. Government would do no more than observe this Darwinian spectacle benignly, and provide no succor.In 1800 the Hamiltonian view was rejected by the people andtheir new President Thomas Jefferson. Four years later, the Hamiltonian view had prevailed and was endorsed by the reelected Jefferson. Between 1800 and 1805 Jefferson had seen to it that an empire in posse had become an empire in esse. The difference between Jefferson I and Jefferson II is reflected in the two inaugural addresses.It is significant that nothing more elevated than greed changed the Dr. Jekyll of Jefferson I into the Mr. Hyde of Jefferson II. Like his less thoughtful countrymen, Jefferson could not resist a deal. Subverting the Constitution he had helped create, Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon, acquiring its citizens without their consents. The author of the Declaration of Independence was quite able to forget the unalienable rights of anyone whose property he thought should be joined to our empire—a word which crops up frequently and unselfconsciously in his correspondence.In the course of land-grabbing, Jefferson II managed to get himself into hot water with France, England, and Spain simultaneously, a fairly astonishing thing to do considering the state of politics in Napoleonic Europe.Comprehension Questions:26. The author believes that Americans ________________.a. still believe America to be largely unpopulatedb. largely believe in lower taxationc. are in favor of taxation without representationd. should reconsider the Louisiana purchase27. From the passage, we may assume that the senator from South Dakota _______________.a. opposed tax reformb. was Thomas Jeffersonc. failed in his attempt to reform tax lawd. was Alexander Hamilton28. Jefferson made it possible for ________________.a. a potential empire to become a real oneb. tax laws to reflect the will of the peoplec. France, England, and Spain to simultaneously vacillate upon their mutual feelings towardsthe United States.d. Darwinian social theories to be accepted without question29. Jefferson’s early political writings espoused what would today b e called _______________.a. collectivismb. libertarianismc. socialismd. liberalism30. The author holds that Jefferson’s purchase of the Louisiana territories _______________.a. may be seen as a hypocritical actb. rigorously held with his previous views of inalienable rightsc. cannot be seen as an act of empire-expansiond. was an act meant to lower taxes and improve the wealth of the nationPassage 3If, besides the accomplishments of being witty and ill-natured, a man is vicious into the bargain, he is one of the most mischievous creatures that can enter into a civil society. His satire will then chiefly fall upon those who ought to be the most exempt from it. Virtue, merit, and everything that is praiseworthy, will be made the subject of ridicule and buffoonery. It is impossible to enumerate the evils which arise from these arrowsthat fly in the dark; and I know no other excuse that is or can be made for them, than that the wounds they give are only imaginary, and produce nothing more than a secret shame or sorrow in the mind of the suffering person. It must indeed be confessed that a lampoon or a satire do not carry in them robbery or murder; but at the same time, how many are there that would not rather lose a considerable sum of money, or even life itself, than be set up as a mark of infamy and derision? And in this case a man should consider that an injury is not to be measured by the notions of him that gives, but of him that receives it. Those who can put the best countenance upon the outrages of this nature which are offered them, are not without their secret anguish. I have often observed a passage in Socrates’ behavio r at his death in a light wherein none of the critics have considered it. That excellent man entertaining his friends a little before he drank the bowl of poison, with a discourse on the immortality of the soul, at his entering upon it says that he does not believe any the most comic genius can censure him for talking upon such a subject at such at a time. This passage, I think, evidently glances upon Aristophanes, who write a comedy on purpose to ridicule the discourses of that divine philosopher. It has been observed by many writers that Socrates was so little moved at this piece of buffoonery, that he was several times present at its being acted upon the stage, and never expressed the least resentment of it. But, with submission, I think the remark I have here made shows us that this unworthy treatment made an impression uponhis mind, though he had been too wise to discover it. When Julius Caesar was lampooned by Catullus, he invited him to a supper, and treated him with such a generous civility, that hemade the poet his friend ever after. Cardinal Mazarine gave the same kind of treatment to the learned Quillet, who had reflected upon his eminence in a famous Latin poem. The cardinal sent for him, and, after some kind expostulations upon what he had written, assured him of his esteem, and dismissed him with a promise of the next good abbey that should fall, which he accordingly conferred upon him in a few months after. This had so good an effect upon the author, that he dedicated the second edition of his book to the cardinal, after having expunged the passages which had given him offence. Though in the various examples which I have here drawn together, these several great men behaved themselves very differently towards the wits of the age who had reproached them, they all of them plainly showed that they were very sensible of their reproaches, and consequently that they received them as very great injuries. For my own part, I would never trust a man that I thought was capable of giving these secret wounds; and cannot but think that he would hurt the person, whose reputation he thus assaults, in his body or in his fortune, could he do it with the same security. There is indeed something very barbarous and inhuman in the ordinary scribblers of lampoons. I have indeed heard of heedless, inconsiderate writers that, without any malice, have sacrificed the reputation of their friends and acquaintance to a certain levity of temper, and a silly ambition of distinguishing themselves by a spirit of raillery and satire; as if it were not infinitely more honourable to be a good-natured man than a wit. Where there is this little petulant humor in an author, he is often very mischievous without designing to be so.Comprehension Questions:31. According to the author, those who want to trivializesatire tend to suggest that_______________.a. the damage is immaterialb. the effect is mere buffooneryc. wit is a streak of geniusd. the mischief must be taken in a spirit of raillery32. What would be the best strategy for the object of satire to adopt, according to the author?a. To take no heed.b. To placate the author.c. To take offence.d. To suffer the consequences.33. The main purpose of this article is ________________.a. the derision of the perpetrators of satireb. a warning against mischievous scribblersc. creating understanding of the genred. reproaching fellow satirists34. When the author speaks of ―this little petulant humor‖it is evident that he means________________.a. good-natured witb. the choleric temperc. a silly ambitiond. submission35. In view of the opinion of the author, it is unlikely that the author is a ________________.a. man of lettersb. satiristc. witd. a good-natured man Passage 4Alexander the Great’s conquests in the Eastern Mediterranean initiated a series of profound cultural transformations in the ancient centers of urban civilization of the Fertile Crescent. The final destruction of native rule and the imposition of an alien elite culture instigated a cultural discourse—Hellenism—which irrevocably marked all participants, both conquerors and conquered. This discourse was particularly characterized by a transformation of indigenous cultural traditions, necessitated by their need to negotiate their place in a new social order. As Bowerstock has argued, the process of Hellenization did not accomplish the wholesale replacement of indigenous cultural traditions with Greek civilization. Instead, it provided a new cultural vocabulary through which much pre-existing cultural tradition was often able to find new expression. This phenomenon is especially intriguing as it relates to language and literacy. The ancient civilizations of the Syro-Mesopotamian and Egyptian cultural spheres were, of course, literate, possessing indigenous literary traditions already of great antiquity at the time of the Macedonian conquests. The disenfranchisement of traditional elites by the imposition of Greek rule had the related effect of displacing many of the traditional social structures where in indigenous literacy functioned and was taught—in particular, the institutions of the palace and the temple. A new language of power, Greek, replaced the traditional language of these institutions. This had the unavoidable effect of displacing the traditional writing systems associated with these indigenous languages. Traditional literacy’s longstanding association with the centers of social and political authority began to be eroded.Naturally, the eclipse of traditional, indigenous literacy did not occur overnight. The decline of Cuneiform and Hieroglyphicliteracies was a lengthy process. Nor was the nature of their respective declines identical. Akkadian, the ancient language of Mesopotamian court and temple culture, vanished forever, along with cuneiform writing, in the first century CE. Egyptian lived on beyond the disappearance of hieroglyphic in the fourth century CE in the guise of Coptic, to succumb as a living, spoken language of daily social intercourse only after the Islamic conquest of Egypt. Even then, Coptic survives to this day as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. This latter point draws attention to an aspect of the decline of these indigenous literacies worthy of note: it is in the sphere of religion that these literacies are often preserved longest, after they have been superseded in palace circles—the last dated cuneiform text we have is an astrological text; the last dated hieroglyphic text a votive graffito. This should cause little surprise. The sphere of religion is generally one of the most conservative of cultural subsystems. The local need to negotiate the necessities of daily life and individual and collective identity embodied in traditional religious structures is slow to change and exists in ongoing dialogue with the more readily changeable royal and/or state ideologies that bind various locales together in an institutional framework.The process of ―Hellenization‖ of the an cient cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean provides us, then, with an opportunity to observe the on-going effect on traditional, indigenous literacy of the imposition of a new status language possessed of its own distinct writing system. The cultural politics of written and spoken language-use in such contexts has been much discussed and it is clear that the processes leading to the adoption of a new language—in written form, or spoken form, or both—in some cultural spheres and the retention of traditional languages inothers are complex. Factors including the imposition of a new language from above, adoption of a new language of social prestige from below, as well as preservation of older idioms of traditional statusin core cultural institutions, must have affected different sectors of a conquered society in different fashions and at different rates.Comprehension Questions:36. The languages that have to some extent managed to survive Hellenization did so in what area?a. In palace circles.b. In governmental institutions.c. In the religious sphere.d. In philological circles.37. Which aspect of society, according to the passage, is one of the most resistant to change?a. Monarchical institutions.b. Religious institutions.c. Linguistic norms.d. State ideologies.38. In the first paragraph, you saw the underlined word disenfranchisement. Choose, among thefollowing expressions, the closest in similar meaning.a. the removal of power, right and/or privilegeb. a strong sense of disappointmentc. the prohibition of the right to conduct businessd. the loss of social position39. Who was the leader of the Macedonian Conquest?a. King Philip of Macedon.b. Pericles of Athens.。

Passage9电脑中的伦理问题At PARC,we have lived with ubiquitous computing for almost ten years.Early on we confronted the question of how to do this work most ethically.We concluded that it is vitally important for everyone,scientists and consumers alike,to remain alert to the ethical issues we may face as the world becomes filled with embedded, invisible computers.Computer chips have been inserted into everyday objects since the earliest days of the microprocessor.Today,an average home might have40chips in various devices,from remote controls to alarm clocks to wristwatches.This fact has raised few new ethical issues.But as computers become more and more ubiquitous,and less visually obvious,three questions arise.Firstly,will these chips’thinking for us make us forget how to think for ourselves?Secondly,will an“information underclass”without access to these devices be created?And thirdly,will these chips invade our privacy?The goal of ubiquitous computing is to make technology invisible and,by embedding computers into everyday things,make the things themselves smarter. But will this lead to dumber people with less control over their technology? Automobiles,for example,use embedded computers for a host of functions that improve their performance and reliability.But fewer people now know enough about their car to be their own mechanic.Should this loss of a once common skill concern us?I think not.Ever since the first pre-human shaped a stone into an axe,we have been improving our technology.The invention of the axe did represent a loss of control,because some people were better at making axes than others.But the axe also made life easier,so we had more time to develop other skills,like agriculture,art and writing.As another step along this continuum of invention, ubiquitous computing won’t make people dumber;it will give them time to get smart about other things.I believe,however,that everyone should be given an equal opportunity to get smart about other things.In this regard,there is legitimate concern that the new ubiquitous computers won’t be equally available to everyone,thus driving a wedge between high-tech“haves”and“have-nots”.But it is important to realize that the prime mover behind the latest technology is not the technology itself,but an agreement—the Internet.Agreeing on low computers should talk to one another on the internet has tremendous advantages for exchanging information,decreasing the cost of technology and creating new market opportunities.If all chips are able to relate to each other,then information can be shared cheaply.This means that Internet access may eventually cost only a dollar or two.If the trend towards ever cheaper,more widespread access to information continues,there will be no information underclass.Ubiquitous computing will make our lives more convenient,but it will also allow computers to know everything about us:private actions,such as reading the newspaper,may be shared with other computers—and their owners—all over theworld.When computers know so much,who will they tell?If a computer runs your toaster,for example,it knows when you make toast, and how many slices.By correlating toast-making activity with the license plate numbers of cars parked in front of your house,a computer could determine if a guest had spent the night.But if you were a married politician,and even if you were not,you might want to keep this information secret.Democracy is based on the principle that if people have enough information, wise decisions will be made.In an age in which embedded computers will provide us with ever more information,it is vital that the ethical implications of this new technology be openly debated.With a little vigilance and planning,we can reap the benefits of this new technology without compromising our intelligence,our opportunities or our freedom.1.It can be inferred that“PARC”is a place where______.puters are manufacturedB.scientists and consumers live togetherC.there are computers embedded all aroundD.ethical issues are taught in class2.All of the following are mentioned by the author as having chips inside EXCEPT ______.A.remote controlsB.alarm clocksC.watchesD.microwave ovens3.The expression“information underclass”in paragraph2is closest in meaning to______.rmation that is below parrmation under studyC.people that provide informationD people that do not get as much information as others4.While discussing whether information will be widely available in the long run,the author centers his analysis on matters of______.A.costB.human natureC.intellectual property rightsD.mass media5.The author’s attitude toward ubiquitous computing can best be described as ______.A.cautious optimismB.unreserved approvalC.grave skepticismD.adamant opposition【答案与解析】1.C首句就指出了“PARC”全面电脑化已近十年了（lived with ubiquitous computingfor almost ten years），可见C为正确答案。