先天性血管环(congenital_vascular_rings)(研究运用)
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⼤脑内的Willis(威利斯)环⼀、Willis环的发现托马斯.威利斯(Thomas Willis,1621–1675)是17世纪英国著名的神经解剖学家,写有多部医学著作,其中最著名的是1664年出版的《⼤脑解剖》,对后来⼤脑和神经科学的研究影响深远,在出版后近⼆百多年的时间中⼀直被视为权威著作。
书中描述的⼤脑解剖学结构⾮常准确,图谱堪称完美,他本⼈也因此被认为是临床神经科学的创⽴者。
他之所以选择⼤脑解剖的研究,是因为他认为通过解剖可以了解灵魂。
⼤脑解剖起,神经科学兴。
图 Willis环及前后循环解剖⽰意图图颅内动脉名称及缩写⽰意图脑内五环他将脑神经分为10对,前6对的研究成果沿⽤⾄今。
他后期发现偏头痛常常始于神经末梢的抽搐,基于这⼀点他提出⾎管学假说,即认为是⾎管舒张刺激神经造成了头痛。
但这些成就均不及他对⼤脑基底部环状⾎管结构的详细描述,就是现在所说的“⼤脑动脉环”,是以威利斯的名字命名的,称为Willis 环(The Circle of Willis),他不是第⼀次描述,但他的描述是最准确的。
威利斯在发现⼤脑动脉环后,不仅给出了准确的解剖图谱,⽽且对其功能也进⾏了深⼊讨论,故以他的名字命名也恰如其分。
⼈们现在通过Willis 环记住了威利斯,这也正是Willis环重要性的体现。
Willis环是脑内最耀眼的环,最重要的环。
⼆、Willis环,形如五环⽣活中圆形、环状的东西有很多,我们的⼤脑是圆的,现在你还知道,其实⼤脑⾥⾯有最著名的Willis环,它就像闪亮红星⼀样,散散发光,特别耀眼。
Willis环,⼜被称为⼤脑动脉环,是指供应脑组织的动脉在脑底形成的环状结构。
它是颅内最重要的侧⽀循环途径,将双侧⼤脑半球和前、后循环联系起来。
由双侧⼤脑前动脉始段、双侧颈内动脉末端、两侧⼤脑后动脉及前、后交通动脉连通⽽成。
⽣理意义Willis环可以对供应脑组织的动脉进⾏⾎液调配,防⽌脑⾎液循环的过剩或不⾜。
第15卷 第3期 医学研究生学报 V ol.15 N o.3 2002年6月 Journal of Medical P ostgraduates Jun.2002・论 著・介绍一种离体血管环的实验装置和方法刘 沙, 萧明第, 薛 松, 卢成宝(上海市第一人民医院心血管外科,上海200080)摘要: 目的:介绍一种离体血管环的实验装置和方法。
方法:通过心桥软件将血管环的等长张力和内壁周长数据绘成长度2张力曲线,据此将血管环拉伸至最适长度后进行实验。
结果:本实验装置和方法稳定、可靠、准确、灵敏。
结论:这套装置能够更准确地反映血管的特点,可用于各种血管环实验。
关键词: 血管环; 张力测量; 长度2张力曲线中图分类号: R443.8 文献标识码: A 文章编号: 100828199(2002)0320199203ΞAn apparatus and method for the experiment of vessel ring ex vivoLI U Sha,XI AO Ming2di,X UE S ong,LU Cheng2bao(Department o f Cardiovascular Surgery,Shanghai Fir st People’s Hospital,Shanghai200080,China)Abstract: Objectives:An apparatus and method for the experiment of vessel ring ex vivo was discussed. Methods:Individual length2tension curves for each vessel ring were established via coropass s oftware by relat2 ing the is ometric tension with the corresponding internal circum ferential length.The vessel ring was investigat2 ed after being set at an optional point according to its own length2tension curve. Results:The apparatus and method was stable,exact and sensitive. Conclusions:The apparatus and method reflected the properties of vessels m ore accurately and therefore was suitable for the experiment of all types of vessel rings.K ey w ords: Vessel ring; T ension measurement; Length2tension curve 我们参照国外资料[1,2]研制了一套离体血管环的实验装置,现简介如下。
胎儿主动脉弓异常的产前诊断研究进展郭珍【期刊名称】《江西医药》【年(卷),期】2018(053)009【总页数】3页(P1027-1029)【关键词】产前诊断;胎儿;先天性主动脉弓异常【作者】郭珍【作者单位】江西省妇幼保健院超声科,南昌 330000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R714.5胎儿主动脉弓异常是指主动脉弓位置、长度、大小,及其分支的异常,其发病率约1%-3%[1,2],通常与先天性心脏病、染色体缺陷以及出生后气管食管压迫有关[3,4],严重者会导致死亡。
胎儿主动脉弓发育异常分类繁多,各种分类间的预后各不相同,而且各分类之间存在有重叠。
本文将对胎儿主动脉弓异常的胚胎发育、畸形特征以及产前诊断技术进行综述。
1 胎儿主动脉弓及其分支异常的胚胎发育和分型病理学家Edwards设想了一个假设模型,该模型可以帮助理解胎儿主动脉弓的正常和异常发育。
根据该模型,大多数主动脉弓异常可以理解为主动脉弓形成过程中不正常的退化。
早期胚胎动脉系统由腹主动脉和背主动脉组成,两侧腹主动脉融合成主动脉囊,背主动脉尾融合成降主动脉。
正常的主动脉弓发育过程中,左侧主动脉弓、动脉导管持续发育,而右侧锁骨下动脉与降主动脉之间的背主动脉、动脉导管退化。
最终,右侧主动脉弓近端发育为分叉成右侧颈总动脉、锁骨下动脉的头臂动脉。
正是由于发育过程中,6对鳃动脉弓的异常退化变异,才形成各种类型的主动脉弓先天发育异常。
主动脉弓发育异常胚胎学起源复杂,分类繁多,预后各不相同,并且各分类之间还存有重叠。
2017年李胜利等[5]在Stewart分型基础上,在Ⅳ组主动脉弓畸形中新增补了12个类型,总结分析主动脉弓异常的类型多达30多种,了解这些胚胎学发育概念和分类,对于理解先天性主动脉弓异常的发育有较大帮助[6]。
2 胎儿主动脉弓异常的畸形特点单纯主动脉弓缩窄胎儿在出生术后,健康状态良好。
而胎儿主动脉弓缩窄、右位主动脉弓常累计全身各器官,合并各种心外畸形。
血管环先天性血管环畸形胎儿发育早期由成对的主动脉组成的血管环未能正常地向单一主动脉过渡,其右背侧主动脉退化吸收不全或主动脉弓其他各段发育异常,使小儿主动脉弓依然保留完全或不完全的环形结构,而行走在血管环内的食管和气管受到不同程度的压迫,这种主动脉弓各段组合方式的异常称为血管环畸形。
血管环畸形的发生率在东方国家较低,畸形血管包绕食管和器官,对它们产生压迫,引起临床症状,从而需要外科处理,以缓解症状。
一、病理解剖及病理生理胎儿主动脉弓的发育是由环形主动脉弓向单一主动脉弓的发育过程。
胎儿血管环最初是由连接与主动脉囊和背侧主动脉弓之间的六对主动脉弓所形成,以后1、2、5对主动脉弓相继吸收,第3、4对主动脉弓之间的背侧主动脉中断,最后只剩下第4对和第6 对主动脉弓构成血管环。
此时主动脉囊分隔为升主动脉和肺动脉干,升主动脉和第4对主动脉弓相连,肺动脉干和第6对主动脉弓相连。
以后随着血管环的缩短变形,背侧主动脉的第1、2节间动脉段完全吸收,3—7节间动脉平面缩短,只有两例相当于第8节间的背侧主动脉才构成血管环侧缘。
正常情况下右第6弓远端和右背主动脉第8节间段吸收消失,血管环的右缘断裂、吸收,形成左侧单一的主动脉弓。
因此血管环畸形不外是由于右侧第8节间段背侧主动脉吸收不全或左侧动脉弓的异常吸收所致。
最常发生畸形的部位是在两侧第4弓和第8节间段的背主动脉的背主动脉。
血管环畸形的分类方法颇多,其中常见的有以下几种。
(一)双主动脉弓双主动脉弓是血管环的最常见类型,是因胚胎发育时左、右第4主动脉弓同时存在,其二个主动脉弓均发自升主动脉,从气管、食管两侧绕过背部汇入降主动脉,形成一个真正的环。
通常右弓(背部)发出右颈总和右锁骨下动脉,而较小的左弓(前部)发出左颈总和左锁骨下动脉。
约73%的病人以右弓为主,仅20%的病人以左弓为主,还有2%的病人左、右大小相仿。
(二)右主动脉弓并有左侧动脉韧带胚胎发育时如果左第4弓退化可产生右位主动脉弓,根据左弓退化中断的部位和左颈总功脉、左锁骨下动脉和动脉导管分支的模式,使右主动脉弓可产生多种类型的血管环畸形。
临床医学研究与实践2021年6月第6卷第17期DOI :10.19347/ki.2096-1413.202117044作者简介:王曦曦(1980-),女,汉族,北京人,主治医师,硕士。
研究方向:超声诊断学。
*通讯作者:王丽梅,E -mail :lmwangtrhos@.Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis and image analysis of fetal congenital vascularringWANG Xixi 1,WANG Limei 2*(1.Image Department,Beijing Yayuncun Amcare Women's and Children's Hospital,Beijing 100101;2.Ultrasound Department,Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital,Capital Medical University,Beijing 100026,China)ABSTRACT:Objective To investigate the types of fetal congenital vascular ring (CVR)and the characteristics of prenatal ultrasound images.Methods A total of 17cases of CVR fetuses were found in pregnant women undergoing systematic prenatal ultrasound examination in our hospital from December 2012to June 2020.The sonographic data of the fetuses were retrospectively analyzed and the fetuses were followed up.Results Among 17cases of CVR diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound,there were 13cases of complete CVR (12cases of U-shaped CVR and 1case of O-shaped CVR);there were 4cases of partial CVR (3cases of C-shaped CVR and 1cases of pulmonary artery sling).Among the 17fetuses,6cases were complicated with other congenital heart diseases (2cases with tetralogy of Fallot,1caseswith absence of proximal leftpulmonary artery,2cases with ventricular septal defect,1cases with complete endocardial cushion defect and multiple organ malformation),and the remaining 11cases were not complicated with other malformations.Conclusion Three vessels and trachea view (3VT)and three vessels and pulmonary arterial branches view (3VP)planes are the most importantsections for diagnosing CVR in prenatal ultrasound examination.When vascular ring malformation is found,it is suggested to investigate the chromosomal abnormalities of the fetus clinically,and the fetus should be closely observed and followed up after birth.KEYWORDS:prenatal ultrasound diagnosis;congenital vascular ring;double aortic arch;pulmonary artery sling胎儿先天性血管环的产前超声诊断及图像分析王曦曦1,王丽梅2*(1.北京亚运村美中宜和妇儿医院影像科,北京,100101;2.首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院超声科,北京,100026)摘要:目的探讨胎儿先天性血管环(CVR )的类型与产前超声图像特征。
先天性血管环的外科诊断与治疗作者:李小兵王蓓妮沈立等来源:《中国医药导报》2016年第05期[摘要] 目的总结先天性血管环患儿的临床资料和外科手术治疗经验。
方法回顾性分析2011年3月~2015年10月在上海市儿童医院接受手术治疗的35例先天性血管环患儿临床资料,34例合并不同程度气管狭窄,临床表现为反复肺炎、慢性咳嗽、喘鸣、呼吸窘迫、吞咽困难和反复呕吐。
22例肺动脉吊带、6例双主动脉弓和1例右位主动脉弓伴左侧动脉导管患儿采用在非体外循环下手术治疗,6例肺动脉吊带患儿采用在体外循环下手术治疗。
所有患儿气管狭窄术中均未处理。
术后观察呼吸道症状、消化道症状、生长发育情况和气管狭窄的变化。
结果 35例患儿均顺利完成手术,术后呼吸机辅助时间为(47.80±133.19)h,监护室时间为(116.42±190.02)h,住院时间为(19.22±13.07)d;6例患儿体外循环时间为(125.16±29.99)min;3例患儿主动脉阻断时间为(70.00±13.00)min。
1例患儿术后并发气管内肉芽生成造成气道狭窄加重,脱离呼吸机困难,术后10 d行气管内支架置入手术,术后顺利脱离呼吸机。
2例患儿拔出气管插管后呼吸困难,再次气管插管呼吸机辅助,经积极处理后顺利撤离呼吸机。
1例患儿术后42 d仍不能脱离呼吸机,最终家长放弃治疗。
全组34例患儿顺利出院,1例术后放弃治疗。
术后随访1个月~4年,患儿术后呼吸道症状完全消失17例,喉喘鸣症状明显好转14例,反复呕吐消失2例。
患儿生长发育改善,气管狭窄随访中。
结论先天性血管环患儿易出现呼吸道和消化道症状,临床上出现反复肺炎、呼吸困难、喘鸣、吞咽困难和反复呕吐症状的患儿应怀疑血管环的可能,心脏超声和多排螺旋CT血管造影检查可确诊,早发现、早期手术治疗效果良好,合并心内畸形和局限性的气管狭窄并不需要同时纠治。
[关键词] 先天性;血管环;双主动脉弓;肺动脉吊带[中图分类号] R726.2 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2016)02(b)-0144-04Surgical diagnosis and treatment for congenital vascular ringLI Xiaobing WANG Beini SHEN Li XIE Yewei Z HANG Rufang▲Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Shanghai Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200062, China[Abstract] Objective To summarize the clinical experience of surgical treatment and the clinical information of children diagnosed of congenital vascular ring. Methods The clinical information of 35 patients diagnosed of congenital vascular ring treated in Children's Hospital of Shanghai from March 2011 to October 2015 were analyzed retrospectively, among whom 34 patients suffered from different degree of tracheostenosis, clinical manifestation were repeated pneumonia, chronic cough, asthma wheezing, respiratory distress, dysphagia and repeated vomiting. 22 cases ofpulmonary artery sling, 6 cases of double aortic archard and 1 case of right aortic arch with left artery catheter accepted vascular repairation without extracorporeal circulation. 6 patients of pulmonary artery sling completed vascular repairation undergoing extracorporeal circulation. The tracheostenosis weren't dealt with in the operation. Respiratory symptoms, enteron symptoms,physical development and the change of tracheostenosis were observed postoperatively. Results All 35 patients received the surgery successfully. The mean mechanical ventilation time was(47.80±133.19) h, the mean ICU observing time was (116.42±190.02) h, the mean length of stay was (19.22±13.07) d. The mean time of 6 cases of extracorporeal circulation was(125.16±29.99) min. The mean time of 3 cases of aortic clamp was (70.00±13.00) min. 1 patient suffered from endotrachealgranulation tissue formation which aggravated the tracheostenosis. The patient accepted endotracheal metallic stents placement 10 d after surgery and weaned from ventilator after the placement. 2 patients suffered from dyspnea when weaned from ventilator, they accepted intubation immediately and were able to the remove the trachea cannula successfully. 1 patient wasn't able to be weaned from ventilator 42 d after surgery and the parents gave up treatment.34 patients were discharged successfully and 1 case gave up treatment after operation. Postoperative follow-up lasted for 1 month to 4 years. In 17 cases, respiratory symptoms subsided completely. In 14 cases, asthma wheezing subsided. In 2 cases, recurrent vomitting subsided. Pediatric physical were improved and the tracheostenosis was under follow-up visit. Conclusion Patients suffered from congenital vascular ring are easily to have respiratory and enteron symptoms. Patients with manifestation of recurrent pneumonia, dyspnea, asthma wheezing, dysphagia and recurrent vomiting should be considered to be congenital vascular ring. Echocardiography and MSCTA can confirm the diagnosis. The outcome of surgery can be good if diagnosed early. Congenital vascular ring associated with intracardiac anomalies and focal limited tracheostenosis do not need to be treated simultaneously.[Key words] Congenital; Vascular ring; Double aortic arches; Pulmonary artery sling先天性血管环属于先天性主动脉弓血管畸形,尽管有些畸形并不形成一个完整的环,但都可形成血管包绕和压迫气管或食管。