下载文档原格式
五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。
由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。
具体操作过程如下：1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献；2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了；3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。
另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。
注：1、Google翻译：/language_tools google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。
我利用它是这样的。
一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。
回到我自己说的翻译上来。
下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译，首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。
在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。
大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。
说说我国的牛人作文英语In China, the term "牛人" (niú rén) refers to individuals who possess exceptional talent, intelligence,or skills. When it comes to writing essays in English,there are certainly many "牛人" in China who excel in this area. These individuals demonstrate not only a mastery of the English language but also creativity, critical thinking, and cultural understanding. Let's delve into some characteristics of these exceptional writers.First and foremost, Chinese writers who excel inEnglish essays often display a profound understanding of both Chinese and Western cultures. This cultural awareness allows them to effectively bridge the gap between these two worlds in their writing. They effortlessly integratecultural nuances, idiomatic expressions, and literary references from both Chinese and English traditions,creating essays that are rich in depth and insight.Additionally, these "牛人" possess exceptionallinguistic proficiency. They have a strong command of vocabulary, grammar, syntax, and sentence structure in English, enabling them to express their ideas with clarity, precision, and elegance. Whether it's crafting compelling arguments, vivid descriptions, or engaging narratives,these writers demonstrate a remarkable ability to wield the English language with finesse.Moreover, what sets these writers apart is their creativity and originality. They are not content withsimply reiterating conventional ideas or recycling clichés. Instead, they strive to offer fresh perspectives,innovative insights, and imaginative interpretations intheir essays. Whether they are tackling contemporary issues, analyzing classic literature, or exploring personal experiences, these writers bring a unique voice and perspective to their work, captivating readers with their ingenuity and depth of thought.Furthermore, "牛人" in English essay writing demonstrate exceptional critical thinking skills. They are adept at analyzing complex issues, synthesizing diversesources of information, and constructing logical arguments. Their essays are characterized by rigorous analysis, insightful observations, and well-reasoned conclusions. Moreover, they are not afraid to question assumptions, challenge conventions, or explore unconventional ideas, demonstrating a fearless and independent intellect.Another noteworthy characteristic of these writers is their dedication to continuous improvement. Despite their already impressive skills, they are committed to honing their craft through practice, feedback, and learning. They actively seek out opportunities to expand their knowledge, refine their writing techniques, and broaden their perspectives. Whether it's through reading widely, attending writing workshops, or engaging in peer review, these writers are always striving to elevate their writing to new heights.In conclusion, Chinese writers who excel in English essay writing embody the qualities of "牛人" they possess exceptional talent, linguistic proficiency, cultural awareness, creativity, critical thinking, and a commitmentto continuous improvement. Their essays stand as testaments to their intellect, skill, and passion for the written word, inspiring admiration and respect from readers around the world. As they continue to push the boundaries ofexpression and innovation, they undoubtedly contribute to the rich tapestry of global literature.。
优秀中国人英文翻译作文1. He is an outstanding Chinese entrepreneur who has built a successful business empire from scratch. With his determination and innovative ideas, he has revolutionized the industry and become a role model for aspiring entrepreneurs.2. She is a talented Chinese artist whose paintings have captivated audiences around the world. Her uniquestyle and attention to detail have earned her international recognition and numerous awards.3. He is a renowned Chinese scientist who has made groundbreaking discoveries in the field of medicine. His research has saved countless lives and paved the way for new treatments and therapies.4. She is a fearless Chinese activist who has dedicated her life to fighting for social justice and equality. Her advocacy work has brought attention to important issues andinspired others to take action.5. He is a visionary Chinese architect who has designed some of the most iconic buildings in the world. His innovative designs blend traditional Chinese elements with modern aesthetics, creating breathtaking structures that redefine the urban landscape.6. She is an influential Chinese writer whose novels have touched the hearts of millions. Her powerful storytelling and insightful observations of society have made her a literary icon.7. He is a talented Chinese musician who has mastered multiple instruments and genres. His passion for music is evident in his soulful performances, which have earned him a dedicated fan base both in China and abroad.8. She is a trailblazing Chinese athlete who has broken numerous records and won multiple Olympic medals. Her dedication to her sport and relentless pursuit of excellence have made her a national hero.9. He is a respected Chinese diplomat who has played a key role in promoting international cooperation and resolving conflicts. His diplomatic skills and strategic thinking have earned him the respect of leaders around the world.10. She is a compassionate Chinese philanthropist who has dedicated her wealth and resources to helping those in need. Her charitable efforts have made a significant impact on the lives of countless individuals and communities.。
优秀中国人英文翻译作文英文：As a Chinese person, I am proud to say that there are many outstanding individuals in our country. From athletes to entrepreneurs, scientists to artists, there are countless examples of Chinese people who have achieved great success in their fields.One example that comes to mind is Jack Ma, the founder of Alibaba. He started out as an English teacher withlittle business experience, but through hard work and perseverance, he built one of the largest e-commerce companies in the world. His success has not only brought him wealth and fame, but also helped to boost China's economy and reputation on the global stage.Another example is Yao Ming, the former NBA player. He not only excelled on the basketball court, but also used his platform to promote education and philanthropy. Hefounded the Yao Ming Foundation to help children in China and around the world, and has been a strong advocate for environmental conservation.These are just two examples among many, but they demonstrate the talent, determination, and generosity that are often found in outstanding Chinese individuals. I am proud to be part of a culture that values hard work, education, and community service.中文：作为一个中国人，我很自豪地说，我们国家有许多杰出的个人。
中国名人故事及英文翻译袁隆平的成就The Achievements of Yuan LongpingYuan Longping is a renowned Chinese agronomist who is known for his contribution to the development of hybrid rice. Born in 1930 in China, Yuan went on to study agriculture and received his Ph.D. in genetics from the Southwest Agricultural University in 1964. It was during his time as a researcher at the China National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Center that he began to focus on developing hybrid rice.袁隆平是中国著名的农学家，他因对杂交水稻的发展做出贡献而闻名。
袁隆平1930年出生于中国，后来学习农业，1964年在西南农业大学获得遗传学博士学位。
正是在中国国家杂交水稻研究发展中心担任研究员期间，他开始关注杂交水稻的发展。
Yuan's research into hybrid rice led to the development of new varieties that produced higher yields than traditional rice varieties. This breakthrough had a significant impact on agriculture in China, where rice is a staple crop. Hybrid rice not only increased yields but also reduced the amount of land needed for cultivation, making it possible to grow more rice on less land.袁隆平对杂交水稻的研究导致了新品种的开发，这些新品种比传统水稻品种产量更高。
中国杰出人物介绍英语作文英文回答：Chinese Luminaries。
Throughout history, China has been home to an abundance of remarkable individuals who have made significant contributions to various fields, leaving an indelible mark on the world. From ancient scholars and philosophers to modern scientists and artists, these luminaries have played a pivotal role in shaping Chinese culture, advancing human knowledge, and inspiring generations to come.Ancient Sages。
Among the most influential figures in Chinese history are the ancient sages who laid the foundation for Chinese philosophy and spirituality. Confucius, who lived during the Spring and Autumn period (771-479 BCE), is widely regarded as the most important figure in Chinese thought.His teachings on morality, ethics, and social harmony have had a profound impact on Chinese society and continue to influence people around the world. Another renowned sage, Lao Tzu, is known for his philosophies of Taoism, which emphasizes the importance of living in harmony with nature and following the path of least resistance.Literary Giants。
中国名人介绍英文版简单1Confucius was one of the most renowned and influential figures in Chinese history! His teachings and ideas have had an incredibly profound impact on Chinese culture and society.Confucius emphasized the importance of moral values such as kindness, respect, and integrity. He believed that everyone should strive to become a virtuous person through self-cultivation and learning. His educational philosophy was centered around the idea that all people have the potential to learn and grow, regardless of their background or social status.How remarkable his ideas were! His teachings have been passed down through generations and have shaped the way people think and behave in China for thousands of years. They have also spread to other parts of the world, influencing countless individuals.Confucius' contributions were not only in the field of education but also in shaping social and political order. His emphasis on harmonious relationships and the importance of family and community has had a lasting influence.Isn't it astonishing how one person's ideas could have such a far-reaching and enduring impact? Confucius truly stands as a shining exampleof wisdom and enlightenment!2Yue Fei was a remarkable figure in Chinese history! His life was a tale of unwavering loyalty and astonishing bravery. Born in a time of turmoil, Yue Fei dedicated himself wholeheartedly to defending his homeland. How inspiring was his determination!He led his troops with great courage and strategic wisdom against the invading Jurchen forces. Yue Fei's soldiers were known for their discipline and fierce fighting spirit. Why did he do this? It was his deep love for the country and the people.His famous saying, "Serve the country with loyalty until death," still echoes through the ages. Despite facing numerous challenges and intrigues from corrupt officials within the imperial court, Yue Fei remained steadfast in his pursuit of justice and protection of the people. Wasn't this a demonstration of his noble character?Sadly, Yue Fei was unjustly accused and eventually met a tragic end. But his spirit lives on, inspiring generation after generation to love their country and fight for justice. Isn't it amazing how his story continues to touch our hearts and souls?3Mei Lanfang is a renowned figure in China whose name echoesthrough the annals of history. Oh, what a remarkable individual he was! He was a master of Peking Opera, a form of art that demands extraordinary skills and dedication. His performances on the stage were nothing short of magical! The way he moved, the expressions he wore, and the voice that resonated through the theatre were truly captivating.His talent was not just in the physical aspects of the performance but also in his deep understanding and interpretation of the characters he portrayed. How could one not be amazed by his ability to bring these fictional figures to life with such authenticity and passion?Mei Lanfang was not only a brilliant artist but also a person of great moral character. He was dedicated to his art, constantly striving for perfection and passing on his knowledge and skills to the next generation. Wasn't it his perseverance and love for Peking Opera that made him a legend?In conclusion, Mei Lanfang's contribution to the world of Peking Opera is immeasurable. His name will forever be remembered as a symbol of excellence and artistry. Isn't that something truly wonderful?4Oh my goodness! Let me introduce to you a remarkable Chinese figure, Tu Youyou. She is truly an inspiration and a hero of our times!Tu Youyou has made an astonishing contribution to the world of medicine. Her dedication and perseverance led to a breakthrough in theresearch of artemisinin. Can you imagine the significance of this discovery? It has saved countless lives around the globe, especially those suffering from malaria.She faced numerous challenges and difficulties during her research. But she never gave up! How amazing is her spirit of persistence? She spent countless hours in the laboratory, conducting experiments and analyzing data. Her hard work and determination finally paid off.Tu Youyou's achievement not only brought hope to patients but also made China proud on the international stage. Isn't it wonderful how one person's efforts can have such a profound impact on society? Her story reminds us that with passion and determination, we can achieve great things and make the world a better place.5Wang Yangming, a remarkable figure in Chinese history, is renowned for his profound philosophy known as the School of Mind. His thought emphasizes that the true knowledge lies within our hearts, and everyone has the potential to become a sage. How astonishing is this idea! It suggests that we have the inner power to understand the world and make moral judgments.His belief in the unity of knowledge and action is highly inspiring. We should not just have theoretical understanding but also put it into practice. Isn't this a powerful guide for our lives? It reminds us that mere thinking isnot enough; we must act upon our thoughts.In today's fast-paced and complex society, Wang Yangming's philosophy offers valuable insights. It encourages us to look inward for wisdom and to have the courage to act on our beliefs. How wonderful it would be if more people could embrace this wisdom and strive for self-improvement and positive change! His teachings continue to shine brightly, guiding us towards a more enlightened and purposeful existence.。
中国名人英文范文Chinese celebrities have been making significant impacts not only in their home country but also on the global stage. Among them, figures like Jackie Chan and Yao Ming have transcended cultural boundaries to become household names.Jackie Chan, a renowned martial artist and actor, has been a prominent figure in the film industry for decades. His unique blend of humor, acrobatics, and martial arts skills have made his movies a staple in both Chinese and international cinema. His dedication to performing his own stunts has earned him respect and admiration from fans and fellow actors alike. Beyond his acting career, Chan is also known for his philanthropic work, contributing to various charitable causes around the world.Yao Ming, on the other hand, is a former professional basketball player who has made a lasting impression in the sport. Standing at 7 feet 6 inches tall, Yao was a dominant force in the NBA, representing the Houston Rockets and becoming a cultural ambassador for China. His success on the court has paved the way for other Chinese athletes to pursue careers in the NBA and other international sports leagues. Yao's influence extends beyond his playing days; he continues to be involved in basketball as a mentor and advocate for the sport's growth in China.These celebrities, among many others, have not onlyexcelled in their respective fields but have also served as bridges between China and the rest of the world, fostering cultural exchange and understanding. Their stories are a testament to the hard work, talent, and perseverance that define the spirit of Chinese celebrities on the global stage.。
介绍一个中国名人作文英文I would like to introduce a famous Chinese figure, Confucius. He lived in China during the Spring and Autumn period, around 551 BC to 479 BC. Confucius was a philosopher, teacher, and politician who had a great impact on Chinese culture and society.Confucius was born in the state of Lu, which is now part of modern-day Shandong province. He was the son of a noble family and received a good education. Confucius believed in the importance of education and spent most of his life teaching and writing about ethics, morality, and politics.One of Confucius' most famous teachings is the concept of the "Analects," which is a collection of his sayings and teachings. These teachings emphasize the importance of moral values such as respect, honesty, and kindness. Confucius also believed in the importance of social harmony and order, and his teachings had a significant impact onChinese society.Confucius' teachings were not always accepted during his lifetime, and he faced many challenges and criticisms. However, his ideas gradually gained popularity and became a fundamental part of Chinese culture. Today, Confucius is still widely respected and admired in China and around the world.In conclusion, Confucius was a significant figure in Chinese history and culture. His teachings on morality, ethics, and social order have had a lasting impact on Chinese society and continue to be studied and admired today.。
中国的科学家作文英文翻译英文，Chinese Scientists。
As a Chinese scientist, I am proud of the achievements made by our scientific community. In recent years, China has been investing heavily in science and technology, leading to breakthroughs in a variety of fields.One of the most notable areas of progress has been in space exploration. China has successfully launched a number of space missions, including the Chang'e lunar exploration program and the Tiangong space station. These accomplishments have put China on the map as a major player in the global space race.Another area where Chinese scientists have excelled is in the field of artificial intelligence. Companies like Baidu and Tencent have made significant contributions to the development of AI technologies, and China is now home to some of the world's top AI researchers.In addition to these high-profile areas, Chinese scientists are also making strides in fields like renewable energy, biotechnology, and materials science. For example, Chinese researchers have developed new methods for producing solar cells, and are working on ways to use nanomaterials to improve the efficiency of energy storage systems.Overall, I believe that Chinese scientists are making important contributions to the global scientific community, and that we have a lot to be proud of. However, there is still much work to be done, and I am excited to be a part of this dynamic and rapidly-evolving field.中文，中国的科学家。
ORIGINAL PAPERStability assessment of a slope under a transformer substation using numerical modellingH.J.Li •F.C.Dai •W.C.Li •L.Xu •H.MinReceived:2April 2010/Accepted:26July 2010/Published online:17September 2010ÓSpringer-Verlag 2010Abstract This paper presents an analysis of the defor-mation mechanism and stability assessment of a slope in Yunnan Province,China.Field investigations indicated that the deformation of the slope was caused by the com-bined effects of the unfavorable topographical,geological and hydrogeological conditions and the placement of man-made fill.The stability of the slope was assessed by 3D numerical modeling which showed that the factor of safety of the slope was 1.1in the natural state but reduced to 1.03after fill was placed.Pile reinforcement was undertaken,which raised the factor of safety to 1.27.Keywords Fill slope ÁDeformation mechanism ÁNumerical modelling ÁStrength reductionRe´sume ´L’article pre ´sente une analyse du me ´canisme de de´formation et une e ´valuation de la stabilite ´d’une pente dans la province de Yunnan,en Chine.Les travaux deterrain ont indique´que la de ´formation de la pente re ´sultait d’effets combine´s en rapport avec des conditions topo-graphiques,ge´ologiques et hydroge ´ologiques de ´favorables et la construction d’un stabilite´de la pente a e´te ´e ´value ´e a `l’aide d’une simulation nume ´rique 3D qui a montre´que le facteur de se ´curite ´de la pente valait 1,1en conditions naturelles mais passait a`1,03apre `s construction du remblai.Des renforcements par pieux ont e´te ´re ´alise ´s,ce qui a fait passer le coefficient de se´curite ´a `1,27.Mots cle´s Remblai sur pente ÁMe ´canisme de de´formation ÁSimulation nume ´rique ÁDiminution de re´sistance IntroductionIn order to develop the provincial economy and satisfy the need for power,a 220kV transformer substation was constructed in Yanjin,located in northeastern Yunnan Province,PR China.The construction of the transformer substation commenced in November 2004,and the site was filled in March 2005.The total volume of cut and fill was 152,000m 3.The compaction was accomplished using a sheeps-foot roller with a layer thickness of 200mm.During heavy rainfall between July 18and July 20,2005,a creeping slide was observed in the slope at the northwest of the construction site.It led to tensile cracks in the retaining wall with a maximum crack width of 20cm.Meanwhile,the foundation of the 110kv framework located on the top of the slope subsided by 29cm.The moving slope was 340m long and 100m wide.The unstable slope threatened the safety of the transformer substation,the end tower of the 110kv power output and the lives and prop-erties of the residents nearby.After deformation,the fill slope was reinforced immediately with 23rectangular piles in the northwest of the site and 41circular piles in two rows at the northwestern corner of the site.Each rectangular pileH.J.Li (&)Institute of Mine Safety Technology,China Coal Research Institute,Beijing 100013,People’s Republic of China e-mail:geolhj@F.C.Dai ÁW.C.Li ÁL.XuInstitute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,P.O.Box 9825,Beijing 100029,People’s Republic of China H.MinInstitute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Wuhan 430071,People’s Republic of ChinaBull Eng Geol Environ (2011)70:385–394DOI 10.1007/s10064-010-0318-7was 2.5m 91.8m while the circular piles had a diameter of 1m;in each case the spacing was 2.5m.The bases of the piles were extended into the bedrock.The paper presents a detailed analysis of the deforma-tion mechanism and slope stability assessment undertaken using numerical modeling,in the natural condition,after the placement of the fill and after reinforcement.Geological conditions GeomorphologyThe transformer substation is located in the Wumeng mountain area in the northeast of Yunnan province.The dominant geomorphic feature is a deeply incised canyon.The aspect of the slope is approximately N15°E and the gradient is in the range of 10°–15°with multi-step topog-raphy.The step height is between 1and 3m and the topographic relief between 35and 40m (see Figs.1,2).LithologyThe ground investigations for the second exploration stage (stability assessment)consisted of 13boreholes (BH12–BH24)and four exploratory wells (Fig.2).The results indicated that the slope consists mainly of Quaternary deposits and is underlain by Triassic detrital rock.The lithological components are illustrated in Fig.3.For the sake of simplicity,the Quaternary deposits are subdivided into three lithotypes:(a)Landfill:Light yellow to light grey in color,and composed of soft silty clay.(b)Top soil:Composed of upland field soil and irrigatedfield soil,distributed widely across the site.Theupland field soil is dark in color and composed of loose silty clay;the irrigated field soil is grey and consists mainly of soft,wet,plastic clay.The thickness is less than 0.40m.(c)Silty clay:Light yellow to light grey in color with 15–20%breccia or gravel from mudstone and pelitic siltstone.The thickness varies from 3.1to 16.2m,being thinnest at the toe and thicker along the line from BH4to BH20(Fig.3).The bedrock is a suite of detrital rock formations and is divided into completely to highly weathered mudstone and moderately to slightly weathered sandstone in the light of their different characteristics.The purple completely to highly weathered mudstone is weak and could be crushed by hand;the peak strength of the undisturbed samples being /p 0=28.1°,c p 0=40.5kPa,and the residual strength /r 0=21.5°,c r 0=14.6kPa (Fig.4).The bore-holes indicated that the completely to highly weathered mudstone is only found in the upper concave region and not at the slope toe (Fig.3).The grey moderately to slightly weathered sandstone is strong and dense.Geological structureThe site is located on the southern flank of an east–west syncline and the strata strike N80°E–S85°E with dips to the north of 10°–15°.The site investigation indicated two joint sets for the moderately to slightly weathered sandstone.The N30°E to N50°E joints had dip angles of [80°,rough and moderately weathered joint surfaces with a spacing of 0.2–0.7m while the N15°W–N40°W joints had dip angles [74°,smooth and moderately weathered surfaces and a spacing of 0.3–0.8m.The joints are generally closed although a few had a \1mm infilling of mud.HydrogeologyThe groundwater is mainly pore water in the Quaternary formation.The permeability of the completely to highly weathered mudstone is 10-8m/s hence a high water level developed above the slip surface—at some 1–3m depth because of the multi-step topography.Mechanical properties of soil and rockFrom the site investigation the materials can be grouped into four lithotypes:(a)Landfill:Mechanical strength parameters for the landfill adopted were the empirical parameters /0=14°,c 0=20kPa,given by the Yunnan Electric Power DesignInstitute.Fig.1Overview of the site area.Movement zone is outlined in red ;solid line observed,dashed line interpreted386H.J.Li et al.(b)Silty clay:In view of the similarity of the index properties of the thin top soil and the silty clay,their shear strength parameters were considered together based on samples of silty clay obtained from a man-made well.The physical properties are shown in Table 1.In order to determine themechanicalFig.2Map of the slopeshowing contours and boreholepositionsStability of a slope using numerical modelling 387parameters of the silty clay,both consolidated drained (CD)and undrained(CU)tests were carried out on four61.8mm diameter,125mm high samples.The axial strain velocity was0.011mm/min for the CD tests and0.073mm/min for CU tests.The consolida-tion stresses were25,50,100and200kPa,respec-tively,and samples were saturated by back-pressure in triaxial compression tests.The results were/ 0=26.4°,c0=8.5kPa;/0=15°,c0=18kPa for the CU and CD tests,respectively.Similarly,the friction angle(CU)of the saturated clays was lower than that of the CD tests for the same clay due to increase in pore pressures under undrained conditions (Budhu2000).(c)Weathered mudstone:X-ray diffraction tests wereconducted on the completely to highly weathered mudstone and indicated that the mudstone was com-posed of quartz(50%),chlorite(20%),illite(10%)and hematite(10%).The occurrence of hematite indicatedthat the process of weathering was in an oxidizing environment and that the mudstone was completely weathered.The physical properties of the soils are shown in Table1.The shear strength parameters were obtained using a shear rate of0.02mm/min and for the undisturbed samples indicated peak strength parame-ters of/p0=28.1°,c p0=40.5kPa,and residual strength parameters(four reverals)of/r0=21.5°,c r0=14.6kPa.However,using these peak and resid-ual parameters,the numerical simulation did not show creeping and deformation.As the slope has been deformed,shear tests were carried out on saturated remolded samples,which gave residual strength parameters of/r0=21.7°c r0=1.0kPa(Fig.4),i.e.,a friction angle similar to that of the undisturbedsamples but a lower cohesion.Adjusting the strength parameters of the completely to highly weathered mudstone to/r0=16.5°,c r0=1.0kPa,the slope progressively crept and deformed in a manner similar to the observed failure.The factor of safety was1.03 by the shear strength reduction method,close to the critical state.Therefore,the optimized residual strength of remolded samples was used in simulation (Table2).(d)Sandstone:To estimate the rock mass strength andstiffness of moderately to slightly weathered sand-stone,the Hoek–Brown(2002,2006)failure criterion was used together with the uniaxial compression strength and the characteristics of the structural surface.Uniaxial compression testing was undertaken following the National Standard of People’s Republic of China(1999)Code for Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Geological Investigation, GB50287-99,and allowing for the anisotropy of the rock.The average values of uniaxialcompressionTable1Physical properties of silty clay and mudstoneSoil Soil propertiesWet density(g/cm3)Water content(%)Specific gravity Liquid limit(%)Plastic limit(%)Plasticity indexSilty clay 2.0(8)22.2(8) 2.69(8)36.9(8)22.0(8)14.9(8) Mudstone 2.1(8)16.9(8) 2.68(8)32.8(8)12.8(8)20.0(8)Values in parentheses represent numbers of samples testedTable2Geotechnical parameters of rock and soil adopted for numerical modelingMaterials Elastic modulus(GPa)Poisson’s ratio Unit weight(MN/m3)Cohesion(MPa)Friction angle(°)Landfill0.040.350.0180.0214.0Silty clay0.070.350.0200.01815.0 Weathered mudstone0.030.370.0210.00116.5 Sandstone14.000.220.026 3.052.0388H.J.Li et al.strength were183MPa(perpendicular to the bed-ding)and160MPa(parallel to the bedding).Clearly some anisotropy is present and hence,to be conser-vative,a value of150MPa(derived from the Yunnan Electric Power Design Institute)was adopted in the stability analysis.To establish the structure and surface conditions,55GSI estimates were made and an m i of18was obtained(Hoek et al.2002;Hoek and Diederichs2006).Using these parameters,values of m b=3.61,a=0.5and s=0.0067were obtained.The Hoek–Brown failure envelope was calculated assuming an undisturbed rock mass and then trans-lated to a linear Mohr–Coulomb envelope using RocLab software(RocScience2002). Deformation characteristics and mechanism Deformation characteristicsAfter site works involvingflattening andfilling,the retaining wall in the transformer substation cracked (Fig.5a)and other foundations showed evidence of dis-tress.In addition,tensile cracks up to50m long and 20mm wide appeared,coalescing at the top of the concave slope.Within the transformer substation the cracks appeared to run in an east–west direction,while near the backscar they had a north-east trend.Tensile cracks and differential subsidence were also observed in the retaining wall of the transformer substation(Fig.5b).In addition,a small-scale local collapse and rock fall occurred at theslope toe.From the geometry of the movement,it would appear that the landslide had been caused by the placement fill towards the top of the slope.Analysis of deformation mechanismWhilst thefilling was clearly a cause of the landslide,other inherent factors also contributed to the slope deformation, including:(a)Topography:The concave shape can result in easycollection of groundwater in the slope.In addition,the depth/location of the sliding surface would clearly be conducive to slope deformation.(b)Geological structure:The Quaternary gravelly depos-its are highly permeable.In addition to the difference between the peak strength and the residual strength of thefiner material,once a shear zone has been created the frictional resistance would be significantly reduced once movement has begun.The presence of low permeability completely to highly weathered mudstone results in a perched water table such thatthe overlying Quaternary deposits can slip relatively easily along the interface as the dip of the strata is in the same direction as the slope profile.(c)Ground water:In addition to rainfall,as the areabelow the transformer station was irrigated,there is an almost continuous supply of water into the zone with perched water conditions such that the depth to saturated conditions is only1–3m in the stepped topography;groundwater seepage was observed at the drainage hole in the retaining wall(Fig.6).The sketch map of the creep deformation mode is shown in Fig.7.Stability analysisModel setupIn this study thefinite differences program FLAC3D(Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in3-Dimensions)was used for slope stability assessment(Itasca2002).This Fig.5Inner(a)and outer(b)retaining walls of transformer substationStability of a slope using numerical modelling389method has been widely used in analyzing slope stability and deformation mechanisms (Guadagno et al.2003;Kinakin and Stead 2005;Brideau et al.2006;Deng et al.2007).The mesh for finite differences modeling is shown in Fig.8.The model was 420m long and 250m wide with a maximum height of 121m.The model was composed of 128,581elements and 25,839grid points.According to the slope lithology,the materials are divided into four groups:(a)landfill (b)silty clay (c)completely to highly weatheredmudstone (d)moderately to slightly weathered sandstone.The retaining wall was taken as linear elastic material.The slope materials were assumed to be perfectly elasto-plastic and satisfy the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion.Piles were simulated by pile structural elements which are suitable for modeling structural-support members (Itasca 2002).Roller boundaries were applied on both the four sides of the model and the bottom while the slope surface was free.The geotechnical properties for the materials are shown in Table 2;bulk modulus (K )and shear modulus (G )were converted from Young’s modulus (E )and Poisson’s ratio (m ).The initial stresses under gravity and hydrostatic pressure were calculated under natural conditions.Loading and reinforcement piles were added after the displacement and velocity were set to zero.Simulation processThe simulation process involves two conditions:one is filling,and the other is reinforcement.The fill simulation condition is composed of three steps.1.Initial stress:Linearly elastic material behavior and homogeneous elastic properties before filling were assumed to generate simple initial stresses due to gravity and the hydrostatic pressure of water under natural conditions;the displacements are set to zero.2.Natural condition:The material model of the soil and rock mass was switched from linearly elastic to elastic-perfectly plastic and the stresses corrected accordingly.The factor of safety was calculated by the shear strength reduction method.3.Filling:The zones are ‘filled’according to the scope of fill.The factor of safety under the filling condition was calculated through the shear strength reduction technique.The reinforcement condition consists of two steps.1.Initial stress:In the actual condition,the structure was reinforced by piles when the slope was deformed after filling.The initial stress was generated according totheFig.6Groundwater seepage at the drainage hole of retaining wall (a )and water level from well (b)390H.J.Li et al.actual deformation situation and the displacements were subsequently set to zero.2.Reinforcement:The slope was reinforced by pile structural elements according to the field construction.The factor of safety with the reinforcement state was calculated using shear strength reduction.The pore water pressure was calculated from the site investiga-tion evidence and the ground water table was assumed to be adjacent to the ground surface.Failure criteria and shear strength reduction technique To date there is no uniform failure criterion for numerical simulation.Griffiths and Lane (1999)and Dawson et al.(1999)took non-convergence as an indicator for failure in finite element methods while Matsui and San (1992)assumed the contour of shear strain to indicate failure;a slope will fail if the contour of shear strain exceeds 15%developing from the toe to top.Deng et al.(2007)took the plastic zone as the indicator of the failure;a slope will fail if the plastic zones are all connected from the toe to the crest of the slope.For FLAC 3D ,four indicators may be used to assess the system state,including (a)maximum unbalanced force,(b)grid point velocities,(c)grid point displacements and (d)plastic indicators (Itasca 2002).In this paper,the criteria listed above are adopted to assess the slope stability and the factor of safety is calculated using the shear strength reduction technique.There are two ways commonly used to calculate the factor of safety,limit equilibrium and numerical methods (Zienkiewicz et al.1975;Dawson et al.1999;Duncan 1996).The shear strength reduction method has advantages over the limit equilibrium,as the critical failure surface is found automatically,to satisfy translational and rotational equilibrium.In addition,it can provide a more realistic indication of the behavior of a slope.The shear strength reduction method was first proposed by Zienkiewicz et al.(1975).The numerical simulation is run for a series of trial factors of safety (F s ).The cohesion c and friction /are reduced for each F s simultaneously according to the fol-lowing equations until failure occurs:c 0¼c =F sð1Þ/0¼arctan ðtan /=F s Þð2ÞAs Duncan (1996)pointed out.F is the factor by which the shear strength of the soil would have to be divided to bring the slope into a state of barely stable equilibrium.Deng et al.(2007)evaluated the stability of landslides based on a three-dimensional strength reduction technique.This paper adopts this technique to assess the stability and calculatetheFig.8Mesh forcalculationFig.9Calculated shear strain increment (a )and plasticity state (b )Stability of a slope using numerical modelling 391safety using the FLAC 3D program in which the command SOLVE FOS can find the slip surface automatically.Modeling results Natural stateA shear band is first formed at the natural state,as shown in Fig.9a, b.No dramatic increase of displacement is observed at this stage.The shear failure occurs at the toe and in the middle of the slope,but the slip band does not completely reach the residual condition.The results from the numerical simulation showed that the factor of safety in the natural state was 1.1.Effect of fillFill was loaded onto the natural condition model in steps until the system reached equilibrium.The displacement contours after filling are shown in Fig.10,which indicates the displacement at the middle and near the crest of the slope is greater than that near the toe.Shear strains increased after filling (compared with Fig.9a)and the failure surface (as indicated by the accumulation of the shear strain increment)propagated almost from the toe to the crest (Fig.11a).The slope is in active shear failure,whereas tensile failure occurs at the slope crest (Fig.11b).The shear strength reduction method indicated a factor of safety after filling of 1.03,i.e.,close to the criticalstateFig.10Generation of ground displacement for filledconditionFig.11Calculated shear strain increment (a )and plasticity state (b)Fig.12Generation of ground displacement for reinforcement condition392H.J.Li et al.such that creep or deformation would occur under unfa-vorable conditions (e.g.,rainfall).Effect of reinforcementThe slope was reinforced with piles when the deformation reached the actual situation at the site (Fig.2).The cor-responding displacement increment after reinforcement is shown in Fig.12,which indicates that the deformation has been controlled and the small displacement occurs at the toe rather than the crest.After stabilization the shear strain increment was not developed at the rear but the small values were concentrated at the front (Fig.13a).With the continued time-stepping,failure (shear-n)is occasionally observed at the toe but reinforcement prevents it affecting the crest (Fig.13b).The factor of safety was 1.27after the installation of the reinforcement piles (calculated by the shear strength reduction technique).From Fig.13c,the FOS does not apply to the whole slope but only the upper part which is stabilized by the piling.Summary and conclusionsField investigation in the study area indicated that the unfavorable topographical,geological and hydrogeological conditions were the inherent factors contributing to the creep movement of the slope while man-made filling was the main external factor.The deformation mechanism of the slope was analyzed using a numerical model which indicated:(a)A shear band first formed in the natural state with shear failure occurring in the middle and toe of the slope.The factor of safety under natural conditions was 1.1,an insufficient margin to accommodate the subsequent placement of fill.(b)After filling,creep slipping or deformation would belikely to occur under unfavorable conditions (e.g.,rainfall)when the FOS would decrease to 1.03.When the fill was placed,the factor of safety would be reduced by 6.4%.Failure would be likely to occur in the form of shear (in the slope)and tension (at the crest).The modeling results were in good agreement with the actual deformation observed.(c)After the site was reinforced with piles,the FOS wasincreased to 1.27,I indicating the reinforcement had been effective and the slope was stable.ReferencesBrideau MA,Stead D,Couture R (2006)Structural and engineeringgeology of the East Gate Landslide,Purcell Mountains,British Columbia,Canada.Eng Geol 84:183–206Budhu M (2000)Soil mechanics and foundations.Wiley,New York Dawson EM,Roth WH,Drescher A (1999)Slope stability analysis bystrength reduction.Geotechnique49(6):835–840Fig.13Calculated shear strain increment (a ),plasticity state (b )and (c )plasticity state under reinforcement conditions after shear strength reduction (FOS =1.27)Stability of a slope using numerical modelling 393Deng JH,Tham LG,Lee CF,Yang ZY(2007)Three-dimensional stability evaluation of a preexisting landslide with multiple sliding directions by the strength-reduction technique.Can Geotech J44:343–354Duncan JM(1996)State of the art:limit equilibrium andfinite element analysis of slopes.J Geotech Eng 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