改错与校对练习PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTIONPassage OneIt is very difficult imagine an educational system which transmits values1.______seriously in conflict with that of the government and the state, or which 2.______contributes nothing to training young people for their future adult work-roles. However, educational systems are often only partial successful. This is partly3.______because people have different views of what elements of culture ( norms andvalues) should be stressed on, and what skills are useful. Such disagreement has4.______a fundamental basis in social structure of modem Britain because there is often 5.______a contradiction among the two functions of socialization and training. This is 6.______because the two functions are not easily separate in practice. The norms and 7.______values transmitted to any group of children have to be somehow relating to the 8.______kinds of skills they taught. The culture of the aristocracy is not the same as 9. ______that of working-class neighborhoods in the inner cities. Similarly, training fordifferent sorts of work need to be different: to be proficient in Latin is not10.______useful to the shop assistant, just as expertise in woodwork is irrelevant to a university teacher.Passage TwoAs people live in a fast-moving world where tensions build up,die effects of long-distance miming are uplifting.Each hill is approached as a positive challenge, causing the runnerto grow strongly with each stride and leading him to tranquility and harmony. 1.______Long-distance running that helps a person to forget pressure on family 2. ______ problems as well as job related annoyances. An example comes quickly in 3. ______ mind. One day I had a really terrible fight with my landlady over some foolishincident. I screamed and yelled at her but she very nearly threw me out. A few4.______minutes later, I set for my daily run. By the end of the first mile, the argument 5. ______seemed like the bad dream. At the end of the fourth mile, I was 6. ______ full with feelings of remorse and forgiveness towards the landlady. I saw how 7.______ unreasonable I have been, I stopped at the local flower shop and bought my8.______landlady a beautiful rose. which I immediately gave her I stepped inside the 9.______house. Running has that kind of effect on most runners. It makes us feelpositive and serene. Incorporating long-distance running into a daily routinewill significantly change a runner's life. I do not know whether it comes fromfollowing a strict routine the improved physical condition of the runner. 10._____But I do know that people quickly become addicted to the sport.Passage ThreeWhat is drug? Most of people probably think there’s a perfect simple 1._____answer to this question. In fact, if one carries a quick survey on any street corner,one finds (hat, according to vast majority of people, there are two groups 2. _____ of drugs: those prescribed by doctors, and those people take for non-medicaluse. As medicine and medical profession are generally self-respectful, there 3.______aren't any objections to the use of prescribed drugs. What moat people don’trealize is (hat when prescribed drugs are usually beneficial, they can also 4.______present a serious problem. There were many people addicted by tranquillizers 5.______before doctors began to prescribe them: now there being literally millions who 6.______depend on (hem. An acceptance of the use of drugs for non-medical reasons islargely a matter of a culture. Some Eastern people think the use of alcohol with7.______horror, mainly as a result of religious upbringing. However, these similar 8. ______ people freely use marijuana without a second thought, and this, in turn, isn’taccepted in Western culture which accepts alcohol. In most Western societies, the 9.______tea- or coffee-break' s now a part of the life, And huge quantities of these drinks10. _______are consumed daily.Passage FourIn a competitive and fast-paced modem society, busy businessexecutives are so engrossing in (heir work that they hardly know what 1.______the word 'leisure" means. The higher an executive’s position is on thebusiness ladder, the more hours he spends on his work. With a view togaining greater corporate standing or a big pay rise, he, as a rule, far 2. _____exceeds over the 40-hour working week. 3. _____ The additional stress and tension as well as the shortage of suitable 4._____rest and recreation very often have a disastrous effect on his health. Fewsuch executives realize that unless they learn how to relax, they will soonrun of steam before they get to the top of the executive ladder. A noted 5.______American authority on leisure has said that “The key to relaxation to busy 6.______executives is to avoid the types of activities that are part and parcel oftheir daily work and to devote themselves totally to have recreational 7.______pursuits for at least a part of each day, even it is only for half an hour. 8. _____Those jobs require a great deal of contact with others can engage in activities 9. ____that are quiet and peaceful ― far from the madding crowd, far from client 10. _____ and business associates.”Passage FiveAir quality in Britain has improved considerably in the last 30 years.Total emissions of smoke in the air have risen by over 85 per cent since 1._____1950. The domestic smoking control program has been particularly 2. _____ important in achieving this result. London and other major cities nolonger have the dense smoke-laden “smogs” of the 1950s but in central 3.______London winter sunshine has increased by about 70 per cent since 1958.Since 1990, everyday air pollution data from the British Monitoringnetwork has made available to the public by the Department of theEnvironment’s Air Quantity Bulletins. These concentrated three main 4. ______ pollutants-ozone, nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide — end gradeair quality on a scale between “very weak” and “very good”. The 5.______information features in television and radio weather reports appears 6.______in many national and Local newspapers. Therefore, 7. ______the data are also available on the special free telephone number and on 8. ______ video text Systems. A comprehensive review of the issue of urbanized air 9. ______ quality was announced in January 1992, Three independent committees ofexperts have been established to advise on different aspects of the problem,and will set guidelines and targets for air quality. The network will also being10. ______extended and upgraded at a cost of million.Passage sixThe amazing success of humans as a species is the resultof the evolutionary development of our brains which hastened totool-using, tool-making, the ability to solve problems by logicalreasoning, thoughtful cooperation, and language. One of the moststriking ways in that chimpanzees biologically resemble humans 1. _____ lies in the structure of their trains. The chimpanzee, with thecapacity for primitive reasoning, exhibits a type of intelligence like2. _____that of humans than does any, other mammal living today. The brainof the modem chimpanzee is probably not too dissimilar to the brainthat so many millions of years ago direct the behavior of the first ape3. _____man.In a long time, the fact that prehistoric people made tools was 4._____considered to be one of the major criterion distinguishing them from 5._____other creatures. It is true that the chimpanzee does not fashion tools to“a regular and set pattern” but then, prehistoric people, after their6. _____development of stone tools.Undoubtedly poked around with sticks and straws, at whichstage it seems unlikely that they made tools to a set pattern too. 7._____It is because the close association in most people’s minds of 8._____tools with humans that special attention has always been focused uponany animal able to use an objective as a tool; but it is important to realize9. _____that this ability, on its own, does not necessarily indicate any special intelligence in the creature concerning. 10._____Passage sevenDuring the traditional wedding ceremony, the bridal couplepromises each other lifelong devotion. Yet, about one out of four 1. _____ American marriages ends in divorce. Since 1940, the divorce ratehas more than doubled, and experts predict that, of all marriagesthat occured in the 1970s, about 50% will end in divorce, The USA 2. _____ is one of the highest divorce rates in the world, perhaps even the highest.3. _____What goes wrong? That fact that divorce is so common in theUnited States does not mean that Americans consider marriage a casual, unimportant relationship. Just opposite is true. Americans expect a 4._____great deal from marriage. They seek physical, emotional, andintellectual compatibility. They want to be loved deep and understood. 5.______It is because Americans expect so much from marriage that so manyget divorce. They prefer no marriage at all to a marriage without love 6. ______and understanding. With typical American optimist, they end one 7.______marriage in the hope of that the next will be happier. With no-fault 8. ______divorce laws in many states, It is easier than never to get a divorce.9. ______Some American Women stay in unhappy marriages because they donot have the education or job experience to support themselves andtheir children. But most American women believe that, if necessary,they can make it lonely without a husband. All things considered, 10. _____Americans have little reason to continue an unhappy marriage.Passage eightThe world is in a self-destruction mode. By this statementI mean that the people of the world are bent on making this planet inhabitable in three distinct ways. Furthermore, these three ways 1.______are all interrelated and related directly to industrialization.The first of three is through pollution to the air, the water, 2. ______or the soil. Industrialization has meant toxic fumes in the atmo- 3. ______sphere and poisonous substances in the water and in the soil.Industry has also been responsible to noise and visual pollution:the roar of machinery and the ugliness of factories and cheap housing developments ... these factors take the joy outside of natural4. ______surroundings for human beings.However, the balance of nature has been upset. To feed the 5.______hungry factories, huge forests have been leveled, mountains havestripped of their protection ... The results are farther-reaching 6. ______as we can know. 7. ______ The third and the most acute of the problem is the psycho- 8.logical effect on people of increased competition and hard economictimes. The reasons that people give for political unrest might be reasonsof belief or religion, but I believe that it is the desire of people to improve their standard of life that ultimately causes was. Because of the 9.______industrialization, much of the beauty and the simplicity of life is away. 10._____Passage nineThe ordinary family in colonial North America was primarilyconcerned with sheer physical survival and beyond that, its owneconomic prosperity. Thus, Children were valued in the terms of 1.______their productivity, and they assumed the role of producer quite early.Until they fulfilled this role, his position in the structure of the family2. ______was one of subordination, and their psychological needs andcapacities received much consideration. 3. ______ As the society became more complex, the status of childrenin the family and in the society become, each member must fulfill the 4.______number of personal and occupational role and be in constant contact 5.______with a great many other members. Consequently, viewing childrenpotentially acceptable and necessarily multifaceted members of society 6.______means that they are regarded more as people in their own right so as 7.______utilitarian organisms. This acceptance of children as equal participantsin the contemporary family is reflected in the variety of statutesprotecting the rights of children and in the social and public welfare programs devoted exclusively in their well-being. 8.______This new view of children and the increasing contact betweenthe members of society has also resulted in a surge of interest inchild-rearing technique. People today spend a considerable portion oftheir time discussing the proper way to bring about children, It is now 9.possible to influence the details of the socialization of another person'schild in spreading the gospel of current and fashionable theories and10. _____methods of child rearing.Passage tenAdvertising is a form of mass selling, and it is employed whenthe use of direct, person-to-person selling is practical, impossible, or1.simply inefficient. It is to be distinguished from other activities andits aim intended to persuade the public. Advertising techniques ranges 2. complexly from the publishing of simple, straightforward noticesin the classified-advertising columns of newspapers to the concerted use 3. newspapers, magazines, television, radio, direct mail, and othercommunications media in the course of a single advertising campaign.From its simple beginnings in ancient times, advertising have turned 4. into a worldwide industry. In the U.S. alone in the late 1980s,approximately $120 billion was spent in a single year to advertising 5. to influence the purchase of commodities and services.Advertising falls into two main categories; consumer advertising,directed to the final purchaser, and trade advertising, in which theappeal is made to dealers on through trade journals and other media. 6.Both consumer and trade advertising employ many specializedtypes of commercial persuasion. A relatively minor, except important, 7. form of advertising is institutional advertising, which is designed mainlyto build prestige and public respect for particular business concerns asimportant institutions. Each year millions of dollars is spent on 8. institutional advertising.Another minor, but increasingly popular, form of advertising iscooperation advertising. For example, makers of milk, of pie, and of 9. sausages sometime jointly advertise this combination as an ideal 10. cold-weather breakfast.Passage elevenLike all animal species, plant species must spread their offspringto suitable areas where they can grow and pass on their parent's genes. 1. Young animals generally spread by walking or flying. Because plantsdon't have that ability, they may somehow hitchhike. Some plant seeds 2.scatter by blowing in the wind or floating on water. Many other plantspecies, though, trick an animal into carrying their seeds. How do theydo? They enclose them within a tasty fruit and advertise the fruit'sripeness by its color or smell. The hungry animal collects and swallowsthe fruit, walks or flies off, but later spits out the seeds somewhere far3.from its parent tree. Seeds can thereby be carried thousands of miles.4.It may surprise you to learn that plant seeds can resist digestion. In fact,some seeds actually require passage through an animal's body beforethey can grow.Wild strawberries offer a good example of hitchhiking tactic. 5. When strawberry seeds arc still young and not yet ready to be planted,the surrounding fruit is green, sour, and hard. When the seeds final 6. mature, the berries turn red, sweet, and tender, The change in the berries'color serves as a signal to birds which then eat the strawberries, fly off,and eventually spit out the seeds.Naturally, strawberry plants doesn't set out with a conscious 7. intent of attracting birds only when their seeds were ready to bedispersed away. Nor did birds set out with the intent of plant straw- 8. berries. Rather, strawberry plants evolved through natural selection.The sweeter and reder the final strawberry, the more birds spread 9. its ripe seeds; the greener and more sour the young strawberry, thebirds destroyed the seeds by eating berries before the seeds were ready. 10.Passage TwelveCheese, nutritious food made from the milk of cows and othermammals, including sheeps, goats, buffalo, reindeer, camels, and mares. 1. Cheese is one of the world's oldest food products ― for thousands ofyears, people have been raised animals for milk, turning their surplus2.milk into cheese. More than 400 varieties of cheese existing, making it 3. one of the most general foods in the world. Cheese comes in hundredsof different shapes, sizes, flavors, and is used in as many different ways.Enjoyed with bread, crackers, and fruit, used as an ingredient in cookedfoods, and mixed with salads and flour, cheese is a healthy food all over 4. the world. Cheese is a concentrated resource of almost all the valuable 5. nutrients found in milk, such as protein, vitamins, and minerals, as wellas the less desirable fat and cholesterol, substances that may lead tohealth problems when consumed in excess. The fat content in cheesevaries depending the milk used. Cheese made with whole milk, or milk 6. enriched with cream, has the lowest amount of fat, cholesterol, and 7. calories. Cheese made with skim milk has the lowest. Because its high 8. protein and calcium content, cheese in moderation is an importantcomponent of a balanced diet It is an especially good source of proteinfor children, which growing bodies require higher amounts of protein 9. than adults. Many vegetarians, who do not eat meat, rely to cheese as a 10. source of protein in their diets.Passage thirteenBegun in the late 1960s by Pentagon weapons researches as asystem for easing communication between computers in disparateelectric networks, the Internet has evolved into a popular vehicle for1.scientific research, communication, entertainment, and more. It linkstogether thousands of computer networks such as those belonging tocorporations, commercial services, universities, and research centers,joining them as branches on a tree to larger networks known as 2. backbones. Once a computer is on-line, that is, connected by modemor networking equipment of the Internet, the user can search through 3. data banks for documents, chat with other computer users, or instant 4. send opinions and observations to the likes of President Bill Clinton,film critic Roger Ebert, or rocker Billy Idol (just to name a few).No central governing body runs the Internet, and nobody hasan exact census of users. But estimates of the number already range 5. from around 10 million to as high as 5 million. Well over 10,000separated computer networks are connected by the Internet, and 6. total traffic was expected to double during 1993.Today, the Internet is free resources and commercial servicesthat provide databases and computer files with a fee. Publishers are 7. seeking to make books and periodicals available on the Internet as aprofit-making adventure. Meanwhile, works in the public domain 8. have begun appearing on the Internet for users to “upload” to their9.computers virtually free of charge. With electronic access to data fromall over the world, scholarly research that in the past would haverequired months of travel could now be done at one's desk. 10.Passage fourteenWater is the oldest form of transport. The original sailed vessels 1. were replaced by steamboats in the early 1800s and by diesel power inthe 1920s. A distinct is generally made between deep-water and navigable 2. inland water transport-Domestic commerce center on the Great Lakes, 3. canals, and navigable rivers.The exact miles of improved waterways in operation dependin partly on whether coastwise and intercoastal shipping are included 4.The main advantage of water transport is capacity to move 5. extremely large shipments. Deep-water vessels are restricted inoperation, but diesel-towing barges have a fair-degree of flexibility.6.In comparison to rail and highway, water transport ranks in the middlewith respect to fixed cost. The fixed cost of operation is more greater 7. than that of motor carriers but less than that of railroads. The maindisadvantage of water is the unlimited degree of flexibility and the 8. low speeds of transport. Although the source and destination of the 9. movement are adjacent to a waterway, supplemental haul by rail ortruck is required. The capability of water to transport large tonnageat low various cost places this mode of transport in demand when 10. low freight rates are desired and speed of transit is a secondary consideration.Passage fifteenBefore considering this question it is interesting to reviewbriefly the evolution of the mind as the instrument. The commonest 1.way that has been used to find out the relative intellectual level ofcreatures at different stage of evolutionary complexity has been to study2.the way they behave when giving different kinds of puzzles. For example, 3. an ant possesses a complex routine of behavior, but can it think?The answer is what if an ant is forced to go through a maze of 4. passages, many of which are dead ends, on its way to its nestle, it starts5.by making a lot of mistakes and taking a great many wrong turnings.In the end, however, after it has to worry its way through often enough, 6. it does learn to get to its nest without going into any of the blind alleys.As one moves up the evolutionary scale the test of mind-power 7.exemplified by solving the problem of getting through a maze becomesvery simple. Among mammals, for example, the maze is an inadequate 8. test. The learning problem does not tax enough attributes of the mind.In this sort of learning, as a matter of fact, rats can hit university9.undergraduates and have, in fact, repeatedly done so. The next, moresubtle test of mental ability is to see what level an animal can think10.about something when it is not there.Passage sixteenIf it were only necessary to decide whether to teach elementaryscience to everyone on a mess basis or to find the gifted few and take 1. them as far as they can go, our task would be fairly simple. The publicschool system, moreover, has no such choice, for the two jobs must be 2. carried on at the same time. Because we depend so heavily upon scienceand technology for our progress, we must produce specialist in many 3. fields. Because we live in a democratic nation, whose citizens make thepolicies for the country, large numbers of us must be educated to 4. understand, to support, and when necessary, judge the work of experts. 5. The public school must educate for both producers and users of scientificservices. In education there should be a good balance among the branchesof knowledge that attribute to effective thinking and wise judgment such 6. balance is defeated by too much emphasis on any one field. This questionof balance involves not only the relation of the natural sciences, the social sciences, and the arts but also relative emphases between the natural7.sciences themselves. By contrast, we must have a balance between the 8. current and classical knowledge. The attention of the public iscontinuously drawn to new possibilities in scientific fields and the 9. discovery of new knowledge; these should not be allowed to turn ourattention from the sound, established materials that form the basis of10.courses for beginners.Passage seventeenThe world’s population continues to grow. There now are about4 billion of us on earth. That could reach 6 billion by the end of thecentury and 11 billion in a farther 75 years. 1.Experts have long been concerned about such a growth.Where will we find the food, water, works, houses, schools and 2. health care for all these people?A major new study shows that the situation may be changing.A large and rapid drop in the world’s birth rate have taken place3.during the past 10 years. Families generally are smaller now thanthey were a few years ago. It is happened in both developing and 4. industrial nations.Researchers said they found a number of reasons for this,More men and women are waiting more longer to get married and 5.are using birth control devices and methods to prevent and delay 6. pregnancy. More women are going to school or working at jobsaway from home instead having children. 7.And more governments, especially in developing nations, nowsupport family planned programs to reduce population growth, China 8.is one of the nations that has made great program in reducing its 9. population growth. China has already cut off its rate of population 10. growth by about one half since 1970.Passage eighteenBeyond puppyhood, retraining an aggressive dog often is atough job, and it doesn’t always work. You may need professionaladvice. Contract your veterinarian, who might refer you to a trainer 1. or behaviorist. If after retraining, your dog continues to scare people,considering whether the kindest and safest action is to put the dog to2.sleep.Every pet owner, and every family with children, need to take 3. seriously of the risk of dog bites. Ask the Bogers. It's been more than4.one year since five-year-old Megan began to raise her pet. The scars 5. around her eye and the wound on one side of her mouth have fadedalmost to nothing, and the memory of the attack by her pet lingers. 6. “She’s very hesitant around all dogs,” reports her mom, “I’m more so.”They have taught Megan and their another children to approach dogs 7. slowly, and hold up a hand to be sniffed before getting closer. 8.The family was requiring by law to keep the dog contained for 9.d ten days, to be sure it didn't carry rabies. Then the Bogers gave it toa family friend ― one with children. Now they have it back, but 10.he's carefully supervised.Passage nineteenWhen I was about 11, I inherited my older brother's paper route.It was a good job, though it means waking up at the crack of dawn 1.and hopping on my bike in Rockford, to deliver papers.Punctuality was critic. People expected the paper on their front 2. porch by 6 a.m. If I ran late, they would be standing in their doorwaysand I would infinitely hear about it. On the other hand, doing the job3.professionally often resulted in much-appreciated tips.Ever since then, I have tried to do as professional a job as 4. possible-whether it be bagging groceries, painting houses or tarringroofs. Acting is not different. I believe if you work hard and behavelike a pro, it will pay back, and you will be offered more and better roles. 5.This means giving your all. If a scene requires another characterto react to jumping into the water, I will jump in as many times as it6.takes to help him and the director get the shot. Several years ago,while filmed a movie in the mountains of Brazil, my fellow actors 7.and I all pitched in to help the screw move heavy equipment through 8. rugged jungle. Acting is a job like any other, and you can't let it go toyour head. The thing that made a difference delivering papers 9.being thorough, punctual, doing your best-also count on the movie set.And I still have to woken up at the crack of dawn. 10.Passage twentyJimmy Lee was executed in Parchment, Miss. He was amurder. In Mississippi, killers are executed by strapping them 1.______into a chair and dropped cyanide crystals into a pan of water. 2.______This is supposed to do the job quickly and with a maximum 3. ______of suffering. However, this was not the case of Jimmy Lee. He 4.______moaned and convulsed and thrashed about everywhere for several 5.。
