《考博英语阅读理解150篇详解》(医学保健类 肺癌)【圣才出品】

Passage6想象中的生命When imaginative men turn their eyes towards space and wonder whether life exists in any part of it,they may cheer themselves by remembering that life need not resemble closely the life that exists on Earth.Mars looks like the only planet where life like ours could exist,and even this is doubtful.But there may be other kinds of life based on other chemistry,and they may multiply on Venus or Jupiter. At least we cannot prove at present that they do not.Even more interesting is the possibility that life on their planets may be in a more advanced stage of evolution.Present-day man is in a peculiar and probably temporary stage.His individual units retain a strong sense of personality.They are, in fact,still capable under favorable circumstances of leading individual lives.But man’s societies are already sufficiently developed to have enormously more power and effectiveness than the individuals have.It is not likely that this transitional situation will continue very long on the evolutionary time.Fifty thousand years from now man’s societies may have become so close-knit that the individuals retain no sense of separate personality. Then little distinction will remain between the organic parts of the multiple organisms and the inorganic parts（machines）that have been constructed by them.A million years further man and his machines may have merged as closely as the muscles of the human body and the nerve cells that set them in motion.The explorers of space should be prepared for such situation.If they arrive at aforeign planet that has reached an advanced stage（and this is by no means impossible）,they may find it being inhabited by a single large organism composed of many closely cooperating units.The units may be“secondary”—machines created millions of years ago by a previous form of life and given the will and ability to survive and reproduce.They may be built entirely of metals and other durable materials.If this is the case,they may be much more tolerant of their environment,multiplying under conditions that would destroy immediately any organism made of carbon compounds and dependent on the familiar carbon cycle.Such creatures might be relics of a past age,millions of years ago,when their planet was favorable to the origin of life,or they might be immigrants from a favored planet.1.What does the word“cheer”（Para1）imply?A.Imaginative men are sure of success in finding life on other planets.B.Imaginative men are delighted to find life on other planets.C.Imaginative men are happy to find a different kind of life existing on other planets.D.Imaginative men can be pleased with the idea that there might exist different forms of life on other planets.2.Humans on Earth today are characterized by______.A.their existence as free and separate beingsB.their capability of living under favorable conditionsC.their great power and effectivenessD.their strong desire for living in a close-knit society3.According to this passage,some people believe that eventually______.A.human societies will be much more cooperative.B.man will live in a highly organized world.C.machines will take control over man.D.living beings will disappear from Earth.4.Even most imaginative people have to admit that______.A.there is no possibility of the existence of other organisms in our Solar system.B.machines may outlive organisms.C.living beings will disappear from Earth.D.human beings are less developed form of life compared with that of other planets.5.It seems that the writer______.A.is interested in the imaginary life formsB.is eager to find a different from of lifeC.is certain of the existence of a new life formD.is critical on the imaginative people【答案与解析】1.D文章第一段“cheer…that life need not resemble closely…”，可知他们高兴（cheer）的原因是外星球生命可以有不同的形式（different forms of life）。

Passage15远程学习Anytime,anyplace.Why the huge upsurge of interest in remote learning?The Internet revolution is part of the answer The Web now provides a formerly missing ingredient in distance education—quick and easy communication between students and instructors,and among classmates.In addition,demand for distance courses has burgeoned thanks to the evolution of the information based economy.“To stay employable,workers need to keep on learning,”says Kay Kohl,executive director of the University Continuing Education Association,an organization of more than400schools.This trend has given rise to an older pool of graduate students:Today,more than half are over age30,and nearly one quarter are over41. Distance education often is a great fit to these working adults,many of whom find it difficult to skip a child’s ballet lesson or fight rush-hour traffic to get to a university campus for class.“I had always wanted a master’s degree.But it’s hard to suspend a career and a family for it,especially when the closest school of public health is four hours away,”says Jerry Parks,assistant health director for A1bemarle Regional Health Services in eastern North Carolina.As it turns out,he didn’t have to move or commute to get his degree.After three years of coursework via teleconferencing and the Internet,Parks is finishing up a master’s from the School of Public Health at the University of North Carolina.As more people turn to distance education,a debate has flared over whether itcan be a good substitute for face-to-face instruction.Thomas Russell,author of a 1999report titled The No Significant Difference Phenomenon,which reviews more than350studies of distance learning programs,argues that the two modes of instruction are equivalent as far as student learning is concerned.R.Behrend,for one,believes that distance education is the superior choice.Behrend,45,obtained a doctoral degree in clinical psychology last spring from Walden University,a respected virtual institution.She says the discussions between student and professor,and among peers,were more rigorous than those she experienced in the two on-campus master’s programs she previously attended.“We needed to cite references for everything we said in E-mail postings,”explains Behrend.“It wasn’t like the usual chatting in the classroom”.But critics say that many of the studies cited in Russell’s book are poorly designed,and they vehemently（strongly）disagree with his point of view.“I don’t think you can get any education over the Internet,”says Dale Noble,a historian of technology at York University in Toronto.“Education requires a relationship between people because it’s a process of identity formation,validation, encouragement,emulation,and inspiration.This only happens face to face.”Even advocates acknowledge that distance education isn’t for everyone—that it takes independence,self-discipline,and a lot of motivation to succeed.Further, the quality of distance-degree programs is uneven.“A majority of universities have entered the distance-learning market rapidly and are not well prepared.”Thus, it’s important to consider an array of factors before choosing a school:accreditation,program history,cost,academic field,residency,and technology.1.When did distance education begin?A.Unknown.B.After the Internet existed.C.After the Internet came into being.D.When universities started.2.The huge upsurge of interest in remote learning is caused by the following factors except for______.A.Internet revolutionB.the evolution of information economyC.the increasing populationD.the demand for distance courses3.What is meant by“suspend”（Line1,Para.2）?A.Stop.B.Hang up.C.Suspect.D.Leave.4.Which statement disagrees with what Ms.Behrend says?A.The remote education is the best choice.B.The discussion in distance education is not as strict as on the campus.C.The discussion in distance education is not like that in the classroom.D.She got a doctoral,degree from distance education.5.What is the best title?A.Continuing Educationrmation-based EconomyC.Remote LearningD.An Interesting Debate【答案与解析】1.A文中没有提供具体时间。

Passage5保证金率The increase in the margin rate from50%to70%was not an attempt to stem any rampant speculation on the part of the public—actually the market seemed technically quite strong,with public participation essentially dignified—but rather an attempt by the Federal Reserve Board to preserve the sound underpinnings that existed in the market.Naturally,such a move had a momentarily chilling effect upon prices but if the FRB had been preoccupied with undue speculation,the increase might have been to the80%or even90%level.Such an increase in the margin rate is a confirmation of a strong stock market and since1991,such increases have resulted in interim market highs over twelve months later.Obviously, there could be no guarantee that this would once again be the case,but if history is any guideline—and if business and corporate earnings were to continue on the same course,continued optimism over the outlook for the stock market would seem more prudent than pessimism.The margin increase underscored the good rise that stocks had enjoyed for the previous year—and the fact that a50%rate was maintained as long as it was pointed up the fact that the rise was mainly conservative in that it was concentrated in the bluechips for the most part.In past Investment Letters we have voiced the thought that specialty stocks could outperform the general market from this point. We continue to believe that this could be the case.For example,steel stocks tend to sell at certain fixed price earnings ratios.Below a certain ratio they are consideredgood value—above a certain ratio,overpriced.If a company produces a unique product it is far more difficult for market analysis to place a numerical ratio upon the company’s earnings.We have also contended in the past Letters that the stock market reflects mass psychology as well as the business outlook.When investors—both the public and the institutions—are nervous and pessimistic they definitely hesitate to buy stocks:they seek low price/earnings/multiples and high yields.These same investors—when they are in an optimistic frame of mind—become far less preoccupied with yields and more willing to pay a premium for accelerated growth.If the public’s attitude towards the auto industry is any measure,then this period seems to have been one of optimism.1.The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is______.A.A Time to Sell StocksB.A Strong Stock MarketC.Raising the Margin RateD.Price/Earnings Ratio in Steel2.What do investors do when they are pessimistic?A.They look to the FRB for help.B.They buy steel.C.They buy automobile stocks.D.They look for high yields.3.Why does the writer believe that specialty stocks could outperform the general market?A.Because analysts had difficulty in deciding upon a fixed price/earnings ratio.B.Because the activity had been limited to bluechips.C.Because the rise was conservative.D.Because of the FRB action4.When investors are optimistic,what do they do?A.They look for accelerated growth.B.They buy specialty stocks.C.They look for high yields.D.They are more prudent.5.The investors are willing to buy stocks when they are______.A.rampantB.pessimisticC.nervousD.optimistic【答案与解析】1.B从首段可推出此主题。

Passage8社会趣闻That title always had grandeur to it.“Miss America.”Ah,the simple,arrogant brilliance.It suggests a prom queen who wants to become the Statue of Liberty. Now she’s75and darned if she isn’t fresh as a Hard Copy headline.When the Atlantic City pageant airs this Saturday in the U.S.on the NBC network,some ambitious young woman—one of the50000who try out each year—will realize the gossamer dream that last year enveloped Heatber Whitestone, the first deaf Miss America.But in the months leading to that night,the pageant has been slapped with unseemly controversy.A Miss Maryland runner-up charges that she was denied her state title because of vote rigging.Other state runners-up are vexed because a woman who had lost the Miss New Jersey competition four times decamped to Delaware and won the title there.And throughout America the anguished debate roils on.Should the swimsuit competition be dropped?Scandal is the coin of contemporary celebrity;it keeps the public interested. Funny how people have really cared about the pageant’s politics:in1945the naming of the first Jewish MissAmerica,Bass Myers on;in1979the dumping of Bert Parks,the show’s emcee for 25years;in1984the dethroning of Vanessa Williams,the first winner of color,after sexually provocative photos surfaced.Race,creed,age,all have clouded the show. But like the winner at the moment of coronation—brandishing a mile—wide smile as she sobs on the edge of both the runway and hysteria—the pageant proves thatpretty can be messy.It serves as a kitsch microcosm of a conflicted country.Miss America is America.This year Americans can be a part of the pageant,and not just by guessing the winner and trashing the losers.In a plebiscite,the I-can’t-believe-its-a-beauty-pageant,pageant is letting viewers decide whether the swimsuit competition will be retained.Before every commercial during the first half of the three-hour show,two phone numbers will appear—one for yes votes, one for no.The tally will be up-dated throughout the program.Normally the swimsuit competition is the first event of the evening;this year it will be the last—unless it is eliminated which it won’t be.Straw polls indicate wide support, and42of the50contestants are for it.Says Emily Orson,Miss Oregon,“The media can make you feel a lot more naked than a swimsuit.So if you can’t be comfortable competing in this,you won’t feel comfortable being Miss America.”No question that the contestants must parade as objects—not sex objects, exactly,since the bathing gear they are made to wear is about as revealing as a cassock,but surely as objects—for ogling,for censure,for pity.Lee Merewether, Miss America1955,recalls her agony in a one piece,“I was dying a thousand deaths.I’ve never had people stare at me like that,and with binoculars!“I’ll be thrilled if they can get rid of it”,says this year’s Miss Montana,Amanda Granule,“We shouldn’t have women in a veiled strip show.”Even Leonard Horn,who runs the Miss America Organization,says,“I personally cannot rationalize it.”Eager to italicize the scholarship program that gives more than$24million a year to contestants,Horn sees the swimsuit segment as a tacky relic of Miss America’s childhood.1.The Miss Maryland runner-up was denied her state title because______A.she didn’t get enough votes.B.somebody was manipulating behind the scene.C.she was charged of some criminal deeds.D.people held a controversial point of view of her.2.The first sentence of Para.3indicates the public______A.is casual about the pageant.B.shows great concern over the outstanding people.C.has nothing to do but gossip.D.is interested in scandals that produce famous persons.3.According to Para.3______A.the pageant is also a political maneuver.B.the pageant is closely connected with race.weight&age.C.pretty is not a blessing.D.the contest for Miss America can reflect the conflicts existing in American society.4.In the view of Miss Oregon,A.the swimsuit competition is much more hideous than the media.B.we have reasons to retain this competition.C.the media is sometimes less annoying than the swimsuit competition.D.the media can reveal more of oneself than the swimsuit does.5.It can be inferred from the text that the competition______A.will be banned.B.will be held every five years.C.will continue to exist.D.becomes popular.【答案与解析】1.B在第二段第三句“一位马里兰州的美国小姐参赛者指责说就是因为选票作弊，而否定她获州小姐称号。

Passage4药物管理Under existing law,a new drug may be labeled,promoted,and advertised only for those conditions in which safety and effectiveness have been demonstrated and of which the Food and Drug Administration(FDA)has approved,or so-called “approved uses”.Other uses have come to be called“unapproved uses”and cannot be legally promoted,in a real sense,the term“unapproved”is a misnomer because it includes in one phrase two categories of marketed drugs that are very different:drugs which are potentially harmful and will never be approved, and already approved drugs that have“unapproved”uses.It is common for new uses for drugs already on the market.Also,there are numerous examples of medical progress resulting from the serendipitous observations and therapeutic innovations of physicians,both important methods of discovery in the field of therapeutics.Before such advances can result in new indications for inclusion in drug labeling,however,the available data must meet the legal standard of substantial evidence derived from adequate and well-controlled clinical trials.Such evidence may require time to develop,and,without initiative on the part of the drug firm,it may not occur at all for certain uses.However,because medical literature on new uses exists and these uses are medically beneficial,physicians often use these drugs for such purposes before FDA reviews or changes in labeling. This is referred to as“unlabeled uses”of drugs.A different problem arises when a particular use for a drug has been examinedscientifically and has been found to be ineffective or unsafe,and yet physicians who either are uninformed or who refuse to accept the available scientific evidence continue to use the drug in this way.Such use may have been reviewed by the FDA and rejected,or,in some cases,the use may actually be warned against in the labeling.This subset of uses may be properly termed“disapproved uses”.1.The author is mainly concerned with______.A.refuting a theoryB.drawing a distinctionC.describing a new developmentD.condemning an error2.Which of the following pairs of terms would the author regard as most nearly opposite?A.approved use and unapproved useB.approved use and disapproved useC.approved use and labeled useD.disapproved use and unapproved use3.The author regards the practice of drugs for medically valid purposes before FDA approval as______.A.a necessary compromiseB.a dangerous policyC.a short-term phenomenonD.an illegal activity4.How can a new medicine achieve an“approved use”according to the text?A.It has to meet the legal standard of substantial evidence derived from adequate and well controlled clinical trials.B.It has to show safety and effectiveness which have been approved of by the FDA.C.It has to be safe and effective before it is labeled,promoted and advertised by the FDA.D.It has to be innovative and therapeutically effective.【答案与解析】1.B句意为：作者主要关心的是什么。

Passage4战胜挫折The film is not without its drawbacks.Disappointment,failure,self-doubt, regrets over opportunities,missed or misused.These are always the lot of the person in motion,which is why we must never forget the natural human bond that holds us all together and puts each grief into a common store of experience.For those in motion,these grieves are the inevitable consequence of ambition, particularly in a competitive society such as ours.Many of us today are rather ambivalent about the virtues of a competitive society,particularly one that celebrates material success and celebrity status.In view of these questionable virtues,we have tried to substitute security and reassurance for the loss of self-esteem that comes from not getting an A,not getting a promotion,not getting a Mercedes or a Porsche,not getting an appearance on the Johnny Carson show.As a result I am tempted to assuage your disappointment by changing your grade,thereby brightening your life at least temporarily.Such a change,I’m afraid,might do far more harm than good in the long run. In my experience,unmerited approval carries with it the risk of seriously distorting a young person’s perception of reality:seeing the world as a far more benign place than it actually is,and seeing the self as more able,more competent,than is truly the case.This kind of distortion can be very crippling for the person in motion, giving a false picture of accomplishment that makes the inevitable jolts later onbruising and injurious.I know your B comes as a jolt.Not enough to make you break your stride,I hope.I also hope our perceptions of the course mesh well enough so that the grade seems fair to you.Most of all,I hope that what I’ve said helps you to understand the limitations of any grade as a measure of who you are and what you can do.It’s a symbol,a mark on a piece of paper.Nothing more.Years ago,our high school principal wrote,as was customary then,a short message to the graduating class for the school yearbook.She was a formidable woman:white-haired,gimlet-eyed,quiet and precise in her manner.Her message to us was:I believe the class of1994will go forward,and as they go forward, achieve.Not a bad message,I’ve always felt.Hopeful,encouraging;but qualified just enough to let us know we shouldn’t take ourselves too seriously(the“I believe”is certainly less fulsome than“I am sure”).A good way of wishing us all luck in the years to come.May you have your fair share of it as you move along.And may you find strength somewhere to endure whatever disappointments come your way symbolic and actual.1.“The natural human bond”in(Para.1)refers to______.A.drawbacksB.lotC.grievesD.ambition2.According to the author,which of the following is not the virtues of the current society?A.Material success.B.Celebrity status.C.Security and reassurance.D.Academic success.3.According to the author,changing a student’s grade from B to A ultimately ______.A.brighten his lifeB.assuages his disappointmentC.attains academic successD.distorts his outlook4.The high school principle’s message to the1994graduating class is______.A.like the principle herself,formidableplimentaryC.appropriate and encouragingD.symbolic5.The word“ambivalent”(Para.2)is closest in meaning to______.A.ambitiousB.at a lossC.criticalD.mad【答案与解析】1.C根据第一段前文中的“disappointment”、“failure”等词及后文出现的“grief”可以判断选项C正确。

Passage19动物调节体温不同方式Cells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature,and much narrower limits mark the boundaries of effective functioning.Enzyme systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around37ºC;a departure of a few degrees from this value seriously impairs their functioning.Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations,the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired.Other animals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily temperature.For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they regulate body temperatures.Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate and meaningful over time,but popular terminology still reflects the old division into“warm-blooded’and “cold-blooded”species;warm-blooded included mammals and birds,whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded.As more species were studied,it became evident that this classification was inadequate.A fence lizard or a desert iguana—each cold-blooded—usually has a body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold.Therefore the next distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body temperature,called homotherms, and those whose body temperature varies with their environment,called poikilotherms.But this classification also proved inadequate,because among mammals there are many that vary their body temperatures during hibernation.Furthermore,many invertebrates that live in the depths of the ocean never experience a change in the chill of the deep water,and their body temperatures remain constant.The current distinction is between animals whose body temperature is regulated chiefly by internal metabolic processes and those whose temperature is regulated by,and who get most of their heat from,the environment.The former are called endotherms,and the latter are called ectotherms.Most ectotherms do regulate their body temperature,and they do so mainly by locomoting to favorable sites or by changing their exposure to external sources of heat.Endotherms(mainly mammals and birds)also regulate their temperature by choosing favorable environments,but primarily they regulate their temperatures by making a variety of internal adjustments.1.The passage mainly discusses______.A.body temperatures of various animalsB.the newest research on measuring temperatureC.methods of temperature reductionD.the classification of animals by temperature regulation2.Which of the following terms refers primarily to mammals and birds?A.Warm-bloodedB.EctothermicC.Cold-bloodedD.Poikilothermic3.In general,the temperature of endotherms is regulated______.A.consciouslyB.internallyC.inadequatelyD.environmentally4.According to the passage,the chief way in which ectotherms regulate their temperature is by______.A.seeking out appropriate locationsB.hibernating part of the yearC.staying in deep waterD.triggering certain metabolic processes5.According to the passage,human beings mainly regulate their body temperatures by______.A.choosing favorable environmentsB.internal metabolic processesC.eating more foodD.doing physical exercises【答案与解析】1.D问本文主要讨论了什么问题。

Passage6人类学What are we?To the biologist we are members of a sub-species called Homo sapiens,which represents a division of the species known as Homo sapiens.Every species is unique and distinct;that is part of the definition of a species.But what is particularly interesting about our species?For a start,we walk upright on our legs at all times,which is an extremely unusual way of getting around for a mammal. There are also several unusual features about our head,not least of which is the very large brain it contains.A second unusual feature is our strangely flattened face with its prominent,down-turned nose.Apes and monkeys have faces that protrude forwards as a muzzle and have“squashed”noses on top of this muzzle.There are many mysteries about evolution,and the reason for our unusually shaped nose is one of them.Another mystery is our nakedness or rather apparent nakedness. Unlike the apes,we are not covered by a coat of thick hair.Human body hair is very plentiful,but it is extremely fine and short so that,for all practical purposes,we are naked.Very partly this has something to do with the second interesting feature of our body:the skin is richly covered with millions of microscopic sweat glands.The human ability to sweat is unmatched in the primate world.So much for our appearance:what about our behavior?Our forelimbs,being freed from helping us to get about,possess a very high degree of manipulative skill. Part of this skill lies in the anatomical structure of the hands,but the crucial element is,of course,the power of the brain.No matter how suitable the limbs are fordetailed manipulation,they are useless in the absence of finely tuned instructions delivered through nerve fibers.The most obvious product of our hands and brains is technology.No other animal manipulates the world in the extensive and arbitrary way that humans do.The termites are capable of constructing intricately structured mounds which create their own“air-conditioned”environment inside.But the termites cannot choose to build a cathedral instead.Humans are unique because they have the capacity to choose what they do.1.According to the author,biologists see us as______.A.exactly the same as Homo sapiensB.not quite the same as Homo sapiensC.a divided speciesD.an interesting sub-division of Homo sapiens2.What is indicated as being particularly interesting about our species?A.The fact that we walk.B.The size of our heads.C.The shape of our faces.D.The way our noses evolved.3.The author explains that other primates______.A.do not sweatB.sweat more than human beingsC.have larger sweat glands than humansD.do not sweat as much as humans4.What is most important about our hands?A.The way they are made.B.They are very free.C.Our control over them.D.Their muscular power.5.From the passage it could be concluded that human uniqueness derives from ______.A.the kind of choices people makeB.people’s need to make a choiceC.people’s ability to make a choiceD.the many choices people make【答案与解析】1.B文章第一段指出“To the biologist we are members…as Homo sapiens”，也就是说我们只是Homo sapiens的a sub-species，和Homo sapiens并不完全一样。

Passage20滥用动物做实验The National Institutes of Health(NIH)last week suspended a portion of its funding for animal research at Columbia University in New York City after an announced site inspection by the agency turned up serious animal-care deficiencies.This is the first such suspension ordered since the agency’s new animal-welfare accreditation rules went into effect Dec.31.The suspension involves only research conducted at the university’s health sciences division—which includes the medical school—and is limited to studies using vertebrates,including dogs and sheep,above the level of rodents.Columbia hopes that its immediate steps to overcome the stated deficiencies will permit reinstatement of curtailed research funds within six weeks,according to university spokesman Mae Rudolph.Though the university did not disclose how many research studies are affected,it said that at least75percent of the animals used in health sciences research are rodents.The deficiencies,cited as reasons for the suspension in a Jan.27letter to Columbia by NIH Director James B.Wyngaarden,were no surprise to university officials.“Last year,recognizing that there were deficiencies,the health sciences division began a major,longrange program of improvements”,the university noted in a statement issued earlier this week.The unannounced site visit,Dommet says,was triggered by two things:letters to NIH officials,including its director,complaining about the care and abuse oflaboratory animals;and the university’s own report on its animal-care program—a report required(under the new NIH animal-welfare rules)of all research institutions receiving funds from the public Health Service,NIH’s parent agency.1.The best title of this passage would be______.A.New Animal-welfare RulesB.Animal-care Deficiencies at Columbia UniversityC.NIH Conducted an Unannounced Site InspectionD.NIH Limited Animal Studies at Columbia University2.According to the passage,how many research studies are affected by the suspension?A.At least75%conducted at the health sciences division.B.About25%conducted at the health sciences division.C.All that were conducted at the health sciences division.D.All except those conducted in the medical school.3.According to the new NIH animal-welfare rules,research institutions receiving funds from the public Health Service should give reports______.A.on their animal-care programsB.on required research fundsC.on NIH’s workD.on the progress of their researchers4.All the following are false EXCEPT______.A.only the university’s health sciences division knows what the suspensionwould affect.B.Columbia would begin to overcome the deficiencies in no more than6weeks.C.Columbia had no idea of the deficiencies when the suspension was announced.D.director of NIH learned of the abuse of laboratory animals before the site visit.【答案与解析】1.D句意为：本文最佳标题是什么。

Passage17恐惧症Phobia is intense and persistent fear of a specific object,situation,or activity. Because of this intense and persistent fear,the phobic person often leads a constricted life.The anxiety is typically out of proportion to the real situation,and the victim is fully aware that the fear is irrational.Phobic anxiety is distinguishable from other forms of anxiety only in that it occurs specifically in relation to a certain object or situation.This anxiety is characterized by physiological symptoms such as a rapid,pounding heartbeat, stomach disorders,nausea,diarrhea,frequent urination,choking feelings,flushing of the face,perspiration,tremulousness,and faintness.Some phobic people are able to confront their fears.More commonly,however,they avoid the situation or object that causes the fear—an avoidance that impairs the sufferer’s freedom.Psychiatrists recognize three major types of phobias.Simple phobias are fears of specific objects or situations such as animals,closed spaces,and heights.The second type,agoraphobia,is fear of open,public places and situations(such as public vehicles and crowded shopping centers)from which escape is difficult; agoraphobics tend increasingly to avoid more situations until eventually they become housebound.Social phobias,the third type,are fears of appearing stupid or shameful in social situations.The simple phobias,especially the fear of animals, may begin in childhood and persist into adulthood.Agoraphobia characteristically begins in late adolescence or early adulthood,and social phobia is also associatedwith adolescence.Although agoraphobia is more often seen in treatment than the other types of phobia,it is not believed to be as common as simple phobia.Taken together,the phobias are believed to afflict5to10persons in100.Agoraphobia and simple phobia are more commonly diagnosed in women than in men;the distribution for social phobia is not known.Agoraphobias,social phobias,and animal phobias tend to run in families.Behavioral techniques have proved successful in treating phobias,especially simple and social phobias.One technique,systematic desensitization,involves gradually confronting the phobic person situations or objects that are increasingly close to the feared ones.Exposure therapy,another behavioral method,has recently been shown more effective.In this technique,phobic are repeatedly exposed to the feared situation or object so that they can see that no harm befalls them;the fear gradually fades.Anti-anxiety drugs have also been used as palliatives. Anti-depressant drugs have also proved successful in treating some phobias.1.According to the passage,a phobic person has fear______.A.because he thinks life is terribleB.when he thinks he will lead a constricted lifeC.even if he knows that his fear is unnecessaryD.when he imagines that his safety is threatened by others2.All the following symptoms may be experienced by a phobic except______.A.sweatingB.tremblingC.paralysisD.feeling like vomiting3.When faced with the object or situation they are afraid of,most phobic______.A.try to escape from the object or situationB.try to pick up courage and face the object or situationC.go to their doctors so as to gain freedomD.know that their fears are the same with other forms of anxiety4.People suffering from agoraphobia may be afraid of______.A.staying with dogs and catsB.taking the bus in rush hoursC.standing on top of a high buildingD.staying alone at home5.Systematic desensitization and exposure therapy are similar ways of treating phobias______.A.because both involve gradual exposure of phobic to fear stimuliB.because both are behavioral methodsC.because both use anti-anxiety drugsD.because both merely bring about a temporary solution【答案与解析】1.C题干部分说患惧恐症的人感到恐惧，在下面四个选项中选出与之相关的正确内容。