下载文档原格式
加ed的规则
英语动词加ed的规则是指动词在变成过去式时，经过一定的规
则变化就能变成过去式。
以下是主要规则：
一般情况：一般情况下，大多数动词在变成过去式时，都加上ed，例如：work, worked; jump, jumped。
以不发音的e结尾的动词：对于以不发音的e结尾的动词，只需
在词尾加上d，例如：live, lived; hope, hoped。
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词：对于以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，
只需将y变为i，然后在加ed，例如：study, studied; learn, learned。
双写的辅音字母结尾的动词：对于双写的辅音字母结尾的动词，
只需在词尾加上ed，例如：stop, stopped; refer, referred。
以辅音字母+“y”结尾的动词：对于以辅音字母+“y”结尾的动词，有两种情况，一种是将y变为i再加ed，另一种情况是加上ies，例如：carry, carried; worry, worried。
以字母o结尾的动词：有两种情况，一种是加ed，例如：go, went; know, knew；另一种是以特殊方式变化，例如：do，did。
此外，有一些动词没有明确的规定，例如：put, put; run, ran。
英语动词加ed的规则是通过发音、字母、词尾和词性等方面来
确定动词过去式的变化形式的。
虽然有一些动词没有明确的规定，但
是通过掌握上述主要的规则，可以更好的理解、熟练使用动词加ed的
规则。
只有不断的练习，才能更好的掌握英语动词加ed的规则，提高
英语水平。
动词初中阶段需双写最后一个字母再加ing、ed 总结1、以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，即一个元音加一个辅音结尾并且重读时（重读闭音节）要双写这一辅音字母，再加-ing。
例如：run-running, swim-swimming 等。
（或在重读闭音节里，末尾只有一个辅音字母，辅音字母前只有一个元音字母时，要双写这个辅音字母。
辅－元－辅好像更好记）内在的道理就是:动词+ing或+ed后,必须保证主干的发音不变举例:正确: cutting分成两个音节:cut．ting,前半部分发音和动词原型cut一样.错误: cuting分成两个音节:cu．ting,前半部分发音就变了.所以,对于重读单元音后只有一个辅音字母结尾的,必须双写这个辅音字母。
如果不双写，那么，这个辅音字母和ing或ed组成音节，前面的音节就由闭音节变成开音节了！举一反三：双写一般是为了使读音不便，但有时，双写会使读音发生变化，如write的过去分词是written,所以：write中的i是开音节，读成[ai]，written中的i由于双写了t变成了闭音节，读成[i]。
关于“双写的问题”很简单地说：就是一个单词无论多长，在考虑是否“双写”时，只需要看最后3个字母即可--即如果最后3个分别是由“辅元辅”（辅音，元音，辅音）构成的话，那么这个单词就需要“双写”，如果不是，那么就不用了。
但是有一个单词是例外，就是listen这个单词，虽说结尾3个字母符合“辅元辅”规则，但是这个单词却不双写，而是listening.*重读闭音节三要素：（1）. 必须是重读音节；（2）. 最后只有一个辅音字母；（3）.元音字母发短元音如：begin ，ap/ple a p 就是一个闭音节2、以-al,-er,-ill，-el结尾的动词，即使重音不在最后一个音节上，也要双写，再加-ing 如：travelling等。
3、在最后一个字母不是A E I O U其中一个时,而最后一个字母的前一个字母是A E I O U(元音)其中一个时,就要双写最后一个字母,但如果而最后一个字母的前一个字母的前一个字母是元音的话就不能双写最后一个字。
动词过去式变化规则与其读音规则规则动词的过去式变化如下：1、一般情况下,动词词尾加-ed ,如：work ---worked play---played wanted----wanted act----acted2、以不发音的-e 结尾动词,动词词尾加-d,如：live---lived move----moved taste---tasted hope---hoped3、以辅音字母+ y结尾的动词,把-y变为-i 再加-ed,如：study---studiedcopy---copied cry---cried carry---carried4、以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写词尾辅音字母,再加-ed,如：stop ---stopped5、不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强,须多加记忆.go – went make – made get –got buy – bought e - came fly-flew不规则动词的过去式的构成1．把动词原形中的i改为a,变成过去式.如：begin—began,drink—drank,give—gave,ring—rang,sing—sang,sit—sat,swim—swam 2．把重读开音节中的i改为o,变成过去式.如：drive—drove,ride—rode,write—wrote3．改动词原形中的aw ／ow为ew,变成过去式.如：draw—drew,grow—grew,know—knew,throw—threw〔动词show除外,show—showed〕4．动词原形中的e改为o,变成过去式.如：get—got,forget—forgot5．动词原形中的ee改为e,变成过去式.如：feed—fed,meet—met6．动词原形中的eep改为ept,变成过去式.如：keep—kept,sleep—slept,sweep—swept7．动词原形中的eak改为oke,变成过去式.如：break—broke,speak—spoke 8．动词原形中的ell改为old,变成过去式.如：sell—sold,tell—told9．动词原形中的an改为oo,变成过去式.如：stand—stood,understand—understood 10．以ought和aught结尾,且读音是〔:t〕的过去式.如：bring—brought,buy—bought,think—thought,catch—caught,teach—taught11．以ould结尾且读音为〔ud〕的情态动词过去式.如：can—could,shall—should,will—would12．把动词原形中的o改为a,变成过去式.如：e—came,bee—became13．在动词原形后加d或t变成过去式,并且发生音变.如：hear〔hi 〕—heard〔h :d〕, say〔sei〕—said〔sed〕,mean〔mi:n〕—meant〔ment〕14．动词的过去式与动词原形一样.如：let—let,must—must,put—put,read—read 〔red〕15．不符合上述规律的动词过去式.如：am,is—was,are—were,build—built,do—did,eat—ate,fall—fell,feel—felt,find—found ,fly—flew,go—went,have ／has—had,hold—held,leave—left,make—made,may—might,run—ran,see—saw,take—took过去式"-ed"的发音规则〔1〕动词词尾为"t,d"时,发/ id /音,want →wanted 〔要〕need →needed 〔需要〕〔2〕动词词尾为清辅音时,发/ t / 音. help →helped 〔帮助〕laugh →laughed 〔笑〕look →looked 〔看〕kiss →kissed 〔吻〕wash →washed 〔洗〕watch →watched 〔注视〕〔3〕动词词尾为t,d以外之浊辅音或元音时,发/ d /音.call →called 〔叫〕stay→stayed 〔停留〕cry→cried 〔哭〕过去式是英语语法的一种,表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态.一般过去式的动词通常用动词的过去式形式来表示,而动词的过去式是在动词原形的基础上变化的.动词的过去式可分为规则动词和不规则动词.目录过去式,过去时态结构概念：例句：构成用法：读法：不规则变化动词表：过去式,过去时态结构概念：例句：构成用法：读法：不规则变化动词表：展开过去式,过去时态[过去式]1、过去发生的而现在已经结束的动作要用一般过去式来表示.2、表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态.3、过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为；过去主语所具备的能力和性格.[过去时态]表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式.[过去时态结构]指的是过去时态下的动词形式的语法构成.过去式就是动词的变化,表示过去发生的事.一般看到ago,before, in 几几年,就是过去式.work-workedlisten-listened 一般的就是直接加ed,特殊的就有一些变化.结构[过去时态结构基本形式]1、主语+动词过去式+其他；2、否定形式①wasn't/weren't②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词；一般疑问句Did+主语+do+其他. 概念：表示过去的发生动作或过去存在的某种状态例句：A:What did you do last weekend?B:I played football.A:Did you read books?B:Yes,I did.构成表示一般过去式的动词通常用动词的过去式形式来表示,而动词的过去式是在动词原形的基础上变化的.动词的过去式可分为规则动词和不规则动词.规则动词的过去式变化如下：〔1〕一般情况下,动词词尾加ed ,如：work—worked；play—played；want— wanted；act—acted〔2〕以不发音的 e 结尾动词,动词词尾加d,如：live—lived；move—moved；decide—decided；decline—declined；hope—hoped；〔3〕以辅音字母+ y结尾的动词,把y变为i 再加ed,如：studied tried copied justified cried carried embodied emptied〔4〕以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写词尾辅音字母,再加ed,如：stopped begged fretted dragged dropped planned dotted dripped〔5〕注：不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强,须多加记忆.go - went,make - made,get - got ,buy - bought ,e -came ,fly-flew ,is/am-was,are-were ,see-saw,bring-brought,do-did,teach-taught, think-thought, say-said,sit-sat. read-read, spend-spent,eat-ate,give-gave,sit-sat,tell-told,write-wrote,feel-felt,find-found,hear-heard,kno w-knew,put-put,grow-grew,take-took,catch-caught,e-came,bee-became,swim-swam,swee p—swept,sing—sang,draw—drew,以上的〔1〕至〔4〕条中的发音均有改变,具体分别有/d/ /t/ /id/.而不规则动词的过去式的发音则略有不同,但是有些还是按照一定规律变化的.如以上的：make - made,get - got ,buy - bought ,e -came ,fly-flew ,bring-brought,teach-taught, think-thought, say-said,sit-sat.read-read,spend-spent,give-gave,tell-told,write-wrote,feel-felt,find-found,hear-heard,know-knew,put-put,grow-grew,take-took,catch-caught,e-came,bee-became,swim-swam ,sweep—swept,sing—sang,draw—drew.仔细看一看,能发现它们的一些变化规律,也就是说不需要死记硬背这些过去式,知道了原型和变化规律,就可以写出来了.有的变化部分读音也是有规律的.分类记忆是对学习过去式很有帮助的！用法：〔1〕表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况,通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词,词组或从句,如yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语. I worked in thatfactory last year. 去年我在那一家工厂工作. I went to the TianLongMountain yesterday. 昨天我们去了天龙山.一般过去时的用法一.概念：一般过去时是表示在过去的时间里发生的动作或状态,通常与表示过去的时间状语连用.二．时间状语：yesterday, the day before yesterday, two days ago, long long ago,a minute ago,last year<week, month>, just now, at that time, in those days.三．过去时的用法：1．有确定的过去时间状语时要用过去式.例：We had a good time last week.2．表示过去连续发生的动作时,要用过去式.例：The boy closed the door, turned off the window, and then went to bed.3. 表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作,要用过去式.例：She often came to help me at that time.四.一般过去式的构成形式：☆Be动词的过去式：<1>肯定句：主语+ be 动词的过去式〔was, were〕例：He was ill yesterday. She was nine two years ago.They were my students long long ago.<2>否定句：主语+ be动词的过去式〔was, were〕+ not例：He was not ill yesterday.She was not nine two years ago.They were not my students long long ago.<3>一般疑问句：直接把be动词提到句首.例：Was he ill yesterday?肯定回答：Yes, he was.否定回答：No, he wasn't.Was she nine two years ago? Yes, she was. / No, she wasn't.Were they your students long long ago? Yes, they were. / No, they weren't.☆实意动词的过去式：<1>肯定句：主语+动词的过去式例：He played football last week.She watched TV last night.<2>否定句：主语+ did not +动词原形例：He did not play football last week.She didn’t watch TV last night.<3>一般疑问句：Did +主语+动词原形例：Did he play football last week?回答：Yes, he did./ No, he didn't.Did she watch TV last night?回答：Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t.五．动词变过去式的几种常用规则：1．一般动词直接+ ed;例：look--looked want--wanted listen --listened2．以e结尾的词直接+ d;例：live--lived phone--phoned3．以辅音字母加y结尾, 变y为i加ed;例：try--tried study--studied4．重读闭音节结尾的,词尾只有一个辅音字母,双写词尾辅音字母+ ed;例：stop--stopped plan--planned5.不规则动词: 动词由原形转变为过去式时不按词尾加"-ed"之变化规则者叫做不规则动词.小学常见的动词不规则过去式如：是be/is/am/are- was, 是are- were, 来e-came, 去go- went, 有have- had, 做/干do- did, 做make- made 读read- read, 放put- put, 切割cut- cut,写write- wrote, 带走take- took, 买buy- bought, 带来bring- brought,想think- thought, 看见see- saw, 说say- said, 说话speak- spoke,打破break- broke, 得到get- got, 跑run- ran, 告诉tell- told,唱sing- sang, 喝drink- drank, 吃eat- ate, 游泳swim- swam,开始begin- began, 偷steal- stole, 遇见meet- met, 卖sell- sold, 坐sit- sat,跑run-ran,读read-read,想要want-want,知道know/known等等表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况,通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词,词组或从句,如yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语. I worked in that factory last year. 去年我在那一家工厂工作. I went to the TianLongMountain yesterday. 昨天我们去了天龙山.I stayed at home,yesterday.昨天,我整日呆在家里.〔2〕一般过去时态：表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态.谓语动词要用一般过去式.时间标志：yesterday〔昨天〕, last weekend〔上周〕, last month〔上个月〕, last year〔去年〕, two months ago〔两个月前〕, the day before yesterday〔前天〕,in 1990 <在1990年>, in those days 〔在那些日子里〕等表示过去的时间状语.如：I was born in 1990. <我出生在1990年>.When did you go to the park? 〔你是什么时候去的公园〕.I went to the park last weekend. 〔我是上周去的公园〕在上面的句子中第一句属于be动词的一般过去时态；第二句和第三句属于实义动词go的一般过去时态.1．Be 动词的一般过去时态在没有实义动词的句子中使用be动词, am is 的过去式为was; are的过去式为were.构成：肯定句：主语+was <were> +表语如：I was late yesterday. 〔昨天我迟到了.〕否定句：主语+was <were> +not+表语如：We weren't late yesterday. <我们昨天没迟到>疑问句：Was <Were> +主语+表语如：Do you sick yesterday? 〔你昨天病了吗？〕肯定回答：Yes, I was. <是的,我病了.>否定回答：No, I wasn't. <不,我没病.>特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+was <were> +主语+表语如：When were you born? 你是什么时候出生的？读法：规则动词词尾加-ed有三种读音：1. 在清辅音后读作[t].如：asked, helped, watched, stopped2. 在浊辅音和元音后读作[d].如：enjoyed, studied, moved, called3.在t / d后读作[id].如：wanted, needed不规则动词的过去式大体上归纳有以下六条记忆法：1. 以t结尾的词,过去式与原形相同.如：put—put, let—let, cut—cut, beat—beatstop - stoppingcut - cuttingcontrol - controlling动词不定式、动名词用法要点讲解详细内容⒈不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种：<1>把不定式置于句首.如：To get there by bike will take us half an hour.<2>用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中.如：①It ＋be＋名词＋to doIt's our duty to take good care of the old.②It takes sb+some time+to doHow long did it take you to finish the work?③It＋be＋形容词＋for sb＋to doIt is difficult for us to finish writing the positionin a quarter of an hour.④It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to doIt is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays.⑤It seems<appears>＋形容词＋to doIt seemed impossible to save money.在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等；在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词.在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语.这一句式有时相当于Sb is＋形容词＋to do句式,如：It'skind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.⒉动名词作主语Learning without practice is no good.动名词作主语时,也常用It句式.如：①It's +no good<no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time>+doing…It's no good reading in dim light.It's no use sitting here waiting.②It's＋形容词＋doingIt's dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.这样用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等,但important,necessary则不适用于这种结构,应用不定式代替,如：It'simportant for you to keep fit.③There is no+doingThere is no saying what will happen next.在这一结构中,动名词后常带宾语,相当于"It's impossible to…"结构.⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作,常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作,经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起.如：It's no good eating too much fat.It's no good for you to eat so much fat.②动名词结构作主语,可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语.如：It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules.二、作宾语⒈不定式作宾语①以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语.如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long, manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等,这些词大部分可接th at引导的从句.如：I decided to ask for my money back.I decided that I would ask for my money back.When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot.When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot.②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即：主语＋动词＋it＋补语＋to do句式.如：We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well.He feels it his duty to help the poor.③介词but,except,besides+to do<do>在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do,则接to 不定式,即带do不带to,带to不带do.如：The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV.⒉动名词作宾语①以下动词后,只能接动名词作宾语,如：admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imagine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don't mind,give up,insist,on, put off等.如：I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm toyour health.②动名词作介词的宾语I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home.What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech?动名词前的介词有时可以省略,如：have difficulty<in>doing,have no trouble<in>doing,lose no ti me<in>doing,prevent/stop…<from>doing,there is no use<in>doing等.⒊部分动词后面,既可接动词不定式,也可接动名词作宾语,意义不变.如：begin,continue,start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want等.在need,require,want 后接-ing形式,表示被动意义,也可接不定式,但要用被动形式,如：Your handwr iting needs improving<tobe improved>. hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件,接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为.在下列情况下,一般要用不定式：①hate,like,love前有would<should>时,如：I'd like to have a cup of coffee.②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时,如：Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem.③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时,如：I soon began to understand whatwas happening.⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语,或带不定式作宾语补足语.如：Our teachers don't permit our swimming in the lake.Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,应根据句子语境选择使用.①forget,remember,regret后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动作,接动名词表示动作已经发生.如：Don't forget fo post the letter for me.Have you forgotten meeting her in BeijingAirport?Remember to close the windows before you leave.I remember writing him a letter a year ago.We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting.They regretted ordering these books from abroad.②mean to do 打算做某事doing 意味着……I meant to catch up with the early bus.This means wasting a lot of money.③try to do 设法尽力做某事doing 试着做某事You should try to overe your shortings.Try working out the physics problem in another way.④stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事〔不定式作目的状语〕doing 停止做某事On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a paper.You'd better stop arguing and do as you are told.⑤can't help doing 禁不住……to do不能帮助干……They couldn't help jumping up at the news.Sorry I have lots of work to do.So I can't help to make up the room for you.⑥go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事doing 继续不停地做某事,指同一动作的继续He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势.We'll go on fighting so long as there is oppression inthe world.⑦leave off to do 离开某地去干什么〔目的状语〕doing停下某事It's time to leave off talking and to start acting.They left off to go fishing.三、做表语不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为.①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter.③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. 当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果〔例①〕.当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组〔例②〕时,或以what引导的名词性分句〔例③〕,不定式说明主语的内容.④Our work is serving the people.⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper. ⑥The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting.④⑤句动名词作表语,与主语部分可以转换,如Serving thepeople is out work,而⑥句中是现在分词作表语,说明主语的性质、状态,现在分词具有形容词的各种特征,另外,动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来.四、作定语⒈不定式作定语不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后.如：①The next train to arrive is from Washington.②Have you anything to be taken to your sister? ③Do you have anything to say on the question?④Would you please give me some paper to write on?⑤My wish to visit France has e true at last.不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：<1>表示将来的动作〔例①〕.<2>与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不与物动词,则需加介词〔例④〕.<3>与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍用主动语态〔例③〕；如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态〔例②〕.<4>不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例①to arrive=that will arrive.⒉动名词作定语①This passage can be used as listening materials. ②The reading room of our school library can hold 800people.③All moving bodies have energy.①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能,即：用来……的；第③句为现在分词作定语,单个分词作定语常置于被修饰词之前,与被修饰词之间,可构成逻辑上的主谓关系,分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后.如：The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua.五、不定式作补足语⒈作宾语补足语一些与物动词除要求按宾语外,有时还需要有宾语补足语,说明宾语的行为、状态、特征,这时意思才相对完整.<1>常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive〔强迫〕,encourage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,would like<love,hate>,order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等.如：①Would you like me to give your regards to Mary?②I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.<2>部分动词后常接to be＋形容词、名词短语等形式,有时to be可省略,如：believe,consider,discover,find<=consider>,feel<=think>,imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see<=unde rstand>,understa nd等.①We all believe John<to be>honest.②I consider him<to be>one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School.但当不定式是完成式时,to不能省略,如：We consider him tohave been foolish.<3>感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to.①I didn't hear anyone say anything about it.②They make the students do too much homework every day. 这种句式在变为被动语态时,to不能省略,如第②句：Thestudents are made to do too much homework every day.<4>help,know后面的"to"可有可无.如：Would you please help me<to> fill in the taxform?I've never known her<to>be late before.但：He was known to have been to France before.<5>部分短语动词后,常接不定式作宾补,如：You may depend on them to be there early.The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy.常这样用的短语动词有：ask for,care for,call on,count on,depend on,wait for,long for〔渴望〕, prepare for,wish for等.⒉作主语补足语不定式作主语补足语,和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系.如：①He was not allowed to enter the classroom forbeing late.②The young university student is considered to have great promise.六、不定式作状语⒈作目的状语<1> ①I stayed there to see what would happen.②Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examinedby the doctor.<2>有时为了强调,不定式前可加in order或so as.如：Bob took down my telephone number so as<in order>not toforget it.有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首,但so as to不能这样用.在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为so that,in order that,成为目的状语从句,如：I stayed there so that <in order that>I could see whatwould happen.<3>在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式,如：astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等.①We are glad to hear the news.②I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well.在部分形容词后接不定式,用主动形式表示被动意义,这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语.如：The question raised by thestudent is difficult to answer.The room is really fortable to live in.常这样用的形容词有：fortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible 等.⒉作结果状语We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中.如：①so…as to;such…as toI'm not so stupid<a fool> as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来.I'm not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing.②enough…toThe speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner.③only toJane hurried back only to find her mother dying inthehospital.④too…toI'm too tired to stay up longer.但在下列结构中,too…to并非是"太……而不能……"之意.如：①I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.考试与格我太高兴了.〔too修饰glad to have…,相当于very〕②We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了〔不定式作定语〕.⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分,用于句首、句中或句末.如：To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointment tome.常见的短语有to be exact〔确切地说〕,to begin with〔首先〕,to do him justice 〔说句对他公道的话〕,to be sure〔真的〕等等.七、动词不定式、动名词的其它用法⒈疑问词＋不定式结构疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表语等.如：①When to leave for London has not been decided yet. ②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there.③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well.④The question was where to get the medicine needed.以上例句中疑问词＋不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式.如：①When we shall leave…③…how Icould learn…经常在这种结构中使用的动词有：consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等.⒉动词不定式的时态、语态<1>时态①一般式：动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后,有时表示同时发生.如：I hope to bee a university student this year.〔tobee发生在hope之后〕We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.〔play和hear同时发生〕②完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前.如：I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.We are too young to have seen the old society. ③进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生.如：The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when Icame in.They seemed to be discussing something important.<2>语态如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式.如：It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.〔不定式作主语〕It was impossible for lost time to be made up.〔不定式作主语〕I wish to be sent to work in the country.〔不定式作宾语〕Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?〔不定式作定语〕He went to the hospital to be examined.〔不定式作状语〕在There be结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动.如：There are still many things to t ake care of <to be taken care of>.但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如：These is nothing to do now.< We have nothing to do now.> There is nothing to be done now.<We can do nothing now.>⒊动名词的时态、语态<1>时态①一般式：动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指,也可与谓语动词同时发生,或发生在谓语动作之前、之后.如：We are interested in collecting stamps.I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the firsttime.We are not afraid of dying. ②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前.如：Lmagine having travelled on the moon.We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.<2>被动语态①如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者,动名词要用被动语态,动名词的被动语态有一般式与完成式之分.如：The young man came in without being noticed.He prided himself on having never been beaten in class.②有些动词后的动名词用主动形式,但表示被动意义.如：The bike needs repairing.If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well.⒋在口语中,为避免重复,常用"to"代替不定式结构,有时甚至可以把to省略.如：①—Did you go to visit the Great Wall?—No,I wanted to,but there wasn't enough time. ②—Would you like to e to a party?—I'd love to.③—Don't make any mistakes in your homework,will you?—I'll try not to. ④—Try to be back by 12,won't you?—OK,I'll try.另外,be going to,ought to,used to等也常用于这一结构中.⒌在why引起的问句中,省略"to".如：Why spend such a lot of money?Why not wait for a couple of days?⒍当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时,只在第一个不定式前加"to".如：It's quite necessary for us to read more and have morepractice.⒎"to"在下列短语中是"介词",后接动名词或名词形式.如：devote…to,face up to〔勇敢地面对〕,look forward to〔盼望〕,object to〔反对〕,take to〔养成习惯,对……感兴趣；开始从事某种活动〕,be used to〔习惯于〕等.不定式的用法不定式的用法不定式由"to + 动词原形"构成,其否定形式是"not to + 动词原形".不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化.不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语,但不能单独作谓语.不定式的逻辑主语有时有"for + 名词或代词宾格"构成.1．不定式的用法1〕作主语.不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语之后,用it作形式宾语.如：To see is to believe.It is right to give up smoking.2〕作宾语.不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后,而用it作形式宾语.如：He wanted to go.I find it interesting to study history.有些动词后只能用动词不定式作宾语,必须跟动名词.如：decide,plan,desire,expect,hope,wish,pretend,promise,refuse,afford,agree,ask,fail,tend,pretend,manage3〕作宾语补足语.如：。
初中阶段动词需双写最后一个字母再加i n ge d小结-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN动词初中阶段需双写最后一个字母再加ing、ed 总结1、以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，即一个元音加一个辅音结尾并且重读时（重读闭音节）要双写这一辅音字母，再加-ing。
例如：run-running, swim-swimming等。
（或在重读闭音节里，末尾只有一个辅音字母，辅音字母前只有一个元音字母时，要双写这个辅音字母。
辅－元－辅好像更好记）内在的道理就是:动词+ing或+ed后,必须保证主干的发音不变举例:正确: cutting分成两个音节:cut．ting,前半部分发音和动词原型cut一样.错误: cuting分成两个音节:cu．ting,前半部分发音就变了.所以,对于重读单元音后只有一个辅音字母结尾的,必须双写这个辅音字母。
如果不双写，那么，这个辅音字母和ing或ed组成音节，前面的音节就由闭音节变成开音节了！举一反三：双写一般是为了使读音不便，但有时，双写会使读音发生变化，如write的过去分词是written,所以：write中的i是开音节，读成[ai]，written中的i由于双写了t变成了闭音节，读成[i]。
关于“双写的问题”很简单地说：就是一个单词无论多长，在考虑是否“双写”时，只需要看最后3个字母即可--即如果最后3个分别是由“辅元辅”（辅音，元音，辅音）构成的话，那么这个单词就需要“双写”，如果不是，那么就不用了。
但是有一个单词是例外，就是listen这个单词，虽说结尾3个字母符合“辅元辅”规则，但是这个单词却不双写，而是listening.*重读闭音节三要素：（1）. 必须是重读音节；（2）. 最后只有一个辅音字母；（3）.元音字母发短元音如：begin ，ap/ple a p 就是一个闭音节2、以-al,-er,-ill，-el结尾的动词，即使重音不在最后一个音节上，也要双写，再加-ing 如：travelling等。
动词过去式变化规则及其读音规则规则动词的过去式变化如下：1、一般情况下，动词词尾加-ed ，如：work ---worked play---played wanted----wanted act----acted2、以不发音的-e 结尾动词，动词词尾加-d，如：live---lived move----moved taste---tasted hope---hoped3、以辅音字母+ y结尾的动词，把-y变为-i 再加-ed，如：study---studied copy---copied cry---cried carry---carried4、以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写词尾辅音字母，再加-ed，如：stop ---stopped5、不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强，须多加记忆。
go – went make – made get – got buy – bought come - came fly-flew不规则动词的过去式的构成1．把动词原形中的i改为a，变成过去式。
如：begin—began，drink—drank，give—gave，ring—rang，sing—sang，sit—sat，swim—swam2．把重读开音节中的i改为o，变成过去式。
如：drive—drove，ride—rode，write—wrote3．改动词原形中的aw ／ow为ew，变成过去式。
如：draw—drew，grow—grew，know—knew，throw—threw（动词show除外，show—showed）4．动词原形中的e改为o，变成过去式。
如：get—got，forget—forgot5．动词原形中的ee改为e，变成过去式。
如：feed—fed，meet—met6．动词原形中的eep改为ept，变成过去式。
如：keep—kept，sleep—slept，sweep—swept7．动词原形中的eak改为oke，变成过去式。
巧用口诀法，掌握英语“动词ed形式”的词尾正确读法英语发音标不标准，即可以从整体语音面貌上来判断，也可以从发音细节上来判断。
很多英语单词在词形变化后，词尾的发音也会有明显的变化。
动词ed形式的词尾读音，就是其中一个典型的例子。
如何读准动词ed 形式词尾的读音呢？在初中的英语教材上都有介绍，但可能有些同学会觉得有点小复杂，难以记住。
这里，给大家提供一个小技巧，利用简单的口诀帮助您记住ed形式的读音规则。
动词ed形式中的词尾ed共有三种不同的发音，在不同的前提下发不同的音：•清辅音 / t /•浊辅音 / d /•组合音 / ɪd /口诀一：清后读清（/ t /）当ed位于清辅音之后，其本身也要发清辅音/ t /。
请大声朗读下列例词，并特别注意词尾ed的发音。
stopped/ stɒpt /looked / lʊkt /laughed / lɑːft /missed / mɪst /finished / fɪnɪʃt /launched / lɔːntʃt /breathed / breθt /口诀二：浊后读浊（/ d /）当ed位于浊辅音之后，其本身也要发浊辅音/ d /。
请大声朗读下列例词，并特别注意词尾ed的发音。
begged / begd /closed / kləʊzd /moved / muːvd /called / kɔːld /welcomed / 'welkəmd /opened / 'əʊpənd /口诀三：元后读浊（/ d /）当ed位于元音之后，其本身要发浊辅音/ d /。
请大声朗读下列例词，并特别注意词尾ed的发音。
played / pleɪd /enjoyed / ɪn'dʒɔɪd /studied / 'stʌdid /answered / 'ɑːnsə(r)d /口诀四：/ t /、/d /之后读/ ɪd /当ed位于/ t /、/d /之后，其本身要发成组合音/ ɪd /。
英语的“双写规则”指的是，单词在加上以元音开头的词尾时，采取双写其末尾的辅音字母。
该规则涉及面颇广，有动词-ing式，动词-ed式，形容词或副词的比较级-er式和最高级-est式，以及为数众多的派生词形式。
正确地理解并掌握这条规则，将有助于避免不必要的拼写错误。
双写规则有4个前提条件，其中两个是语音方面的，两个是书写方面的。
一般说来，这4个前提条件共同构成“四足鼎立”的局面，必须同时具备，缺一不可。
一、语音方面的前提条件1. 末音节是重读音节（单音节词必然是重读音节）。
若为非重读音节，则不双写。
例如：open —— opening —— openedlisten —— listening —— listened —— listenerclever —— cleverer —— cleverestnarrow—— narrower —— narrowest —— narrowish上述两个单词不符合该前提条件，所以不能双写。
2. 末音节中的元音字母发短音（指国际音标的“短元音”）。
若发长音（指国际音标的“长元音”或“多元音”组合），则不双写。
例如：enjoy —— enjoying —— enjoyed —— enjoyablerepair —— repairing —— repaired —— repairerreturn —— returning —— returnedslow —— slower —— slowest上述两个单词不符合该前提条件，所以不能双写。
二、书写方面的前提条件1. 末音节中只包含单个的元音字母。
若为多个的元音字母，则不双写。
例如：cook —— cooking —— cooked —— cookersweet ——sweeter —— sweetestremain —— remaining —— remainedrepeat —— repeating —— repeated —— repeater上述两个单词不符合该前提条件，所以不能双写。
开音节闭音节及词尾双写情况音节：音节是读音的基本单位，任何单词的读音，都是分解为一个个音节朗读。
在英语中元音特别响亮，一个元音音素可构成一个音节，一个元音音素和一个或几个辅音音素结合也可以构成一个音节。
一般情况：元音音素可以构成音节，辅音音素不响亮，不能构成音节。
特殊情况：但英语辅音音素中有 4 个辅音[m]，[n]，[ng]，[l]是响音，它们和辅音音素结合，也可构成音节。
它们构成的音节往往出现在词尾，一般是非重读音节。
分类（按照长度）：英语的词有一个音节的，两个音节的，多个音节的，一个音节叫单音节，两个音节叫双音节，三个音节以上叫多音节。
划分音节的方法：元音是构成音节的主体，辅音是音节的分界线。
两辅音之间不管有多少个元音，一般都是一个音节。
如：bed 床，bet 打赌，seat 坐位，beat 毒打，beaut 极好的 beau'ty 美。
两元音字母之间有一个辅音字母时，辅音字母归后一音节，如：stu'dent 学生，la'bour 劳动。
有两个辅音字母时，一个辅音字母归前一音节，一个归后一音节，如：let'ter 信，win'ter 冬天。
不能拆分的字母组合按字母组合划分音节。
如：fa'ther 父亲，tea'cher 教师。
①在重读和非重读音节的相邻处有两个辅字组时，一个辅字组属于前面的音节，一个属于后面的音节。
例如：let-ter mem-ber chil-dren daugh-ter mas-ter prac-tice doc-tor②在重读和非重读音节的相邻处只有一个辅字组时，如果前面重读音节里的元音是长音（长元音和双元音）则辅字组属于后面一个音节，如果重读音节里的元音是短音（短元音），则辅字组属于重读音节。
例如：长音 pa-per fa-ther ze-ro mo-tor Si-mon stu-dent fea-ture e-ven 短音 cap-ital moth-er ver-y mod-el Lil-y stud-y feath-er sev-en③划分音节时要考虑词的来源，如： baker 词源为 bake，为保持词源的完整，音节划分为 bak-er teacher 词源为 teach，为保持词源的完整，音节划分为 teach-er开音节：绝对开音节：单个元音字母结尾+发本身音+重读 no she he we me相对开音节：辅+元+除r辅+e name these bike home excuse like wire five闭音节：闭音节：一个或几个辅音字母（r 除外）结尾而中间只有一个元音字母的音节a)辅音+元音+辅音例如：bad，bed，sit，hot，cup;b)元音+辅音例如 it、of;c)元音+多个辅音例如： egg ，fish重读闭音节：闭音节（元音字母不是发它本身的字母音，而是发短元音）+重读重读闭音节三要素：（1）必须是重读音节；（2）以一个辅音音素结尾；（3）元音字母发短元音。
动词过去式变化规则与其读音规则规则动词的过去式变化如下：1、一般情况下,动词词尾加-ed ,如：work ---worked play---played wanted----wanted act----acted2、以不发音的-e 结尾动词,动词词尾加-d,如：live---lived move----moved taste---tasted hope---hoped3、以辅音字母+ y结尾的动词,把-y变为-i 再加-ed,如：study---studiedcopy---copied cry---cried carry---carried4、以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写词尾辅音字母,再加-ed,如：stop ---stopped5、不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强,须多加记忆.go – went make – made get –got buy – bought e - came fly-flew不规则动词的过去式的构成1．把动词原形中的i改为a,变成过去式.如：begin—began,drink—drank,give—gave,ring—rang,sing—sang,sit—sat,swim—swam 2．把重读开音节中的i改为o,变成过去式.如：drive—drove,ride—rode,write—wrote3．改动词原形中的aw ／ow为ew,变成过去式.如：draw—drew,grow—grew,know—knew,throw—threw〔动词show除外,show—showed〕4．动词原形中的e改为o,变成过去式.如：get—got,forget—forgot5．动词原形中的ee改为e,变成过去式.如：feed—fed,meet—met6．动词原形中的eep改为ept,变成过去式.如：keep—kept,sleep—slept,sweep—swept7．动词原形中的eak改为oke,变成过去式.如：break—broke,speak—spoke 8．动词原形中的ell改为old,变成过去式.如：sell—sold,tell—told9．动词原形中的an改为oo,变成过去式.如：stand—stood,understand—understood 10．以ought和aught结尾,且读音是〔:t〕的过去式.如：bring—brought,buy—bought,think—thought,catch—caught,teach—taught11．以ould结尾且读音为〔ud〕的情态动词过去式.如：can—could,shall—should,will—would12．把动词原形中的o改为a,变成过去式.如：e—came,bee—became13．在动词原形后加d或t变成过去式,并且发生音变.如：hear〔hi 〕—heard〔h :d〕, say〔sei〕—said〔sed〕,mean〔mi:n〕—meant〔ment〕14．动词的过去式与动词原形一样.如：let—let,must—must,put—put,read—read 〔red〕15．不符合上述规律的动词过去式.如：am,is—was,are—were,build—built,do—did,eat—ate,fall—fell,feel—felt,find—found ,fly—flew,go—went,have ／has—had,hold—held,leave—left,make—made,may—might,run—ran,see—saw,take—took过去式"-ed"的发音规则〔1〕动词词尾为"t,d"时,发/ id /音,want →wanted 〔要〕need →needed 〔需要〕〔2〕动词词尾为清辅音时,发/ t / 音. help →helped 〔帮助〕laugh →laughed 〔笑〕look →looked 〔看〕kiss →kissed 〔吻〕wash →washed 〔洗〕watch →watched 〔注视〕〔3〕动词词尾为t,d以外之浊辅音或元音时,发/ d /音.call →called 〔叫〕stay→stayed 〔停留〕cry→cried 〔哭〕过去式是英语语法的一种,表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态.一般过去式的动词通常用动词的过去式形式来表示,而动词的过去式是在动词原形的基础上变化的.动词的过去式可分为规则动词和不规则动词.目录过去式,过去时态结构概念：例句：构成用法：读法：不规则变化动词表：过去式,过去时态结构概念：例句：构成用法：读法：不规则变化动词表：展开过去式,过去时态[过去式]1、过去发生的而现在已经结束的动作要用一般过去式来表示.2、表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态.3、过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为；过去主语所具备的能力和性格.[过去时态]表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式.[过去时态结构]指的是过去时态下的动词形式的语法构成.过去式就是动词的变化,表示过去发生的事.一般看到ago,before, in 几几年,就是过去式.work-workedlisten-listened 一般的就是直接加ed,特殊的就有一些变化.结构[过去时态结构基本形式]1、主语+动词过去式+其他；2、否定形式①wasn't/weren't②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词；一般疑问句Did+主语+do+其他. 概念：表示过去的发生动作或过去存在的某种状态例句：A:What did you do last weekend?B:I played football.A:Did you read books?B:Yes,I did.构成表示一般过去式的动词通常用动词的过去式形式来表示,而动词的过去式是在动词原形的基础上变化的.动词的过去式可分为规则动词和不规则动词.规则动词的过去式变化如下：〔1〕一般情况下,动词词尾加ed ,如：work—worked；play—played；want— wanted；act—acted〔2〕以不发音的 e 结尾动词,动词词尾加d,如：live—lived；move—moved；decide—decided；decline—declined；hope—hoped；〔3〕以辅音字母+ y结尾的动词,把y变为i 再加ed,如：studied tried copied justified cried carried embodied emptied〔4〕以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写词尾辅音字母,再加ed,如：stopped begged fretted dragged dropped planned dotted dripped〔5〕注：不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强,须多加记忆.go - went,make - made,get - got ,buy - bought ,e -came ,fly-flew ,is/am-was,are-were ,see-saw,bring-brought,do-did,teach-taught, think-thought, say-said,sit-sat. read-read, spend-spent,eat-ate,give-gave,sit-sat,tell-told,write-wrote,feel-felt,find-found,hear-heard,kno w-knew,put-put,grow-grew,take-took,catch-caught,e-came,bee-became,swim-swam,swee p—swept,sing—sang,draw—drew,以上的〔1〕至〔4〕条中的发音均有改变,具体分别有/d/ /t/ /id/.而不规则动词的过去式的发音则略有不同,但是有些还是按照一定规律变化的.如以上的：make - made,get - got ,buy - bought ,e -came ,fly-flew ,bring-brought,teach-taught, think-thought, say-said,sit-sat.read-read,spend-spent,give-gave,tell-told,write-wrote,feel-felt,find-found,hear-heard,know-knew,put-put,grow-grew,take-took,catch-caught,e-came,bee-became,swim-swam ,sweep—swept,sing—sang,draw—drew.仔细看一看,能发现它们的一些变化规律,也就是说不需要死记硬背这些过去式,知道了原型和变化规律,就可以写出来了.有的变化部分读音也是有规律的.分类记忆是对学习过去式很有帮助的！用法：〔1〕表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况,通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词,词组或从句,如yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语. I worked in thatfactory last year. 去年我在那一家工厂工作. I went to the TianLongMountain yesterday. 昨天我们去了天龙山.一般过去时的用法一.概念：一般过去时是表示在过去的时间里发生的动作或状态,通常与表示过去的时间状语连用.二．时间状语：yesterday, the day before yesterday, two days ago, long long ago,a minute ago,last year<week, month>, just now, at that time, in those days.三．过去时的用法：1．有确定的过去时间状语时要用过去式.例：We had a good time last week.2．表示过去连续发生的动作时,要用过去式.例：The boy closed the door, turned off the window, and then went to bed.3. 表示过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作,要用过去式.例：She often came to help me at that time.四.一般过去式的构成形式：☆Be动词的过去式：<1>肯定句：主语+ be 动词的过去式〔was, were〕例：He was ill yesterday. She was nine two years ago.They were my students long long ago.<2>否定句：主语+ be动词的过去式〔was, were〕+ not例：He was not ill yesterday.She was not nine two years ago.They were not my students long long ago.<3>一般疑问句：直接把be动词提到句首.例：Was he ill yesterday?肯定回答：Yes, he was.否定回答：No, he wasn't.Was she nine two years ago? Yes, she was. / No, she wasn't.Were they your students long long ago? Yes, they were. / No, they weren't.☆实意动词的过去式：<1>肯定句：主语+动词的过去式例：He played football last week.She watched TV last night.<2>否定句：主语+ did not +动词原形例：He did not play football last week.She didn’t watch TV last night.<3>一般疑问句：Did +主语+动词原形例：Did he play football last week?回答：Yes, he did./ No, he didn't.Did she watch TV last night?回答：Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t.五．动词变过去式的几种常用规则：1．一般动词直接+ ed;例：look--looked want--wanted listen --listened2．以e结尾的词直接+ d;例：live--lived phone--phoned3．以辅音字母加y结尾, 变y为i加ed;例：try--tried study--studied4．重读闭音节结尾的,词尾只有一个辅音字母,双写词尾辅音字母+ ed;例：stop--stopped plan--planned5.不规则动词: 动词由原形转变为过去式时不按词尾加"-ed"之变化规则者叫做不规则动词.小学常见的动词不规则过去式如：是be/is/am/are- was, 是are- were, 来e-came, 去go- went, 有have- had, 做/干do- did, 做make- made 读read- read, 放put- put, 切割cut- cut,写write- wrote, 带走take- took, 买buy- bought, 带来bring- brought,想think- thought, 看见see- saw, 说say- said, 说话speak- spoke,打破break- broke, 得到get- got, 跑run- ran, 告诉tell- told,唱sing- sang, 喝drink- drank, 吃eat- ate, 游泳swim- swam,开始begin- began, 偷steal- stole, 遇见meet- met, 卖sell- sold, 坐sit- sat,跑run-ran,读read-read,想要want-want,知道know/known等等表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况,通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词,词组或从句,如yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语. I worked in that factory last year. 去年我在那一家工厂工作. I went to the TianLongMountain yesterday. 昨天我们去了天龙山.I stayed at home,yesterday.昨天,我整日呆在家里.〔2〕一般过去时态：表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态.谓语动词要用一般过去式.时间标志：yesterday〔昨天〕, last weekend〔上周〕, last month〔上个月〕, last year〔去年〕, two months ago〔两个月前〕, the day before yesterday〔前天〕,in 1990 <在1990年>, in those days 〔在那些日子里〕等表示过去的时间状语.如：I was born in 1990. <我出生在1990年>.When did you go to the park? 〔你是什么时候去的公园〕.I went to the park last weekend. 〔我是上周去的公园〕在上面的句子中第一句属于be动词的一般过去时态；第二句和第三句属于实义动词go的一般过去时态.1．Be 动词的一般过去时态在没有实义动词的句子中使用be动词, am is 的过去式为was; are的过去式为were.构成：肯定句：主语+was <were> +表语如：I was late yesterday. 〔昨天我迟到了.〕否定句：主语+was <were> +not+表语如：We weren't late yesterday. <我们昨天没迟到>疑问句：Was <Were> +主语+表语如：Do you sick yesterday? 〔你昨天病了吗？〕肯定回答：Yes, I was. <是的,我病了.>否定回答：No, I wasn't. <不,我没病.>特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+was <were> +主语+表语如：When were you born? 你是什么时候出生的？读法：规则动词词尾加-ed有三种读音：1. 在清辅音后读作[t].如：asked, helped, watched, stopped2. 在浊辅音和元音后读作[d].如：enjoyed, studied, moved, called3.在t / d后读作[id].如：wanted, needed不规则动词的过去式大体上归纳有以下六条记忆法：1. 以t结尾的词,过去式与原形相同.如：put—put, let—let, cut—cut, beat—beatstop - stoppingcut - cuttingcontrol - controlling动词不定式、动名词用法要点讲解详细内容⒈不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种：<1>把不定式置于句首.如：To get there by bike will take us half an hour.<2>用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中.如：①It ＋be＋名词＋to doIt's our duty to take good care of the old.②It takes sb+some time+to doHow long did it take you to finish the work?③It＋be＋形容词＋for sb＋to doIt is difficult for us to finish writing the positionin a quarter of an hour.④It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to doIt is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays.⑤It seems<appears>＋形容词＋to doIt seemed impossible to save money.在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等；在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词.在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语.这一句式有时相当于Sb is＋形容词＋to do句式,如：It'skind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.⒉动名词作主语Learning without practice is no good.动名词作主语时,也常用It句式.如：①It's +no good<no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time>+doing…It's no good reading in dim light.It's no use sitting here waiting.②It's＋形容词＋doingIt's dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.这样用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等,但important,necessary则不适用于这种结构,应用不定式代替,如：It'simportant for you to keep fit.③There is no+doingThere is no saying what will happen next.在这一结构中,动名词后常带宾语,相当于"It's impossible to…"结构.⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作,常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作,经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起.如：It's no good eating too much fat.It's no good for you to eat so much fat.②动名词结构作主语,可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语.如：It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules.二、作宾语⒈不定式作宾语①以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语.如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long, manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等,这些词大部分可接th at引导的从句.如：I decided to ask for my money back.I decided that I would ask for my money back.When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot.When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot.②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即：主语＋动词＋it＋补语＋to do句式.如：We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well.He feels it his duty to help the poor.③介词but,except,besides+to do<do>在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do,则接to 不定式,即带do不带to,带to不带do.如：The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV.⒉动名词作宾语①以下动词后,只能接动名词作宾语,如：admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imagine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don't mind,give up,insist,on, put off等.如：I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm toyour health.②动名词作介词的宾语I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home.What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech?动名词前的介词有时可以省略,如：have difficulty<in>doing,have no trouble<in>doing,lose no ti me<in>doing,prevent/stop…<from>doing,there is no use<in>doing等.⒊部分动词后面,既可接动词不定式,也可接动名词作宾语,意义不变.如：begin,continue,start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want等.在need,require,want 后接-ing形式,表示被动意义,也可接不定式,但要用被动形式,如：Your handwr iting needs improving<tobe improved>. hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件,接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为.在下列情况下,一般要用不定式：①hate,like,love前有would<should>时,如：I'd like to have a cup of coffee.②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时,如：Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem.③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时,如：I soon began to understand whatwas happening.⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语,或带不定式作宾语补足语.如：Our teachers don't permit our swimming in the lake.Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,应根据句子语境选择使用.①forget,remember,regret后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动作,接动名词表示动作已经发生.如：Don't forget fo post the letter for me.Have you forgotten meeting her in BeijingAirport?Remember to close the windows before you leave.I remember writing him a letter a year ago.We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting.They regretted ordering these books from abroad.②mean to do 打算做某事doing 意味着……I meant to catch up with the early bus.This means wasting a lot of money.③try to do 设法尽力做某事doing 试着做某事You should try to overe your shortings.Try working out the physics problem in another way.④stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事〔不定式作目的状语〕doing 停止做某事On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a paper.You'd better stop arguing and do as you are told.⑤can't help doing 禁不住……to do不能帮助干……They couldn't help jumping up at the news.Sorry I have lots of work to do.So I can't help to make up the room for you.⑥go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事doing 继续不停地做某事,指同一动作的继续He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势.We'll go on fighting so long as there is oppression inthe world.⑦leave off to do 离开某地去干什么〔目的状语〕doing停下某事It's time to leave off talking and to start acting.They left off to go fishing.三、做表语不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为.①To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter.③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. 当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果〔例①〕.当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组〔例②〕时,或以what引导的名词性分句〔例③〕,不定式说明主语的内容.④Our work is serving the people.⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper. ⑥The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting.④⑤句动名词作表语,与主语部分可以转换,如Serving thepeople is out work,而⑥句中是现在分词作表语,说明主语的性质、状态,现在分词具有形容词的各种特征,另外,动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来.四、作定语⒈不定式作定语不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后.如：①The next train to arrive is from Washington.②Have you anything to be taken to your sister? ③Do you have anything to say on the question?④Would you please give me some paper to write on?⑤My wish to visit France has e true at last.不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：<1>表示将来的动作〔例①〕.<2>与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不与物动词,则需加介词〔例④〕.<3>与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍用主动语态〔例③〕；如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态〔例②〕.<4>不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例①to arrive=that will arrive.⒉动名词作定语①This passage can be used as listening materials. ②The reading room of our school library can hold 800people.③All moving bodies have energy.①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能,即：用来……的；第③句为现在分词作定语,单个分词作定语常置于被修饰词之前,与被修饰词之间,可构成逻辑上的主谓关系,分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后.如：The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua.五、不定式作补足语⒈作宾语补足语一些与物动词除要求按宾语外,有时还需要有宾语补足语,说明宾语的行为、状态、特征,这时意思才相对完整.<1>常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive〔强迫〕,encourage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,would like<love,hate>,order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等.如：①Would you like me to give your regards to Mary?②I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.<2>部分动词后常接to be＋形容词、名词短语等形式,有时to be可省略,如：believe,consider,discover,find<=consider>,feel<=think>,imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see<=unde rstand>,understa nd等.①We all believe John<to be>honest.②I consider him<to be>one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School.但当不定式是完成式时,to不能省略,如：We consider him tohave been foolish.<3>感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to.①I didn't hear anyone say anything about it.②They make the students do too much homework every day. 这种句式在变为被动语态时,to不能省略,如第②句：Thestudents are made to do too much homework every day.<4>help,know后面的"to"可有可无.如：Would you please help me<to> fill in the taxform?I've never known her<to>be late before.但：He was known to have been to France before.<5>部分短语动词后,常接不定式作宾补,如：You may depend on them to be there early.The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy.常这样用的短语动词有：ask for,care for,call on,count on,depend on,wait for,long for〔渴望〕, prepare for,wish for等.⒉作主语补足语不定式作主语补足语,和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系.如：①He was not allowed to enter the classroom forbeing late.②The young university student is considered to have great promise.六、不定式作状语⒈作目的状语<1> ①I stayed there to see what would happen.②Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examinedby the doctor.<2>有时为了强调,不定式前可加in order或so as.如：Bob took down my telephone number so as<in order>not toforget it.有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首,但so as to不能这样用.在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为so that,in order that,成为目的状语从句,如：I stayed there so that <in order that>I could see whatwould happen.<3>在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式,如：astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等.①We are glad to hear the news.②I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well.在部分形容词后接不定式,用主动形式表示被动意义,这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语.如：The question raised by thestudent is difficult to answer.The room is really fortable to live in.常这样用的形容词有：fortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible 等.⒉作结果状语We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中.如：①so…as to;such…as toI'm not so stupid<a fool> as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来.I'm not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing.②enough…toThe speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner.③only toJane hurried back only to find her mother dying inthehospital.④too…toI'm too tired to stay up longer.但在下列结构中,too…to并非是"太……而不能……"之意.如：①I'm only too glad to have passed the exam.考试与格我太高兴了.〔too修饰glad to have…,相当于very〕②We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了〔不定式作定语〕.⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分,用于句首、句中或句末.如：To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointment tome.常见的短语有to be exact〔确切地说〕,to begin with〔首先〕,to do him justice 〔说句对他公道的话〕,to be sure〔真的〕等等.七、动词不定式、动名词的其它用法⒈疑问词＋不定式结构疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表语等.如：①When to leave for London has not been decided yet. ②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there.③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well.④The question was where to get the medicine needed.以上例句中疑问词＋不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式.如：①When we shall leave…③…how Icould learn…经常在这种结构中使用的动词有：consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等.⒉动词不定式的时态、语态<1>时态①一般式：动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后,有时表示同时发生.如：I hope to bee a university student this year.〔tobee发生在hope之后〕We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.〔play和hear同时发生〕②完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前.如：I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.We are too young to have seen the old society. ③进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生.如：The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when Icame in.They seemed to be discussing something important.<2>语态如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式.如：It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.〔不定式作主语〕It was impossible for lost time to be made up.〔不定式作主语〕I wish to be sent to work in the country.〔不定式作宾语〕Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?〔不定式作定语〕He went to the hospital to be examined.〔不定式作状语〕在There be结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动.如：There are still many things to t ake care of <to be taken care of>.但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如：These is nothing to do now.< We have nothing to do now.> There is nothing to be done now.<We can do nothing now.>⒊动名词的时态、语态<1>时态①一般式：动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指,也可与谓语动词同时发生,或发生在谓语动作之前、之后.如：We are interested in collecting stamps.I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the firsttime.We are not afraid of dying. ②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前.如：Lmagine having travelled on the moon.We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.<2>被动语态①如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者,动名词要用被动语态,动名词的被动语态有一般式与完成式之分.如：The young man came in without being noticed.He prided himself on having never been beaten in class.②有些动词后的动名词用主动形式,但表示被动意义.如：The bike needs repairing.If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well.⒋在口语中,为避免重复,常用"to"代替不定式结构,有时甚至可以把to省略.如：①—Did you go to visit the Great Wall?—No,I wanted to,but there wasn't enough time. ②—Would you like to e to a party?—I'd love to.③—Don't make any mistakes in your homework,will you?—I'll try not to. ④—Try to be back by 12,won't you?—OK,I'll try.另外,be going to,ought to,used to等也常用于这一结构中.⒌在why引起的问句中,省略"to".如：Why spend such a lot of money?Why not wait for a couple of days?⒍当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时,只在第一个不定式前加"to".如：It's quite necessary for us to read more and have morepractice.⒎"to"在下列短语中是"介词",后接动名词或名词形式.如：devote…to,face up to〔勇敢地面对〕,look forward to〔盼望〕,object to〔反对〕,take to〔养成习惯,对……感兴趣；开始从事某种活动〕,be used to〔习惯于〕等.不定式的用法不定式的用法不定式由"to + 动词原形"构成,其否定形式是"not to + 动词原形".不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化.不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语,但不能单独作谓语.不定式的逻辑主语有时有"for + 名词或代词宾格"构成.1．不定式的用法1〕作主语.不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语之后,用it作形式宾语.如：To see is to believe.It is right to give up smoking.2〕作宾语.不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后,而用it作形式宾语.如：He wanted to go.I find it interesting to study history.有些动词后只能用动词不定式作宾语,必须跟动名词.如：decide,plan,desire,expect,hope,wish,pretend,promise,refuse,afford,agree,ask,fail,tend,pretend,manage3〕作宾语补足语.如：。
