corrosion control(四川理工 防腐翻译)
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化工专业英语词汇reaction kinetics 反应动力学reactant 反应物purify 精制提纯recycle 循环回收unconverted reactant未转化的反应物chemical reactortransfer of heat,evaporation,crystallization结晶drying干燥screening筛选,浮选chemical reaction化学反应cracking of petroleum石油裂解catalyst催化剂,reaction zone反应区conservation of mass and energy能量与质量守衡定律technical advance 技术进步efficiency improvement 效率提高reaction 反应separation 分离heat exchange 热交换reactive distillation 反应精馏capital expenditure 基建投资setup 装置capital outlay 费用,成本,基建投资yield 产率,收率reaction byproduct 反应副产物equilibrium constant 平衡常数waste 废物feedstock 进料,原料product 产物,产品percent conversion百分比转化率ether 乙醚gasoline汽油oxygenate content 氧含量catalyst 催化剂reactant 反应物inert 惰性物,不参加反应的物质reactive distillation 反应精馏energy saving 节约能量energy efficiency 能量效率heat—sensitive material 热敏性物质pharmaceutical 制药foodstuff 食品gas diffusivity气体扩散性,气体扩散系数gas adsorption 吸收;absorption:吸附specialty chemical特殊化学品,特种化学品batch间歇的;continuous:连续的micro—reactor 微型反应器hydrogen and methane oxidation 氢气和甲烷氧化反应ethylene epoxidation 乙烯环氧化反应phosgene synthesis 光气合成。
Cherry picker / hydraulic lift 液压起重机动臂起重机,车载升降台Collar plate 补板Companionway 升降口Compartment 隔离舱Compatibility 兼容性Component assembly 组件Compressed air 压缩空气Compulsory item 必要项目Condensate pump 冷凝泵Condenser 冷凝器Conning station 操舵(指挥)位置Construction 建筑Construction profile 建筑结构轮廓图Consumables 易耗品Container ship 集装箱船Control panel 操纵面板Cooling fresh water 冷却淡水Coordination 坐标Corrective action request 纠刚要求Corridor 通道,走廊Corrosion control 防腐Corrosion inhibitor 防腐剂Corrosion rate 腐蚀度Corrugated bulkhead 槽型舱壁Counter-balance valve 背压阀Coupling bolt 伸缩接头螺栓Cowl head ventilator 帽型通风筒Crack 裂纹Criteria 基准Cross section 横截面Cross tie 十字接头Crossover way 过道Crude oil washing 原油清洗Cruiser ship 巡洋舰Curing 硬化干燥Cutting 切割Cutting tip 气割嘴Cutting torch 割矩D mid (moulded depth) 型深Davit 吊柱Deadweight tonnage (总)载重吨Deck composition 甲板敷料Deck fittings 甲板附件Deck girder 甲板桁材Deck longitudinal 甲板纵骨Deck plan 甲板结构图Deck plating 甲板Deck store 储物间Deck water seal 甲板水封Deckhouse 甲板室,上层建筑Deep tank 深舱Deflection plate 反射板Deformation 变形Degreasing 脱脂Dehumidifier 除湿器Derrick post 起重机柱De-rusting 去锈Design load 设计载荷Design load water line 设计满载吃水线Detail 详细,节点Detailed assembly procedure 详细装配工艺Detector 探测器,检测机Deviation 偏差Dew point 【气,雾】露点Diagonal line 对角线Diaphragm 横膈膜Disassemble 分解Distribution 分散Dock trial 系泊试车Double bevel 双面破口Double continuous fillet welding 双面连续角焊Double fillet weld 两面填角焊Double hull 双船壳Double skin construction 双船壳结构Doubling plate/ doubler 复板Down-hand welding 俯焊Draft gauge 压差式风压计Draft marks 吹水标志Drain hole 流水孔Drain system 泄放系统Drain trap 防水弯Dresser coupling 伸缩接头Drip-tray 接油盘Dry film thickness 干镀膜的厚度Dry docking 干船坞Duct keel 箱型龙骨Dummy 虚拟的Duration 为期Dust collector 集尘器Earth connection 接地Echo sounder 回声探测仪Edge welding 边缘焊接Effective throat 有效焊喉Electric cable pipe 电缆管Electric load analysis 电器负荷分析Electric resistance welding 电阻焊Electro gas welding 电气焊Electrode holder 电焊钳Electro-hydraulic system 电动液压系统Electrostatic hazard 静电危险Elevation 侧视图Elevator 升降机,电梯Embarkation light 乘船灯Emergency door 应急逃生门Emergency escape trunk 紧急逃生通道Emergency exit 紧急出口Emergency fire pump 应急消防泵Emergency power supply 应急电源Enclosed space 封闭区域Engine control console 机控台Engine control room 机控室Engine room arrangement 机舱布置图Engine room bulkhead 轮机室舱壁Ensign staff 船尾旗杆Equipment list 设备名目Erection 合拢Erection schedule 合拢打算Even keel 平板龙骨Exhaust manifold 排气集管Exhaust valve 排气阀Expanded metal 多孔(操纵)金属网Expansion joint 膨胀节Expansion tank 膨胀柜Explosion-proof lamp 防爆灯Explosive atmosphere 防爆危险区域Exposed deck 露天甲板Extension loop 伸缩弯Extension rod 伸缩尺,伸长杆Eye plate 眼板Fabrication 制作,加工Face flat 面板Fairing(up) 流线型/整形Fairlead 导览孔Fairleader 导览器False bottom 活(假)底Fashion plate (钢板)组成船首材板Fatigue analysis 疲劳分析Fender 护舷Fillet welding 角焊Fin stabilizer 减摇鳍Finish paint 完工漆Finite element method (FEM) 有限元法Fire control station 消防站Fire damper 防火风阀Fire hose box 消防水龙带箱Fix jig 固定胎架Fixture 固定设备Flame screen 火焰掩遮物Flat bar 扁钢Flexible hose 软管,挠性管Flexible mounting 软安装Float valve 浮球阀Floating dock 浮船坞Floodlight 泛光灯,探照灯Flooding test 浸水试验Flow chart 流程图Flue gas 烟气,废气Flushing 溶剂Flux cored arc welding 熔芯弧焊(CO2 焊接)Foam fire extinguisher 泡沫灭火器Foam monitor 泡沫检测器Foot valve 底(背压)阀/ 脚踩阀Forecastle deck 艏楼甲板Foremast 前桅Forepeak tank 艏尖舱Forged steel 锻钢Forklift truck 叉车Foundation 底座Frame 骨架,肋骨Frame space 肋骨间距Freefall lifeboat 自由下落式救生艇Fuel oil tank 燃油舱Gangway 跳板Gantry crane 龙门吊,龙门起重机Gas detection system 气体探测系统Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) 气体金属弧焊Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) 气体钨弧焊Gasket 垫片Gas tight bulkhead 气密舱壁Gate valve 闸阀Girder 桁材Glass wool 玻璃丝Globe valve 球心截止阀Goliath crane 重型龙门起重机Goose neck ventilator 鹅颈式通风帽Gouging 气刨,表面切割Grating 格栅Gravity arc welding 重力式弧焊Gravity tank / head tank 重力罐Grease nipple 注油嘴Grid 格子Guard rail 爱护栏杆Guide piece 导向件Gunwale 船舷上缘Gutter bar 挡水扁铁Gutter pipe 排水管Gyrocompass 陀螺罗经Hatch 舱口Hatch coaming 舱口围板Hatch cover / pontoon / folding 舱口盖Hawse pipe 锚链管H- beam “H”型梁Headroom 净高Heat resistant paint 耐热漆Heating coil 加热盘管HV AC (heating ventilation and airconditioning)通风及空调Heavy fuel oil 重燃油Hexagon head bolt 六角头螺栓Hexagon wrench 六角扳手High stress zone 高应力区域High temp. cooling water system 高温冷却水系统High tensile steel 高张力钢Hinge 铰链Hogging 中拱Hold frame 舱内肋骨Holding down bolt 压紧螺栓Holiday 油漆漏掉部分Hopper tank 污水舱Horizontal girder 水平梁Horizontal stiffener 水平扶强材Position / horizontal welding 平焊Hull block construction method 船体分段建造法Hull form coefficient 船型系数Hull fouling 船体污损Hull opening 船体开口Hull outfit 船体配装Hull preservation 船体防腐Hull steel 船用钢Hull strength 船体强度Humidity control 湿度操纵Hydrant valve 消防栓Hydraulic jack 液压千斤顶Hydraulic oil 液压油Hydraulic power pack 液压动力装置Hygrometer 湿度计I-beam I 型材Ice breaker 破冰船Immersion unit 救生服Impact load 冲击荷重Impact wrench 套筒扳手Impeller 桨叶Impressed current catholic protection 外加电源阴极爱护Inboard 船内的Incinerator 焚烧炉Indicator 指示器,指示剂Inert gas generator 惰性气体发生器Inflammable life raft 膨胀式救生伐Injector 喷射器Inorganic zinc silicate 无机硅酸锌Insert block 嵌入分段Insert plate 嵌入板Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)电气与电子工程师协会Interlock 连锁Intermittent chain welding 间断焊Intermittent staggered welding 间断交错焊接Internal diameter 内径International Association of ClassificationSocieties 国际船级协会(IACS)International Electro-technical Commission国际电工委员会(IEC)International Gas Code 国际气体编码(IGC)International Labor Organization 国际劳工组织(ILO)International Load Line Convention 国际载重线规定(ILLC)International Maritime Organization 国际海事组织(IMO)International Maritime Pilots’ Association国际引航协会(IMPA)International Regulations for PreventingCollisions at Sea 国际海上避碰规则International Standardization Organization国际标准化组织(ISO)Invar 不胀钢、Inverted angle 逆角钢Jack bolt 定位螺栓Jib crane 悬臂起重机Jig 装配架Joint length 接头长度Jumping stopper 止跳塞Keel block 底座,龙骨墩Keel line 龙骨线Keel plate 龙骨板Key plan 基本结构图Kingpost 主梁Knuckle 折弯Lap joint 搭接接头Lap welding 搭接焊Lapping 搭接,重叠Launching (船)下水Lavatory 卫生间Lead time 研制周期Leak test 密性试验Leg length 焊角长度Lever block 操纵杆部件Life buoy 救生圈Lifting beam 起重横梁Lifting lug (起重)吊(挂)耳Light welding 轻焊接Lightening hole 减轻孔Limit switch 限位开关Liquid Penetration test 渗液探伤试验Load water line 载重水线Louver 天窗Lub. Oil storage tank 润滑油储存舱M/V (motor vessel) 内燃机船Main control console 主操纵盘Masking tape 遮蔽胶带Master schedule 要紧日程打算、设计任务书Mid-ship 船舯Mid-ship section 舯剖面Mock-up (1:1 的)模型Mooring trial 系泊试验Mooring winch 系留绞车Moulded line 型线Movable ramp 可移动车道Mushroom ventilator 菌型通风口Muster list 集合表Nameplate 铭牌Nautical instrument 航海器械Navigation bridge deck 驾驶甲板NC machine 数控机器Needle valve 针阀Nonferrous metal 有色金属Non-return valve 止回阀Official sea trial 官方试航Offsets 型值表Oil coaming 拦油围板Oil discharge monitoring equipment (ODME)排油检测装置Oil seal 油封Oil-tight bulkhead 油密舱壁Oil water separator 油水分离器Outfitting quay 舾装码头Outreach 舷装跨距Outside diameter 外径Overboard discharge 舷侧排水孔Overflow pipe 溢流管Overhaul 大检修Overhead position welding 仰焊Overhead traveling crane 行车Overheating 过热Overlap 重叠Pad 垫片Pad plate 垫板Padlock 挂锁,扣锁Paint dipping 浸渍涂色Pallet 托盘Panel line 拼板流水线Passageway 通道Pedestal 机座,柱脚Pending 未决,保留Perforated flat deck 开口甲板Perpendicular 垂线Pillar 支柱Pilot ladder 引水员梯Pinhole 针孔Pipe hole 配管孔Piping diagram 管系图表Pitching 纵摇Plan 平面图Plan view 平面视图Poop deck 艉楼甲板Porosity 多孔性PSI (pounds per square inch) 压力单位Pour point 流点Power brushing 动力工具使用前处理Power factor 功率系数Power panel 功率仪表板Pre-erection 预合拢Preservation design 防蚀设计Pressure tank 压力舱Process analysis 流程分析Protection zinc 防腐锌块Prototype 原型,样机,样品Provision crane 食品吊P-V (pressure – vacuum) valve 压力、真空阀Quality deficiency report 质量缺陷报告书Radar mast 雷达桅杆Radiator 辐射板,散热器Rail gate 栏杆中间的门Receptacle 储槽,插座Reefer vessel 冷藏船Reference point 基准点Relief valve 减压阀Remnant control 剩余材料治理Remote indication 远程指示器Remote operated valve 遥控阀Repair of defect 缺陷修补Rescue boat 救助艇Respirator 呼吸器Rigging 缆具,索具Rolling 横摇Root gap 根部间隙Root valve 分支阀Rope guard 护绳Round bar 圆钢Rudder stock 舵杆Rudder trunk 舵杆筒Rust-proof oil 防锈油Sacrificial anode 防蚀阳极Safe load 安全载荷Safety hoop 爱护环Safety guard 爱护围栏Sagging 中垂Salinity 盐分Scaffold plank 脚手架Scallop 过焊孔Scantling draft 结构吃水Screw pump 螺杆泵Scupper pipe 排水管Sea chest 海底门Section 截面图Section modulus 剖面模数Sediment davit 沉淀池用吊柱Segregation 分离Self polishing copolymer 自抛光涂料Semi-submersible drilling rig 半潜式钻探设备Sewage treatment plant 污水处理装置Shackle 卸扣Shaft withdrawal plan 船尾轴回收方案Shearing force 剪应力Sheer 船舷Sheer strake 船侧列板Shell plating 外板Shielded metal arc welding 电弧焊(SMAW)Shim plate 垫板Shipside valve 船舷阀Shop primer 爱护底漆Short-circuit test 短路试验Shot blasting 喷丸处理Shot (of chain) 锚链节Side girder 旁底桁Side longitudinal 舷侧纵骨Side opening 舷侧开口Side ramp 舷侧跳板Side scuttle 舷窗Sight glass 观看镜Silencer 消音器Silver brazing coupling 银铜焊联轴器Simulation 模拟试验Single point mooring 单点系泊系统Slop tank 废油舱Slot weld 槽焊Solenoid valve 电磁阀SONAR (sound navigation and ranging) 声纳、声波定位仪Sounding pipe 测深管Spectacle flange 盲通法兰Speed log 船用计程仪Spiral duct 螺旋风管Spool piece 短管Spot welding 电焊Sprinkler system 自动洒水装置Square bar 方钢Stanchion 支柱Standby 备用的Stay 船体内侧支柱撑条Steam turbine 蒸汽涡轮机Steering gear 舵机Steering gear room 舵机室Stem 船头Stern frame 尾框架Stern ramp 尾跳板Stern thruster 尾侧推Stern tube 艉轴管Storm valve 防暴阀Stringer 纵材Stress deck 纵通甲板Stringer plate 甲板边板Stripe coat 焊接部件的预先着色Stripping pump 清舱泵Strong beam 强横梁Stud bolt 双头螺钉Stud welding 螺柱焊Stuffing box 填料箱Submarine 潜水艇Submerged arc welding 埋弧焊(SAW) Suction filter 吸滤器Suction head 吸水头,负压水头Superstructure 上层建筑Support 支架,支座Support cap 柱帽Surface defect 表面缺陷Swage bulkhead 波形舱壁Swing check valve 转向检查阀Swivel joint 旋转接头Symmetrical 对称Tack welding 定位焊Thermostatic expansion valve 热膨胀阀Thimble 套筒,电缆接头Throttle valve 节流阀Tolerance 公差,许用误差Top bracing 顶撑Topside tank 顶边舱Torch 焊矩,焊枪Touch-up 补漆Towing hook 拉引用吊钩Towing rope 曳引绳Transducer 信号转换器,变频器Transmitter 传感器Transom stern 方形船尾Transverse 横向结构Transverse bulkhead 横向舱壁Trestle 栈桥,活动架Trim 修整Tripping bracket 防倾肘板Trolley 手推车Tug boat 拖船Tungsten inert gas arc welding 钨极惰性气体爱护电弧焊Turbo-generator 涡轮发电机Turnbuckle 花篮螺丝Turnkey base 承包方式TEU:twenty-feet equivalent unit 标准集装箱Ultraviolet dosimeter 紫外线测定仪Undercut 咬边Universal chock 通用导览孔Universal joint 万向接头U-tube U 形管Vacuum cleaner 真空泵Varnish (清)漆,腻子Ventilator 通风管,通风机Vertical web 垂直桁材Vertical welding 立焊VDU: visual display unit 可视显示装置V oid space 空舱V olatile corrosion inhibitor 挥发性防蚀剂V olatile organic compounds 挥发性有机物V olatile solvent 挥发性溶剂Waste oil tank 废油舱Water ballast tank 水压载舱Water content 水含量Water line 吃水线Water-tight bulkhead 水密舱壁Watertight compartment 水密舱Weather deck 露天甲板Weather-tight 风雨密Web frame 强肋骨Wedge 楔Weld defects 焊接缺陷Weld end 焊接尾端Weld geometry 焊接形相Weld penetration 熔深Welded joint 焊接接头Welding flux 熔剂Welding shrinkage 焊接收缩量Welding throat 焊喉Welding torch 焊炬Wet film thickness 湿膜厚度Wetted surface area 浸水面积Wharf ladder 码头梯子Wheel house 驾驶室Wheel house top 操舵室上面Wing tank 翼舱Zebra mark 斑马条纹Zinc anode 锌阳极Zone outfitting 区域舾装Zone outfitting method 区域舾装法(ZOFM)Zone painting method 区域涂装方式(ZPTM)。
第十二章炼厂的加注学习目的完成本章学习后,你将能够做到:∙根据API570《管道检验规范》确定注入点∙识别注入系统的部件∙确定影响炼油厂注入系统设计的因素∙讨论设计注入系统时必须遵循的良好工程实践∙从实现过程目标的角度讨论注入系统设计∙讨论对注入系统设计过程重要的材料选择考虑因素∙描述检查点位置的检查程序设计∙讨论设计注入点位置时必须考虑的事项∙讨论几个注射系统硬件设计考虑因素和解决方案∙设计一个注入系统,将油溶性成膜缓蚀剂注入常压原油塔顶系统。
12.1介绍炼油厂注入位置是指工艺添加剂、冲洗水或小烃流与工艺流结合的位置。
正确设计和使用注入系统是保持设备可靠性和确保炼油厂最佳运行的必要条件。
炼油厂注入系统有多种类型,但都有相似的设计要求和共同的要素。
本章介绍了炼油厂注入系统设计和使用过程中应考虑的因素。
12.2定义12.2.1注入点美国石油学会(API)在API570《管道检验规范》中将注入点定义为“将相对少量的材料注入工艺流以控制化学或其他工艺变量的位置”在一般实践应用中,注入位置是指将工艺添加剂、冲洗水或其他烃流注入更大的工艺流以改善或保持工艺性能的任何位置。
12.2.2注入系统注入系统包括API570规定的注入点,以及将添加剂引入工艺流程所需的所有管线、阀门、设备、储罐、泵和仪表。
12.3注入系统设计特定炼油厂注入系统的具体设计受以下几个因素的影响:•处理流的特性•添加剂的特性•炼厂的工程标准和程序•采用的工艺流程由于每个应用的多样性和唯一性,本章中的信息不打算用作注入系统设计的建议。
相反,它作为设计和实施炼油厂注入系统时应考虑的那些常见元素的指南。
进一步的指导可以在NACE出版物34101,“炼油厂注射和工艺混合点”中找到,包括附录R。
12.3.1注入系统的设计参数正确设计和选择化学注入系统的硬件是任何炼油厂注入系统或化学添加剂项目成功的关键。
通常,化学注入系统用于防止对工艺装置产生不希望发生的化学或机械反应,或为工艺流程提供所需的性能。
涂装专业词汇中英文内部编号:(YUUT-TBBY-MMUT-URRUY-UOOY-DBUYI-0128)Alkali degreasing 碱液脱脂法alkali cleaner 碱液脱脂剂ion exchange 离子交换法solution control, both control 槽液管理emulsion edgreasing(cleaner) 乳化脱脂法(剂)chemical decaling ;chemical derusting 化学除锈剂chemical degreasing 化学脱脂法chemical conversion coating 化学成膜rust cause on phosphate coating 黄锈(磷化处理中)chromate coaring, chronating 铬酸处理(钝化)chromate coating chromating 铬酸盐处理sodium silicate 硅酸钠descaling 打锈descaling,derusting 除锈(同酸洗、酸蚀)acid pickling,pickling 酸洗(同除锈)acid pickling in hibitor 酸性阻蚀剂sankblasting ,blast cleaning 喷砂deionized water (rinsing) 纯水(洗)shot blasting 喷丸fresh water rinsing 新鲜水洗steam phosphating 蒸气磷化处理spray pretreatment system 喷射式前处理total acid 总酸度accelerator 促进剂degreasing 脱脂cleaner 脱脂剂phosphoric acid cleaning 脱脂,除锈二个合一处理剂blue color 灰蓝色vapor degreasing 三氯乙烯脱脂(蒸气)trichloroethylene 三氯乙烯parchlorlerhylene,carbontetrachlchlcride四氯乙烯half dip pretreatment system 半浸式前处理P ratio P比phosphating chemicals 磷化处理剂chemical conversion coating 皮膜处理coating weight 膜重surface treatment 表面预处理surface conditioning 表面调整surface conditioner 表面调整剂flood spray pretreatment system 溢流喷射式前处理full dip pretreatment system 全浸式前处理pretreatment 前处理pretreament chemicals 前处理剂drying off 烘干水份free acid 游离酸度solvent degreasing 溶剂脱脂precleaning 预洗净hot water prerinsing 预热水洗ziue phosphating phosphatetreatment 锌盐磷化处理zinc phosphating coating 锌盐磷化膜iron phosphating coating 铁盐磷化膜anodic electro deposition 阳极电泳anode earth method 阳极接地法spitting spray ,fluttering 气喘、喷流间断wet on wet 湿碰湿top coat 涂面漆air spraying 空气喷涂air blow 吹风airless spraying 无空气喷涂over spray 过喷涂membrane system electro deposition 隔膜(电极)电泳涂装over coating 重叠涂装wet sanding with gasoline 汽油打磨cathodic electro deposition 阴极电泳涂装dry sanding 干打磨gun distance 喷枪距离spray gun velocity 喷枪移动速度mechanical sanding 机械打磨surface preparation 表面准备(同底材面调整)electrostatic air atomixing spray metode 空气雾化式静电涂装mill scale 黑皮(黑色氧化皮)finish sanding 修饰性打磨substrate 底材(基底)primer coating 涂底漆dipping,dip coating 浸涂spraying ,spray coating 喷涂(atomizing) fan pattern 喷涂影spot repair 局部修补three coat three bake 涂三次烘三次slipper dipping 拖式浸涂electrostatic coating 静电涂装electrostatic powder coating 静电粉末涂装electrostatic rotary atomizing spray method静电雾化式静电涂装法all pattying 统刮腻子application trial 试涂装turn-over 更新期pad application,padding 揩涂(paint) mixing 调制color matching 调色throwing power 泳透力electro phoresis 电泳electro osmosis 电渗electrodeposition,electrocoating (ED)电泳涂装sanding,grinding 打磨painting,coating ,finishing 涂装interval between coats,coat interval 涂装间隔paint system ,coating system 涂装体系paint process 涂装工艺painting sepctification 涂装技术要求transfer efficiency涂着效率color sealer 同色封底涂层surface coating ,sealer coating 涂中涂层repainting 重新涂装spreading rate 涂布面积比brush application ,brushing,brush coating刷涂work 被涂物atomizing 雾化detail sanding ,defect sanding 局部打磨flow coating 淋涂electrophorectic powder coating 粉末电泳涂装法knifing ,knife application 刮涂touch up 修补涂装hot spraying ,hot spray coating 热喷涂masking 遮盖polishing 抛光mettalic coating 金属闪光漆涂装utra filtration(UF) 超滤flridized powder bed coating 流化床涂装application by roller,roller coating 辊涂(dark)infrared drying ,infrarde drying,infrardebaking (暗)红外干燥wet film 湿涂膜sand dry ,surface dry 表干baking,thermosetting加热干燥drying 干燥forced drying 强制干燥dry-hard,dry-through,hard dry,dry through,baking完全干燥,完全固化ultra violer curing 紫外线固化干燥set to touch ,dust free,dry to touch 触指干燥air drying cold curing 自然干燥(常温干燥)curing by polymerization 聚合干燥drying by evaporation 蒸发干燥(同挥发干燥)setting ,flash off 晾干electoro beem curing ,radiation curing 电子束固化(辐射干燥)hot air drying couvection drying 热风干燥,对流干燥tack free ,tack dry 半固化干燥(指触干燥)baking stoving 烘干acrylic resin paint 丙烯酸树脂涂料acryl lacquer 热塑性丙烯酸涂料application solid 施工固体份amine content 胺浓度alkyd resin paint 醇酸树脂涂料cobwebbing 拉丝现象etching grimer 腐蚀底漆(同磷化底漆,活性底漆)enamel 磁漆non aqueous dispersion paint非水分散型涂料oil surfacer 油性二道浆ash content 灰分cathodic electrod eoposition 阴极电泳涂料flexibility弹性,可弯曲性nonvolatile content(matter),solids content,heatingresidue 不挥发分skinning 结皮性bake schedule 干燥时间pigment volume,pigment volume concentration颜料体积比率pigment content 颜料分(P、W、C)dilution stability 稀释稳定性redueed paint 稀释好的涂料caking凝结性coulomb efficiency 库仑效率clear清漆clear lacquer 硝基清漆synthetic resin paint 合成树脂涂料guide coat 二道浆anticorrosive coating ,rust inhibitingpaint ,corrosion resistant coating,antirust paint防锈涂料primer底漆涂料chassis black paint 底盘黑涂料zinc rich primer 富锌底漆water borne paint 水性粉笔料(水系涂料)water soluble resin paint ,water soluble resincoating 水溶性树脂涂料stomeguard coating 抗石击性涂料compatiblity ,compotible 相溶性spray mist compatibiliity 抗漆雾污染性touch up primer 局部修补底漆thixotropic ,thixotropy 触变性antichippimg paint,chip resistant paint抗崩裂性shelf life ,storage stability,canstability 贮藏稳定性grainning,bitty,seed细度、粒度flat paint ,flat oikl paint ,mat paint 无光涂料electrocoating ,coating for electrodeposition电泳涂料film forming agent ,film forming ingredient ,film former,film forming material 涂膜主要成分color surfacer 同色涂料coating ,paint 涂料virgin paint ,UN-cut paint 原漆two component paint 双组份涂料nitrocellulose lacquer,nitrocellulose coating硝基漆thermosetting(themoplastic)acrylic paint热固(塑)性丙烯酸树脂涂料consistency稠度viscosity粘度high solid lacquer高固体份硝基漆high solid paint 高固体分型涂料binder基料putty腻子light curing coating 光固化涂料vehicle漆料phenolic coating ,phenolic resin paint 酚醛树脂涂料unsaturated polyester paint 不饱和聚脂涂料primer surfacer 底漆二道浆blocking粘结、结块powder paint 粉末涂料anti-corrosion wax ,anti-rust wax 防锈蜡pot life ,pot stability 活化期、活化寿命polyester putty 聚酯腻子water dispersible paint 水分散型涂料millbase ,milling base 研磨色浆solventless coating ,solvent free paint 无溶剂型涂料metallic enamel,metallic paint ,metallic pigmentedpaint 金属闪光色磁漆thermosetting paint 烘烤型涂料oil paint 油性涂料oil length 油度lacquer硝基清漆lacquer enamelbituminous paint 沥青涂料leveling流平性varnish清漆acrylate resins 丙烯酸系树脂acrylic acid 丙烯酸acryl modified slkyd resin 丙烯酸改性的醇酸树脂asphalt (bitumen) 沥青amino resin 氨基树脂alkyd resin 醇酸树脂epoxy resin 环氧树脂oil free alkyd resin 无油醇酸树脂external plastici zation 外部增塑化drying oil 干性油hilsonite天然硬沥青glycerin甘油gel time ,time for gelation 胶化时间saponification value ,saponification number 皂化价safflower oil 红花油carbooxyl acid 脂肪酸nitrocellulose硝化棉silicone resin 有机硅树脂polybasic acidpolyhydric alcohol polyol 多元醇natural resin (oil)天然树脂(油)internal plasticization 内部塑化thermisettig property 热固性thermoplastic ,thermoplasticity,thermal plasticity热泪盈眶可塑性castor oil 蓖麻油phenol resin 酚醛树脂nondrying oil 不干性油blown asphalt 氧化沥青ployester聚醋polybutadience聚丁二烯methacrylic acid 甲基丙烯酸iodine value ,iodine number 碘值asbestin石棉粉aluminium flake powder,aluminium pigment powder铝粉aluminium flake paste,aluminium pigment paste铝粉膏tint(ing) shade,reduce shade 色光、色头red lead 红丹carbon black 碳黑pigment颜料oil absorption value 吸油量clay白土、陶土rust preventing pigment, rust inhibiting pigment防锈颜料extender filler ,extender pigment 填料、体质颜料talc滑石粉white tiianium pigment 钛白color pigment (strength) 着色颜料(力)lead pigment 铅系颜料titanum dioxide 二氧化钛permanent red 永固红fast yellow 耐晒黄dispersion分散red iron oxide 铁红inorganic pigment 无机颜料organic (color) pigment 有同颜料leafing 漂浮sellosolves (solvent) 醇醚溶剂alcohols(solvent)醇系溶剂isopropyl alcohol 异丙醇ethers(solvent ) 醚系熔剂esters (solvent) 酯系溶剂ethyl alochol 乙醇diluent 稀释剂xylene 二甲苯ketones (solvent) 酮系溶剂high boiling point solvent, high boiler ,slow solvent高沸点溶剂ethyl acetate 乙酸乙酯aliphatic hydrocarbons (solvent) 脂肪族系碳氢化合物溶剂cosolvent 助溶剂cellosolve溶纤剂cellosolve acetate 乙酸溶纤剂solvent naphtha 煤焦油溶剂kerosene ,kerosine 煤油toluene 甲苯butyl alcohol ,butanol 丁醇mineral spirit,petroleum spirit 白醇methyl ethyl ketone 甲乙酮amine 胺surface active agent surfactant 表面活性剂plasticizer 增塑剂reducidility 稀释剂metallic soap ,metal soap 金属皂harder ,curing abent 固化剂antioxdant ,oxidant inhibitor 防止氧化剂ultrviolet absorber 紫外线吸收剂dibutyl phthalate 苯甲酸二丁酯thinner 稀料antistatic agent 静电防止剂antisag agent 流挂防止剂antisetlle agent 沉淀防止剂flatting agent 消光剂paint thinner 涂料用稀料lacquer thinner 硝基漆用稀料retarder ,retarder solvent 防潮剂rheology control 流变性控性paper tack stick 粘性纸胶带dry sandpaper 干打磨用砂纸crape masking 纸质遮盖用胶带abrasive paper sandpaper 打磨砂纸abrasive colth ,sanding cloth 打磨砂布washing solvent (flame retarding solvent ) 清洗用溶剂water proof abrasion sandpaper 耐水性砂纸heat stabe maskingtape 耐热遮盖用胶带tack rag 粘性纱布tackrag varnish 粘灰清漆paint remover 脱漆剂polishing compound 抛光剂poly net 打磨网masking tape遮盖用胶带hiding power,obiterating power ,coveringpower ,opacity 遮盖力top coat,finish coat ,finishing coat 面漆层overcoatability涂面漆的适应性recoatability重复涂装的适应性glass transition point 玻璃化点specular gloss,specular reflection 镜面光泽度grindability打磨性pentrability浸透性distinctness of image 鲜映性alkaliproof ,alkali resistance 耐碱性overbake resistance 耐过烘性salt water resistance 耐盐水性gasoline resistance 耐挥发油性durability耐久性flexibility ,elasticity 耐弯曲性weather resistance, weathering property,weatherproof耐候性acidproof ,acid resistance 耐酸性impact resisrance 耐冲击性corrosion resistance 耐蚀性water resistance,waterproof 耐水性washability耐洗净性chiping resistanceheat resistance 耐热性boiling water resistance 耐沸水性abrasion resistance 耐摩耗性chemical resistance 耐药品性oil resistance ,oilproof 耐油性solvent resistance 耐溶剂性gloss光泽flat无光泽stain resistance 涂膜污染性appearance of paint film,paint film appearance涂膜的外观surface of paint film 涂面semigloss半光泽abhesion附着力elusion ,bleeding 溶出degradation裂解ageing老化oildeaetting,oil cratering 油缩孔water slaining (marke) 雨水痕迹bubble ,bubbling (bubble trace on ED film)气泡(电泳气泡)peeling off wet Ed film 电泳湿漆膜脱落ED cratering 电泳缩孔pinpole on ED filmdiscollration掉色off color 色差mottling色不均flooding色分离wet contamination 湿污染pecking啄伤gas checking,gas crazing 气体裂纹blushing白化pigment sedimentation 颜料沉降sanding scratch 打磨器纹sealing failure 涂密封胶不良bleeding底层污染stain,spot,spotting粘污crinkling,shrivelling,wrinkling,rivelling起皱suction ,absorption 吸收water bubbling 水泡hiding failure 遮盖不良scrack划伤low distinctness of image 鲜映性低intercoat adhesion failure 层间剥落fading退色dripping流痕sagging run curtaining 下沉sag流挂wrinkle皱纹起皱chipping碎落chalking粉化thin Edcoating ,no ED coating 泳透性差dulling,loss of gloss,matting 失光flashing光泽不匀sand scratch 打磨划伤too much film thickness 涂膜过厚peeling涂膜剥落dry contamination 干污染dirt ,seed 涂料颗粒cratering,fish eye 涂料缩孔,鱼眼sagging,runing流淌bleeding渗色thin paint 涂得太薄skips漏涂peeling剥离crawling,fish eye,cratering 缩孔鱼眼ding and dent 钣金凹凸soldering pinhole焊药针孔pinhole针孔blistering膨泡bunp,cluster颗粒blushing发白blistering起泡mar 触伤痕hair cracking 鬓状裂纹sanding scratch 砂纸纹cratering凹坑discorloration变色swelling膨润shading模糊(阴影)comet star pineple 星状不平break line failure 保护不良metallic seeding 金属颗粒after tack 返粘under baking 未烘干透grinding scratch 锉刀纹orange peel 桔皮solvent popping ,pin holes 气泡孔cracking,hair craching,checking ,craging,alligateyingcrocodiling裂纹鬓状裂纹浅裂纹龟裂鳄鱼皮裂纹filiform corrosion test 丝状腐蚀性试验hiding chart 遮盖力试验纸wet film thickness gauge 湿漆膜厚度量远规Erichsen film distensibility meter 杯突试验机Elcometer永久磁性测厚仪salt spray testing ,salt spray test 盐水喷雾试验pencil hardness test 铅硬度试验carbon arc 碳弧灯appearance inspection 外观检查dilution stability test 稀释稳定性试验dilytion test,reducibility test 稀释试验xenone lamp 氙气灯coulomb efficiency test 库仑效率试验bending test 弯曲试验gravelometer石击崩裂试验法cryptoneter遮盖力测验法Krebs -Stomer viscometer,Stomer viscometer斯端马粘度计cross cut 交叉横割constant temperature and humidity cabinet 恒温恒湿箱gloss meter 光泽计color difference meter 色差计test panel 试验板test piece,coupon,specimen 试验样板outdoor wethering test ,outdoor exposure test自然曝晒试验imact test,impact testing ,chip test 冲击试验impact tester 冲击试验仪sampler取样器Sward hardness rocker 斯惠特硬度计scab corrosion test 疤形腐蚀试验accelerated weathering test,acceleratedweathering ,artificial weathering 人工耐候性试验accelerated weathering tester 人工耐候性试验机over bake resistance test 耐过烘性试验hot water resistance test 耐温水试验weathering test ,weathering 耐候性试验humidity resistance test 耐湿试验humidity box 耐湿试验盒chemical resistance test 耐药品性试验diamond shot test 金刚石冲击试验法throwing power 泳透性试验grind gauge ,fineness gauge 细度刮板Du-pot impact tester 杜邦式冲击试验heat cycle test 热循环试验exposure rack 曝晒试验Broodfield viscometer B型粘度计portable distinctness of image glossmeter 鲜映测计(PGD)specific gravity cup 比重杯specified achromatic light 标准光源film applicator 涂膜涂布器Ford cup ,Ford viscosity cup 福特杯compound corrosion test 复合腐蚀试验(CCT)tack free test ,print test 不粘性试验film thickness gauge 漆膜厚度计pressure feed type spray gun 压送式喷枪pressurw tank ,pressure feed paint container油漆增压箱rubber patten 子橡胶磨块patten木质磨块colors changer 换色装置water curtain 水幕air cap 空气帽air cleaner 空气静化器air compressor 空气压缩机air sander 气动打磨机air duster 气动除尘器air transformer 空气压力调整器airless spray gun 无气喷枪airless apraying equipment 无气喷涂装置auto roll filter 自动滚筒式过滤器auto absorber 自动吸水器orbital sander 眼眶形打磨机pressure cup 加压杯rotary air sander 转动型气动打磨机reverser clean 转动式清洁器stirring equipment 搅拌装置rotary atomizing electrostatic spraying equipment旋杯式静电喷涂装置steel spatrla 钢刮刀heating oil separater 加热油水分离装置dryspray booth 干式喷漆室wood spatula 木刮勺supply duct 供气风管supplying fan 供气风机air supply house 空调装置high voltage regulator 高压发生器surge chamber 缓冲容器side room 侧调漆间robot by C.Pteaching method CP式机械手automatic air duster 自动吹风装置automatic solution machine 自动溶液管理装置automatic sanding machine 自动湿打磨装置automatic washing machine 自动水洗装置automatic apray machine 自动喷涂机automatic electrostatic spray machine 自动静电涂装装置automatic dust off machine 自动除尘装置automatic spray 自动涂装装置bravity spray gun 重力式喷枪deionized water generator 纯水装置pad托盘(板)dipping tank 浸槽water washing spray booth 水洗式喷漆室scraper刀spray gun 喷枪spray system pretreatment equipment 喷射式前处理装置spray booth 喷漆室electrostatic coating equipment 静电涂装装置electrostatic powder coating equipment 静电粉末涂装装置semifolw sealing 半浮动涂密封胶side reciprocator 侧喷机duct风筒(管)touching tracer 修整追踪装置double action sander 双动打磨机DC power equipment 直流电源disc sander 盘式打磨机hand electrostatic spray gun 手提式静电喷枪hand electrostatic spray equipment 手提式静电喷涂装置ceiling filter 顶棚过滤器electrocoating equipment 电泳涂装装置painting robot 涂装机械手cup of spray gun 涂料杯paint circulating system 涂料循环输漆系统mixing room 调漆室spray gum tip 涂料喷嘴needle针阀exhaust air washing system 排气洗净装置brush刷子式机械手full dip pretreatment system equipment 全浸式前处理装置top reciprocator 平面涂装机knife,spatula刮刀ultra filtration equipment 超滤装置(UF)light projector 光投影器robot by remoto teaching method 远距离式教式机械手continuous settling equipment 连续沉淀装置dark(far) infrared oven 暗(远)红外线烘干室air sealoven炉干燥机indirect hot air oven 间接加热式热风烘干室drying oven 干燥室infrared oven 红外线干燥室enthalpy heat exchanger 全热泪盈眶交换器hot air converction oven 对流炉direct hot airoven ] 直接加热式热风烘干炉hot air oven 热风炉hot air circulating equipment 热风循环装置burner house 燃烧室heat pump 热泵radiation panel heater 辐射板setting room 晾干室baking oven 烘干室cooling unit 强冷室color specification 色的规格colorrendition演色color chart 色卡cool color 冷色saturation ,chroma 彩色度(鲜艳度、饱和度或纯度)brightness亮度shadecolor difference 色差color scheme 色彩设计hue色相metamerism条件等色solid color 本色master color 造型色板warm color 暖色tinting调色tint着色tone analysis 色调分类color standard (panel) 标准颜色板flip-flop闪光spectrophotometer分光光度计spectral reflection faetor 分光反射率relative spectral distribution 分光分布achromatic color 无彩色value of lightness 明度metallic color 金属闪光色chromatic color 有彩色ionomer resin 离子树脂acrylic resin 丙烯酸树脂acrylonitrile butadiene styrene frepolymer resin丙烯腈,丁二烯苯乙烯树脂(ABS)urethane resin 聚氨酯树脂fiberglass reinforced plastics 玻璃纤维增强树脂(FRP)polyvinyl chloride resin 聚氯乙烯树脂(PVC)vigid polypropylene resin 硬质聚丙烯树脂(硬PP)hotrolled steel sheet 热轧钢板polyamide resin 聚酰氨树脂(PA)polystyrene resin 聚苯乙烯树脂(PS)zinc fusing glavanized steel sheet 热镀锌钢板zinc alloy fusing galvanized steel sheet热熔合金化镀锌钢板high tensile coldrolled steel sheet 冷轧高强度钢板(SAPH)coldrolled steel sheet 冷轧普通碳素结构钢板(SPCCR)。
腐蚀与防护1 名词解释及符号意义全面腐蚀局部腐蚀点腐蚀晶间腐蚀应力腐蚀腐蚀疲劳涡流腐蚀缝隙腐蚀 K ISCC d a/d t全面腐蚀:是常见的一种腐蚀,是指整个金属表面均发生腐蚀,它可以是均匀的也可以是不均匀的。
全面腐蚀一般属于微观电池腐蚀。
局部腐蚀:腐蚀作用集中在某一定的区域内,而金属的其余部分几乎没有发生腐蚀。
主要有点腐蚀(孔腐蚀) 、缝隙腐蚀、晶间腐蚀、选择腐蚀,应力腐蚀、腐蚀疲劳、湍流腐蚀等。
点腐蚀:金属的大部分表面不发生腐蚀或腐蚀很轻微,但在局部地方出现腐蚀小孔并向深处发展的一种腐蚀破坏形式。
晶间腐蚀:是金属材料在特定的腐蚀介质中沿着材料的晶界发生的一种局部腐蚀。
这种腐蚀是在金属(合金) 表面无任何变化的情况下,使晶粒间失去结合力,金属强度完全丧失,导致设备突发性破坏。
应力腐蚀:(英文缩写SCC,stress corrosion crack) 是指金属材料在特定腐蚀介质和拉应力共同作用下发生的脆性断裂。
腐蚀疲劳:在腐蚀介质和交变应力共同作用下而引起的材料或构件的破坏。
涡流腐蚀:腐蚀性流体与金属间相互运动引起的金属加速破坏。
缝隙腐蚀:浸在腐蚀介质中的构筑物,由于金属与金属之间或金属与非金属之间形成缝隙,而缝隙中又可进入并存留住腐蚀介质,从而使缝隙内部产生加速腐蚀的现象。
K ISCC:一般认为当拉伸应力低于某一个临界值时,不再发生断裂破坏,这个临界应力称应力腐蚀开裂门槛值,用K ISCC或临界应力óth表示。
d a/d t:表示单位时间内裂纹的扩展量叫应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率。
2 以不锈钢在充气的NaCl溶液中孔腐蚀为例,简述小孔腐蚀的机理。
表面带有氧化膜的金属与含有活性氯离子的介质接触时,活性氯离子首选吸附在金属表面氧化膜的某些部位。
当金属的电位达到孔蚀电位时,在氧化膜或钝化膜的薄弱点,如在晶界、位错露头、外来原子在点阵中的夹杂和氧化膜的应力裂纹处,或者由于竞争吸附的结果使金属表面的吸附氧被氯离子取代,或由于电场强度使氯离子获得足够能量,使其穿过氧化膜的薄弱部分,从而使氧化膜受到局部破坏并使金属发生局部的阳极溶解,于是开始形成蚀孔。
大庆石油地质与开发Petroleum Geology & Oilfield Development in Daqing2024 年 2 月第 43 卷 第 1 期Feb. ,2024Vol. 43 No. 1DOI :10.19597/J.ISSN.1000-3754.202307013CCUS 腐蚀控制技术对策曹功泽 刘宁 刘凯丽 淳于朝君 张冰岩 杨景辉 张素梅 穆蒙(中国石化胜利油田分公司石油工程技术研究院,山东 东营 257000)摘要: 碳捕集、利用与封存技术(CCUS )对于减缓全球气候变化、推进低碳发展具有重要意义。
在石油开采过程中,利用CCUS 技术将储存的CO 2注入油气井提高了油田原油采收率,但是CO 2溶于水后形成的碳酸会加剧金属管道的腐蚀,对设备的安全运行造成重大威胁。
首先介绍了CO 2腐蚀机理,详细描述了造成油气生产系统中CO 2腐蚀的主要影响因素;然后对合金防护、涂覆防护层防护、缓蚀剂防护等常见的腐蚀控制方法及其研究进展进行了分析讨论;最后结合CCUS 腐蚀控制研究现状,总结了在不同介质环境下CO 2腐蚀控制具体的措施和建议。
研究成果为CO 2腐蚀控制技术的研究与发展提供了参考和依据。
关键词:CCUS ;CO 2腐蚀;腐蚀防护;缓蚀剂中图分类号:TE357.45 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000-3754(2024)01-0112-07Technical solutions for CCUS corrosion controlCAO Gongze ,LIU Ning ,LIU Kaili ,CHUNYU Zhaojun ,ZHANG Bingyan ,YANG Jinghui ,ZHANG Sumei ,MU Meng(Petroleum Engineering Technology Research Institute of Sinopec Shengli OilfieldCompany ,Dongying 257000,China )Abstract :Carbon capture , utilization and storage (CCUS ) technology is of great significance for mitigating globalclimate change and promoting low -carbon development. In the process of oil production , using CCUS technology to inject stored CO 2 into oil and gas production wells increases oil recovery. However , carbonic acid formed after CO 2is dissolved in water may aggravate the corrosion of metal pipes and cause serious threat to safe operation of equip⁃ment. Firstly , the mechanism of CO 2 corrosion is introduced , and the main influencing factors causing CO 2 corro⁃sion in oil and gas production system are described in detail. Then , common corrosion control methods of alloy pro⁃tection , coating protection and inhibitor protection and their research progress are analyzed and discussed. Finally , combined with the research status of CCUS corrosion control , specific solutions for CO 2 corrosion control in differ⁃ent media environments are summarized. The research provides reference and basis for research and development ofCO 2 corrosion control technology.Key words :CCUS ; CO 2 corrosion ; corrosion protection ; corrosion inhibitor引用:曹功泽,刘宁,刘凯丽,等. CCUS 腐蚀控制技术对策[J ].大庆石油地质与开发,2024,43(1):112-118.CAO Gongze ,LIU Ning ,LIU Kaili ,et al. Technical solutions for CCUS corrosion control [J ].Petroleum Geology & Oil⁃field Development in Daqing ,2024,43(1):112-118.收稿日期:2023-07-07 改回日期:2023-10-13第一作者:曹功泽,男,1978年生,硕士,正高级工程师,从事油田腐蚀与防护研究。
指定的主题是:“腐蚀科学”,其标准缩写为“corrosion science”。
文章内容:腐蚀科学(corrosion science),是研究金属、非金属材料和合金等在大气、水、土壤、气体和液体等介质中,因电化学或化学作用而遭受侵蚀和破坏的科学。
近年来,随着工业的快速发展和科技水平的提高,对材料科学的研究和认识也在不断深化。
腐蚀科学的研究对于材料的性能改进、环境保护、产品安全和经济效益的提高具有重要意义。
1. 腐蚀科学的基本概念腐蚀科学是一个跨学科的领域,涉及材料科学、化学、物理学和工程学等多个学科。
腐蚀的发生是一个复杂的过程,通常包括金属氧化、电化学反应和化学反应等多个阶段。
通过深入研究腐蚀的基本概念,我们可以更好地理解腐蚀的机理和规律,从而提出有效的防腐措施和改进材料的方法。
2. 腐蚀科学的发展历程腐蚀科学作为一个独立的学科,自20世纪初开始逐渐发展,并在冶金、航空航天、能源、环保等领域得到广泛应用。
在腐蚀科学的研究过程中,学者们不断提出新的理论和方法,推动了腐蚀科学的进步和发展。
目前,腐蚀科学已经成为材料科学中不可或缺的一部分。
3. 腐蚀科学的研究方法腐蚀科学的研究方法多种多样,包括实验研究、模拟计算、表面分析和材料设计等。
借助现代科学技术的发展,研究者们可以更加准确地获取腐蚀过程中的各种参数和数据,从而更好地理解腐蚀的本质和规律。
腐蚀科学的研究方法还包括实地调查和现场观测等,这些方法可以为腐蚀防护和材料改进提供重要的参考依据。
4. 腐蚀科学的应用前景腐蚀科学的研究成果在航空航天、海洋工程、能源开发和环境保护等领域具有广泛的应用前景。
通过防腐技术的改进和材料性能的提高,可以为社会经济发展和环境保护做出积极贡献。
腐蚀科学的发展也将为材料科学的研究和应用带来新的机遇和挑战。
总结回顾腐蚀科学的研究对于材料科学的发展具有重要意义,它不仅可以提高材料的性能和品质,还可以保护环境和减少资源浪费。
随着腐蚀科学的不断深入和发展,相信在不久的将来,会有更多突破性的成果出现,为我们的生活和工作带来更多的便利和惊喜。
化工装置常用英语词汇对照1. 反应釜(Reactort) Reactor2. 蒸馏塔(Distillation Tower) Distillation Column3. 冷凝器(Condenser) Condenser4. 换热器(Heat Exchanger) Heat Exchanger5. 压缩机(Compressor) Compressor6. 泵(Pump) Pump7. 阀门(Valve) Valve8. 管道(Pipeline) Pipeline9. 传感器(Sensor) Sensor10. 控制系统(Control System) Control System11. 进料(Feed) Feed12. 产品(Product) Product13. 副产品(Byproduct) Byproduct14. 废料(Waste) Waste15. 物料(Material) Material16. 流量(Flow Rate) Flow Rate17. 压力(Pressure) Pressure18. 温度(Temperature) Temperature19. 浓度(Concentration) Concentration20. 比重(Specific Gravity) Specific Gravity21. 开车(Startup) Startup22. 停车(Shutdown) Shutdown23. 维修(Maintenance) Maintenance24. 检修(Overhaul) Overhaul25. 调试(Commissioning) Commissioning26. 操作规程(Operating Procedure) Operating Procedure27. 安全规程(Safety Procedure) Safety Procedure28. 紧急停车(Emergency Shutdown) Emergency Shutdown29. 报警系统(Alarm System) Alarm System30. 防爆区域(Explosionproof Area) Explosionproof Area 化工装置常用英语词汇对照(续)31. 化学反应(Chemical Reaction) Chemical Reaction32. 反应速率(Reaction Rate) Reaction Rate33. 溶解度(Solubility) Solubility34. 酸碱度(pH Value) pH Value35. 悬浮物(Suspension) Suspension36. 沉淀(Precipitation) Precipitation37. 搅拌(Agitation) Agitation38. 过滤(Filtration) Filtration39. 萃取(Extraction) Extraction40. 吸附(Adsorption) Adsorption41. 蒸发(Evaporation) Evaporation42. 结晶(Crystallization) Crystallization43. 干燥(Drying) Drying44. 焙烧(Calcination) Calcination45. 熔融(Melting) Melting46. 铸造(Casting) Casting47. 冷却(Cooling) Cooling48. 加热(Heating) Heating49. 真空(Vacuum) Vacuum50. 压缩空气(Compressed Air) Compressed Air51. 工艺流程(Process Flow) Process Flow52. 设备布局(Equipment Layout) Equipment Layout53. 流程图(Piping and Instrumentation Diagram, P&ID)Piping and Instrumentation Diagram54. 设计规范(Design Specification) Design Specification55. 操作手册(Operation Manual) Operation Manual56. 安全手册(Safety Manual) Safety Manual57. 环保要求(Environmental Requirements) Environmental Requirements58. 能耗(Energy Consumption) Energy Consumption59. 自动化(Automation) Automation60. 信息化(Informatization) Informatization这些词汇在化工装置的日常操作、维护和管理中扮演着重要角色。
腐蚀控制工程生命周期通用要求1 范围本标准规定了腐蚀控制工程生命周期中各控制要素的通用要求。
本标准适用于各类型的腐蚀控制工程生命周期中有关活动的管理。
2 术语和定义下列术语和定义适用于本文件。
2.1腐蚀控制工程生命周期 corrosion control engineering life cycle被保护对象从基于材料和保护措施的最初设计和开发到施工、检验、评估、使用、维护、报废的整个过程。
2.2腐蚀源 corrosion source造成或引起腐蚀的各种因素的总称。
3 总则3.1 腐蚀控制工程生命周期通用要求应贯穿于整个腐蚀控制工程生命周期过程,对腐蚀控制工程生命周期内的目标、腐蚀源、工况条件、材料、技术、开发、设计、制造、施工与安装、装卸贮存和运输、调试、验收、运行、测试检验、维护保养、维修、延寿、报废、文件和记录、资源、评估等要素做出规定,满足整体性、系统性、相互协调优化性的原则,实现安全、经济和长生命周期运行的目标。
3.2 腐蚀控制工程生命周期的通用要求的实施,应以各要素为对象,制定或选用相应的具体技术标准和规范。
3.3 在腐蚀控制工程生命周期内,应针对计划、实施、检查、行动等过程,建立管理体系,并有效执行和持续改进,以实现对腐蚀过程的整体控制,如图1所示。
4 目标4.1 腐蚀控制工程应确保整体工程生命周期内各要素实现整体性、系统性、相互协调优化性,使腐蚀得到有效控制,符合安全、经济、长生命周期运行的目标。
4.2 腐蚀控制工程目标应分解落实到生命周期内各要素中,符合安全、质量和环境要求。
同时,在生命周期的各个环节中得以沟通、实施和保持,并对其持续适宜性进行评审和改进。
4.3 相互协调和优化腐蚀控制工程生命周期内的各要素,使腐蚀控制工程生命周期与被保护主体工程的生命周期相适应。
可维修或更换的材料和设备的使用寿命可短于主体工程的生命周期;不可维修和更换的材料和设备使用寿命应与主体工程生命周期一致。
1、加速腐蚀试验accelerated corriosion test2、加速氧化accelerated oxidation3、酸洗acid cleaning4、酸洗清洁剂acid picking5、酸洗清洁剂acidic cleaner6、酸度acidity7、活化activity8、激化能activation energy9、活化极化activation polarization10、活化剂activator11、活性的,活化的active12、活化金属active metals13、活化-钝化电池active-passive cell14、活性区,活化区active zone15、活度activity16、优级海军黄铜admiralty brass17、充气aeration18、充气电池aeration cell19、嗜氧菌aerobic bacteria20、老化aging21、老化作用aging action22、大气污染air pollution23、周浸试验alternate immersion test24、厌氧菌anaerobic bacteria25、厌氧菌腐蚀anaerobic corrosion26、阴离子anion27、阳极anode28、阳极极化anodic polarization29、阳极电流密度anodic current density30、阳极氧化物膜anodic oxide coating31、阳极保护anodic protection32、阳极区电解质anolyte33、耐侯性低合金钢anti-weathering low alloy steel34、外加电位applied potential35、水溶液腐蚀aqueous corrosion36、人造海水artificial seawater37、大气暴露试验atmospheric exposure test38、大气腐蚀atmospheric corrosion39、奥氏体不锈钢austenitic stainless steel40、辅助电极auxiliary electrode41、细菌腐蚀bacteria corrosion42、贱金属base metal43、双金属腐蚀bimetallic corrosion44、甘汞电极calomel electrode45、甘汞电极电位calomel electrode potential46、碳化carburizing47、阴极cathode48、阴极保护cathodic protection49、阴极极化cathodic polarization50、阴极电流密度cathodic current density51、阴极电流效率cathodic current efficiency52、阴极区电解质catholyte53、阳离子cation54、碱脆caustic embrittlement55、空泡作用cavitation56、空泡腐蚀cavitation corrosion57、空泡损伤cavitation damage58、空泡磨蚀cavitation erosion59、电池cell60、渗镀,渗碳cementation61、化学清洗chemical cleaning62、化学转化涂层chemical conversion coating63、化学钝化chemical passivation64、化学镀chemical(electroless)plating65、铬酸盐处理(铬化)chromating66、清洗液cleaning solution67、浓差电池concentration cell68、接触腐蚀contact corrosion69、转换涂层conversion coating70、恒变形constant deflection71、恒载荷constant load72、腐蚀corrosion73、腐蚀-磨蚀corrosion-erosion74、腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue75、腐蚀电位corrosion potential76、腐蚀控制corrosion control77、腐蚀电流corrosion current78、腐蚀电流密度corrosion current density79、腐蚀疲劳开裂corrosion fatigue cracking80、腐蚀疲劳极限corrosion fatigue limit81、腐蚀产物corrosion product82、腐蚀速率corrosion rate83、腐蚀科学corrosion science84、腐蚀试验corrosion test85、腐蚀失重corrosion weight loss86、腐蚀增重corrosion weight gain87、电偶couple88、电偶作用couple action89、开裂cracking90、龟裂crazing91、缝隙腐蚀crevice corrosion92、临界阳极电流密度critical anodic current density93、临界浓度critical concentration94、临界湿度critical humidity95、晶体crystal96、辅助电极counter electrode97、电流密度current density98、去活化作用deactivation99、脱合金元素作用dealloying100、脱铝dealuminization101、去气deaeration102、缺陷defect103、脱脂degreasing104、去矿化物质demineralization105、去极化depolarization106、腐蚀深度depth of corrosion107、沉积物腐蚀deposit corrosion108、脱锌dezincification109、扩散diffusion110、扩散电位diffusion potential111、差异充气电池differential aeration cell112、极限扩散电流密度diffusion limited current density 113、电流electric current114、电位electric potential115、电化学电池electrochemical cell116、电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion117、电化学当量electrochemical equivalent118、电极electrode119、电极电位electrode potential120、电极反应electrode reaction121、电解质electrolyte122、电解electrolysis123、电解清洗electrolytic cleaning124、电动序electromotive force(Emf)series125、负电性电位electropositive potential126、电泳沉积electrophoretic deposition127、电镀electroplating128、正电性电位electropositive potential129、静电喷涂层electrostatic coating130、脆化embrittlement131、磨耗erosion132、磨耗腐蚀(或冲击腐蚀)erosion-corrosion133、平衡电位equilibrium potential134、腐蚀极化图Evans diagram135、剥蚀exfoliation corrosion136、交换电流密度exchange current density 137、暴露实验exposure test138、疲劳fatigue139、铁素体ferrite140、铁素体不锈钢ferrite stainless steel 141、丝状腐蚀filiform corrosion142、弗拉德电位Flade potential143、剥层腐蚀foliation144、膜film145、微动腐蚀fretting corrosion146、燃灰腐蚀fuel ash corrosion147、电偶作用galvanic action148、伽法尼电池galvanic cell149、电偶腐蚀galvanic corrosion150、电偶对galvanic couple151、电偶序galvanic series152、热镀锌galvanizing153、恒电流的galvanoststatic154、普遍(全面)腐蚀general corrosion 155、晶界裂纹grain boundary crack156、晶粒grain157、石墨化腐蚀graphitic corrosion158、重量法gravimetric methods159、绿锈green rot160、哈氏合金hastelloy161、热影响区heat affected zone(HAZ)162、耐热钢heat resistant steel163、热处理heat treatment164、高温腐蚀high temperature corrosion 165、热腐蚀hot corrosion166、热镀铝hot-dip alumizing167、湿度humidity168、氢腐蚀hydrogen attack169、氢鼓泡hydrogen blistering170、氢损伤hydrogen damage171、氢电极hydrogen electrode172、氢脆hydrogen embrittlement173、氢致开裂hydrogen induced cracking 174、氢超电压hydrogen overvoltage175、氢标hydrogen scale176、浸泡实验immersion test177、冲蚀impingement corrosion178、因科乃尔Inconel179、因科罗Incoloy180、工业大气industrial atmosphere181、缓蚀剂inhibitor182、晶间裂纹intergranular crack183、不溶性阳极insoluble anode184、晶间腐蚀intergranular corrosion185、延晶应力腐蚀断裂intergranular stress corrosion cracking 186、内氧化interal oxidation187、内应力interal stress188、例子浓差电池ion concentration cell189、离子ion190、离子注入ion implantation191、刀线腐蚀knife-line corrosion192、激光釉化laser glazing193、层状腐蚀layer corrosion194、晶格缺陷lattic defect195、液态金属腐蚀liquid metal corrosion196、局部作用local action197、局部电池local cell198、局部腐蚀local corrosion199、海洋腐蚀marine corrosion200、马氏体martensite201、马氏体不锈钢martensitic stainless steel202、力学性能mechanical property203、金属离子浓差电池metal ion concentration cell204、金属喷镀metal spray205、金属镀层metallic coating206、微生物腐蚀microbiological corrosion207、金属粉化metal dusting208、混合电位mixed potential209、轧制铁鳞mill scale210、贵金属noble metal211、海军黄铜navy brass212、贵电位noble potential213、非金属涂层nonmetallic coating214、氮化nitriding215、过电位overpotential216、氧化oxidation217、开路电位open circuit potential218、氧化-还原电位oxidation-reduction potential219、氧化物oxide220、氧化膜oxide film221、氧浓差电池oxygen concentration cell222、钝化passivation223、钝化剂passivator224、钝化-活化电池passive-active cell225、钝化的,钝性的passive226、铜绿patina227、酸度计pH indicator,acidometer228、磷酸盐处理phosphating229、酸洗液pickling solution230、蚀孔pit231、点蚀pitting232、点蚀击穿电位pitting breakdown potential233、点蚀系数pitting factor234、点蚀电位pitting potential235、极化polarization236、动电位potential dynamic(potentiokinetic)237、恒电位仪potentiostat238、恒电位potentisostic239、电位-pH图Pourbaix diagram,potential-pH diagram 240、底涂层prime coat241、保护电位protective potential242、氧化-还原电位redox potential243、还原reduction244、参比电极reference electrode245、相对湿度relative humidity246、残余内应力residua interal stress247、铁锈rust248、防锈油rust preventive oil249、牺牲阳极保护sacrifice anode protection250、盐水喷雾试验salt spray test251、喷砂sand blasting252、饱和甘汞电极saturated calomel electrode(SCE)253、氧化皮scale254、季裂season cracking255、选择性腐蚀selective corrosion256、选择性氧化selective oxidation257、自钝化self passivation258、敏化热处理sensitizing heat treatment259、喷丸shot peening260、银-氯化银电极silver-sliver chloride electrode 261、慢应变速率slow strain rate262、土壤腐蚀soil corrosion263、剥离spalling264、不锈钢stainless steel265、标准电极电位standard electrode potential266、标准氢电极standard hydrogen electrode267、应变能strain energy268、杂散电流腐蚀stray current corrosion269、应力场强度因子stress intensity factor270、应力腐蚀断裂stress corrosion cracking(SCC)271、硫化sulfidation272、表面氧化surface oxidation273、表面处理surface treatment274、皮下腐蚀subsurface corrosion275、塔菲尔斜率Tafel slope276、失泽tarnish277、抗拉强度tensile strength278、热偶腐蚀thermogalvanic corrosion279、热力学thermodynamics280、结瘤腐蚀tuberculation281、穿晶腐蚀transgranular corrosion282、穿晶应力腐蚀断裂transgranular stress corrosion cracking 283、过钝化transpassive284、膜下腐蚀underfilm corrosion285、均匀腐蚀umiform corrosion286、水线腐蚀waterline corrosion287、焊接腐蚀weld decay288、湿度humidity289、工作电极working electrode290、291、292、。
材料腐蚀与防护英文介绍范文Title: Introduction to Material Corrosion and Protection.Corrosion is a naturally occurring process that involves the deterioration of materials, typically metals, due to their reaction with their environment. This reaction can lead to significant loss of material properties, such as strength, durability, and appearance, ultimately affecting the performance and lifespan of structures and components. Corrosion is a widespread problem, affecting everything from automotive parts to pipelines and bridges, and it is essential to understand both the mechanisms of corrosion and the various methods available for preventing or mitigating its effects.The primary cause of corrosion is the electrochemical reaction that occurs between a metal and its surrounding environment. This reaction typically involves the metal losing electrons to oxygen or other oxidizing agents in theenvironment, resulting in the formation of oxides or other compounds on the metal's surface. The rate and severity of corrosion can be influenced by several factors, including the type of metal, its purity, the presence of alloys or impurities, the moisture content and pH of the environment, and the temperature.There are several types of corrosion, each with its own unique characteristics and mechanisms. One common type is uniform corrosion, which affects the entire surface of a metal uniformly. This type of corrosion is generally less severe than others, as it does not concentrate on specific areas of the metal. Another type is galvanic corrosion, which occurs when two different metals are in contact with each other and an electrolyte, such as water or saltwater. In this case, one metal acts as an anode and corrodes while the other serves as a cathode and remains intact.To combat the effects of corrosion, various protection methods have been developed. One common approach is the use of coatings, which can be applied to the surface of a metal to protect it from exposure to corrosive agents. Coatingscan be made from a variety of materials, including paints, oils, and varnishes, and they can provide both physical and chemical barriers against corrosion. Another common protection method is the use of sacrificial anodes, which are metals that are more susceptible to corrosion than the metal they are protecting. When placed in contact with the metal to be protected, the sacrificial anode corrodes instead, thus sacrificing itself to protect the other metal.In addition to these passive protection methods, active corrosion control techniques are also available. These techniques involve the use of electric current to either prevent or reverse the corrosion process. One example is cathodic protection, which involves the application of a direct current to the metal to be protected. This current forces the metal to act as the cathode in the electrochemical reaction, thus preventing corrosion.Another active technique is impressed current cathodic protection, which uses an external power source to provide the necessary current.The choice of corrosion protection method depends on avariety of factors, including the type of metal, the environment it is exposed to, and the level of protection required. In some cases, a combination of different protection methods may be necessary to achieve the desired results.In conclusion, corrosion is a significant problem that can have a significant impact on the performance and lifespan of materials and structures. Understanding the mechanisms of corrosion and the various protection methods available is essential for preventing or mitigating its effects. By implementing effective corrosion control strategies, it is possible to extend the useful life of materials and reduce the associated costs of repair and replacement.。
第四章 裂化轻质烃回收装置学习目的完成本章学习后,你将能够做到:•叙述裂化轻质烃回收(CLER)工艺•识别裂化轻质烃回收装置中所用的结构材料以及选择它们的理由•识别裂化轻质烃回收装置中存在的腐蚀剂,并叙述它们可能造成的破坏类型•讨论有效防止裂化轻质烃回收装置中腐蚀的腐蚀控制措施裂化轻质烃回收装置工艺说明裂化轻质烃回收装置(CLER)加工来自流化催化裂化装置(FCCU)的主分馏塔的塔顶系统或者生产裂化组分的类似装置的流体。
目的是回收丙烷和更重的组分,并分离出轻沸点馏分。
图4.1是裂化轻质烃回收装置的工艺流程图。
来自流化催化裂化装置的主分馏塔的气体被冷凝收集起来,并与轻质裂化粗汽油和废气分离。
然后,来自主分馏塔回流罐的废气经过一级或多级压缩和冷却。
液态烃凝液送进汽提塔(脱乙烷塔),而剩余的未被压缩的气体一般送进吸收塔。
在许多事例,这些设备组合成一个塔结构。
脱乙烷塔除去燃料气组分(C1s和C2s)。
吸收塔用来自主分馏塔回流罐的低温冷凝液(不稳定汽油)作为贫油来吸收剩余的C3s和更重的组分,并使燃料气组分向上进入塔顶系统。
这样得到的富油与来自脱乙烷塔的汽提的冷凝液汇合,再送进脱丁烷塔和脱丙烷塔(或者粗汽油裂解装置)。
这些塔把流体分离成丙烷、丁烷、轻质裂化粗汽油、重质裂化粗汽油。
图4.1 裂化轻质烃回收装置结构材料包括管道在内,裂化轻质烃回收装置中所有部件,一般都是用碳钢(CS)制造的。
之所以能够使用碳钢,因为基本上烃流体温度低于150ºC(300ºF),当碳钢暴露在含有二硫化铵的含硫污水中时,碳钢表面会生成一层硫化物保护膜。
分馏塔内部构件两侧都发生腐蚀而变得越来越薄,所以,一般用405或410S不锈钢制造。
塔顶冷凝器和压缩机后冷器的管子能够采用海军黄铜、合金400(UNS NO4400)、双相不锈钢或钛钢,材料选择取决于冷却水的腐蚀性强弱。
近几年,已经采用特种抗氢致开裂钢减缓氢致破坏。
Plating, painting, and the application of enamel are the most common anti-corrosion treatments.电镀、绘画和搪瓷的应用是最常见的防腐处理。
They work by providing a barrier of corrosion-resistant material between the damaging environment and the structural material.他们通过提供一个工作障碍之间的耐蚀材料破坏环境和结构材料。
Aside from cosmetic and manufacturing issues, there are tradeoffs in mechanical flexibility versus resistance to abrasion and high temperature.除了化妆品和制造问题,有权衡机械灵活性和耐磨损和高温。
Platings usually fail only in small sections, and if the plating is more noble than the substrate (for example, chromium on steel), a galvanic couple will cause any exposed area to corrode much more rapidly than an unplated surface would.电镀失败通常只在小的部分,如果镀层比基质更高贵的(例如,钢铬),电偶会造成任何暴露面积比未镀过的表面会腐蚀更快。
For this reason, it is often wise to plate with a more active metal such as zinc or cadmium.出于这个原因,它通常与一个更明智的板块活跃的金属锌或镉等。
Painting either by roller or brush is more desirable for tight spaces;出于这个原因,它通常与一个更明智的板块活跃的金属锌或镉等。
spray would be better for larger coating areas such as steel decks and waterfront applications.喷雾会更好更大的涂层钢甲板和海滨等领域的应用。
Flexible polyurethane coatings, like Durabak-M26 for example, can provide an anti-corrosive seal with a highly durable slip resistant membrane.灵活的聚氨酯涂料,例如Durabak-M26,可以提供一个高度耐用耐滑动膜防腐密封。
Painted coatings are relatively easy to apply and have fast drying times although temperature and humidity may cause dry times to vary.油漆涂料是比较容易使用,并具有快速干燥时间,虽然温度和湿度可能会导致干燥时间变化。
the environment is controlled (especially in recirculating systems), corrosion inhibitors can often be added to it.环境控制(特别是在循环系统),腐蚀抑制剂通常可以被添加到它。
These chemicals form an electrically insulating or chemically impermeable coating on exposed metal surfaces, to suppress electrochemical reactions.这些化学物质在暴露的金属表面形成一种电绝缘或化学渗透涂层,以抑制电化学反应。
Such methods make the system less sensitive to scratches or defects in the coating, since extra inhibitors can be made available wherever metal becomes exposed.这种方法使系统不太敏感,在涂层中的划痕或缺陷,因为额外的抑制剂可以使金属变得暴露在任何地方。
Chemicals that inhibit corrosion include some of the salts in hard water (Roman water systems are famous for their mineral deposits), chromates, phosphates, polyaniline, other conducting polymers and a wide range of specially-designed chemicals that resemble surfactants (i.e. long-chain organic molecules with ionic end groups).抑制腐蚀的化学物质包括在硬水中的盐类(罗马水系统的矿物是著名)、铬酸盐、磷酸盐、聚苯胺等导电聚合物,及一系列专门设计的化学物质,类似于表面活性剂(即长链有机分子与离子端基)。
Aluminium alloys often undergo a surface treatment.铝合金经常进行表面处理。
Electrochemical conditions in the bath are carefully adjusted so that uniform pores, several nanometers wide, appear in the metal's oxide film.在镀液中的电化学条件经过仔细调节,使均匀的孔隙,几纳米宽,出现在金属的氧化物膜。
These pores allow the oxide to grow much thicker than passivating conditions would allow.这些孔允许氧化生长比钝化条件允许厚得多。
At the end of the treatment, the pores are allowed to seal, forming a harder-than-usual surface layer.在治疗结束时,毛孔被允许密封,形成一个比通常的表面层更难。
If this coating is scratched, normal passivation processes take over to protect the damaged area.如果该涂层被刮伤,正常的钝化处理可以保护受损区域。
Anodizing is very resilient to weathering and corrosion, so it is commonly used for building facades and other areas where the surface will come into regular contact with the elements.阳极氧化是风化和腐蚀很有弹性,所以它通常用于建筑外墙和其他领域的表面会在接触到的元素经常接触。
While being resilient, it must be cleaned frequently.虽然是弹性的,它必须经常清洗。
If left without cleaning, panel edge staining will naturally occur.如果没有清洗,面板边缘染色自然会发生。
A new form of protection has been developed by applying certain species of bacterial films to the surface of metals in highly corrosive environments.在高腐蚀环境中,将某些细菌膜应用于金属表面,开发了一种新型的保护形式。
This process increases the corrosion resistance substantially.这个过程大大提高了耐蚀性。
Alternatively, antimicrobial-producing biofilms can be used to inhibit mild steel corrosion from sulfate-reducing bacteria.另外,抗菌药物生产的生物膜可以用来抑制低碳钢腐蚀硫酸盐还原菌。
Cathodic protection (CP) is a technique to control the corrosion of a metal surface by making that surface the cathode of an electrochemical cell.阴极保护是一种通过使电化学电池的阴极表面使金属表面的腐蚀的技术来控制金属表面的腐蚀的方法。
Cathodic protection systems are most commonly used to protect steel, and pipelines and tanks;阴极保护系统是最常用的保护钢,管道和坦克;steel pier piles, ships, and offshore oil platforms.钢制码头,船舶,海上石油平台。
For effective CP, the potential of the steel surface is polarized (pushed) more negative until the metal surface has a uniform potential.对于有效的处长,钢表面的电位极化(推)更负,直到金属表面具有一个统一的潜力。
With a uniform potential, the driving force for the corrosion reaction is halted.具有均匀的电位,腐蚀反应的驱动力被停止。