国际商务 查尔斯W.L.希尔 第七版 原版官方PPTChap004
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查尔斯.希尔《国际商务》课件Chap007 Foreign Direct Investment
7.2 Theories Of Foreign Direct Investment
Why do firms invest rather than use exporting or licensing to enter foreign markets? Why do firms from the same industry undertake FDI at the same time? How can the pattern of foreign direct investment flows be explained?
7.1.3 The Source Of FDI
Since World War II, the U.S. has been the largest source country for FDI The United Kingdom, the Netherlands, France, Germany, and Japan are other important source countries
Introduction
Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a firm invests directly in new facilities to produce and/or market in a foreign country Once a firm undertakes FDI it becomes a multinational enterprise FDI can be: greenfield investments - the establishment of a wholly new operation in a foreign country acquisitions or mergers with existing firms in the foreign country
国际商务 查尔斯w.l.希尔 第七版 原版官方pptchap009
9-11
The Nature Of The Foreign Exchange Market
·High-speed computer linkages between trading centers around the globe have effectively created a single market— there is no significant difference between exchange rates quotes in the differing trading centers · I f exchange rates quoted in different markets were not essentially the same, there would be an opportunity for arbitrage (the process of buying a currency low and selling it high), and the gap would close ·Most transactions involve dollars on one side— it is a vehicle currency along with the euro, the Japanese yen, and the British pound
Introduction
·A firm ’ s sales, profits, and strategy are affected by events in the foreign exchange market ·The foreign exchange market is a market for converting the currency of one country into that of another country · The exchange rate is the rate at which one currency is converted into another
The Nature Of The Foreign Exchange Market
·High-speed computer linkages between trading centers around the globe have effectively created a single market— there is no significant difference between exchange rates quotes in the differing trading centers · I f exchange rates quoted in different markets were not essentially the same, there would be an opportunity for arbitrage (the process of buying a currency low and selling it high), and the gap would close ·Most transactions involve dollars on one side— it is a vehicle currency along with the euro, the Japanese yen, and the British pound
Introduction
·A firm ’ s sales, profits, and strategy are affected by events in the foreign exchange market ·The foreign exchange market is a market for converting the currency of one country into that of another country · The exchange rate is the rate at which one currency is converted into another
国际商务——希尔英文PPT04
Introduction
❖Ethics refers to accepted principles of right or wrong that govern the conduct of a person, the members of a profession, or the actions of an organization ❖Business ethics are the accepted principles of right or wrong governing the conduct of business people ❖Ethical strategy is a strategy, or course of action, that does not violate these accepted principles
4-4
Employment Practices
If work conditions in a host nation are clearly inferior to those in a multinational’s home nation, should companies apply: ❖home country standards ❖host country standards ❖something in between
4-3
Ethical Issues In InLeabharlann ernational Business
The most common ethical issues in business involve: ❖employment practices ❖human rights ❖environmental regulations ❖corruption ❖the moral obligation of multinational companies
国际商务 查尔斯W.L.希尔 第七版 原版官方PPTChap010
10-14
The Role Of The Worldalled the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
There are two ways to borrow from the World Bank: 1. under the IBRD scheme, money is raised through bond sales in the international capital market ❖ borrowers pay what the bank calls a market rate of interest - the bank's cost of funds plus a margin for expenses. 2. through the International Development Agency, an arm of the bank created in 1960 ❖ IDA loans go only to the poorest countries
❖ the World Bank to promote general economic development
10-12
The Role Of The IMF
❖The IMF was charged with executing the main goal of the Bretton Woods agreement - avoiding a repetition of the chaos that occurred between the wars through a combination of discipline and flexibility
The Role Of The Worldalled the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
There are two ways to borrow from the World Bank: 1. under the IBRD scheme, money is raised through bond sales in the international capital market ❖ borrowers pay what the bank calls a market rate of interest - the bank's cost of funds plus a margin for expenses. 2. through the International Development Agency, an arm of the bank created in 1960 ❖ IDA loans go only to the poorest countries
❖ the World Bank to promote general economic development
10-12
The Role Of The IMF
❖The IMF was charged with executing the main goal of the Bretton Woods agreement - avoiding a repetition of the chaos that occurred between the wars through a combination of discipline and flexibility
查尔斯.希尔 《国际商务》课件Chap001 Globalization
1-14
The Emergence Of Global Institutions
G20 The Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors (also known as G20, and Group of Twenty) is a group of finance ministers and central bank governors from 20 major economies: 19 countries plus the European Union, which is represented by the President of the European Council and by the European Central Bank. The G-20 heads of government or heads of state have also periodically conferred at summits since their initial meeting in 2008. Collectively, the G-20 economies account for around 85% of the gross world product (GWP), 80% ofworld trade (or if excluding EU intra-trade: 75%), and two-thirds of the world population.
1-6
1.1.2 The Globalization Of Production
The globalization of production refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production like land, labor, and capital Companies compete more effectively by lowering their overall cost structure or improving the quality or functionality of their product offering
国际商务PPT第七章
trade policy can also be used to punish rogue states the Helms-Burton Act and the D’Amato Act, have been passed to protect American companies from such actions
7-7
How Do Governments Intervene In Markets?
4. Voluntary Export Restraints - quotas on trade imposed by the exporting country, typically at the request of the importing country’s government
5. Local Content Requirements - demand that some specific fraction of a good be produced domestically
benefit domestic producers consumers face higher prices
6. Administrative Policies - bureaucratic rules designed to make it difficult for imports to enter a country
polices hurt consumers by limiting choice
aerospace or semiconductors
7-13
What Are The Political Arguments For Government Intervention?
7-7
How Do Governments Intervene In Markets?
4. Voluntary Export Restraints - quotas on trade imposed by the exporting country, typically at the request of the importing country’s government
5. Local Content Requirements - demand that some specific fraction of a good be produced domestically
benefit domestic producers consumers face higher prices
6. Administrative Policies - bureaucratic rules designed to make it difficult for imports to enter a country
polices hurt consumers by limiting choice
aerospace or semiconductors
7-13
What Are The Political Arguments For Government Intervention?
《国际商务希尔》
2-12
Classroom Performance System
A form of government in which one person or political party exercises complete control over all spheres of human life and prohibits opposing political parties is a) a democracy b) a representative democracy c) totalitarianism d) socialism
In the early 20th century, socialism split into: ❖Communism – socialism can only be achieved through violent revolution and totalitarian dictatorship ❖Social democrats – socialism is achieved through democratic means
International Business 7e
by Charles W.L. Hill
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 2
National Differences in Political Economy
There are three types of economic systems: ❖market economies ❖command economies ❖mixed economies
Classroom Performance System
A form of government in which one person or political party exercises complete control over all spheres of human life and prohibits opposing political parties is a) a democracy b) a representative democracy c) totalitarianism d) socialism
In the early 20th century, socialism split into: ❖Communism – socialism can only be achieved through violent revolution and totalitarian dictatorship ❖Social democrats – socialism is achieved through democratic means
International Business 7e
by Charles W.L. Hill
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 2
National Differences in Political Economy
There are three types of economic systems: ❖market economies ❖command economies ❖mixed economies
国际商务 查尔斯W.L.希尔 第七版 原版官方PPT Chap002
2-6
Classroom Performance System
A political system that stresses the primacy of collective goals over individual goals is called a) individualism b) collectivism c) a democracy d) a market economy
2-13
Democracy And Totalitarianism
There are four major forms of totalitarianism: Communist totalitarianism – found in states where the communist party monopolizes power Theocratic totalitarianism - found in states where political power is monopolized by a party, group, or individual that governs according to religious principles Tribal totalitarianism - found in states where a political party that represents the interests of a particular tribe monopolizes power Right-wing totalitarianism - permits some individual economic freedom, but restricts individual political freedom
当代全球商务第七版配套ppt课件
Global Business Today 7e
by Charles W.L. Hill
Chapter 11
The Strategy of International Business
Introduction
Question: What actions can managers take to compete more effectively in a global economy?
effectively
3 . Realize greater cost economies from experience
effects by serving an expanded global market from a
central location,
thereby reducing the costs of value
Organizational structure the formal division of the organization into subunits the location of decision- making responsibilities within that structure the establishment of integrating mechanisms to coordinate the activities of subunits including cross functional teams and or pan- regional committees
Strategy and the Firm
Question: What is strategy?
Answer:
A firm’ s strategy can be defined as the actions that
by Charles W.L. Hill
Chapter 11
The Strategy of International Business
Introduction
Question: What actions can managers take to compete more effectively in a global economy?
effectively
3 . Realize greater cost economies from experience
effects by serving an expanded global market from a
central location,
thereby reducing the costs of value
Organizational structure the formal division of the organization into subunits the location of decision- making responsibilities within that structure the establishment of integrating mechanisms to coordinate the activities of subunits including cross functional teams and or pan- regional committees
Strategy and the Firm
Question: What is strategy?
Answer:
A firm’ s strategy can be defined as the actions that
国际商务——希尔英文PPT01
1-16
Declining Trade And Investment Barriers
International trade occurs when a firm exports goods or services to consumers in another country Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a firm invests resources in business activities outside its home country After World War II, advanced countries made a commitment to lower barriers to trade and investment Since 1950, average tariffs have fallen significantly and are now at about 4% Countries have also been opening markets to FDI
1-9
The Emergence Of Global Institutions
Institutions are needed to: help manage, regulate, and police the global marketplace promote the establishment of multinational treaties to govern the global business system
1-5
Classroom Performance System
The shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy is referred to as a) economic integration b) economic interdependency c) globalization d) internationalization
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Introduction
Ethics refers to accepted principles of right or wrong that govern the conduct of a person, the members of a profession, or the actions of an organization Business ethics are the accepted principles of right or wrong governing the conduct of business people Ethical strategy is a strategy, or course of action, that does not violate these accepted principles
4-12
The Roots Of Unethical Behavior
There is no clear cut reason why managers behave unethically The causes of unethical behavior are complex and reflect: Personal ethics Decision-making processes Leadership Unrealistic performance expectations Organizational culture
4-16
Decision Making Processes
People may behave unethically because they rely on economic analysis when making decisions and fail to ask the relevant question: Is this decision or action ethical?
4-3
Ethical Issues In International Business
The most common ethical issues in business involve: employment practices human rights environmental regulations corruption the moral obligation of multinational companies
4-8
Corruption
Some economists believe that in a country where preexisting political structures distort or limit the workings of the market mechanism, corruption in the form of blackmarketeering, smuggling, and side payments to government bureaucrats to “speed up” approval for business investments may actually enhance welfare Other economists have argued that corruption reduces the returns on business investment and leads to low economic growth
4-11
Ethical Dilemmas
Ethical dilemmas are situations in which none of the available alternatives seems ethically acceptable The ethical obligations of a multinational corporation toward employment conditions, human rights, corruption, environmental pollution, and the use of power are not always clear cut
4-6
Environmental Pollution
Ethical issues arise when environmental regulations in host nations are far inferior to those in the home nation Environmental questions take on added importance because some parts of the environment are a public good that no one owns, but anyone can despoil The tragedy of the commons occurs when a resource held in common by all, but owned by no one, is overused by individuals, resulting in its degradation
4-15
Personal Ethics
Personal ethics (the generally accepted principles of right and wrong governing the conduct of individuals) influence business ethics Expatriates may face pressure to violate their personal ethics because they are away from their ordinary social context and supporting culture, and they are psychologically and geographically distant from the parent company
4-9
Moral Obligations
Social responsibility refers to the idea that business people should take the social consequences of economic actions into account when making business decisions, and that there should be a presumption in favor of decisions that have both good economic and good social consequences Social responsibility can be supported for its own sake simply because it is the right way for a business to behave Advocates argue that businesses need to recognize their noblesse oblige (honorable and benevolent behavior that is the responsibility of successful companies) and give something back to the societies that have made their success possible
4-5
Human Rights
In developed countries, basic human rights such as freedom of association, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom of movement, are taken for granted In other countries, these rights may not exist
4-4
Employment Practices
If work conditions in a host nation are clearly inferior to those in a multinational’s home nation, should companies apply: home country standards host country standards something in between
4-13
The Roots Of Unethical Behavior
Figure 4.1: Determinants of Ethical Behavior
4-14
Classroom Performance System
All of the following except ____ contribute to unethical behavior by international managers. a) Decision-making processes b) Leadership c) Personal ethics d) National culture
4-17
Organizational Culture
Organization culture refers to the values and norms that are shared among employees of an organization In firms with an organization culture that does not emphasize business culture, unethical behavior may exist