Chapter 1 Introduction1. Language is a system of a _____vocal symbols used for human communication. arbitrary2.The description of a language as it changes through is a d _____ study.diachronic3. L ____refers to the abstract linguistic system shared all the members of a speech community. Langue4.The desire features of language are arbitrariness, duality, creativity,and d_____.displacement5.The functions of language includes informative, interpersonal,performative, emotive, phatic, recreational and m_____. metalingual 6.The main branches of linguistics should include phonetics, phonology,morphology, syntax, s_____ and pragmatics. semantics7.The branches of macrolinguistics have psycholinguistic,sociolinguistics, a_____ linguistics, and computational linguistics.anthropological8.The paradigmatic relation is also known as the VERTICAL relation, orc____ relation. CHOICE9.The Syntagmatic relation is nowadays also referred to as the HORIZONTALrelation or c______ relation. CHAIN1.Linguistics is generally defined as the . scientific study oflanguage2.The study of language as a whole is often called . generallinguistics.3.The study of used in linguistic communication led to theestablishment of phonetics. Sounds4.The study of is known as semantics. meaning5.Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to .psychology6. The study of is generally known as applied linguistics. applications7. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be . descriptive8. The description of a language at some point of time in is a synchronic study the description of a language as it through timeis a diachronic. history; changes9. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is to writing. prior10. _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the member of a speech community, and refers to the realization oflangue in actual use. langue; parole11. Linguistic is descriptive while traditional grammar is . prescriptive12. Modern linguistic regards the language as primary, not the written. spoken13. Many of the rules of traditional grammar apply only to the language. written14. When the study of meaning is ,not in isolation ,but in the contextof language use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics. conducted15. Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different of linguistic study.types21. Chomsky def ines “ competence” as the ideal user’s k__________of the rules of his language.ngue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23.D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.nguage is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g ____ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.nguage is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary25. syntax 26.genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive30. scientific (or systematic)Chapter 2 Speech sounds1. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and untilrecently themost highly developed, is a ____phonetics. articulatory2. The four sounds /p/ , / b / , / m/ and / w/ have one feature in common,i.e. , they are all b______. bilabial3. In English there are a number of d______, which are produced by movingfrom one vowel position to another through intervening positions. diphthongs4. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in differentphonetic environments are called the a ______ of that phoneme. allophones5. The most elemental grammatical units in a language are m ______ .morphemes6. Sound change as a result of sound movement, known as m ______, involvesa reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. metathesis7. Phonetics is the study of sounds and it can be divided into three mainareas, which are a_____ phonetics, acoustic phonetics and auditoryphonetics.10.The present system of the IPA (International phonetic Association) wasdeveloped in the 1920s by the British phonetician Daniel J_____, whoput forward cardinal vowels, which are a set of vowel qualitiesarbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging. Jones11.The formation of new pronunciation includes factors as loss, addition,metathesis and a_____. assimilation12.Phonemic transcriptions are placed between slant lines while phonetictranscriptions are placed between s______brackets. square brackets.13.There are usually two terms of number: Singular and p_____.Plural14.P____is a branch of linguistics that studies how speech sounds areproduced and classified. phonetics1. Phonetics is defined as the study of the of language; if is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language.phonicmedium2. The three branches of phonetics are , auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics respectively. labeled articulation phonetics3. English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of _and the other is in terms of . manner of articulation; place of articulation4. Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language_______. the speech sounds5. The different throes which can represent a phoneme in different phonetics environments are called the of that phoneme. allophones6. The assimi lation rules assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a_______; thus making the two phones similar. sequential phoneme7. The assimilation rule also accounts for the _______ of the alvedar nasal in some sound combinations. varying pronunciation8. The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is______. orthographically represented9. Language is first ______through its sounds. perceived10. The letter [P] in terms of place of articulation______ in terms of manner of articulation is _______. bilabial; stops11. _______, not phonetic identity is the criterion with which we operate the phonological analysis of language phonetic similarity.12. The greatest source of modification of the air stream is founding in the _______. oral cavity13. Corresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the distinction of _____and______ vowels . tense; lax14. A phoneme is further analyzable because it consists of a set of______. simultaneous distinctive features15. Similar alteration of stress also occurs between a ______and a phrase consisting of the same elements. compound noun1.Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and isresponsible for varieties of articulation than any other. tongue 2.English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulationor in terms of p_______ of articulation. place3.When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete,the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________. stop4.S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above thelevel of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc. Suprasegmental5.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular lan-guage are called s____ rules. sequential6.The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is calledbroad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription. narrow7.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence ratherthan the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________. intonation8.P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of aparticular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication. Phonology9.T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing ratesof vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. Tone10.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are twokinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress. sentence1. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speechsounds. Aspiration2.A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work toproduce the speech sounds and how they differ. Articulatory3.The four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e.they are all b_______ sounds. bilabial4.Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and isresponsible for varieties of articulation than any other. tongue 5.English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulationor in terms of p_______ of articulation. place6.When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete,the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________. stop7.S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above thelevel of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc. Suprasegmental8.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular lan-guage are called s____ rules. sequential9.The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is calledbroad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription. narrow10.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence ratherthan the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________. intonation11.P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of aparticular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication. Phonology12.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in threeimportant cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity. oral13.T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing ratesof vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. Tone14.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are twokinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress. sentenceChapter 3 Morphology1. M____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Morphology2.Noun, verb, adj. and adv. are m_____ lexical categories. major3.An a _____ is a shortened form of a word or phrase which representsthecomplete form. abbreviation4. Morphology is divided into two sub-branches: i ______morphology and lexical or derivational morphology. inflectional5. According to its position in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds______ and suffixes. prefixes6.The most common model accent of TEFL (Teaching of English as a ForeignLanguage) is referred to as a_____. acronym7. A W_____ is the common factor underlying a set of forms, a unit ofvocabulary, a lexical item, or a lexeme. 31. articulatory phonetics WORD8.M_____ studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by whichwords are formed. MORPHOLOGY9.Apart from compound and derivation, new words and expressions arecreated by means of invention, blending, abbreviation, acronym, back-formation, analogical creation and b_____. borrowing10.W _____ is a comparably abstract unit to be set up to show how wordswork in the grammar of a language. Word11.B______ advocated treating sentence as “ the maximum free form” andword “ the minimum free form”.（Bloom Field）12. In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classifiedinto GRANNATICAL WORDS and L______ WORDS. LEXICAL13.English vocabulary has two main sources: Anglo-Saxon and L_____.Latin.14.A s _____ is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which aninflectional affix can be added. stem15.Affix is limited in number in a language, and is generally classifiedinto three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and i____. infix16. Concerning vocabulary semantic change, there are broadening, narrowing, meaning shift, class shift, folk e_____ and orthographic change. etymology17. Compounds can be further divided into two kinds: the endocentric compound and the e_____ compound. exocentric.18.There are several types of processes with regard to borrowing. Theyare Loanwords, Loan blend, Loan shift and loan t_____. translationChapter Three1.Linguists define the word as the smallest ______found in language. freeform2.Morpheme is the_______________ that carries information about meaningor function. smallest unit of language3.The root constitutes the _____ of the word and carries the majorcomponents of its meaning. core4.Morpheme are usually ______: there is no natural connection betweentheir sound and meaning. arbitrary5.When _______ are conjoined to other morpheme （or words）, a new wordsare derived , or formed. derivational morphemes6.Derivation is an _______ that form a word with meaning and categorydistinct from that of its bases. affixational process7. Unlike phonemes and syllables which are the elements of sound,words_______. carry meaning8.______ are the foundation building blocks of a language. words9.Linguists use the term morphology to refer to the part of the grammerthat is concerned with ______ and ________. word formation; word structure10.The content words of language , such as ____,_____,_____and adverbs,are sometimes called open class words. nouns; verbs; adjectives 11.Affixes______ belong to a lexical category and are always boundmorpheme. do not12.Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical makersand signify such concepts as tense, number, case are called_________.inflectional morphemes13._______, ________ and free morphemes combine are the major ways toproduce new words. derivation; compounds14. The ways word are formed are called _______. morphological rules15. When two words are in the same _______, the compound will be in thiscategory. grammatical category1.M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. Morpheme2.The affix “-ish” in the word ‘boyish’ conveys a g____ meaning.grammatical3.B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently buthave to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to forma word. Bound4.Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.derivative5.D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.Derivative6. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of theoriginal word and it may case change its part of speech. suffix7.C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two wordsto create new words. Compounding8.The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stemto form a new word are called m___________ rules. morphological9.In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______________ can be viewed as theaddition of affixes to stems to form new words. derivation10.A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itselfto which a derivational affix can be added. stem1. Morpheme2. grammatical3. Bound4. derivative5.Derivative6. suffix7. Compounding8. morphological9. derivation 10. stem Chapter 4 Syntax1. Most embedded clauses require an introductory word called a s____ such as "that", "if", and" before". subordinator2. S____is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structureof language.Syntax3. A s ______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprisesa number ofwords to form a complete statement, question or command. Sentence4. The studies of the rules governing the way words are combined to formsentencesin a language or the study of the formation of sentences is called s_____. syntax5.There are only two operations in the computational system now: Mergerand M_____. Move6.In the book Syntactic structures published in 1957, Chomsky proposeda linguistic model consisting of three components: Phrase StructureComponent, T_______Component and Morpho-phonemic Component.Transformational7.The base components itself is divided into two sub-components:categories and l______. lexicon8.Endocentric constructions may be further divided into two subtypes:SUBORDINATE and c_________ constructions. COORDINATE9.Halliday argues that there are three general functions of language:ideational, interpersonal and t_____. textual1.To determine a word's category，three criteria are usually employed: , , . meaning，inflection, distribution2. The XP rule is .XP→(specifier)X(complement)3. Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rulesthat . govern the formation of sentences4.The S rule is . S→NP VP5.The first, formed by the in accordance with the subcategorization properties, is called deep structure. XP rule , head’s6. questions begin with a wh- word are called . questions7. Corresponding to the final syntactic form of sentence which results from appropriate transformations , is called . suffice structure8.If the head is a verb, then the specifier is . qualifier9.Word level categories are divided into two kinds: and . major lexical categories , minor lexical categories10. Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called . phrases11. The structures which formed by joining two or more elements of the some type with the help of a conjunction are . coordinate structures12.The information about is included in the head and termed subcategorization. a word’s complement13.The element which specifies optionally expressible properties of hand is . modifiers14.A special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another is . transformation15.The construction in which the complement phrases is embedded is called . matrix clause1. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a sub-ject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. simple2. A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprisesa number of words to form a complete statement, question or command..sentence3. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usuallyprecedes the predicate. subject4.The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phraseand which says something about the subject is grammatically called p_________.predicate5. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which isincorporated into the other. complex6.In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause isnormally called an e_______ clause. embedded7.Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sense that newwords are constantly added. open8. A _____ Condition on case assignment states that a case assignor anda case recipient should stay adjacent to each other. adjacency9.P_______ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles tooperate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages. Parameters10.The theory of C_____ condition explains the fact that noun phrasesappear only in subject and object positions. CaseChapter 5 Semantics1. S______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. sense2. The c ______ view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and that it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. conceptualist3. The word which is more general in meaning is called the s ______ .superordinate4.The seven types of word meaning recognized by G. Leech so far are conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, co locative meaning and th _____ meaning. thematic meaning5. The representative approaches to syntax are the traditional approach, the structural approach, the generative approach and f_____ approach. the functional6. In Saussure's view, language is a system of signs, each of which consists of signified (concept) and S_____. SIGNIFIER7. The theory of meaning that relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to or stands for, is known as the r_____ theory. the referential theory8. For componential analysis or semantic components, the meaning of the word WOMAN may be analyzed into “Human”, “Adult” and “F____”. Female9. There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, namely, Sameness relation, Oppositeness relation, and I______ relation. inclusiveness1. According to the naming theory , words are just or labeis for things . names2.referent3. Two kinds of context are recognized :the situational context andthe . linguistic context4. In the English vocabulary there are two category of words:and . native words, borrowed words5. Synonyms can be divided into the , stylistic synonyms,and collocational synonyms. Dialectal synonyms ,emotivesynonyms6. When two words are identical in ,they are .When two wordsare identical in ,they are homographs. homophones, spelling7. swperordinate is more general in meaning, but hyponyms ismore . specific8. three kinds of antonymy are recognized：Gradable antonymys, , and . complementary antonyms, relational opposites9. There are four certain relations between sentences,theyare: , , and preswpposes.synonymous , inconsistence , entails10. There are two aspects to sentence meaning grammatical meaning and meaning . semantic11. In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is true ,if X is false,Ymay be true or false, we called the relation is . entails12. A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of the meaningof the word. The various meaning of the word are to some degree.Complete homonyms are often brought into being by . primary ,related , coincidence13. Reference deals with the relationship between the elementand word of experience. linguistic ,non-linguistic14. held the view that “we shall know a word by the companyit keeps”. J.R.Firth15. Semantics can be simply defined as the study of . meaning1.S________ can be defined as the study of meaning. Semantics2.The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between alinguistic form and what it refers to. direct3.R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physicalworld; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. Reference4.Words that are close in meaning are called s________. synonyms5.When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling andmeaning, they are called h__________. homophones6.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal ofa relationship between the two items. Relational7.C____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word canbe divided into meaning components. Componential8.Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rulescalled s________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. selectional9.An a________ is a logical participant in a predication, largelyidentical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence. argument10.According to the n____ theory of meaning, the words in a language aretaken to be labels of the objects they stand for. namingFill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:11. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.12. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link betweena linguistic form and what it refers to.13. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.14. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.15. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling andmeaning, they are called h__________.16.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal ofa relationship between the two items.17. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.18. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.19. An a________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.20. According to the n ____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.11. Semantics 12. direct 13.Reference 14. synonyms 15.homophones 16.Relational 17. Componential 18. selectional 19. argument 20. namingChapter 6 Pragmatics1. A l____act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning of syntax, lexicon and phonology. locutionary2. C____were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable. Constatives3. C _____ are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker tosome future course of action. Commissives4. A p ______ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something. perlocutionary5.Pragmatics is the study of meaning in c_____. context13. P_________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.14. What essentially distinguishes s_______ and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.15. The notion of c_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.16. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an u___________.17. The meaning of a sentence is a_______, and decontexualized.18. C________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.19. P________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describea state, and were not verifiable.20. A l_________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.21. An i__________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.22. A c_________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.23. An e________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.24. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.13. Pragmatics 14. semantics 15. context 16. utterance 17. abstract18.Constatives 19. Performatives 20. locutionary 21. illocutionary22. commissive 23. expressive 24. quantityChapter 7 Discourse analysisChapter 8 SociolinguisticsFill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.1. S ______is concerned with the diversity of language as it relates to various sociological factors. Sociolinguistics2. Eugene Nida (1964) claims that the five types of sub-cultural communication is ecological culture, linguistic culture, religious culture, material culture and s_____culture. SocialFill in each of the blanks below with one word which begins with the letter given:。
