Air quality in Europe - 2014 report

生技16-1CET-4模拟测试一、在答题前，请认真完成以下内容：1．请检查试题册背面条形码粘贴条、答题卡的印刷质量，如有问题及时向监考员反应，确认无误后完成以下两点要求。

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2．请在规定时间内依次完成作文、听力、阅读、翻译各部分考试，作答作文期间不得翻阅该试题册。

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4. 考试期间在非听力考试时间佩戴耳机。

Part I Writing (30 minutes)（请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试）Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay. Suppose you have two options upon graduation: one is to take a job in a company and the other to go to a graduate school. You are to make a choice between the two. Write an essay to explain the reasons for your choice. You should write at least120words but no more than 180words.Part ⅡListening Comprehension （25 minutes）Section ADirections: In this section， you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report， you will hear two or three questions. Both the newsreport and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear aquestion， you must choose the best answer from the four choices markedA）， B）， C） and D）. Then mark the corresponding letter on AnswerSheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.1.A) Terrorists attacked Thai troops.C)Shootings occurred in Bangkok.B)Thai troops killed many people. D) Bombs blasted in Bangkok.2.A) The Muslims wanted to build up an Islamic State.B)Thai troops were sent to North.C)About 2,000 people were injured.D)There were no more bombings since 2004.Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.3.A) Give oil revenues to some of the provinces.B)Allow provinces distribute their oil revenues.C)Distribute oil revenues according to the population size.D)Distribute oil revenues according to the development of economy.4.A) To help build shopping malls.B)To help improve the country’s economy.C)To help more children to learn how to clean the streets.D)To help more young people to get back to school.Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.5.A) Spain. C) France.B)The United States. D) Italy.6.A) 77 million.C) million.B)130 million. D) 100 million.7. A) %. C) 100%.B) 30%. D) 37%.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both theconversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After youhear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choicesmarked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on AnswerSheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.8. A) The job is boring, but the pay is good. C) She likes the job butstill wants a change.B) It’s not a busy, but a hard job. D) It’s the very job she’s lookingfor.9. A) He likes fashion. C) He believes he qualifies for the job.B) He is learning fashion design. D) He likes working as a salesman.10.A) Someone who is not good at service jobs.B)Someone who is not good at mind tricks.C)Someone who is afraid of being a new one at a job.D)Someone who can start a conversation with strangers easily.11.A) Be played by mind tricks. C) Failto get perfect scores.B) Leave the school and be independent. D) Be unemployed for the timebeing.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12.A) Living in trees. C) Anenvironmental issue.B) Protecting the forests. D) Tasmania’s policies.13.A) She hates to live with people. C)She wants to live high.B) She likes living in a tree. D) She wants to prevent people fromlogging trees.14. A) It can benefit the environment. C) It can provide jobs.B) It can reduce costs. D) It is profitable.15.A) It is a vital industry in Tasmania.C) It boosts the cutting of trees in Tasmania.B) It will reduce employment rate in Tasmania. D) It stops local peoplefrom money in Tasmania.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage andthe questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 witha single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16.A) New York City is turning 101 years old.B)Grand Central Station’s turning 101 years old.C)A building being named as Grand Central Terminal.D)The change of Grand Central Station.17.A) It has a small, arched window. C)The ticket windows are jeweled.B) The clocks are on four sides. D) The ceiling is a mirror image.18.A) The design of the building is for the public.B) The plan of building a huge office over it failed.C)The modern preservation movement gets more attention.D)The beauty of the building has been known worldwide.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard.19.A) It contains one paragraph ofintroduction. C) It consists of two sides of the argument.B) It contains five paragraphs of evidence. D) It contains threeparagraphs of the conclusion.20.A) Correcting grammar mistakes incollege. C) Helping students improve their writing.B) Teaching international students. D) Working in a lab in India.21.A) Its subjects are too simple to use the formula.B)The formula is good for this kind of writing.C)Its subjects require deep thoughts and investigation.D)Careful thinking should be throughout the process of writing.22. A) One with a clear five-paragraph essay.B)One with evidence leading to different conclusions.C)One with descriptive words.D) One with shorter but well-organized sentences.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.23.A) Busy people. C) Young people.B) Knowledgeable people. D) Rich people.24.A) Ads by celebrity. C) Goodreputation of the seller.B) Friendly online conversation. D) Discounts and small gifts.25. A) By adding various products. C) By having good post-sale service.B) By lowering the prices. D) By making quick deliveries.Part III Reading Comprehension （40 minutes）Section ADirections： In this section， there is a passage with ten blanks。

National Ambient Air Quality Standards<NAAQS>The Clean Air Act, which was last amended in 1990, requires EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards <40 CFR part 50> for pollutants considered harmful to public health and the environment. The Clean Air Act established two types of national air quality standards. Primary standards set limits to protect public health, including the health of "sensitive" populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly. Secondary standards set limits to protect public welfare, including protection against decreased visibility, damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings.The EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards <OAQPS> has set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for six principal pollutants, which are called "criteria" pollutants. They are listed below. Units of measure for the standards are parts per million <ppm> by volume, parts per billion <ppb - 1 part in 1,000,000,000> by volume, milligrams per cubic meter of air <mg/m3>, and micrograms per cubic meter of air <µg/m3>.<1> Not to be exceeded more than once per year.<2> Final rule signed October 15, 2008.<3> The official level of the annual NO2 standard is 0.053 ppm, equal to 53 ppb, which is shown here for the purpose of clearer comparison to the 1-hour standard<4> To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour average at each monitor within an area must not exceed 100 ppb <effective January 22, 2010>.<5> Not to be exceeded more than once per year on average over 3 years.<6> To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM2.5 concentrations from single or multiple community-oriented monitors must not exceed 15.0 µg/m3.<7> To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentrations at each population-oriented monitor within an area must not exceed 35µg/m3 <effective December 17, 2006>.<8> To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations measured at each monitor within an area over each year must not exceed 0.075 ppm. <effective May 27, 2008><9> <a> To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations measured at each monitor within an area over each year must not exceed 0.08 ppm.<b> The 1997 standard—and the implementation rules for that standard—will remain in place for implementation purposes as EPA undertakes rulemaking to address the transition from the 1997 ozone standard to the 2008 ozone standard.<c> EPA is in the process of reconsidering these standards <set in March 2008>.<10> <a> EPA revoked the 1-hour ozone standard in all areas, although some areas have continuing obligations under that standard <"anti-backsliding">.<b> The standard is attained when the expected number of days per calendar year with maximum hourly average concentrations above 0.12 ppm is < 1.<11> <a> Final rule signed June 2, 2010. To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the 99th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour average at each monitor within an area must not exceed 75 ppb.National Secondary Drinking Water RegulationsNational Secondary Drinking Water Regulations <NSDWRs or secondary standards> arenon-enforceable guidelines regulating contaminants that may cause cosmetic effects <such as skin or tooth discoloration> or aesthetic effects <such as taste, odor, or color> in drinking water. EPA recommends secondary standards to water systems but does not require systems to comply. However, states may choose to adopt them as enforceable standards.List of National Secondary Drinking Water RegulationsContaminant Secondary StandardAluminum 0.05 to 0.2 mg/LChloride 250 mg/LColor 15 <color units>Copper 1.0 mg/LCorrosivity noncorrosiveFluoride 2.0 mg/LFoaming Agents 0.5 mg/LIron 0.3 mg/LManganese 0.05 mg/LOdor 3 threshold odor numberpH 6.5-8.5Silver 0.10 mg/LSulfate 250 mg/LTotal Dissolved Solids 500 mg/L Zinc 5 mg/L MicroorganismsContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL orTT1<mg/L>2Potential Health Effects fromLong-Term Exposure Abovethe MCL <unless specified asshort-term>Sources ofContaminant inDrinking WaterCryptosporidium zero TT 3Gastrointestinal illness <e.g.,diarrhea, vomiting, cramps>Human and animalfecal wasteGiardia lamblia zero TT3Gastrointestinal illness <e.g.,diarrhea, vomiting, cramps>Human and animalfecal wasteHeterotrophic plate count n/a TT3HPC has no health effects; it isan analytic method used tomeasure the variety of bacteriathat are common in water. Thelower the concentration ofbacteria in drinking water, thebetter maintained the watersystem is.HPC measures arange of bacteriathat are naturallypresent in theenvironmentLegionella zero TT3Legionnaire's Disease, a typeof pneumoniaFound naturally inwater; multipliesin heating systemsTotal Coliforms<including fecal coliform and E. Coli>zero 5.0%4Not a health threat in itself; itis used to indicate whetherother potentially harmfulbacteria may be present5Coliforms arenaturally presentin theenvironment; aswell as feces; fecalcoliforms and E.coli only comefrom human andanimal fecalwaste.Turbidity n/a TT3Turbidity is a measure of thecloudiness of water. It is usedto indicate water quality andfiltration effectiveness <e.g.,whether disease-causingSoil runofforganisms are present>. Higher turbidity levels areoften associated with higher levels of disease-causing microorganisms such as viruses, parasites and some bacteria. These organisms can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches. Viruses <enteric> zero TT 3Gastrointestinal illness <e.g., diarrhea, vomiting, cramps>Human and animal fecal wasteDisinfection ByproductsContaminantMCLG 1 <mg/L>2MCL or TT 1 <mg/L>2Potential Health Effectsfrom Long-Term Exposure Above the MCL <unlessspecifiedasshort-term>SourcesofContaminant in Drinking WaterBromatezero0.010Increased risk of cancerByproduct ofdrinking water disinfectionChlorite0.81.0Anemia; infants & youngchildren: nervous system effectsByproduct of drinking water disinfection Haloacetic acids<HAA5>n/a 60.0607Increased risk of cancerByproduct ofdrinking water disinfectionTotalTrihalomethanes <TTHMs>--> n/a 6--> 0.0807Liver, kidney or centralnervous systemproblems; increased risk of cancerByproduct of drinking water disinfectionDisinfectantsContaminantMCLG 1<mg/L>2MCL or TT 1 <mg/L>2Potential Health Effectsfrom Long-Term Exposure Above the MCL <unlessspecifiedasshort-term> SourcesofContaminant in Drinking WaterChloramines <as Cl 2>MRDLG=41MRDL=4.01Eye/nose irritation;stomach discomfort, anemiaWater additive used to control microbes Chlorine <asCl 2>MRDLG=41 MRDL=4.01Eye/nose irritation; stomach discomfortWater additive used to control microbes Chlorine dioxide <asClO 2>MRDLG=0.81MRDL=0.81Anemia; infants & young children: nervous system effectsWater additive used to control microbes Inorganic ChemicalsContaminantMCLG 1 <mg/L>2MCL or TT 1 <mg/L>2Potential Health EffectsfromLong-Term Exposure AbovetheMCL<unless specified as short-term>Sources of Contaminant in Drinking WaterAntimony0.0060.006Increase in bloodcholesterol; decrease in blood sugarDischarge frompetroleum refineries; fire retardants; ceramics; electronics; solder Arsenic070.010 as of 01/23/06Skin damage or problems withcirculatory systems, and may have increased risk of getting cancerErosion of natural deposits; runoff from orchards, runoff from glass &electronicsproduction wastesAsbestos <fiber>10micrometers>7 million fibers per liter7 MFLIncreased risk of developing benign intestinal polypsDecay of asbestos cement in water mains; erosion of natural depositsContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL or TT1<mg/L>2Potential HealthEffects fromLong-Term ExposureAbove the MCL<unless specified asshort-term>Sources of Contaminantin Drinking WaterBarium 2 2 Increase in bloodpressureDischarge of drillingwastes; discharge frommetal refineries; erosionof natural depositsBeryllium0.004 0.004 Intestinal lesions Discharge from metal refineries andcoal-burning factories; discharge from electrical, aerospace, and defense industriesCadmium0.005 0.005 Kidney damage Corrosion of galvanized pipes; erosion of natural deposits; discharge from metal refineries; runoff from waste batteries and paintsChromium <total>0.1 0.1 Allergic dermatitisDischarge from steel andpulp mills; erosion ofnatural depositsCopper 1.3 TT7; ActionLevel=1.3Short term exposure:GastrointestinaldistressLong term exposure:Liver or kidneydamagePeople with Wilson'sDisease shouldconsult theirpersonal doctor if theamount of copper inCorrosion of householdplumbing systems;erosion of naturaldepositsContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL or TT1<mg/L>2Potential HealthEffects fromLong-Term ExposureAbove the MCL<unless specified asshort-term>Sources of Contaminantin Drinking Watertheir water exceedsthe action levelCyanide <as free cyanide>0.2 0.2Nerve damage orthyroid problemsDischarge fromsteel/metal factories;discharge from plasticand fertilizer factoriesFluoride 4.0 4.0 Bone disease <painand tenderness ofthe bones>; Childrenmay get mottledteethWater additive whichpromotes strong teeth;erosion of naturaldeposits; discharge fromfertilizer and aluminumfactoriesLead zero TT7; ActionLevel=0.015Infants and children:Delays in physical ormental development;children could showslight deficits inattention span andlearning abilitiesAdults: Kidneyproblems; high bloodpressureCorrosion of householdplumbing systems;erosion of naturaldepositsMercury<inorganic>0.002 0.002 Kidney damageErosion of naturaldeposits; discharge fromrefineries and factories;runoff from landfills andcroplandsNitrate<measured as Nitrogen> 10 10Infants below the ageof six months whodrink waterRunoff from fertilizeruse; leaching from septictanks, sewage; erosionContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL or TT1<mg/L>2Potential HealthEffects fromLong-Term ExposureAbove the MCL<unless specified asshort-term>Sources of Contaminantin Drinking Watercontaining nitrate inexcess of the MCLcould becomeseriously ill and, ifuntreated, may die.Symptoms includeshortness of breathand blue-babysyndrome.of natural depositsNitrite<measured as Nitrogen>1 1Infants below the ageof six months whodrink watercontaining nitrite inexcess of the MCLcould becomeseriously ill and, ifuntreated, may die.Symptoms includeshortness of breathand blue-babysyndrome.Runoff from fertilizeruse; leaching from septictanks, sewage; erosionof natural depositsSelenium0.05 0.05 Hair or fingernailloss; numbness infingers or toes;circulatory problemsDischarge frompetroleum refineries;erosion of naturaldeposits; discharge fromminesThallium0.0005 0.002 Hair loss; changes inblood; kidney,intestine, or liverproblemsLeaching fromore-processing sites;discharge fromelectronics, glass, anddrug factoriesContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL or TT1<mg/L>2PotentialHealth EffectsfromLong-TermExposureAbove theMCL <unlessspecified asshort-term>Sources ofContaminant inDrinking WaterAcrylamide zero TT8Nervoussystem orbloodproblems;increased riskof cancerAdded to waterduringsewage/wastewater treatmentAlachlor zero 0.002 Eye, liver,kidney orspleenproblems;anemia;increased riskof cancer Runoff from herbicide used on row cropsAtrazine0.003 0.003 Cardiovascular system orreproductiveproblemsRunoff fromherbicide used onrow cropsBenzene zero 0.005 Anemia;decrease inbloodplatelets;increased riskof cancerDischarge fromfactories; leachingfrom gas storagetanks and landfillsBenzo<a>pyrene <PAHs>zero 0.0002 Reproductivedifficulties;increased riskof cancerLeaching fromlinings of waterstorage tanks anddistribution linesCarbofuran0.04 0.04 Problems with Leaching of soilContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL or TT1<mg/L>2PotentialHealth EffectsfromLong-TermExposureAbove theMCL <unlessspecified asshort-term>Sources ofContaminant inDrinking Waterblood,nervoussystem, orreproductivesystemfumigant used onrice and alfalfaCarbon tetrachloride zero 0.005 Liverproblems;increased riskof cancerDischarge fromchemical plantsand otherindustrial activitiesChlordane zero 0.002 Liver ornervoussystemproblems;increased riskof cancerResidue of bannedtermiticideChlorobenzene0.1 0.1 Liver orkidneyproblemsDischarge fromchemical andagriculturalchemical factories2,4-D0.07 0.07 Kidney, liver,or adrenalglandproblemsRunoff fromherbicide used onrow cropsDalapon0.2 0.2 Minor kidneychangesRunoff fromherbicide used onrights of way1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropa zero 0.0002 Reproductive Runoff/leachingContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL or TT1<mg/L>2PotentialHealth EffectsfromLong-TermExposureAbove theMCL <unlessspecified asshort-term>Sources ofContaminant inDrinking Waterne <DBCP>difficulties;increased riskof cancer from soil fumigant used on soybeans, cotton, pineapples, and orchardso-Dichlorobenzene0.6 0.6 Liver, kidney,or circulatorysystemproblemsDischarge fromindustrial chemicalfactoriesp-Dichlorobenzene0.075 0.075 Anemia; liver,kidney orspleendamage;changes inbloodDischarge fromindustrial chemicalfactories1,2-Dichloroethane zero 0.005 Increased riskof cancerDischarge fromindustrial chemicalfactories1,1-Dichloroethylene0.007 0.007 LiverproblemsDischarge fromindustrial chemicalfactoriescis-1,2-Dichloroethylene0.07 0.07 LiverproblemsDischarge fromindustrial chemicalfactoriestrans-1,2-Dichloroethylene0.1 0.1 LiverproblemsDischarge fromindustrial chemicalfactoriesContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL or TT1<mg/L>2PotentialHealth EffectsfromLong-TermExposureAbove theMCL <unlessspecified asshort-term>Sources ofContaminant inDrinking WaterDichloromethane zero 0.005 Liverproblems;increased riskof cancerDischarge fromdrug and chemicalfactories1,2-Dichloropropane zero 0.005 Increased riskof cancerDischarge fromindustrial chemicalfactoriesDi<2-ethylhexyl> adipate0.4 0.4 Weight loss,liverproblems, orpossiblereproductivedifficulties.Discharge fromchemical factoriesDi<2-ethylhexyl> phthalate zero 0.006 Reproductivedifficulties;liverproblems;increased riskof cancerDischarge fromrubber andchemical factoriesDinoseb0.007 0.007 ReproductivedifficultiesRunoff fromherbicide used onsoybeans andvegetablesDioxin <2,3,7,8-TCDD>zero 0.00000003Reproductivedifficulties;increased riskof cancerEmissions fromwaste incinerationand othercombustion;discharge fromContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL or TT1<mg/L>2PotentialHealth EffectsfromLong-TermExposureAbove theMCL <unlessspecified asshort-term>Sources ofContaminant inDrinking Waterchemical factoriesDiquat0.02 0.02 Cataracts Runoff from herbicide useEndothall0.1 0.1 Stomach andintestinalproblemsRunoff fromherbicide useEndrin0.002 0.002 LiverproblemsResidue of bannedinsecticideEpichlorohydrin zero TT8Increasedcancer risk,and over along period oftime, stomachproblemsDischarge fromindustrial chemicalfactories; animpurity of somewater treatmentchemicalsEthylbenzene0.7 0.7 Liver orkidneysproblemsDischarge frompetroleumrefineriesEthylene dibromide zero 0.00005 Problems withliver,stomach,reproductivesystem, orkidneys;increased riskof cancerDischarge frompetroleumrefineriesGlyphosate0.7 0.7 Kidneyproblems;Runoff fromherbicide useContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL or TT1<mg/L>2PotentialHealth EffectsfromLong-TermExposureAbove theMCL <unlessspecified asshort-term>Sources ofContaminant inDrinking WaterreproductivedifficultiesHeptachlor zero 0.0004 Liver damage;increased riskof cancerResidue of bannedtermiticideHeptachlor epoxide zero 0.0002 Liver damage;increased riskof cancerBreakdown ofheptachlorHexachlorobenzene zero 0.001 Liver orkidneyproblems;reproductivedifficulties;increased riskof cancerDischarge frommetal refineriesand agriculturalchemical factoriesHexachlorocyclopentadiene0.05 0.05 Kidney orstomachproblemsDischarge fromchemical factoriesLindane0.0002 0.0002 Liver orkidneyproblemsRunoff/leachingfrom insecticideused on cattle,lumber, gardensMethoxychlor0.04 0.04 ReproductivedifficultiesRunoff/leachingfrom insecticideused on fruits,vegetables, alfalfa,livestockContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL or TT1<mg/L>2PotentialHealth EffectsfromLong-TermExposureAbove theMCL <unlessspecified asshort-term>Sources ofContaminant inDrinking WaterOxamyl <Vydate>0.2 0.2 Slight nervoussystemeffectsRunoff/leachingfrom insecticideused on apples,potatoes, andtomatoesPolychlorinated biphenyls <PCBs>zero 0.0005Skin changes;thymus glandproblems;immunedeficiencies;reproductiveor nervoussystemdifficulties;increased riskof cancerRunoff fromlandfills; dischargeof waste chemicalsPentachlorophenol zero 0.001 Liver orkidneyproblems;increasedcancer riskDischarge fromwood preservingfactoriesPicloram0.5 0.5 LiverproblemsHerbicide runoffSimazine0.004 0.004 Problems withbloodHerbicide runoffStyrene0.1 0.1 Liver, kidney,or circulatorysystemDischarge fromrubber and plasticfactories; leachingContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL or TT1<mg/L>2PotentialHealth EffectsfromLong-TermExposureAbove theMCL <unlessspecified asshort-term>Sources ofContaminant inDrinking Waterproblems from landfillsTetrachloroethylene zero 0.005 Liverproblems;increased riskof cancerDischarge fromfactories and drycleanersToluene 1 1 Nervoussystem,kidney, orliverproblemsDischarge frompetroleumfactoriesToxaphene zero 0.003 Kidney, liver,or thyroidproblems;increased riskof cancerRunoff/leachingfrom insecticideused on cottonand cattle2,4,5-TP <Silvex>0.05 0.05 LiverproblemsResidue of bannedherbicide1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene0.07 0.07 Changes inadrenalglandsDischarge fromtextile finishingfactories1,1,1-Trichloroethane0.20 0.2 Liver, nervoussystem, orcirculatoryproblemsDischarge frommetal degreasingsites and otherfactories1,1,2-Trichloroethane0.003 0.005 Liver, kidney,or immunesystemDischarge fromindustrial chemicalfactoriesContaminantMCLG 1<mg/L>2MCL or TT 1 <mg/L>2Potential Health Effects fromLong-Term Exposure Above the MCL <unless specifiedasshort-term> Sources of Contaminant inDrinking Waterproblems Trichloroethylene zero 0.005Liverproblems; increased risk of cancerDischarge from metal degreasing sites and other factoriesVinyl chloride zero 0.002Increased risk of cancerLeaching from PVCpipes; discharge from plastic factories Xylenes <total>1010Nervoussystem damageDischarge frompetroleum factories; discharge from chemical factoriesRadionuclidesContaminantMCLG 1 <mg/L>2MCL or TT 1 <mg/L>2Potential Health EffectsfromLong-Term Exposure AbovetheMCL <unless specified as short-term>Sources of Contaminantin Drinking WaterAlpha particles none 7----------zero15 picocuries per Liter <pCi/L>Increased risk of cancerErosion of natural deposits of certain minerals that are radioactive and may emit a form of radiation knownRadionuclidesContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL or TT1<mg/L>2Potential HealthEffects fromLong-Term ExposureAbove the MCL<unless specified asshort-term>Sources of Contaminantin Drinking Wateras alpha radiationBeta particles and photon emitters none7----------zero4 milliremsper yearIncreased risk ofcancerDecay of natural andman-made deposits ofcertain minerals that areradioactive and may emitforms of radiation knownas photons and betaradiationRadium 226 and Radium 228 <combined> none7----------zero5 pCi/LIncreased risk ofcancerErosion of naturaldepositsUranium zero 30 ug/L asof 12/08/03Increased risk ofcancer, kidney toxicityErosion of naturaldepositsTop of pageNotes1 Definitions: Maximum Contaminant Level Goal <MCLG> - The level of a contaminant in drinking water below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MCLGs allow for a margin of safety and are non-enforceable public health goals. Maximum Contaminant Level<MCL> - The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to MCLGs as feasible using the best available treatment technology and taking cost into consideration. MCLs are enforceable standards. Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal<MRDLG> - The level of a drinking water disinfectant below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MRDLGs do not reflect the benefits of the use of disinfectants to control microbial contaminants. Treatment Technique - A required process intended to reduce the level of a contaminant in drinking water. Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level <MRDL> - The highest level of a disinfectant allowed in drinking water. There is convincing evidence that addition of a disinfectant is necessary for control of microbial contaminants.2 Units are in milligrams per liter <mg/L> unless otherwise noted. Milligrams per liter are equivalent to parts per million.3 EPA's surface water treatment rules require systems using surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water to <1> disinfect their water, and <2> filter their water or meet criteria for avoiding filtration so that the following contaminants are controlled at the following levels:•Cryptosporidium: Unfiltered systems are required to include Cryptosporidium in their existing watershed control provisions.•Giardia lamblia: 99.9% removal/inactivation•Viruses: 99.99% removal/inactivation•Legionella: No limit, but EPA believes that if Giardia and viruses areremoved/inactivated, according to the treatment techniques in the Surface WaterTreatment Rule, Legionella will also be controlled.•Turbidity: For systems that use conventional or direct filtration, at not time can turbidity <cloudiness of water> go higher than 1 nephelolometric turbidity unit NTU>, andsamples for turbidity must be less than or equal to 0.3 NTU in at least 95 pervent of the samples in any month. Systems that use filtration other than the conventional or direct filtration must follow state limits, which must include turbidity at no time exceeding 5 NTU.•HPC: No more than 500 bacterial colonies per milliliter.•Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment: Surface water systems or <GWUDI> systems serving fewer than 10,000 people must comply with the applicable Long Term1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule provisions <e.g. turbidity standards,individual filter monitoring, Cryptosporidium removal requirements, updatedwatershed control requirements for unfiltered systems>.•Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule This rule applies to all surface water systems or ground water systems under the direct influence of surface water. The rule targets additional Cryptosporidium treatment requirements for higher risk systems and includes provisions to reduce risks from uncovered finished water storage facilities and to ensure that the systems maintain microbial protection as they take steps toreduce the formation of disinfection byproducts.•Filter Backwash Recycling; The Filter Backwash Recycling Rule requires systems that recycle to return specific recycle flows through all processes of the system's existingconventional or direct filtration system or at an alternate location approved by the state.4 No more than 5.0% samples total coliform-positive in a month. <For water systems that collect fewer than 40 routine samples per month, no more than one sample can be totalcoliform-positive per month.> Every sample that has total coliform must be analyzed for either fecal coliforms or E. coli if two consecutive TC-positive samples, and one is also positive for E.coli fecal coliforms, system has an acute MCL violation.5 Fecal coliform and E. coli are bacteria whose presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes. Disease-causing microbes <pathogens> in these wastes can cause diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. These pathogens may pose a special health risk for infants, young children, and people with severely compromised immune systems.。

___________________________________________________________________________________________Whilst SGX has taken care to ensure the accuracy of the information contained herein it accepts no responsibility for the consequences of any use thereof and also reserves the right to change the specification of goods without notice. SGX accepts no liability beyond the set out in its standard conditions of sale in respect of SGX Europe Sp. z o.o. Building 11Ligocka St. 103, 40-568 Katowice, PolandT: +48 (0) 32 438 4778E:**************************IR15 Dual Gas Series DatasheetInfrared Dual Gas Sensor for Hazardous Environments(Portable and Fixed Systems)The SGX infrared sensors use the proven Non-Dispersive Infrared (NDIR) principle to detect and monitor the presence of gases. With an infrared source and specific filtering on the pyroelectric detectors mounted inside the optical/gas cavity, individual gases or types of gas can be identified and their concentrations determined.These sensors are suitable for reliable monitoring of gas levels in general safety applications where the sensor size is restricted and require a flameproof enclosure for hazardous environments.The IR15 Series contain two active detector elements for simultaneous monitoring of Carbon Dioxide and Methane or Hydrocarbon mixtures in the same size housing as some of the single gas sensors from the IR1xxx series sensors, making the sensor more cost effective than two separate sensors.APPLICATIONS∙ Oil & Gas∙ Petrochemical ∙ Biogas∙Wastewater ∙ Utilities ∙ Steelworks∙ Confined Space Entry ∙ Indoor Air QualityFEATURES∙ For detection of the following gases:o Carbon Dioxide & Hydrocarbons, o Hydrocarbons Mixtures ∙Gas concentration ranges:o 0 - 5% Carbon Dioxide(also suitable for 0 to 0.5%v/v) o 0 - 100% Carbon Dioxide(also suitable for 0 to 10%) o 0 - 100%v/v Hydrocarbons(also suitable for 0 to 100%LEL)∙ 19mm sensor height∙ Embedded thermistor for improved temperature compensation∙ Diffused gas sampling via mesh ∙ Low power∙ Reference channel for self-compensation∙ Special gold plated optical gas cavity for stable signal levels∙ Operational in varying temperature, pressure and humidity∙ Fast response∙ Rugged stainless steel construction ∙ No moving parts∙ Immunity from ‘poisoning’∙Reliable fail-safe operation∙Certified: ATEX, IECEx, CSA and ULOPERATIONTo operate, the sensors must be interfaced to a suitable circuit for power supply, output amplification and signal processing. Sensor outputs require linearisation and compensation for ambient temperature variation using algorithms in the system firmware. This is necessary for sensors to meet their full performance specification. An embedded temperature sensor facilitates this compensation on certain types. Further compensation for pressure changes can also be made in an algorithm, provided there is a suitable input from a pressure sensor.A set of Application Notes is available from the SGX Sensortech Ltd website, to explain more about NDIR gas sensing and provide advice for the end-user on interfacing the sensors and processing signals.TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONCONFIGURATIONSThe Highest Concentration Range is the highest range the sensor is suitable. The Lowest Concentration Range is the lowest range the sensor is suitable. The use of the sensor beyond these ranges will affect the sensor’s performance.IR15TTThe IR15TT can be used in all applications for general monitoring of both relatively low concentrations of carbon dioxide and simultaneous %LEL and %v/v concentrations of Group II hydrocarbons, including benzene. The sensors contain a broadband hydrocarbon detector which are cross sensitive to most hydrocarbons and can therefore be calibrated to a specific target gas or a number of gases that can then be selected in the configuration of the customer’s gas measurement instrument.IR15TT-MThe IR15TT-M is very similar to the IR15TT except that a narrowband hydrocarbon detector is used. The sensor can still be used to monitor the same levels of carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons but are unsuitable for the detection of benzene. The narrowband detector also has a slightly lower response to humidity than the IR15TT, but is generally more cross-sensitive to other hydrocarbons.IR15TT-RThe IR15TT-R was designed specifically for Biogas applications for the simultaneous detection of carbon dioxide up to 100%v/v and %LEL and %v/v concentrations of hydrocarbons, but can be potentially used for other applications. The IR15TT-R contains the narrowband detector which is unsuitable for the detection of benzene.IR15TT-DThe IR15TT-D is fitted with both the narrowband and broadband hydrocarbon detectors with differing centre wavelength and bandwidth to potentially differentiate between hydrocarbons. The sensor was designed for the gas instruments being used by utilities companies to help differentiate between different compositions of natural gas.HANDLING PRECAUTIONS1. Do not allow sensors to fall on the floor. This could cause IR Source filament breakage, damage to the pins and the gasentrance aperture.2. Do not apply mechanical force against the gas entrance aperture.3. Do not immerse sensors in water or other fluids.4. Protect the gas entrance aperture against dust ingress and sprayed materials.5. Anti-static handling precautions must be taken.PERFORMANCEFor test purposes, all data taken using the following conditions:- Performance as tested in the SGX IR-EK2 Evaluation Kit directly after calibration.- SGX linearisation and temperature compensation algorithms applied; see Infrared Sensor Application Notes.- IR Source Voltage 5V, square wave, at 4 Hz and 50% duty cycle. Running the IR Source at 3V will decrease performance due to lower output signals.- Ambient temperature (20°C) and pressure (101 kPa).- All gases diluted in dry nitrogen.- Performance for the Hydrocarbons refers to Methane only. Most other hydrocarbons will have an improved performance.- Performance data is the same for the supported IR Source variants (“_1” variants).- Refer to Application Notes for more information.(2) Production Test Limits, using standard test gases of Dry Nitrogen, 2%v/v Carbon Dioxide and 5%v/v Methane, where appropriate . (3) A 0.30 absorbance is equivalent to a 30% decrease in the Active peak-to-peak output.(4)The minimum detection level is the smallest detectable change in concentration based upon a 2 sigma variantion. The best detectable change occurs at 0% gas concentration due to the non-linear output of the detector (see Fractional Absorbance Curves).(5) Performance for most hydrocarbons will be better than for methane for equiavlent concentrations, as methane is one of the lower sensitive gasescompared to other hydocarbons.(6) After linearisation using the recommended method of linearisation and based upon a calibration gas with a concentration >75% of the full-scale. (7) Using average Alpha and Beta coefficients based upon test data from the instrument in which the sensor is being tested. Refer to ApplicationNotes for information on calculating Alpha and Beta coefficients. Accuracy can be improved by measuring each sensor over temperature to define specific Alpha or Alpha & Beta coefficients.(8) After sensor stabilisation and over a period of 8 hours. (9) Difference in response when changed from 0 %RH to 90 %RH.(10) Sensors can be used over a greater ambient pressure using pressure compensation of the concentration. An external pressure sensor will berequred for this.FRACTIONAL ABSORBANCE CURVESThese show the typical sensitivity versus concentration before linearisation for the range of gases. For further explanation, refer to the Infrared Sensor Application Notes.Primary Target GasesNote: Both IR15TT-D channels have a similar response to methane but different responses to other alkanes (see table below).Relative Absorbance of Narrowband and Broadband Detectors to AlkanesMethane 5%v/v Ethane (0.5%v/v) Propane (0.35%v/v) Narrowband1.00 0.82IR15TT-D / IR15TT-MBroadband 1.00CERTIFICATIONSCSAULATEXIECEXINSTRUCTIONS SPECIFIC TO HAZARDOUS AREA INSTALLATIONS(Ref: EU ATEX Directive 2014/34/EU)1. The IR15xx Series Gas Sensing Heads are component-approved only and may not be used as stand-alone items in ahazardous area without further protection.2. The IR15xx Series Gas Sensing Heads shall be protected in service. The Sensing Head shall be mounted in a protectiveenclosure such that an impact of 7 J in accordance with IEC 60079-0:2007 clause 26.4.2 from any direction shall not cause the impact head to make contact with the Sensing Head.3. The thermal resistance of the IR15xx Series Gas Sensing Heads does not exceed 25 K/W. This shall be taken into accountwhen considering its surface temperature and the temperature classification of the equipment into which it is to be incorporated. Tests indicated that an internal ignition raises the temperature of the mesh by a further 4.2 K (including a 1.2 safety factor).4. The IR15xx Series Gas Sensing Heads have not been assessed as a safety device (EHSR 1.5).5. There are no user-serviceable parts in the component.6. The end-user/installer shall be aware that the certification of the IR15xx Series Gas Sensing Heads relies on the followingmaterials used in its construction, which are suitable for most common applications:Enclosure .................................. Stainless steel Mesh ......................................... Stainless steel Bushing ..................................... Epoxy resinIn accordance with the Note in EN60079-0:2006 clause 6.1, the end-user/installer shall inform the manufacturer of any adverse conditions that the IR15xx Series Gas Sensing Heads may encounter. This is to ensure that the IR15xx Series Gas Sensing Heads are not subjected to conditions that may cause degradation of these materials. 7. The IR15xx Series Gas Sensing Head is only certified for use in ambient temperatures between -20°C and +55︒C andshould not be used outside this range.8. The maximum input power of the IR15xx Series Gas Sensing Head shall not exceed 2.5 W.9. The IR15xx Series Gas Sensing Heads are dust-proof (IP5x) but offers no protection against the ingress of water. Whereprotection in excess of IP50 is required, the apparatus into which the IR15xx Series Head is installed shall provide the necessary ingress protection (for example by fitting an external semi-permeable membrane).OUTLINE(All dimensions in millimetres; dimensions without limits are nominal)ConnectionsOutline NotesPin Connection 1. Body dimensional tolerances ±0.1 mm. Pindimensional tolerances as indicated.1 IR Source2 Reference Detector Output3 IR Source Return2. IR15xx Series sensors are designed to press-fit intoPCB sockets. The end-user should choose a socket to accommodate the full sensor pin length. This will ensure a stable mechanical location as well as good electrical contact. SGX Sensortech Ltd recommend the Wearns Cambion type 450-1813-01-03-00 single-pole solder mount socket with through hole, or a suitable equivalent.4 Active 1 Detector Output (CO2 for IR15TT / IR15TT-M / IR15TT-R; Narrowband Hydrocarbon for IR15TT-D)ACCESSORIESDust Membrane (DPP702964BA)Material PTFEAir Flow ≥6.8 l/hr/cm2(∆p 10mbar) Water Intrusion Pressure ≥210 mbarLaminated PTFE Thickness 0.28 mm (nominal)。

Air quality: the UK's invisible health crisis空气质量：英国无形的健康危机Air pollution is an invisible health crisis. It's an invisible health crisis which causes thousands of premature deaths in the UK every year. It can lead to asthma, reduce lung capacity and trigger heart attacks. And our country's failure to adequately address the issue has forced the European commission to take legal action against us.空气污染是一个隐形的健康危机。

这种无形的健康危机每年在英国引起了数以千计的过早死亡。

它可以导致哮喘，降低肺活量，诱发心脏病发作。

我国未能充分解决这一问题已迫使欧盟委员会对我们采取法律行动。

The government's lack of urgency is surely compounded by the fact that the current threat in the air we breathe is far less obvious than the looming smog clouds of the 1950s. At a previous committee session, Prof Frank Kelly of the environmental research group at King's College London warned us that "we have this new problem that we cannot see: it is tiny particles of nitrogen dioxide." But the health impact of poor air quality in the UK, which is among the worst in Europe, is clear for all to see.我们目前所呼吸空气的威胁比二十世纪五十年代的若隐若现的烟雾云更不明显的多，这个事实必将加剧政府缺乏紧迫感。

2024年秋季学期期中考试高一英语试卷考试说明：本试卷分第Ⅰ卷(选择题) 和第Ⅱ卷(非选择题) 两部分，满分150分，考试时间120分钟。

(1) 答题前，考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写清楚；(2) 请按照题号顺序在各题目的答题区域内作答，在草稿纸、试题上答题无效。

(3) 保持卡面清洁，不得折叠，不要弄破、弄皱，不准使用涂改液、刮纸刀。

第一部分：听力第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1. How does Cindy know much about animals?A. By having classes.B. By spending time on the farm.C. By listening to stories from her father.2. What painting does the woman like better?A. One about the countryside.B. One with modern style.C. One with imaginative colors.3. What is the woman writing about in her report?A. A forest fire.B. A terrible rainstormC. Some lovely pet animals.4. Who is the woman’s second oldest child in the photo?A. Tom.B. Lily.C. Mike.5. What is the probable relationship between the speakers?A. Host and guest.B. WorkmatesC. Customer and repairman.第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。

**Air Quality Improvement**In the vast expanse of our existence, the quality of the air we breathe holds a significance that is often underestimated. As the ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus once said, "Change is the only constant." This wisdom is profoundly relevant when we consider the imperative of improving air quality.The importance of enhancing air quality cannot be overstated. Clean air is not just a luxury but an essential element for our well-being and the survival of all life on Earth. Poor air quality has far-reaching consequences, affecting our respiratory systems, cardiovascular health, and overall quality of life. Consider the smog-choked cities of industrialized regions, where respiratory diseases have become alarmingly common. The situation in Beijing, for instance, has drawn global attention, highlighting the urgent need for air quality improvement.To improve air quality, a multi-faceted approach is necessary. One crucial aspect is reducing industrial emissions. By implementing strict environmental regulations and promoting cleaner production technologies, industries can significantly cut down on the pollutants they release into the atmosphere. The success story of Germany, where many factories have adopted advanced emission control systems, demonstrates the feasibility and benefits of such measures.Transportation is another major contributor to air pollution. Encouraging the use of public transportation, promoting electric and hybrid vehicles, and improving fuel efficiency standards can have a substantial impact. The Scandinavian countries, with their extensive public transportation networks and incentives for eco-friendly vehicles, have made notable progress in this area.In addition, afforestation plays a vital role. Trees act as natural air purifiers, absorbing harmful gases and releasing oxygen. The Amazon rainforest, often referred to as the "lungs of the Earth," showcases the immense potential of forests in maintaining air quality.However, the journey towards better air quality is not without challenges. Economic interests may sometimes conflict with environmental goals, and there can be resistance to implementing costly pollution control measures. Public awareness and engagement are therefore crucial to drive the necessary changes.To overcome these obstacles, governments, businesses, and individuals must work in unison. Education campaigns can raise awareness about the dangers of poor air quality and the steps each of us can take to make a difference. International cooperation is also essential to address air pollution, which often transcends national boundaries.In conclusion, improving air quality is not an insurmountable task but a collective responsibility. Just as the philosopher Plato sought an ideal society based on justice and harmony, we must strive for a world where the air is clean and breathable. By taking decisive action and making sustainable choices, we can ensure a healthier and brighter future for ourselves and generations to come.。

Commission communication in the framework of the implementation of Directive 2014/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member Statesrelating to electromagnetic compatibility(Publication of titles and references of harmonised standards under Union harmonisation legislation)(Text with EEA relevance)(2016/C 293/03)EN 61439-1:2011 does not give presumption of conformity without another part of the standard.EN 62026-1:2007 does not give presumption of conformity without another part of the standard.EN 62052-11:2003 does not give presumption of conformity without a part of the EN 62053 series.EN 62052-21:2004 does not give presumption of conformity without a part of the EN 62054 series.12.8.2016Official Journal of the European Union C 293/49(1)ESO: European standardisation organisation:—CEN: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Tel. +32 2 5500811; fax + 32 2 5500819 (http://www.cen.eu)—CENELEC: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Tel. +32 2 5196871; fax + 32 2 5196919 (http://www.cenelec.eu)—ETSI: 650, route des Lucioles, F-06921 Sophia Antipolis, Tel. +33 492 944200; fax +33 493 654716, (http://www.etsi.eu)Note 1:Generally the date of cessation of presumption of conformity will be the date of withdrawal (‘dow’), set by the European standardisation organisation, but attention of users of these standards is drawn to the fact that in certain exceptional cases this can be otherwise.Note 2.1:The new (or amended) standard has the same scope as the superseded standard. On the date stated, thesuperseded standard ceases to give presumption of conformity with the essential or other requirements of the relevant Unionlegislation.C 293/50Official Journal of the European Union 12.8.201612.8.2016Official Journal of the European Union C 293/51Note 2.2:The new standard has a broader scope than the superseded standard. On the date stated, the superseded standard ceases to give presumption of conformity with the essential or other requirements of the relevant Unionlegislation.Note 2.3:The new standard has a narrower scope than the superseded standard. On the date stated, the (partially) superseded standard ceases to give presumption of conformity with the essential or other requirements of therelevant Union legislation for those products or services that fall within the scope of the new standard.Presumption of conformity with the essential or other requirements of the relevant Union legislation for productsor services that still fall within the scope of the (partially) superseded standard, but that do not fall within thescope of the new standard, is unaffected.Note 3:In case of amendments, the referenced standard is EN CCCCC:YYYY, its previous amendments, if any, and the new, quoted amendment. The superseded standard therefore consists of EN CCCCC:YYYY and its previousamendments, if any, but without the new quoted amendment. On the date stated, the superseded standard ceasesto give presumption of conformity with the essential or other requirements of the relevant Union legislation.NOTE:—Any information concerning the availability of the standards can be obtained either from the European standardisation organisations or from the national standardisation bodies the list of which is published in the Official Journal of theEuropean Union according to Article 27 of the Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012 (1).—Standards are adopted by the European standardisation organisations in English (CEN and CENELEC also publish in French and German). Subsequently, the titles of the standards are translated into all other required official languages ofthe European Union by the national standardisation bodies. The European Commission is not responsible for thecorrectness of the titles which have been presented for publication in the Official Journal.—References to Corrigenda ‘…/AC:YYYY’ are published for information only. A Corrigendum removes printing, linguistic or similar errors from the text of a standard and may relate to one or more language versions (English, French and/orGerman) of a standard as adopted by a European standardisation organisation.—Publication of the references in the Official Journal of the European Union does not imply that the standards are available in all the official languages of the European Union.—This list replaces all the previous lists published in the Official Journal of the European Union. The European Commissionensures the updating of this list.—More information about harmonised standards and other European standards on the Internet at:http://ec.europa.eu/growth/single-market/european-standards/harmonised-standards/index_en.htm(1)OJ C 338, 27.9.2014, p. 31.。

生产制造管理中常用英文单词A/D/V Analysis/Development/Validation 分析/发展/验证AA Approve Architecture 审批体系ACD Actual Completion Date 实际完成日期ALBS Assembly Line Balance System 装配线平衡系统 ANDON 暗灯（安腾灯）AP Advanced Purchasing 提前采购API Advanced Product Information 先进的产品信息 APQP Advanced Product Quality Planning 先期产品质量策划 ATT Actual Tact Time 实际单件工时BIQ Building in Quality 制造质量BIW Body In White 白车身BOD Bill of Design 设计清单BOE Bill of Equipment 设备清单BOL Bill of Logistic 装载清单BOM Bill of Material 原料清单BOP Bill of Process 过程清单BPD Business Plant Deployment 业务计划实施CAD Computer-Aided Design 计算机辅助设计CAE Computer-Aided Engineering 计算机辅助工程(软件) CARE Customer Acceptance & Review Evaluation用户接受度和审查评估 CAS Concept Alternative Selection 概念可改变的选择 CIP Continue Improve Process 持续改进CIT Compartment Integration Team 隔间融合为组CKD Complete Knockdown 完全拆缷CMM Coordinate Measuring Machines 坐标测量仪CPV Cost per Vehicle 单车成本CR&W Controls/Robotics & Welding 控制/机器人技术和焊接 CS Contract Signing 合同签订CTD Cumulative Trauma Disadjust 累积性外伤失调CTS Component Technical Specification 零件技术规格CVIS Completed Vehicle Inspection Standards 整车检验标准 D/PFMEA Design/process failure mode & effects analysis设计/过程失效模式分析DAP Design Analysis Process 设计分析过程DES Design Center 设计中心DFA Design for Assembly 装配设计DOE Design Of Experiments 试验设计DOL Die Operation Line-Up 冲模业务排行DPV Defect per Vehicle 单车缺陷数DQV Design Quality Verification 设计质量验证DRE Design Release Engineer 设计发布工程师DRL Direct Run Loss 直行损失率DRR Direct Run Run 直行率DSC Decision Support Center 决策支持中心ECD Estimated Completion Date 计划完成日期EGM Engineering Group Manager 工程组经理ELPO Electrode position Primer 电极底漆ENG Engineering 工程技术、工程学EOA End of Acceleration 停止加速EPC&L Engineering Production Cntrol &Logistics 工程生产控制和后勤EQF Early Quality Feedback 早期质量反馈EWO Engineering Work Order 工程工作指令FA Final Approval 最终认可FE Functional Evaluation 功能评估FEDR Functional Evaluation Disposition Report 功能评估部署报告FFF Free Form Fabrication 自由形态制造FIN Financial 金融的FL 听FMEA Failure Mode and Effects Analysis 失效形式及结果分析 FPS Fixed Point Stop 定点停FTP File Transfer Protocol 文件传送协议FTQ First Time Quality 一次送检合格率GA General Assembly 总装GA Shop General Assembly Shop 总装车间Paint Shop 涂装车间Body Shop 车身车间Press Shop 冲压车间GCA Global Customer Audit 全球顾客评审GD&T Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing 几何尺寸及精度 GDS Global Delivery Survey 全球发运检查GM General Motors 通用汽车GMAP GM Asia Pacific 通用亚太GME General Motors Europe 通用汽车欧洲GMIO General Motors International Operations 通用汽车国际运作 GMIQ General Motors Initial Quality 通用汽车初始质量 GMPTG General Motors Powertrain Group 通用汽车动力组GMS Global Manufacturing System 通用全球制造系统GP General Procedure 通用程序GQTS Global Quality Tracking System 全球质量跟踪系统 GSB Global Strategy Board 全球战略部HVAC Heating, Ventilation ,and Air Conditioning 加热、通风及空调 I/P Instrument Panel 仪表板IC Initiate Charter 初始租约ICD Interface Control Document 界面控制文件IE Industrial Engineering 工业工程IEMA International Export Market Analysis 国际出口市场分析 ILRS Indirect Labor Reporting System 间接劳动报告系统 IO International Operations 国际业务IOM Inspection Operation Mathod 检验操作方法IOS Inspection Operation Summary 检验操作概要IPC International Product Center 国际产品中心 IPTV Incidents Per Thousand Vehicles 每千辆车的故障率 IQS Initial Quality Survey 初始质量调查IR Incident Report 事故报告ISP Integrated Scheduling Project 综合计划ITP Integrated Training Process 综合培训方法ITSD Interior Technical Specification Drawing 内部技术规范图IUVA International Uniform Vehicle Audit 国际统一车辆审核 JES Job Element Sheet 工作要素单JIS Job Issue Sheet 工作要素单JIT Just in Time 准时制JPH Job per hour 每小时工作量KCC Key Control Characteristics 关键控制特性KCDS Key Characteristics Designation System 关键特性标识系统KPC Key product Characteristic 关键产品特性LT Look at 看MFD Metal Fabrication Division 金属预制件区MFG Manufacturing Operations 制造过程MIC Marketing Information Center 市场信息中心MIE Manufacturing Integration Engineer 制造综合工程师 MKT Marketing 营销MLBS Material Labor Balance System 物化劳动平衡系统 MMSTS Manufacturing Major Subsystem TechnicalSpecifications 制造重要子系统技术说明书MNG Manufacturing Engineering 制造工程MPG Milford Proving Ground 试验场MPI Master Process Index 主程序索引MPL Master Parts List 主零件列表MPS Material Planning System 原料计划系统MRD Material Required Date 物料需求日期MSDS Material Safery Data Sheets 化学品安全数据单MSE Manufacturing System Engineer 制造系统工程MSS Market Segment Specification 市场分割规范MTBF Mean Time Between Failures 平均故障时间MTS Manufacturing Technical Specification 生产技术规范 MVSS Motor Vehicle Safety Standards 汽车发动机安全标准NAMA North American Market Analysis 北美市场分析NAO North American Operations 北美业务NAOC NAO Containerization NAO货柜运输NC Numerically Controlled 用数字控制NOA Notice of Authorization 授权书NSB NAO Strategy Board 北美业务部OED Organization and Employee Development 组织和员工发展 OSH Occupational Safety & Health 职业安全健康OSHA Occupational Safety & Health Act 职业安全与健康法案 OSHMS Occupational Safety & Health Management System 职业安全健康管理体系OSHS Occupational Safety & Health Standards 职业安全标准 PA Production Achievement 生产结果PAA Product Action Authorization 产品临时授权PAC Performance Assessment Committee 绩效评估委员会 PACE Program Assessment and Control Environment 项目评估和控制条件PAD Product Assembly Document 产品装配文件PARTS Part Readiness Tracking System 零件准备跟踪系统PC Problem Communication 问题信息PCL Production Control and Logistics 生产控制和支持PCM Process Control Manager 工艺控制负责人PCR Problem Communication Report 问题交流报告PDC Portfolio Development Center 证券发展中心PDM Product Data Management 产品资料管理PDS Product Description System 产品说明系统PDT Product Development Team 产品发展小组PED Production Engineering Department 产品工程部PEP Product Evaluation Program 产品评估程序PER Personnel 人员PET Program Execution Team 项目执行小组PGM Program Management 项目管理PI People Involement 人员参与PIMREP Project Incident Monitoring and ResolutionProcess 事故方案跟踪和解决过程PLP Production Launch Process 生产启动程序PMI Process Modeling Integration 加工建模一体化PMM Program Manufacturing Manager 项目制造经理PMR Product Manufacturability Requirements 产品制造能要求 PMT Product Management Team 产品车管理小组POMS Production Order Management System 产品指令管理小组 POP Point of Purchase 采购点PP Push - Pull 推拉Production Part Approval Process 生产零部件批准程序PPE 个人防护用品PPH Problems Per Hundred 百辆车缺陷数PPM Problems Per Million 百万辆车缺陷数PPS Practical Problem Solving 实际问题解决PR Performance Review 绩效评估PR/R Problem Reporting and Resolution 问题报告和解决 PRTS Problem Resolution and Tracking System 问题解决跟踪系统PSC Portfolio Strategy Council 部长职务策略委员会PST Plant Support Team 工厂支持小组PTO Primary Tryout 第一次试验PTR Production Trial Run 生产试运行PUR Purchasing 采购PVD Production Vehicle Development 生产汽车发展PVM Programmable Vehicle Model 可设计的汽车模型QA Quality Audit 质量评审QAP Quality Assessment Process 质量评估过程QBC Quality Build Concern 质量体系构建关系QC Quality Characteristic 质量特性QCOS Quality Control Operation Sheets 质量风险控制QE Quality Engineer 质量工程师QET Quality Engineering Team 质量工程小组QFD Quality Function Deployment 质量功能配置QRD Quality, Reliability,andDurability 质量、可靠性和耐久力QS Quality System 质量体系QUA Quality 质量RC Review Charter 评估特许RCD Required Completion Date 必须完成日期RFQ Request For Quotation 报价请求RGM Reliability Growth Management 可靠性增长小组RONA Return on Net Assets 净资产评估RPO Regular Production Option 正式产品选项RQA Routing Quality Assessment 程序安排质量评定RT&TM Rigorous Tracking and Throughout Managment 严格跟踪和全程管理SDC Strategic Decision Center 战略决策中心SF Styling Freeze 造型冻结SIL Single Issue List 单一问题清单SIP Stansardized Inspection Process 标准化检验过程SIU Summing It All Up 电子求和结束SL System Layouts 系统规划SLT Short Leading Team 缩短制造周期SMARTSMBP Synchronous Math-Based Process 理论同步过程SME Subject Matter Expert 主题专家SMT Systems Management Team 系统管理小组SNR 坏路实验Start of Production 生产启动Safe Operating Practice 安全操作规程SOR Statement of Requirements 技术要求SOS Standardization Operation Sheet 标准化工作操作单 SOW Statement of Work 工作说明SPA Shipping Priority Audit 发运优先级审计SPC Statistical Process Control 统计过程控制SPE Surface and Prototype Engineering 表面及原型工程 SPO Service Parts Operations 配件组织SPT Single Point Team 专一任务小组SQA Supplier Quality Assurance 供应商质量保证（供应商现场工程师）SQC Supplier Quality Control 供方质量控制SQD Supplier Quality Development 供应方质量开发SQE Supplier Quality Engineer 供方质量工程师SQIP Supplier Quality Improvement Process 供应商质量改进程序SSF Start of System Fill 系统填充SSLT Subsystem Leadership Team 子系统领导组SSTS Subsystem Technical Specification 技术参数子系统 STD Standardization 标准化STO Secondary Tryout 二级试验SUI 安全作业指导书SUW Standard Unit of Work 标准工作单位SWE Simulated Work Environment 模拟工作环境TAG Timing Analysis Group 定时分析组TBD To Be Determined 下决定TCS Traction Control System 牵引控制系统TDC Technology Development Centre 技术中心TDMF Text Data Management Facility 文本数据管理设备TG Tooling 工具TIMS Test Incident Management System 试验事件管理系统 TIR Test Incident Report 试验事件报告TMIE Total Manufacturing Integration Engineer 总的制造综合工程TOE Total Ownership Experience 总的物主体验TPM Total Production Maintenance 全员生产维护TSM Trade Study Methodology 贸易研究方法TT Tact Time 单件工时TVDE Total Vehicle Dimensional Engineer 整车外型尺寸工程师TVIE Total Vehicle Integration Engineer 整车综合工程师 TWS Tire and Wheel System 轮胎和车轮系统UAW United Auto Workers 班组UCL Uniform Criteria List 统一的标准表UDR Unverified Data Release 未经核对的资料发布UPC Uniform Parts Classification 统一零件分级VAE Vehicle Assembly Engineer 车辆装配工程师VAPIR Vehicle & Progress Integration Review Team 汽车发展综合评审小组VASTD Vehicle Assembly Standard Time Data 汽车数据标准时间数据VCD Vehicle Chief Designer 汽车首席设计师VCE Vehicle Chief Engineer 汽车总工程师VCRI Validation Cross-Reference Index 确认交叉引用索引 VDP Vehicle Development Process 汽车发展过程VDPP Vehicle Development Production Process 汽车发展生产过程VDR Verified Data Release 核实数据发布VDS Vehicle Description Summary 汽车描述概要VDT Vehicle Development Team 汽车发展组VDTO Vehicle Development Technical Operations 汽车发展技术工作VEC Vehicle Engineering Center 汽车工程中心VIE Vehicle Integration Engineer 汽车综合工程师VIN Vehicle Identification Number 车辆识别代码VIS Vehicle Information System 汽车信息系统VLE Vehicle Line Executive 总装线主管VLM Vehicle Launch Manager 汽车创办经理VMRR Vehicle and Manufacturing Requirements Review 汽车制造必要条件评审VOC Voice of Customer 顾客的意见VOD Voice of Design 设计意见VS Validation Station 确认站VSAS Vehicle Synthesis,Analysis,and Simulation 汽车综合、分析和仿真VSE Vehicle System Engineer 汽车系统工程师VTS Vehicle Technical Specification 汽车技术说明书WBBA Worldwide Benchmarking and Business Analysis 全球基准和商业分析WOT Wide Open Throttle 压制广泛开放WPO Work Place Organization 工作场地布置WWP Worldwide Purchasing 全球采购COMMWIP Correction 纠错浪费Overproduction 过量生产浪费Material Flow 过度物料移动浪费Motion 过度移动浪费Waiting 等待浪费Inventory 过度库存浪费Processing 过度加工浪费什么是TPM(Total Productive Maintenance)?Description:TPM是Total Productive Maintenance 第一个字母的，本意是"全员参与的生产保全",也翻译为"全员维护",即通过员工素质与设备效率的提高，使企业的体质得到根本改善。

欧洲调研报告英语European Research ReportIntroductionThis research report aims to provide an overview of the current situation in Europe, focusing on various aspects including economy, politics, culture, and technology. The primary objective of this study is to identify trends and patterns that could potentially impact the region's future development.EconomyEurope is known for its diverse and robust economy. The European Union (EU) plays a vital role in the continent's economic growth, with the euro as its common currency. However, the EU has faced challenges in recent years, including the debt crisis and Brexit. These events have disrupted the stability of the EU's economy and raised concerns about its future. Nevertheless, Europe continues to be a global economic leader, with countries like Germany, France, and the United Kingdom contributing significantly to the region's GDP.PoliticsEuropean politics have experienced significant shifts in recent years. Populist movements have gained traction in various countries, challenging the traditional political establishment. Issues such as immigration, national identity, and economic inequality have played a crucial role in shaping the political landscape. Additionally, the rise of right-wing parties and the decline of traditional center-left parties have led to a fragmented political spectrum. These changes present both opportunities and challengesfor Europe's political leaders in terms of addressing the needs and concerns of their citizens.CultureEurope is renowned for its rich cultural heritage and diversity. The region boasts a long history of art, literature, music, and philosophy. However, globalization and the influx of migrants have brought cultural changes. On one hand, cultural exchange and diversity have enriched European society, leading to a more inclusive and multicultural environment. On the other hand, there are concerns about preserving traditional European cultural values and identities. Balancing these factors is crucial to maintaining European cohesion and harmony.TechnologyEurope is at the forefront of technological innovation, with countries such as Germany and Sweden leading in research and development. The continent is investing heavily in emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, renewable energy, and biotechnology. The EU has also implemented various initiatives to promote digital transformation and connectivity within the region. These technological advancements have the potential to drive economic growth and enhance the quality of life for European citizens.ConclusionIn conclusion, Europe is a dynamic and diverse continent facing both challenges and opportunities. The region's economy, politics, culture, and technology are continuously evolving, shaping Europe's future trajectory. It is essential for European leaders tonavigate these changes effectively and work towards a prosperous and united Europe. By understanding the current trends and patterns, policymakers can make informed decisions to ensure Europe's continued growth and success.。

介绍今天的天气情况英语作文Title: Weather Report for TodayAs of July 7, 2024, the weather across various regions of the world exhibits a diverse range of conditions, influenced by seasonal variations, geographical factors, and occasional meteorological phenomena. Below is a summary of the weather conditions observed or forecasted for today, drawing upon reliable sources such as weather websites and meteorological agencies.General Overview:•Today's weather globally can be characterized by a mix of sunny skies, rainfall, and occasionally, extreme temperatures, depending on the specific location.Specific Regions:1.Central and Southern China (e.g., Guangzhou, Shanghai):o According to recent weather reports, regions in central and southern China are experiencing varyingweather conditions. Some areas, like Shanghai, might beexperiencing overcast skies with temperatures ranging from30°C to 38°C, accompanied by light to moderate winds.Meanwhile, Guangzhou or other southern cities may befacing scattered showers or thunderstorms, withtemperatures hovering around 33°C to 35°C. Humidity levelstend to be high, adding to the discomfort of the heat.2.Eastern Regions (e.g., Beijing):o In Beijing and its surrounding areas, today'sweather is expected to be partly cloudy with a chance of scattered thunderstorms in the afternoon or evening. Temperatures are forecasted to reach a high of around 34°C, with lows dipping to around 27°C. Light winds are anticipated, which may offer some relief from the heat but not significantly.3.Southeast Asia (e.g., Singapore, Indonesia):o These regions are known for their tropical climate, and today is no exception. Singapore, for instance, is likely to experience a hot and humid day, with temperatures hovering around 31°C to 33°C, accompanied by intermittent showers. Indonesia, on the other hand, may see a mix of sunny spells and thunderstorms, depending on the specific location, with temperatures generally warmer and more humid.4.Europe (e.g., London, Paris):o Western and Central Europe are likely to enjoy relatively cooler weather compared to other regions. London, for example, might experience overcast skies with temperatures ranging from 18°C to 22°C, with a chance of light rain. Paris, too, is forecasted to have similar conditions, with temperatures slightly warmer, around 20°C to 24°C, and a slight chance of showers.5.North America (e.g., New York, Los Angeles):o In North America, the weather varies significantly from east to west. New York City, for instance, might be experiencing partly cloudy skies with temperatures in themid-to-high 20s°C (Celsius), accompanied by a gentle breeze.On the other hand, Los Angeles is likely to enjoy sunny skiesand warmer temperatures, reaching up to 30°C to 32°C,with low humidity and light winds.Specific City Example: Zhongshan, China•Zhongshan, a city in southern China, is experiencing a mix of weather conditions today. As of the latest update, it is currently 29°C, with a forecast of scattered thunderstorms throughout the day. Temperatures are expected to range from 27°C to 34°C, accompanied by a gentle southeast wind of 3-4 meters per second.Air quality is reported to be excellent, making it a relatively pleasant day despite the occasional showers.Conclusion:In summary, today's weather globally is a testament to the diversity of climatic conditions across different regions. From the hot and humid weather of Southeast Asia to the cooler, partly cloudy skies of Europe and North America, each location presents its unique set of weather challenges and opportunities. It is essential to stay updated with local weather forecasts and take appropriate measures to protect oneself from extreme weather conditions.。

23年十二月四级试卷一、写作（15%）题目：The Importance of Lifelong Learning。

要求：1. 阐述终身学习的重要性；2. 给出一些实现终身学习的途径；3. 字数不少于120字，不多于180字。

二、听力理解（35%）Section A.Directions: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report, you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).News Report 1.1. A) A new species of plant was discovered in the Amazon rainforest.B) A scientific research project in the Amazon rainforest was completed.C) A large - scale deforestation in the Amazon rainforest was halted.D) A new conservation area was established in the Amazon rainforest.Question 1: What is the main news about the Amazon rainforest?Question 2: What is the significance of this event according to the report?News Report 2.2. A) The number of international students in a certain country has increased significantly.B) A new policy to attract international students was introduced in a country.C) Some international students faced difficulties in adapting to a new educational system.D) A university in a country offered special courses for international students.Question 1: What is the news mainly about?Question 2: What is the possible impact of this situation?News Report 3.3. A) A new technology for reducing air pollution was developed.B) A city launched a campaign to improve air quality.C) The air quality in a certain city reached a new low.D) A research showed the main sources of air pollution in a city.Question 1: What is the news about?Question 2: What measures might be taken according to the report?Section B.Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).Conversation 1.1. A) They are discussing a travel plan.B) They are talking about a new movie.C) They are choosing a restaurant for dinner.D) They are planning a party.Question 1: What are the two speakers mainly doing?Question 2: What is the man's preference?Question 3: What does the woman worry about?Question 4: How will they make the final decision?Conversation 2.2. A) She is applying for a job.B) She is preparing for an exam.C) She is doing a research project.D) She is having a meeting with her supervisor.Question 1: What is the woman doing?Question 2: What difficulties does she encounter?Question 3: How does the man offer to help?Question 4: What is the woman's attitude towards the man's help?Section C.Directions: In this section, you will hear three passages. At the endof each passage, you will hear three questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D).Passage 1.1. A) The history of a famous university.B) The development of modern education.C) The characteristics of a good teacher.D) The importance of educational reform.Question 1: What is the passage mainly about?Question 2: What qualities should a good teacher have according to the passage?Question 3: How can a teacher keep up with the development of education?Passage 2.2. A) A new trend in fashion.B) The influence of social media on fashion.C) The history of a particular fashion style.D) How to choose the right clothes for different occasions.Question 1: What is the passage mainly about?Question 2: How does social media affect fashion according to the passage?Question 3: What advice does the passage give to fashion lovers?Passage 3.3. A) The benefits of reading books.B) The popularity of e - books.C) Different reading habits among people.D) How to improve reading speed.Question 1: What is the passage mainly about?Question 2: What are the benefits of reading books mentioned in the passage?Question 3: How can people develop good reading habits?三、阅读理解（35%）Section A.Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the word bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2. You may not use any of the words in the word bank more than once.The Internet and Our Lives.The Internet has become an indispensable part of our lives. It has_(1)_ changed the way we communicate, learn, and work. For communication, we can now easily connect with people all over the world through various_(2)_ such as email, instant messaging, and social media platforms. In terms of learning, there are countless online courses available, allowing people to study _(3)_ at their own pace. When it comes to work, many companies are now _(4)_ remote work options, which are made possible by the Internet.However, the Internet also brings some problems. For example, the _(5)_ of false information can mislead people. Also, some people may become addicted to the Internet, which can _(6)_ their real - life relationships. Moreover, there are concerns about online _(7)_ such as hacking andidentity theft.Despite these problems, the Internet continues to develop and evolve. New technologies are being developed to address these issues, such as more advanced _(8)_ systems to filter out false information. And people are also becoming more aware of the importance of using the Internet _(9)_. In conclusion, the Internet has a profound _(10)_ on our lives, and we need to make the best use of it while minimizing its negative impacts.Word Bank:A) significantly.B) means.C) independently.D) offering.E) spread.F) affect.G) security.H) verification.I) impact.J) responsible.Section B.Directions: In this section, you will read several passages. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Passage 1.The concept of "green building" has been around for some time, but itis becoming increasingly important in today's world. Green buildings are designed to be environmentally friendly in every aspect, from the materials used in construction to the energy sources that power them.One of the key features of green buildings is their use of sustainable materials. For example, instead of using traditional concrete, which has a high carbon footprint, green buildings may use recycled materials or materials that are sourced locally. This not only reduces the environmental impact of the building but also supports local economies.Another important aspect of green buildings is energy efficiency. They are designed to use as little energy as possible, through features such as efficient insulation, energy - saving lighting, and smart thermostats. Somegreen buildings even generate their own energy through renewable sources such as solar panels or wind turbines.1. What is the main idea of this passage?A) The history of green building.B) The importance of green building.C) The features of green building.D) The future of green building.2. According to the passage, what is an advantage of using sustainable materials in green buildings?A) It is cheaper.B) It is more beautiful.C) It reduces environmental impact and supports local economies.D) It is easier to construct.3. Which of the following is NOT an energy - saving feature of green buildings?A) Efficient insulation.B) Traditional lighting.C) Smart thermostats.D) Solar panels.Passage 2.The sharing economy has emerged as a new economic model in recent years. It is based on the idea of sharing resources, such as cars, homes, and tools, among individuals. Platforms like Airbnb and Uber are well - known examples of the sharing economy.The sharing economy has several benefits. For consumers, it offers more choices and often lower prices. For example, instead of staying in a hotel, a traveler can choose to stay in a private home through Airbnb, which maybe more affordable and offer a more unique experience. For providers, it allows them to earn extra income by sharing their under - utilized resources.However, the sharing economy also faces some challenges. One of themain challenges is regulation. Since the sharing economy operates in a different way from traditional industries, existing regulations may not be applicable. This can lead to issues such as safety concerns and unfair competition.1. What is the sharing economy based on?A) Buying new resources.B) Sharing resources among individuals.C) Producing more resources.D) Selling unused resources.2. What are the benefits of the sharing economy for consumers?A) Only lower prices.B) More choices and often lower prices.C) Only more choices.D) Higher quality services.3. What is one of the main challenges faced by the sharing economy?A) Lack of users.B) High cost.C) Regulation.D) Technical problems.Passage 3.Artificial intelligence (AI) has made remarkable progress in recent years. It has been applied in various fields, such as healthcare, finance, and transportation.In healthcare, AI can be used to assist in diagnosis. For example, it can analyze medical images, such as X - rays and MRIs, to detect diseasesat an early stage. In finance, AI can be used for fraud detection. It can analyze large amounts of financial data to identify suspicious transactions. In transportation, AI is being used in self - driving cars. These cars can sense their surroundings and make decisions to drive safely.However, the development of AI also raises some concerns. One concernis the potential loss of jobs. As AI can perform many tasks that were previously done by humans, there is a fear that many jobs will be replaced. Another concern is ethics. For example, how should AI be programmed to make ethical decisions?1. In which fields has AI been applied?A) Only healthcare.B) Healthcare, finance, and transportation.C) Only finance.D) Only transportation.2. What can AI do in healthcare?A) Only treat diseases.B) Assist in diagnosis by analyzing medical images.C) Replace doctors.D) Manage hospitals.3. What are the concerns about the development of AI?A) Only the potential loss of jobs.B) Only ethics.C) The potential loss of jobs and ethics.D) None of the above.Section C.Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Passage 1.A new study has found that reading books can have a positive impact on our mental health. The study surveyed a large number of people and foundthat those who read books regularly were less likely to suffer from depression and anxiety.The researchers believe that reading books can help us to escape from our daily stressors. When we read a book, we enter into a different world, and this can give our minds a break from the problems in our real lives. Additionally, reading can also improve our cognitive abilities, such as our memory and concentration.However, the type of book we read may also matter. For example, reading self - help books may be more directly beneficial for those who are struggling with mental health issues, while reading fiction can alsoprovide an emotional outlet and help us to understand different perspectives.1. What did the new study find?A) Reading books has no impact on mental health.B) Reading books can have a positive impact on mental health.C) Reading books can cause mental health problems.D) Only reading self - help books is good for mental health.2. Why do researchers believe reading books can help with mental health?A) Because it can make us more intelligent.B) Because it can make us forget our real - life problems.C) Because it can help us to face our problems directly.D) Because it can give us more stress.3. What does the passage say about the type of book we read?A) It doesn't matter what type of book we read.B) Only self - help books are beneficial.C) Different types of books may have different benefits.D) Fiction books are not good for mental health.Passage 2.The popularity of e - sports has been on the rise in recent years. E - sports are competitive video games that are played at a professional level.One of the reasons for the growth of e - sports is the increasing availability of high - speed Internet. This allows players to compete against each other in real - time, no matter where they are located. Another reason is the development of more sophisticated video games that require a high level of skill and strategy.E - sports events are now attracting large audiences, both in person and online. These events are often sponsored by major companies, which see the potential for marketing to the young and tech - savvy demographic.1. What are e - sports?A) Traditional sports played with electronics.B) Competitive video games played at a professional level.C) Video games played for entertainment only.D) Sports that use electronic equipment.2. What are the reasons for the growth of e - sports?A) Only the increasing availability of high - speed Internet.B) Only the development of more sophisticated video games.C) The increasing availability of high - speed Internet and the development of more sophisticated video games.D) None of the above.3. Why are e - sports events attracting major sponsors?A) Because they are cheap to organize.B) Because they can reach a young and tech - savvy demographic.C) Because they are not very popular.D) Because they are easy to manage.四、翻译（15%）题目：中国的城市化（urbanization）将会充分释放潜在内需（domestic demand）。

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIESBrussels, 29.6.2007COM(2007) 354 finalGREEN PAPERFROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THECOMMITTEE OF THE REGIONSAdapting to climate change in Europe – options for EU action{SEC(2007) 849}GREEN PAPERFROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THECOMMITTEE OF THE REGIONSAdapting to climate change in Europe – options for EU action(Text with EEA relevance)Table of contents1. Putting adaptation and mitigation into perspective (3)2. Reasons for global concern (4)3. Europe will not be spared (4)4. Europe must adapt - challenges for European society and European public policy (9)5. Focusing EU action – Priority options for a flexible four-pronged approach (14)5.1. The first pillar: Early action in the EU (14)5.1.1. Integrate adaptation when implementing existing and upcoming legislation andpolicies (14)5.1.2. Integrate adaptation into existing Community funding programmes (19)5.1.3. Develop new policy responses (20)5.2. The second pillar: Integrating adaptation into EU external actions (21)5.3. The third pillar: Reducing uncertainty by expanding the knowledge base throughintegrated climate research (24)5.4. The fourth pillar: Involving European society, business and public sector in thepreparation of coordinated and comprehensive adaptation strategies (26)steps (27)6. NextAnnexesNote: all figures and maps in this paper are to be printed in colour1.P UTTING ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION INTO PERSPECTIVEClimate change presents a double challenge today. First, severe climate change impacts can only be prevented by early, deep cuts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Swift transition to a global low-carbon economy is therefore the central pillar of the EU’s integrated climate change and energy policy in order to reach the EU’s objective of keeping global average temperature increase below 2°C compared to pre-industrial levels. Beyond 2°C change, the risk of dangerous and unpredictable climate change increases significantly and costs of adaptation escalate. That is why mitigation is such an imperative for the global community and why EU Heads of State and Government at the 2007 Spring Council unanimously agreed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by at least 20% by 2020 and, in case of a global and comprehensive agreement, by 30% by 2020 and called for a global reduction of up to 50 % by 2050 compared to 1990 levels.parallel challenge of having to adapt to itsimpacts as a certain degree of climate changebeyond, even if global mitigation efforts overthe next decades prove successful. Whileadaptation action has therefore become anunavoidable and indispensable complement tomitigation action, it is not an alternative toreducing GHG emissions. It has its limits.exceeded, certain climate impacts (e.g. majordisplacement of populations) are expected tobecome severe and irreversible.The European Union has to take on theglobally with partner countries. A Europeanapproach is necessary to ensure proper co-ordination and the efficiency of policies thatAdaptation actions must be consistent withmitigation actions and vice versa. These arealso necessary to secure the benefits obtainedfrom the Lisbon strategy for growth and jobs.This Green Paper examines climate change impacts in Europe, the case for action and policy responses in the EU. It focuses on the role of the EU, but takes account of the prominent role of Member State, regional and local authorities in any efficient adaptation strategy. As the adaptation challenge is global by its very nature, the Green Paper also raises the external dimension and looks at adaptation measures in Europe that could also apply to other parts of the world, and the opportunity for the EU to provide international leadership in this area. The recent G8 Summit at Heiligendamm welcomed the adoption of the Nairobi work programme on adaptation and emphasised the participants' commitment to enhance cooperation with and support for developing countries in this area.2.R EASONS FOR GLOBAL CONCERNMany areas in the world are already struggling today with the adverse effects of an increase in global average temperatures of 0.76 °C since 1850. Without an effective global climate change mitigation policy, best estimates for global warming in the 4th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 4AR, Working Group I) range from 1.8°C to 4°C compared by 2100 to 1990 levels (see Annex 1). This is three to six times the temperature increase the globe has experienced since pre-industrial times. Even the low end of a business as usual scenario would take the temperature rise since pre-industrial times above 2°C. The Annex to this Green Paper explains the temperature changes and global impact in more detail.Over the last three decades climate change has already had a marked influence on many physical and biological systems worldwide:•Water: Climate change will further reduce access to safe drinking water. Glacier melt water currently supplies water to over a billion people; once it disappears,populations will be under pressure and are likely to migrate to other regions of theworld, causing local or even global upheaval and insecurity. Drought-affectedareas are likely to increase.•Ecosystems and biodiversity: Approximately 20 – 30 % of plant and animal species assessed so far are likely to be at increased risk of extinction if increasesin global average temperature exceed 1.5 – 2.5°C.•Food: Climate change is expected to increase the risk of famine; the additional number of people at risk could rise to several hundred millions.•Coasts: Sea level rise will threaten the Nile delta, the Ganges/Brahmaputra delta and the Mekong delta and displace more than 1 million people in each delta by2050. Small Island states are already affected.•Health: Climate change will have direct and indirect impacts on human and animal health. The effects of extreme weather events and an increase in infectiousdiseases are amongst the most important risks to be taken into account. Climate-sensitive diseases are among the most deadly worldwide. Diarrhoea, malaria andprotein-energy malnutrition alone caused more than 3.3 million deaths globally in2002, with 29 % of these deaths occurring in Africa.3.E UROPE WILL NOT BE SPAREDThe effects of climate change in Europe and the Arctic are already significant and measurable. Climate change will heavily affect Europe's natural environment and nearly all sections of society and the economy. Because of the non-linearity of climatic impacts and the sensitivity of ecosystems, even small temperature changes can have very big effects. The impacts in Europe's major geographical regions are described in Annex 3.Europe has warmed by almost 1°C in the last century, faster than the global average. A warmer atmosphere contains more water vapour but new precipitation patterns differ strongly from one region to another. Rainfall and snowfall has significantly increased in northern Europe, whereas droughts are more frequently observed in Southern Europe. Recent temperature extremes, such as the record-breaking 2003 summer heat wave are consistentwith man-made climate change. While single weather events cannot be attributed to a single cause, statistical analyses have shown that the risk of such events has already increased considerably as a consequence of climate change. There is overwhelming evidence that almost all natural, biological and physical processes (e.g. trees are blossoming earlier, glaciers are melting) are reacting to climatic changes in Europe and worldwide. More than half of Europe’s plant species could be vulnerable or threatened by 2080.The most vulnerable areas in Europe are (see Figure 1 and 2):•Southern Europe and the entire Mediterranean Basin due to the combined effect of high temperature increases and reduced precipitation in areas already coping withwater scarcity.•Mountain areas, in particular the Alps, where temperatures increase rapidly leading to widespread melting of snow and ice changing river flows.•Coastal zones due to sea level rise combined with increased risks for storms.•Densely populated floodplains due to increased risks for storms, intense rainfall and flash floods leading to widespread damages to built-up areas andinfrastructure.•Scandinavia where much more precipitation is expected and a larger part in the form of rain instead of snow.•The Arctic region where temperature changes will be higher than in any other place on Earth.Many economic sectors depend strongly on climatic conditions and will feel the consequences of climate change on their activities and businesses directly: agriculture, forestry, fisheries, beach and skiing tourism, and health. Reduced water availability, wind damages, higher temperatures, increased bushfires and greater disease pressure will lead to damage to forests. Increase in frequency and intensity of extreme events such as storms, severe precipitation events, sea floods and flash floods, droughts, forest fires, landslides cause damage to buildings, transport and industrial infrastructure and consequently impact indirectly on financial services and insurance sectors. Even damage outside the EU could significantly affect its economy, e.g. reduced timber supply to European processing industries.Changing climate conditions will for instance affect the energy sector and energy consumption patterns in several ways:•In regions where precipitation will decrease or where dry summers will become more frequent, water flow for cooling of thermal and nuclear power plants and forhydropower production will reduce. The cooling capacity of water will alsodecrease because of the general warming of water and discharge thresholds maybe crossed.•River flow regimes will be altered due to changed precipitation patterns and in mountain areas due to reduced ice and snow cover. Silting of dams forhydropower may accelerate due to increased risks of erosion.•Demand for heating will drop but the risk of power disruptions will raise as summer heat pushes up demand for air-conditioning resulting in an increaseddemand for electricity.•Increased risk for storms and floods may threaten energy infrastructure.Major transport infrastructure with long lifetimes such as motorways, railways, waterways, airports, ports and railway stations, its functioning and related means of transport are weather and climate sensitive and therefore affected by a changing climate. For example: •Sea-level rise will reduce the sheltering effect of breakwaters and quays wall.•Risks for damage and disruption due to storms and floods but also due to heat waves, fires and landslides are generally expected to increase.This demonstrates that, whilst there may be some positive aspects of climate change (eg agricultural production in some limited parts of Europe), these are by far exceeded by negative impacts.1Figures 1 and 2 are based on IPCC SRES scenario A2. The projected climate impacts are estimated for 2071-2100 relative to 1961-1990. The maps are based on DMI/PRUDENCE data (http://prudence.dmi.dk), and processed by JRC within the JRC funded PESETA study (http://peseta.jrc.es)4.E UROPE MUST ADAPT - CHALLENGES FOR E UROPEAN SOCIETY AND E UROPEANPUBLIC POLICYThe case for action – saving on future costsThe Stern review2 on the economics of climate change concludes that adaptation could reduce the costs, provided policies are put in place to overcome obstacles to private action. Market forces alone are unlikely to lead to efficient adaptation because of a certain degree of uncertainty in the climate projections and lack of financial resources. Cost-effective adaptation is therefore the most appropriate solution.Preliminary estimates from the Stern review suggest that, with a 3-4°C global average temperature rise, the additional costs of adapting infrastructure and buildings could already amount to 1-10% of the total costs invested in construction in OECD countries. The additional cost of making new infrastructure and buildings more resilient to climate change in OECD countries could range from $15-150 billion each year (0.05–0.5% of GDP). If temperatures are allowed to rise by 5-6°C, the costs of adaptation measures are likely to rise sharply, and indeed their relative effectiveness then diminishes.As shown in Figure 3, damage caused by sea-level rise without adaptation can be up to four times higher than the costs with additional flood defences. With no action, damage costs increase steeply from 2020s until 2080s.When to adapt?Early action will bring clear economic benefits by anticipating potential damages and minimizing threats to ecosystems, human health, economic development, property and infrastructure. Furthermore competitive advantages could be gained for European companies that are leading in adaptation strategies and technologies.Sufficient knowledge on time dimensions of impacts is important when setting priorities. The exact level of temperature increase is uncertain and will also depend on global mitigation action taken over the next few decades. This is particularly the case for the longer time frames for which uncertainties are larger.If there is no early policy response, the EU and its Member States may be forced into reactive un-planned adaptation, often abruptly as a response to increasingly frequent crises and disasters, which will prove much more costly and also threaten Europe's social and economic systems and its security. For impacts where we have enough confidence in the forecasts, adaptation must therefore start now.2 /independent_reviews/stern_review_economics_climate_change/stern_review_report.cfmFigure 3: Impact of adaptation measures on damage due to low and high sea level rise. Costs with and without adaptation measures3How should Europeans adapt?EU private sector, businesses, industry and services' sectors, as well as individual citizens will be confronted with the consequences of climate change and can play an important role in adaptation measures. Concrete action could range very widely, covering e.g.:•Soft, relatively inexpensive measures, e.g. water conservation, changes in crop rotations, sowing dates and use of drought tolerant crops, public planning, andawareness raising.•Costly defence and relocation measures, e.g. increasing the height of dykes, relocating ports, industry and entire cities and villages from low-lying coastalareas and flood plains, and building new power plants because of failinghydropower stations.Action is needed by the public sector, e.g. adapting spatial and land use planning to risks of flash floods; adapting existing building codes ensuring that long-term infrastructure will be proof to future climate risks; updating of disaster management strategies, early flood and forest fire warning systems.Adaptation will also bring about new economic opportunities including new jobs and markets for innovative products and services such as:3IPCC SRES scenario A2; costs by 2100 in 1995 €. Results from EC JRC PESETA study.•New markets for climate-proof building techniques, material and products.•Beach tourism in Mediterranean countries would be expected to shift to spring and autumn where tourist resorts may become too hot during summers, whilefavourable climate conditions during summer would turn the Atlantic and NorthSea into potential new tourist destinations for beach holidays.•Adapting local agricultural management practices in Scandinavia to longer growing seasons.•Insurance sector could develop new insurance products for reducing risks and vulnerability before disasters strike. Insurance premiums anticipating climaticchanges could provide incentives for private adaptation actions.The role of Member States, regional and local authoritiesAdaptation is complex because the severity of the impacts will vary from region to region, depending on physical vulnerability, the degree of socio-economic development, natural and human adaptive capacity, health services, and disaster surveillance mechanisms.Multilevel governance is therefore emerging on climate change adaptation involving all actors from the individual citizens and public authorities to the EU level. Action should be taken at the most appropriate level and be complementary, based on joint partnerships. Division of competence between states and their regions varies significantly across the EU and the examples below should therefore be adapted to the national situation. Many of the examples would anyhow require close coordination between and involvement of national, regional and local authorities and other authorities such as river basin administrations.•National levelImproving disaster or crisis managementThe frequency and intensity of major large-scale disasters such as fires, landslides, droughts, heat waves, floods or outbreaks of disease will increase. Disaster prevention, preparedness, response and recovery should become even more of a priority for Member States. Rapid response capacities to climate change would need to be accompanied by a strategy for disaster prevention and alert both at national and European level.Risk management tools could be further strengthened and new tools developed: for example mapping of vulnerable areas in accordance with the types of impacts, development of methods and models, hazards assessment and forecasting, assessment of health, environmental, economic and social impacts, satellite and earth observation in support of risk management technologies. Experience and good practice including contingency planning could be shared.Developing adaptation strategiesExperience and expertise in designing effective adaptation strategies and implementing policies is still limited. Information-sharing on adaptive response measures could greatly reduce learning costs across Member States, regions, municipalities, and communities.The poorer segments of society will be more vulnerable to the changes. Attention therefore needs to be paid to the social aspects of adaptation, including threats to employment and impact on living and housing conditions. For example, young children and elderly are more vulnerable to heat waves.•Regional levelAdaptation to climate change constitutes a challenge for planning authorities in Europe, notably at regional level. Spatial planning is a cross-sectoral issue which makes it a suitable tool to define cost-effective adaptation measures. Minimum requirements for spatial planning, land use and land use change, with respect to adaptation could play a key role for awareness raising among the public, decision makers and professionals and for triggering a more proactive approach at all levels. The development of specific technical guidance documents and case studies and good practice could be considered. EU support for implementation could be provided to regions for exchanging good practices.•Local levelMany decisions influencing directly or indirectly climate change adaptation are taken at the local level. This is also where detailed knowledge on the local natural and human conditions is available. Therefore local authorities have an important role to play. Behavioural change within societies and communities depends largely on awareness of the problem. Citizens and actors may not yet be aware of the scale and magnitude of what is to come as well as their impacts on their activities.For example detailed land management and land use practices could be explored in partnership with farmers to prevent erosion and mud streams reaching houses and settlements. In Southern Europe some municipalities have developed, together with the farmers, initiatives for saving water through electronic management and distribution systems for irrigation of crops.In regions with rising rainfall and rainfall spells, separate collecting systems for sewage and stormwater could be considered to reduce the otherwise increasing need for sewage overflows.Why is action needed at EU level?There are clear benefits in approaching adaptation in an integrated, coordinated manner at EU level. Europe's physical, biological and human systems are very rich in diversity and climate change will magnify this. Whilst a “one-size-fits-all” approach to adaptation is clearly not appropriate, climate change will nevertheless impact everywhere and those impacts will not follow administrative boundaries. In many areas adaptation will require a cross-boundary approach, e.g. on river basins and bio-geographic regions. While measures will have to be taken or implemented at a national or local level, where operational capacities exist, it is essential that efforts be co-ordinated in a cost-effective manner. Actors will need to be mobilised at all levels.Furthermore, certain sectors (e.g. agriculture, water, biodiversity, fisheries, and energy networks) are largely integrated at EU level through the single market and common policies and it makes sense to integrate adaptation goals directly into them. It could also be considered how adaptation can be taken into account in EU spending programmes (e.g. research, cohesion, trans-European networks, rural development, agriculture, fisheries, social fund, external actions and the European Development Fund). Adaptation will require solidarity among EU Member States in order to ensure that the poorer and disadvantaged regions and those regions that will be hit hardest by climate change will be able to take the necessary measures.Adaptation policies are emerging in nearly all Member States. It is essential to share experiences from early adaptation action and results from research. Adaptation to climatechange is likely to benefit from experience gained in reaction to extreme climate events and from implementation of specific and proactive climate change risk management plans. Europe has the human capacity, technical skills and financial resources to take a strong leadership role. Adaptation is largely a question of political coherence, forward planning and consistent and coordinated action. The EU should show how adaptation is to be taken into account in all the relevant EU policies. The EU can thus set an example and intensify its co-operation with its partners around the globe in adapting to this global threat.This Green Paper focuses on a first and most urgent set of options for priority actions at Community level within the sphere of Community competence. In this context four lines of action can be considered.•Where current knowledge is sufficient, adaptation strategies should be developed in order to identify optimal resource allocation and efficient resource use whichwill guide actions at EU level, through EU sectoral and other policies and theavailable Community Funds.•The EU needs to recognise the external dimension of impacts and adaptation and to build a new alliance with its partners all around the world and particularly indeveloping countries. Adaptation action should be coordinated with its neighboursand cooperation with international organisations should be further strengthened.•Where there are still important knowledge gaps, Community research, exchange of information and preparatory actions should further reduce uncertainty andexpand the knowledge base. Integration of research results into policy andpractice should be reinforced.•Coordinated strategies and actions should inter alia be further analysed and discussed, in a European Advisory Group on Adaptation to Climate Change underthe European Climate Change Programme.Under each of these four main headings a number of priority options for action at EU level are outlined below for further consideration.5.F OCUSING EU ACTION –P RIORITY OPTIONS FOR A FLEXIBLE FOUR-PRONGEDAPPROACH5.1.The first pillar: Early action in the EUEarly action covers policy options in the following areas:–Integrate adaptation when implementing and modifying existing and forthcoming legislation and policies–Integrate adaptation into existing Community funding programmes–Develop new policy responses5.1.1.Integrate adaptation when implementing existing and upcoming legislation andpoliciesAdaptation to climate change will impact on many EU policy areas. The following provides an initial overview of how adaptation to climate change has or can be taken into account in these policies. As many of the policies are based on framework legislation, the success of the EU's approach to adaptation depends on enhanced co-operation during implementation among Member States and between the EU and Member States.Agriculture and rural developmentEuropean agriculture will face many challenges over the coming years such as international competition, further liberalisation of trade policy and population decline. Climate change will add to these pressures and will make the challenges more difficult and costly. The projected climate changes will affect crop yields, livestock management and location of production with important risks for farm income and land abandonment in certain parts of Europe. Food production risks could become an issue in certain parts of Europe as heat waves, droughts and pests are likely to increase the incidence of crop failures. As yield variability increases, the global food supply will be at increasing risk. In this context, the potential impact of the possible increase of biomass for energy production on the global food supply should be assessed.Under a changing climate, the role of EU agriculture and forestry as providers of environmental and ecosystem services will further gain importance. Agricultural and forestry management have a major role to play regarding, among others, efficient water use in dry regions, protection of water courses against excessive nutrient inflow, improvement of flood management, maintenance and restoration of multifunctional landscapes such as high nature value grassland that provide habitat and assist migration for numerous species. Promotion of climate resilient forest management, soil management measures related to maintenance of organic carbon (e.g., no or minimum tillage) and protection of permanent grasslands are mitigation measures that should also help adaptation to climate change risks.Community support to agriculture, forestry and rural development plays an important role in food production, the maintenance of rural landscapes and the provision of environmental services. The recent reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) have been a first step towards a framework for the sustainable development of EU agriculture. Future adjustments of the CAP and the 'Health check' of 2008 could provide opportunities to examine how to better integrate adaptation to climate change in agriculture support programmes. It should for instance be considered to what extent the CAP can promote good farming practices which arecompatible with the new climate conditions and which contribute proactively to preserving and protecting the environment.Industry & servicesEU industry and services' sectors will be confronted both with the need to adapt to climate change and opportunities to bring to market the products and services to assist this process. Climate change will affect industries and services like construction and tourism, may provoke restructuring and create damage to industrial infrastructure. Companies will need to adapt to changing conditions for example by integrating climate change adaptation needs into their business plans. At the same time, co-benefits between mitigation and adaptation measures should be exploited. For example investments in insulation do not only reduce the need for heating in winter but protects against heat and limits the need for air-conditioning during warmer summers.In the forthcoming mid-term review, the Commission will examine how industrial policy can contribute to adaptation efforts. It will be followed by an Action Plan in early 2008.EnergyChanging climate conditions opens new opportunities such as for solar and photovoltaic energy. On the other hand, longer and drier summers could affect other energy sources, such as nuclear power and hydro power, while at the same time increasing the need for electricity for air-conditioning. This underlines the need for diversification of energy sources, development of renewable energy, increased demand-response management and a grid that can cope with greater fluctuations in both electricity demand and production. The Commission is working towards a Strategic Energy Technology Plan which will aim to accelerate innovation of energy technologies to match the double challenge of climate change mitigation and adaptation. A key issue is buildings. These are prime examples of the immediate need for adaptation, to make them more liveable in a hotter climate, and to reduce the energy demand, which will also address mitigation. The Commission will start work on revising the relevant regulatory framework in the near future, in particular the Directive on energy performance of buildings.TransportAdapting existing transport infrastructure to changing climate conditions, while ensuring its continued and safe functioning, will require substantial additional investments. New transport infrastructure and related transport means should be made climate proof from the early design phase. For example, the variation in hydraulic regime and water level along navigable rivers has already had an impact on the architecture of inland water boats. Sound planning, including the spatial aspects of site selection, should take into account expected future climate conditions. Guidance on the interpretation of the existing community framework for port authorities and managers of waterborne infrastructures would also be helpful for the adaptation of such infrastructure.。

European standard Euroven approval VS C h inese standard demand In the early 90s, t he European and American air conditioner companies were estab l ished plant gradually in China and then brought technology of air purification into China. Air conditioner professionals are getting more and more familiar with European En1886 standards. In recent years, with the improvement of the air conditioner energy saving and environmental requirements, more and more owners and designing institute tends to inspect air handling units with European EN1886 standard. As industry and cleaning project, some performance of the units should follow the standard’s specific grades. it would been asked for performance of box reaching this standard’s level more definite. Where is the specialty of the European EN1886 standard? What’s the difference between European EN1886 standard and national standard GB14294?The following comparison will make you understand the European EN1886 standard.The comparison of two testing method and evaluation standard of the corresponding AHU’s air leakage percent and thermal performance from EN1886 standard and national standard shows, that En1886 has strict regulation of selection and manufacture of experimental specimen. The results can reflect superiority and energy saving of the unit’s actual application better, ensure the accuracy , science and impartiality better and protect the tenders’ and companies’ interest better.。

2010考研英语（二）模拟试卷Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word （s ）for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C,or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10points ）Among the thousands of business schools now operating around the world you would be hard-pressed to find one that doesn't believe it can teach the skills of entrepreneurship.However,of the people who immediately 1to mind when one thinks of entrepreneurs——Bill Gates,Richard Branson or Oprah Winfrey,for example—few have done more than 2a speech at a business school.3,a recent study by King's College in London has suggested what many intuitively 4:that entrepreneurship may actually be in the blood—more to do with genes than classroom experience.All of which 5the question—does an entrepreneur really need a business-school education?Not surprisingly some of the best-known schools in the field have a 6answer to this:they don't actually profess to create entrepreneurs,7they nurture innate ability.Or as Timothy Faley of the entrepreneurial institute atMichigan's Ross School of Business 8it:“A good idea is not enough.You need to know how to 9a good idea into a good business.”Schools do this in a number of ways.One is to 10that faculty are a mix of classic academics and businesspeople with experience of 11their own successful firms.They can also create “incubators”where students 12ideas and rub shoulders on a day-to-day basis with the external business world,receiving both advice and hard cash in the form of investment.Arguably such help is now more important than ever.The modernentrepreneur is faced with a more 13world than when Richard Branson began by selling records out of a phone box.According to Patrice Houdayer,head of one of Europe's best-known entrepreneurship schools,EMIYON in France,new businesses used to move through a 14series of growth steps—what he terms garage,local,national and international.Now however,15the communications revolution,they can leapfrog these stages and go global more or lessstraightaway—encountering a whole new 16of problems and challenges.In this 17Professor Houdayer maintains that the increasingly 18nature of MBA classes can help the nascent entrepreneur in three ways:by plugging them into an 经典考资祝福你考试成and opportunities 19with dealing across different cultures and by 20them to the different ways that business is conducted around the globe.1．［A ］bring ［B ］call ［C ］spring ［D ］apply 2．［A ］report ［B ］deliver ［C ］prepare ［D ］compose 3．［A ］Indeed ［B ］Likewise ［C ］Therefore ［D ］Furthermore 4．［A ］conclude ［B ］assume ［C ］neglect ［D ］suspect 5．［A ］stirs ［B ］arouses ［C ］proves ［D ］invites 6．［A ］ready ［B ］unique ［C ］positive ［D ］favorable 7．［A ］yet ［B ］rather ［C ］nor ［D ］nevertheless 8．［A ］states ［B ］makes ［C ］puts ［D ］interprets 9．［A ］shift ［B ］transfer ［C ］modify ［D ］transform 10．［A ］ensure ［B ］assure ［C ］affirm ［D ］enlighten 11．［A ］carrying on ［B ］setting up ［C ］working out ［D ］turning around 12.［A ］convey ［B ］cherish ［C ］nurture ［D ］impart 13．［A ］complex ［B ］complicated ［C ］complementary ［D ］fantastic 14．［A ］variable ［B ］obvious ［C ］imperative ［D ］distinct 15．［A ］thanks to ［B ］but for ［C ］for all ［D ］next to 16.［A ］bulk ［B ］host ［C ］set ［D ］magnitude 17.［A ］position ［B ］context ［C ］perspective ［D ］dimension 18．［A ］similar ［B ］differential ［C ］diverse ［D ］versatile 19.［A ］interacted ［B ］combined ［C ］confronted ［D ］associated 20．［A ］entitling ［B ］exposing ［C ］leading ［D ］committingSection II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Text 1What's a label worth?A lot,it seems.Michael Hiscox and Nicholas Smyth,two Harvard University researchers,conducted an experiment on two sets of towels in an upmarket New York shop.One lot carried a label with the logo “Fair and Square”and the following message:These towels have been made under fair labour conditions,in a safe and healthy working environment which is free of discrimination,and where management has committed to respecting the rights and dignity of workers.The other set had no such label.Over five months,the researchers observed the impact of making various changes such as switching the label to the other set of towels and raising prices.The results were striking:not only did sales of towels 经典考资祝福你考试成each time the price was raised.No wonder companies are keen to appeal to ethically （i.e.morally ）minded consumers,whether on labour standards or green credentials.Timberland,a New Hampshire outdoor-gear company,is introducing detailed "Green Index”labels on its shoes.Tesco,M ＆S and Wal-Mart have all launched initiatives that bet on the rise of the ethical consumer.M ＆S estimates that about three-quarters of British consumers areinterested in the green theme in some way.But even the keenest ethical consumer faces complicated situations,and sometimes the apparently obvious ethical choice turns out to be the wrong one.Surely it must be greener for Britons to buy roses from the Netherlands than ones air-freighted from Kenya?In fact,a study showed that related green house gas to the Dutch roses to be six times as large because they had to be grown in heated greenhouses.Joel Makower,editor of ,says that,given a choice,mostconsumers will choose the greener product—provided it does not cost any more,comes from a trusted maker,requires no special effort to buy or use and is at least as good as the alternative.“That's almost an impossible barrier for any product,”he notes.So shoppers will still flock to shops selling cheap products of decent quality,ignoring how these are made.They will often buy more if a product is attractively presented,never mind that the packaging may be wasteful.And when companies try to do the right thing,consumers will not always go along with them.The lesson for companies is that selling green is hard work.And it is no good getting too far ahead of the customer.Half a step ahead is about right.Much more,and you won't sell.Any less,and you won't lead.21．The experiment on the towels indicated that ______.［A ］consumers liked to purchase labeled products［B ］consumers would buy goods when prices rose［C ］consumption was influenced by green labels［D ］ethical concern may influence consumption22．According to the text,consumers’ethical choice ______.［A ］determines the production of commodities［B ］forces companies to sell green products only［C ］leads companies to modify business activities［D ］leads to higher labour and green standards23．We may infer from the fourth paragraph that ______.［A ］green buying may be at higher environment cost［B ］green production is actually complicated business［C ］Dutch rose growth is greener than Kenya ones［D ］British consumers actually oppose green farming24．According to Joel Makower,most consumers will ______.［A ］buy greener products when given a choice［B ］reject greener products for various reasons 经典考资祝福你考试成［D ］refuse to follow the activities of companies 25．Companies may learn the lesson that ______.［A ］it is not worthwhile leading the customers ［B ］the customers are not easily to be misled ［C ］green policy is not effective for marketing ［D ］companies need a balanced green policy Text 2There are various ways in which individual economic units can interact with one another.Three basic ways may be described as the market system,the administered system and the traditional system.In a market system individual economic units are free to interact amongeach other in the marketplace.It is possible to buy commodities from other economic units or sell commodities to them.In a market,transactions may take place via barter or money exchange.In a barter economy,real goods such as automobiles,shorts,and pizzas are traded against each other.Obviously,finding somebody who wants to trade my old car in exchange for a sailboat may not always be an easy task.Hence the introduction of money as a medium of exchange eases transactions considerably.In the modern market economy,goods and services are bought or sold for money.An alternative to the market system is administrative control by someagency over all transactions.This agency will issue edicts or commands as to how much of each good and service should be produced,exchanged,and consumed by each economic unit.Central planning may be one way of administering such an economy.The central plan,drawn up by the government,shows the amounts of each commodity produced by the various firms and allocated to different households for consumption.This is an example of complete planning of productionconsumption,and exchange for the whole economy.In a traditional society,production and consumption patterns are governed by tradition:every person's place within the economic system is fixed by parentage,religion and custom.Transactions take place on the basis of tradition,too.People belonging to a certain group or caste may have an obligation to care for otherpersons,provide them with food and shelter,care for their health,and provide their education.Clearly,in a system where every decision made on the basis of tradition alone,progress may be difficult to achieve.A stagnant society may result.26．What is the main purpose of the passage?［A ］To outline contrasting types of economic.［B ］To explain the science of economic systems.［C ］To argue for the superiority of one economic system.［D ］To compare barter and money-exchange markets.27．In the second paragraph,the word “real”in “real goods”could best be replaced by which of the following?［A ］High quality.［B ］Concrete.经典考资祝福你考试成28．According to the passage,a barter economy can lead to ______.［A ］rapid speed of transactions ［B ］misunderstandings ［C ］inflation ［D ］difficulties for the traders 29．According to the passage,who has the greatest degree of control in an administered system?［A ］Individual households.［B ］Small businesses.［C ］Major corporations.［D ］The government.30．Which of the following is not mentioned by the author as a criterion for determining a person's place in a traditional society?［A ］Family background.［B ］Age.［C ］Religious beliefs.［D ］Custom.Text 3If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills,American firms have a problem.Human-resource management is considered an individual bour is simply another factor of production to be hired—rented at the lowest possible cost—much as one buys raw materials or equipment.The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy.In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command.The post of head of human-resourcemanagement is usually a specialized job,off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy.The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer （CEO ）.By way of contrast,in Japan the head of human-resources management is central—usually the second most important executive,after the CEO,in the firm's hierarchy.While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces,in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese of German firms.The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees.And the limitedinvestments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result,problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive.If American workers,for example,take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany （as they do ）,the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States.More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity,and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed.The result is a slower pace of technologicalchange.And in the end the skills of the population affect the wages of the top half.经典考资祝福你考试成management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.31．Which of the following applies to the management of human resources in American companies?［A ］They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their skills.［B ］They see the gaining of skills as their employees'own business.［C ］They attach more importance to workers than equipment.［D ］They only hire skilled workers because of keen competition.32．What is the position of the head of human-resource management in an American firm?［A ］He is one of the most important executives in the firms.［B ］His post is likely to disappear when new technologies are introduced.［C ］He is directly under the chief financial executive.［D ］He has no say in making important decisions in the firm.33．The money most American firms put in training mainly goes to ______.［A ］workers who can operate new equipment ［B ］technological and managerial staff ［C ］workers who lack basic background skills ［D ］top executives 34．According to the passage,the decisive factor in maintaining a firm's competitive advantage is ______.［A ］the introduction of new technologies ［B ］the improvement of worker's basic skills ［C ］the rational composition of professional and managerial employees ［D ］the attachment of importance to the bottom half of the employees 35．What is the main idea of the passage?［A ］American firms are different from Japanese and German firms in human-resource management.［B ］Extensive retraining is indispensable to effective human-resource management.［C ］The head of human-resource management must be in the centralposition in a firm's hierarchy.［D ］The human-resource management strategies of American firms affect their competitive capacity.Text 4The public holiday on the last Monday of August marks,in most British minds,the unofficial end of summer.A vast migration takes place,as millions take advantage of the long weekend to visit seaside resorts or fly to Europe in a final sun-seeking cheer.Once the festivities are over,gloom descends:workers face four months of uninterrupted labor until Christmas Eve,their next official day off.This depression often provokes calls for more public holidays,and this year the clamor has been louder than usual.David Cameron's new Conservatives have been forced to deny rumors that they would recommend three new public holidays.经典考资祝福你考试成intended to inspire civil pride.On August 27th the Institute for Public PolicyResearch,a worthy think-tank,called for a new day off to “celebrate community heroes”.To the idlers,the case for more time off looks persuasive.By Europeanstandards at least,Britain is a nation of workaholics,with only the Austrianslabouring as many hours per week.Workers are entitled to 20working days of leave a year,the European Union's required minimum.Other countries are more generous.France and Denmark give at least 25days in leave,and many Finns get 30.Britons celebrate a miserably eight national holidays a year;in Europe only the Romanians,with five,have fewer.Even significant national events are celebrated grudgingly.：the British were given two days off to celebrate the queen's Golden Jubilee in 2002,but had to forfeit an existing public holiday to make up for it.National holidays are illogical as well as scarce.The queen's official birthday （a moveable holiday unrelated to her date of birth ）is seen as a good excuse for a holiday in most of Britain's former colonies,but not in Her Majesty's homeland.Distribution is also badly distorted:seven of the eight holidays fall between December and May,leaving only August's to break up the rest of the year.There are plenty of things that a new holiday might celebrate.Patriotssuggest that England should honour St George （the patron saint of the place ）,just as Scotland takes time off for St Andrew.The historically minded argue for a Magna Carta （The charter of liberties ）day,whereas the politically correct suggest holidays celebrating “communities”and “volunteering”.Sadly,not everyone is keen on increasing public holidays.The CBI,abusiness lobbying group,points out that legal leave is already planned to rise to 28working days by 2009,and says that an extra public holiday would cost up to ￡6billion （$12.1billion ）.In the face of such tough objections,concerns about leisure and the quality of life may seem vague and idealistic.36．What is the passage mainly talking about?［A ］Different attitudes towards public holidays in Britain.［B ］The increase of national holidays in Britain.［C ］The problem of public holidays in Britain.［D ］The call for more public holidays in Britain.37．The calls for more public holidays in Britain could be the results of______.［A ］the economic depression［B ］the 4-month work without a rest［C ］the long wait for an official day off［D ］recommendation of two ministers38．What does the word “workaholics”most probably mean （Line 2,Paragraph 3）?［A ］Compulsive workers.［B ］Idle workers.［C ］Lazy workers.经典考资祝福你考试成39．According to the passage,the increase of British working days of leave ______.［A ］is supported by all British people ［B ］is planned by CBI to be carried out by 2009［C ］is challenged by some opponents ［D ］is likely to result in economic recession 40．Which of the following conclusions can we draw from the text?［A ］From June to December,there is only one British national holiday.［B ］British national holidays are unsatisfactory for the quantity and the allocation.［C ］The queen’s official birthday is celebrated in England.［D ］People suggest new holidays for their own convenience.Part BDirections:Read the following text and answer questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10points ）Most people may drink only two liters of water a day,but they consumeabout 3,000liters a day if the water that goes into their food is taken into account.The rich gulp down far more,since they tend to eat more meat,which takes far more water to produce than grains.So as the world's population grows and incomes rise,farmers will need a great deal more water to keep everyone fed:2,000more cubic kilometers a year by 2030,according to the International Water Management Institute （IWMI ）.Yet in many farming regions,water is scarce and likely to get scarcer as global warming worsens.The world is facing not so much a food crisis as a water crisis,argues Colin Chartres,IWMI's director-general.The solution,Mr Chartres and others contend,is more efficient use of water or,as the sloganeers put it,“more crop per drop”.Some 1.2billion people live in places that are short of water.Farming accounts for roughly 70%of human water consumption.So when water starts to run out,farming tends to offer the bestpotential for thrift.But governments rarely charge farmers a market price for water.So they are usually more wasteful than other consumers—even though the value they create from the water is often less than households or industry would be willing to pay for it.The pressing need is to make water go further.Antoine Frérot,the head of the water division of Veolia Environment,promotes recycling of city wastewater to be used in industry or agriculture.This costs less and cuts pollution.Yet as Mr Frérot himself concedes,there are many even cheaper ways to save water.As much as 70%of water used by farmers never gets to crops,perhaps lost through leaky irrigation channels or by draining into rivers or groundwater.经典考资祝福你考试成savings.Farmers in poor countries can usually afford such things only if they are growing cash crops,says David Molden of IWMI.Even basic kit such as small rainwater tanks can be lacking.Ethiopia,for example,has only 38cubic meters of storage capacity per inhabitant,compared to almost 5,000in Australia.Yet modest water storage can hugely improve yields in rain-fed agriculture,by smoothing over short dry spells.Likewise,pumping water into natural aquifers for seasonal storage tends to be much cheaper than building a big dam,and prevents the great waste of water through evaporation.Agronomists are beginning to devise tools to help monitor the efficiency of water use.Some have designed algorithms that use satellite data on surface temperatures to calculate the rate at which plants are absorbing and transpiring water.That allows governments and development agencies to concentrate their efforts on the most prodigal areas.Raising yields does not always involve greater water consumption,especially when farms are inefficient.It would take little extra water to double cereal output in many parts of Africa,Mr Molden argues.IWMI reckons that some three-quarters of the extra food the world needs could be provided simply by bringing yields in poor countries closer to those of rich ones.That is more realistic than the absolute alternative:giving up meat and other thirsty products altogether.［A ］cultivating cash crops 41．The world is meeting with challenges more from ［B ］leaking irrigation system 42．Farmers waste more water due to ［C ］expenses and efficiency 43．Farmers in poor countries can pay for irrigation improvement by ［D ］surface temperature data 44．Building big dams is less effective for their ［E ］low water price 45．The water use rate of plants is computed with ［F ］water shortage［G ］food crisisPart CDirections:In this section there is a text in English.Translate the text into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.（15points ）The objective of any advertisement is to convince people that it is in their best interests to take the action the advertiser is recommending.The action may be to purchase a product or use a service.Advertising as a business developed most rapidly in the United States,the country that uses it to the greatest extent.In 1980advertising expenditure in the 经典考资祝福你考试成product.While advertising brings the economics of mass selling to the manufacturer,it produces benefits for the consumer as well.Some of those economies are passed along to the purchaser so that the cost of a product sold primarily through advertising is usually far less than one sold through personal sales people.Advertising brings people immediate news about products that have just come on the market.Finally,advertising pays for the programs on commercial television and radio and for about two thirds of the cost of publishing magazines and newspapers.Section III WritingPart A47Write a letter to invite your best friend Jane to take part in your mother's 60-year-old birthday and inform her of your arrangement.Begin your letter as follows:Dear Jane,You should write about 100words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name,using "Li Ming"instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B 48.Directions:In this section,you are asked to write an essay based on the following table.In your essay,you should1）describe the table and,2）state your opinions drawn from it.You should write at least 150words.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.（15points ）Financial Sources of College StudentsFinancial Sources American students Chinese students Parents 50％90％Part-time jobs 35％5％Scholarship 15％5％经典考资祝福你考试成2010考研英语（二）模拟试卷答案Section I Use of English1．【答案】［C ］spring【解析】上下文含义题。

Unit 16.Part one. Air quality in Britain. 2. Exercises.1. Listen to the passage about air quality in Britain. And then briefly answer the following questions.Air quality in Britain has improved considerably in the last 30 years. Total emissions of smoke in the air have fallen by over 85 percent since 1960. London and other major cities no longer have the dense smoke led in smog of the 1950s. And in central London winter sunshine has increased by about 70 percent since the late 1950s. However new concerns have arisen, especially over the emissions from the growing number of motor vehicles, and their possible impact on health. Measures have consequently been adopted to reduce substantially emissions from new vehicles. The environment act of 1995 provides a new frame work for air quality management, including the publication by the government of the national strategy which was said air qualities standards and targets for the pollutants causing the most concern. This was issued for consultation in August 1996 containing air quality targets for the year 2005. The act also places new duties on local authorities to assess air quality in their boundaries, and to prepare action plans where standards are not met or are likely to be met in future. Pilot schemes are being taken forward in 14 areas before full implementation in April 1997. Earlier legislation allows local authorities to declare smoke control areas within which the emission of smoke from chimneys is in offends. About two thirds of the dwellings in connorbations are covered by smoke control orders around 6,340 are in force.2. Listen again and supply the missing information.Part two. Statements. 2. Exercises. Listen and then choose the answer that is closest in meaning to the statement you hear.1) According to the regulations enforced by the health care authorities visitors aren’t allowed to stay in the hospital after 10 p.m.2) The famous pop singer will give her last performance in town on Friday afternoon. Wouldn’t it be nice if we didn’t have to work this Friday.3) The bicycle rider was refused help by several passing motorists on the side of the highway leading into the town center.4) The lawyer revea led that John was named the only beneficiary in his uncle’s will which was a surprise to all. John had never met his uncle before.5) All the people who will fill the managerial positions of the new company have been recruited. And the new management training program will start later this week.6) The client, a retired engineer in his early 70s was unhappy because the lawyer had turned down his case.7) After the building was damaged by a fire caused by faulty wires, the inhabitants were paid by the insurance company.8) Everyone knows the following trend as the technology of electronics improves, the prices of personal computers should come down.9) There should be one of those dresses that can fit you. They come in 3 different sizes. They are all imported from France or Britain.10) Moner has been offered the manager’s job, although she has hardly any work experience. This is a big surprise even for herself.11) I need to do something to improve my spoken French. I don’t know whether the community college offer something.12) At the board meeting held last Friday she voted against the investment plan, because she thinks it involves too great a risk.13) The landlord collects rent on the first of the month without fail. So I need to always have cash ready before the end of each month.14) The president appointed Mr. Brown head of the newly formed commission, although Mr. Brown is already well over 60 and he is expected to retire soon.15) In order to make more money to support her two sons Martha is holding down 2 jobs at the same time, but she’d better take it easy.16) Pawl looked better when we visited him in the hospital last week. The doctor said he could come home to recover.17) We’ve come to the restaurant a bit too late. We would like to h ave the table by the window, but that table has been reserved.18) After meeting with several failures, Walter has been unsuccessful with his new business. He was rather depressed in recent months.19) At the annual general meetings the board chairman of the car company outlined the development strategy for the next decade.20) Everybody says that Bob shouldn’t go into arts since he is no good in math. But he had to decide for himself in my opinion.Part three. 3. Exercises.1. Acid rain. Listen to the following passage and then choose the best answer to each question you hear.M: You know everyone today is concerned about pollution. And scientists are talking a lot about one kind of pollution, acid rain.W: Why exactly is it called acid rain?M: It’s called acid rain because the rain or some other kind of precipitation has been polluted with acid.W: Where does the acid come from?M: From cars or factories, anything that burns coal or oil. These are made up mostly of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which react with water vapor to form sulphuric acid or nitric acid.W: You mean that when coal or oil is burned acid gets formed. And when it rains or snows the acid falls back on the earth?M: Exactly. That’s why it is so dangerous. Acid rain has been falling over areas of Northern American and Northern Europe. And if it isn’t checked the affect on the water supply and plant of animal life could be disastrous.W: This is something I should read more about.Questions:1) What is the best topic of this conversation?2) What energy sources cause acid rain?3) How is sulphuric acid formed?4) According to the man where is acid rain a problem?5) What action does the woman think she should take next?2. Is nuclear power safe? Listen to the following dialogue about the use of nuclear power, and then choose the best answer to each question you hear.M: The energy minster announced at a press conference yesterday the construction of 3 more nuclear power stations. These were forms of a vital part of the government’s energy plans for the next 2 decades. And it needed to satisfy the country’s growing demands for electricity. The plans were strongly criticized by opposition MPs as well as anti-nuclear and environmentalist groups.W: They must be absolutely mad. More nuclear power stations?M: OK, Jane. But we’ve got to get the energy from somewhere, haven’t we? We can’t just go on using oil and coal.W: Look, the main point is that they are just not safe. They are real menace. Every one of these things is an accident waiting to happen. Look at the Chernobyl forgotten to sake.M: Yes, OK. I agree there is a risk, of course there is. But it’s minimal. With modern technology nuclear reactors are much safer.W: Much safer? You must be joking. No, look at all that radio active waste they are dumping into the sea and underground, nobody really knows what will happen long term.M: That is a problem, sure. But it’s also true that nuclear energy is cheap and can produce electricity very quickly. Lots of countr ies have no alternatives. They don’t have any oil, coal, or anything. What are they suppose to do?W: Oh, come on. There are lots of possibilities. Well, quite a few. We just haven’t really looked at them seriously enough. There are solar energy and wind power and what’s called wave power. We still got a lot of coal.M: All right, but that all take time and money to develop. We need energy now. And nuclear power is the best alternative.W: Oh, I don’t believe this. I reckon it just crazy.Questions:1) Who made the government announcement yesterday?2) What is the government planning to do?3) How does the woman feel about this?4) What is the woman’s main argument?5) Which of the following statements is not true about the man’s argument?3. Building dams. Listen to a college report and then choose the best answer to each questionyou hear.Millions of acres of lands of all kinds of wild life made their homes have been ruined in recent years. This land has been ruined by federally approved water projects such as dams built in violation of the rarely enforced law passed in 1934. According to this law all projects to modify a body of water can be carried out only after a through study to discover what damage may be caused to the wild life in that area. Many states have not complied with the law. In three southern states, Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi, about 1.2 million acres of wild life habitats have been covered with water because of dams which have been constructed there. Another plan to build a dam in Tennessee was fought because it would flood large areas of wild life habitat particularly endangering a species of small fish called the snail darter. The proposed dam would also destroy several important archeological sites, including the ancestral capital of the ancient Cherryky Indian nation. To prevent any further destruction the public must become accurately informed about the advantages and disadvantages of our national water projects. Only then can we be assured the existing laws will be enforced.Questions:1) According to the speaker why have many animals and birds lost their homes?2) What type of projects does the 1934 law deal with?3) What is required by the rarely enforced 1934 law?4) According to the speaker how many southern states have lost land because of dams?5) Why did people fight a plan to build a dam in Tennessee?6) According to the speaker how can further destruction be prevented?7) According to the speaker who can prevent further destruction?Part four. Listening and translation. 2. Exercises.1. Sentence translation. Listen and translate each sentence you have heard into Chinese. Then write it in the space given below.1) I have some funds on hand, and I am wondering whether I ought to put them in the saving’s account.2) The university is building a language laboratory for the department of English, and the job is scheduled to be completed early next year.3) The balance of powers is keeping us out of war because neither side would really dare to start a war because of the consequences.4) In addition to using newspapers and the phone the internet has become the tool for getting more details on job openings, applications and other necessary information.5) On the days they worked employed men worked about an hour more than employed women, 7.9 versus 7.1 hours, the US department of labor reported today.2. Passage translation. Listen and translate each passage you have heard into Chinese. Then write it in the space given below. You may take notes while you are listening.1) I resent the way the police react quite differently the different groups of people. I mean, for example, their reaction to young people and student youth, they may have long hair or very short hair even skin heads, is quite different from people who are sort of middle aged. They have well spoken middle class voices. It’s quite wrong.2) You ask how long it takes to drive across London. Well, it depends on traffic. If the roads aren’t too busy, you can do it in about an hour. But if you g o during the rush hour, then of course, it can take much longer. It also depends on how well you know the roads. If you don’t know the best routes, it can take you hours to get through, because you will get stuck in one way systems, and end up miles away from where you want to go.。

Throughout history the world "Europe"has been debated and defined time after time and it is used in different meanings and different contexts. There are two notions at the center of the historical and political debate: the process of European unification, and the idea of European identity. European politicians have argued that a clearly distinct European identity is needed to give the European Union a solid socio-intellectual and cultural base. However, in Delor's view,the cultural diversity is a stumbling block to the unification process.The idea of European unityEurope can have a geographical,an ethnographical or a historical meaning,and to be used in these contexts accordingly.Jear Baptiste Duroselle(French historian)Foerster(German historian)They disagree on the question of what exactly is meant by "Europe",and therefore on what the basic of European unity should be.So the idea of European unity did not succeed in developing into an significant,cogent political concept and indeed the idea has lived a marginal existence.Some of the 20th century proposals for some form of European unity associate the economic and political decline of Europe with a degeneration of European culture.The idea of European unity also found advocates in Fascist and totalitarian political circles.the Italian leader Mussolini and Coudenhove-Kalergi did in fact meet three times to discuss the idea but they did not convince each other.And only after 1943,when it became apparent that Nazi Germany would not win the war,the proposals of concering a so-called "New Order" and"New Europe" were launched by the German Foreign Office.The non-Communist parts of the resistance movement in occupied Europe,including the German and Italian ones,also contributed to plans based on the idea of European unity.The Resistance Charter was published in 1944.. At the Congress of European ,held in 1948,federalists decided to conbine their efforts for the political unification of Europe.But the final result of the meeting was embodied in the Council of Europa in 1949.After 1945 further plans for unification were formulate.All these post-war plans differ in approach and scope,some are aimed at a "deeping"of the existent working situation(the Schauble Lamers plan of 1944)and some imply aim for the overthrow of the existing structure of the European Union(Paul Johnson's Northern European Protestant Union)In conclusion,the contimutity in European history is formed by this kind of planning activity;after all,it has developed into a distinct historical tradition. Identity and the European treatiesThe notion of the identity of a nation or people goes back to 19th century.Nowadays it serves at least two purpose:1.a rationalization of historical experience,thus used in retrospect2. as a legitimation for present and future politicalactionsThere are not objective standards to define "national identity" and the concept is a subjective one.The concept "European identity" has orginated in the early 1960sthen emerged more explicitly in the 1970s.De Witte distinguished between an internal and an external form of identity. internal identity: refers to that which is brought about from within the Communityexternal identity:is the outcome of external recognition of the EU as an entity A much-disputed formulation of European identity began in 1973(the Copenhagen Declaration on European Identity).Relations with the USA were portrayed in the Declaration as less important than those with Eastern Europe,the Middle East,Africa.The identity issue was relaunched in the 1980s withthe Solemn Declaration on the EuropeanUnion(1983)shortly afterwards the concept of a Citizen's Europe was replaced by that of a People's Europe.The notion of European identity appears again in the Single European Act of 1987.Here,for the first time in treaty,we encounter the external meaning of identity in the shape of the defence identity of the Community.The next important treaty is the Maastricht Treaty in 1991,which reinforcesd the European identity and its independence in order to promote peace,security and progress in Europe and the world.Up to this point,the Maastricht Treaty uses the notion of "identity" in an entirely consistent way,referring to a common defence and security policy.The context in which "identity" is used differs from article to article.The use of identity in its external meaning,that is,referring to a common security and defence policy,is easily recognizable.References to identity in the internal meaning refers to the "essence" or "substance" of the Union,are notbe found.identity and unification in EuropeThe notion of identity is an artificial construction and it is usually constructed historical experience, memory,or myth,or a combination or the three.In the 1970s and 1980s identity was applied as a tool to bring some cohesion to the EC.Increasingly the essence of that internal identity was put forward in the formula of "unity in diversity".The forces for creating an internal European identity,such as language, history, political culture and religion, do not add up to a solid basis.The definition of identity is a hard issue to tackle. Its meaning depends on the self-image of the country and the image of Europe in the national historical andpolitical discourse.There does not exist one single image of Europe,but a varity of images,such as a German Europe , a French Europe,a British Europe. European identity and unification are hard to combine because of the lack ofhomogeneity both in European culture and in the definition of terms and images.Nation-State,European Institutions and CitizenshipThe post-Cold War period is a period of fragmentation and integration in both havles of Europethree important notions:democratic: it refers to the redistribution of political power,that is to say,the ability of the individual to participate in key decisions concerning his or her life. citizenship: means responsibility, participation,employment and so on as in the original Greek sensegovernance:refers to the process of managing or organizing society--a process which involves political institutions as well as other individuals and formal or informal groups.the nature of the nation-stateIn practice,a group of human beings that define themselves as a notion usually do so because they are citizens of a particular state,because they are discriminated against by a state, or because of their interest in establishing their own state.What made the nation-state different from previous forms of political organizations?1. the administrative reach of the state was greatly extended.control over national territory was much greater than under earlier kingdoms or empires.2. the concept of sovereignty changed radicallythe establishment of nation-states was linked to principles of accountability,self-determination, individual autonomy, and so on3.the nation-state was the homogenisation of national culture, in which the state played a key role.Cultural diversity was given and,indeed,was an essential feature of a relativelystable social stratification.4. the nation-state was the establishment of unified currencies under the control of central banks.5.the final and most important characteristic of the nation-state was the monopoly of legitimate organized violence-the elimination of private armies, the process of internal pacification,the establishmentof regular armies which were distinguished frompolice forces.the inadequacies of the nation-stateThe nation-state was an ideal form of politicalorganization. It provides a framework forindustrialization , but it had major limitations.1. it is both too large and too small for democratic governance.1>Given the size of the nation-state active citizenship is extremely difficult to organize.2>In addition, many current problems are transnational in nature,nation-state do not have the capacity to resovle them.2.the nation-state is also too large for cultural diversity and too small to preserve national culture.3.the nation-state is also too small to manage economic and ecological, interdependence or to conduct wars.1>Government can still influence national economic development,but they have far less influence than only twenty years ago.2>the same is true for the environment.Manyproblems,such as the acid rain,holes in the ozonelayer,the greenhouse effect or the pollution of riversand seas,can only be resolved internationally.3>the nation-state is also too small for wars.The valueof using force to achieve limited or specific objectivesis becoming questionable.The blocs system allowed for the creation of bloceconomies and it rrplaced real war by imaginary war.The blocs represented a break with the nation-state in two respects.1> they broke down the administrative sovereignty of the nation-state over national territory.2> the national idea was increasingly supplanted by the bloc idea-the defence of ideology rather than of national culture.With the advent of what is known as "globalisation",the blocs may also be too small.With globalcommunications, it is difficult to insulate any area from political or economic turbulence in any other part of the world.future political institutionsThe end of the Cold War came about,in part,because of the emergence of a transnational civil society in Europe.The civil society does not mean the rule of law instead of the rule of force ,it just meansself-organized autonomous groups and institutions that are actively responsible for public affairs.What is needed now is to develop proposals and ideas for new kinds of political organization which can overcome the limitations of both too large and too small the various layers of political organization with different but overlapping responsibilities:1> the first layer consists of local or regional territorially democratically elected political units,that have responsibilities for a wide field of policy-making,including economic policy and foreign policy.2> the second layer is international organizayion which may be global or regional.Such organization already exist: the Uinted Nations, IMF ,EU ,CSCE and so on.3>the third and final layer consists of national units.they could be viewed as the repositories of national culture with responsibilities for language and traditions.National units might even continue to beresponsible for armies.the concept of citizenship:the passive concept of citizenship tends to mean nationality,the right to a passport,the right to receive welfare benefits.。