船舶避碰序言

船舶避碰与信号内河避碰规则一般定义船舶避碰是指在水上航行中，遇到其他船只时，需要根据一定的规则和信号进行避碰操作，以确保船舶之间的安全和顺利通行。

内河避碰规则是特定于内河水域的避碰规则，根据内河交通特点和船舶数量的不同制定，以保障内河航行的安全和顺畅。

以下是一般定义的内河避碰规则。

一、航行信号1.船舶在内河水域航行时，应当根据天候、能见度和水域状况发出适当的常规信号，以提醒其他船舶自己的航行意图和状态。

2.船舶在夜间航行时，应当展示适当的航行灯光信号，包括导航灯(船头红灯、船尾绿灯)、瞭望灯、搜寻灯等，以便其他船舶能够辨认和判断船舶的位置和航行方向。

二、遇到其他船舶的情况1.当两艘船舶相交时，应当根据内河避碰规则确定让道和让行的义务。

2.根据规定，遇到其他船舶时，如果两船的航向相反或近似相反，并且距离较近，应当由右舷让道；如果两船的航向相同或近似相同，并且距离较近，应当向左让道。

3.当船舶遇到搁浅或者失控状态的船只时，应当尽力避免与之相撞，并向港务管理部门报告。

三、超越其他船舶1.当船舶超越另一艘船舶时，应当确保有足够安全距离，并在超过前发出合适的信号通知对方船舶。

2.超越时，应当避免离开自己原定航线过远，以免影响与其他船舶的交会和通行。

四、停泊和锚泊1.船舶在内河水域进行停泊或锚泊时，应当选择合适的位置，并展示适当的灯光和信号，以提示其他船舶注意避让。

2.停泊或锚泊的船舶应当放置足够的锚链和锚灯，并在必要时使用辅助锚和锚标，以确保船只稳定和明显可见。

五、非机动船舶避碰1.机动船舶在遇到非机动船舶时，应当优先避让，保持足够的安全距离。

2.非机动船舶在遇到机动船舶时，应当避免阻碍其航行，并及时发出相应的信号，以通知机动船舶自己的位置和航行意图。

六、特殊情况1.在特殊情况下，如遇到水雾、暴雨、强风等恶劣天气，船舶应当根据能见度和水域实际情况，采取适当的行动，保证航行安全。

2.在船舶遇到突发情况或危险时，应当立即发出求救信号，并采取必要的避险措施，以确保船员生命安全和船舶不受严重损坏。

1972 年国际海上避碰规则INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FORPREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA,1972（第 1- 19 条）第一章总则Part A –General第一条Rule 1适用范围Application1本规则条款适用于公海和连接于公海而可供海船航行的所有水域中的所有船舶。

(a)These Rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and in allwaters connected therewith navigable by seagoing vessels.2本规则条款不阻挡有关主管机关为连接于公海而可供海船航行的任何港外锚地、江河、湖泊或内陆水道所拟定的特别规定的推行。

这种特别规定，应尽可能吻合本规则条款。

(b)Nothing in these Rules shall interfere in the operation of special rules made by an appropriate authority for roadsteads, harbors, rivers, lakes or inland waterways connected with the high seas and navigable by seagoing vessels. Such special rules shall conform as closely as possible to these Rules.3．本规则条款不阻挡各国政府为军舰及护航下的船舶所拟定的关于额外的队形灯、信号灯、号型或笛号，也许为结队从事捕鱼的渔船所拟定的关于额外的队形灯、信号灯或号型的任何特别规定的推行。

这些额外的队形灯、信号灯、号型或笛号，应尽可能不致被误认为本规则其他条则所规定的任何号灯、号型或信号。

1972国际海上避碰规则International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea第一章总则PARTA-GENERAL第一条适用范围Rule1 Application1.本规则条款适用于公海和连接于公海而可供海船航行的一切水域中的一切船舶。

These Rule shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected therewith navigable by seagoing vessels2.本规则条款不妨碍有关主管机关为连接于公海而可供海船航行的任何港外锚地、港口、江河、湖泊或内陆水道所制订的特殊规定的实施。

这种特殊规定，应尽可能符合本规则条款。

Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of special rules made by an appropriate authority for roadsteads, harbours, rivers, leaks or inland waterways connected with the high seas and navigable by seagoing vessels. Such special rules shall conform as closely as possible to these Rules.3.本规则条款不妨碍各国政府为军舰及护航下的船舶所制订的关于额外的队形灯、信号灯、号型或笛或者为结队从事捕鱼的渔船所制订的关于额外的队形灯、信号灯、号型的任何特殊规定的实施。

这些额外的队形灯、信号灯、号型或笛号，应尽可能不致被误认为本规则其他条文所规定的任何号灯、号型或信号。

Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of any special rules made by the Government of any State with respect to additional station or signal lights, shapes or whistle signals for ships of war and vessels proceeding under convoy, or with respect to additional station or signal lights or shapes for fishing vessels engaged in fishing as a fleet. These additional station or signal lights, shape or whistle signals shall, so far as possible, be such that they cannot be mistaken for any light, shape or signal authorized elsewhere under these Rules.4.为实施本规则，本组织可以采纳分道通航制。

1972年国际海上避碰规则之老阳三干创作INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FORPREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA,1972（第1- 19条）第一章总则 Part A – General第一条 Rule 1适用范围 Application1 本规则条款适用于公海和连接于公海而可供海船航行的一切水域中的一切船舶.(a)These Rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected therewith navigable by seagoing vessels.2本规则条款无妨害有关主管机关为连接于公海而可供海船航行的任何港外锚地、江河、湖泊或内陆水道所制订的特殊规定的实施.这种特殊规定,应尽可能合适本规则条款.(b)Nothing in these Rules shall interfere in the operation of special rules made by an appropriate authority for roadsteads, harbors, rivers, lakes or inland waterways connected with the high seas andnavigable by seagoing vessels. Such special rules shall conform as closely as possible to these Rules.3．本规则条款无妨害列国政府为军舰及护航下的船舶所制定的关于额定的队形灯、信号灯、号型或笛号,或者为结队从事打鱼的渔船所制定的关于额定的队形灯、信号灯或号型的任何特殊规定的实施.这些额定的队形灯、信号灯、号型或笛号,应尽可能不致被误认为本规则其他条文所规定的任何号灯、号型或信号.(c) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of any special rules made by the Government of any State with respect to additional station or signal lights or shapes or whistle signals for ships of war and vessels proceeding under convoy, or with respect to additional station or signal lights for fishing vessels fishing as a fleet. These additional station or signal lights or whistle signals shall, so far as possible, be such that they cannot be mistaken for any light, shape, or signal authorized elsewhere under these Rules.4．为实施本规则,本组织可以采取分道通航制.(d) Traffic separation schemes may be adopted by the Organization for the purpose of these Rules.5凡经有关政府确定,某种特殊机关或用途的船舶,如不克不及完全遵守本规则任何一条关于号灯或号型的数量、位置、能见距离或弧度以及声号设备的配置和特性的规定时,则应遵守其政府在号灯或号型的数量、位置、能见距离或弧度以及声号设备的配置和特性方面为之另行确定的尽可能合适本规则条款要求的规定. (e) Whenever the Government concerned shall have determined that a vessel of special construction or purpose cannot comply fully with the provisions of any of these Rules with respect to number, position, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signalling appliances, such vessel shall comply with such other provisions in regard to number, position, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signalling appliances, as her Government shall have determined to be the closest possible compliance with these Rules in respect to that vessel.第二条 Rule 2责任 Responsibility1．本规则条款其实难免除任何船舶或其所有人、船长或船员由于遵守本规则条款的任何疏忽,或者按海员通常做法或当时特殊情况所要求的任何戒备上的疏忽而产生的各类后果的责任.(a) Nothing in these Rules shall exonerate any vessel, orthe owner, master, or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to comply with these Rules or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case.2．在解释和遵行本规则条款时,应充分考虑一切航行和碰撞的危险以及包含当事船舶条件限制在内的任何特殊情况,这些危险和特殊情况可能需要叛变本规则条款以避免紧迫危险.(b) In construing and complying with these Rules due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision and to any special circumstances, including the limitations of the vessels involved, which may make a departure from these Rules necessary to avoid immediate danger.第三条 Rule 3一般定义 General Definitions除条文另有解释外,在本规则中：For the purpose of these Rules, except where the context otherwise requires:1“船舶”一词,指用作或者能够用作水上运输东西的各类水上船筏,包含非排水船筏和水上飞机.(a) The word "vessel" includes every description ofwatercraft, including non-displacement craft and seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water.2“机动船”一词,指用机器推进的任何船舶.(b) The term "power driven vessel" means any vessel propelled by machinery.3．“风帆”一词,指任何驶帆的船舶,如果装有推进器但不在使用.(c) The term "sailing vessel" means any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being used.4、“从事打鱼的船舶”一词,指使用网具、绳钓、拖网或其他使其把持性能受到限制的渔具打鱼的任何船舶,但不包含使用曳绳钓或其他其实不使其把持性能受到限制的渔具打鱼的船舶.(d) The term "vessel engaged in fishing" means any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls, or other fishing apparatus which restrict maneuverability, but does not include a vessel fishing with trolling lines or other fishing apparatus which do not restrict manageability.5“水上飞机”一词,包含为能在水面把持而设计的任何航空器. (e) The term "seaplane" includes any aircraft designed to maneuver on the water.6“失去控制的船舶”一词,指由于某种异常情况,不克不及按本规则条款的要求进行把持,因而不克不及给他船让路的船舶.(f) The term "vessel not under command" means a vessel which through some exceptional circumstance is unable to maneuver as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.7“把持能力受到限制的船舶”一词,指由于任务性质,使其按本规则条款的要求进行把持的能力受到限制,因而不克不及给他船让路的船舶.(g) The term "vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver" means a vessel which from the nature of her work is restricted in her ability to maneuver as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.“把持能力受到限制的船舶”一词应包含,但不限于下列船舶：The term "vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver" shall include but not be limited to:（1）从事敷设.维修或起捞助航标记、海底电缆或管道的船舶；(i) A vessel engaged in laying, servicing, or picking up a navigational mark, submarine cable or pipeline;（2）从事疏浚、丈量或水下作业的船舶；(ii) A vessel engaged in dredging, surveying orunderwater operations;（3）在航中从事补给或转运人员、食品或货物的船舶；(iii) A vessel engaged in replenishment or transferring persons, provisions or cargo while underway;（4）从事发放或回收航空器的船舶；(iv) A vessel engaged in the launching or recovery of aircraft;（5）从事清除水雷作业的船舶；(v) A vessel engaged in mineclearance operations;（6）从事拖带作业的船舶,而该项拖带作业使该拖船及其被拖物体驶离其航向的能力严重受到限制者.(vi) A vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vessel and her tow in their ability to deviate from their course.8“限于吃水的船舶”一词,指由于吃水与可航行水域的水深和宽度的关系,致使其驶离航向的能力严重地受到限制的机动船.(h) The term "vessel constrained by her draft" means a power-driven vessel which because of her draft in relation to the available depth and width of navigable water is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from the course she is following.9．“在航”一词,指船舶不在锚泊、系岸或搁浅.(i) The word "underway" means a vessel is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground.10．船舶的“长度”和“宽度”是指其总长度和最大宽度.(j) The words "length" and "breadth" of a vessel mean her length overall and greatest breadth.11 只有当一船能自他船以视觉看到时,才应认为两船是在互见中. (k) Vessels shall be deemed to be in sight of one another only when one can be observed visually from the other. 12．“能见度不良”一词,指任何由于雾、霾、下雪、狂风雨、沙暴或任何其他类似原因而使能见度受到限制的情况.(l) The term "restricted visibility" means any condition in which visibility is restricted by fog, mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms and any other similar causes.第二章驾驶和航行规则Part B - Steering and Sailing Rules第一节船舶在任何能见度情况下的行动规则Section I - Conduct of Vessels in any Condition ofVisibility第四条 Rule 4适用范围 Application本节条款适用于任何能见度的情况.Rules in this section apply to any condition of visibility.第五条 Rule 5了望 Look-out每一船在任何时候都应使用视觉、听觉以及适合当时环境和情况的一切有效手段坚持正规的了望,以便对局面和碰撞危险作出充分的估量.Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight as well as by hearing as well as by all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make a full appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.第六条 Rule 6平安航速 Safe Speed每一船在任何时候都应以平安航速行驶,以便能采纳适当而有效的避碰行动,并能在适合当时环境和情况的距离以内把船停住.Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions.在决定平安航速时,考虑的因素中应包含下列各点：In determining a safe speed the following factors shallbe among those taken into account:1．对所有船舶：(a)By all vessels:（1）能见度情况；(i)The state of visibility;（2）通航密度,包含渔船或者任何其他船舶的密集程度；(ii) The traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels;（3）船舶的把持性能,特别是在当时情况下的冲程和旋回性能；(iii) The manageability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability in the prevailing conditions;（4）夜间出现的布景亮光,诸如来自岸上的灯光或本船灯光的反向散射；(iv) At night the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from back scatter from her own lights;（5）风、浪和流的状况以及靠近航海危险物的情况；(v) The state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards;（6）吃水与可用水深的关系.(vi) The draft in relation to the available depth of water.2．对备有可使用的雷达的船舶,还应考虑：(b) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar:（1）雷达设备的特性、效率和局限性；(i) The characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the radar equipment;（2）所选用的雷达距离标尺带来的任何限制；(ii) Any constrains imposed by the radar range scale in use;（3）海况、天气和其他搅扰源对雷达探测的影响；(iii) The effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other sources of interference;（4）在适当距离内,雷达对小船、浮冰和其他漂浮物有探测不到的可能性；(iv) The possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected by radar at an adequate range;（5）雷达探测到的船舶数目、位置和动态；(v) The number location and movement of vessels detected by radar;（6）当用雷达测定邻近船舶或其他物体的距离时,可能对能见度作出更确切的估量.(vi) The more exact assessment of the visibility that may be possible when radar is used to determine the range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.第七条 Rule 7碰撞危险 Risk of Collision1．每一船都应使用适合当时环境和情况的一切有效手段断定是否存在碰撞危险,如有任何怀疑,则应认为存在这种危险.(a) Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions to determine if risk of collision exists. If there is any doubt such risk shall be deemed to exist. 2．如装有雷达设备并可使用的话,则应正确予以使用,包含远距离扫描,以便获得碰撞危险的早期警报,并对探测到的物标进行雷达标绘或与其相当的系统不雅察.(b) Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, including long-range scanning to obtain early warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or equivalent systematic observation of detected objects. 3．不理当按照不充分的资料,特别是不充分的雷达不雅测资料作出推断.(c) Assumptions shall not be made on the basis of scantyinformation, especially scanty radar information.4．在断定是否存在碰撞危险时,考虑的因素中应包含下列各点：(d) In determining if risk of collision exists the following considerations shall be among those taken into account:（1）如果来船的罗经方位没有明显的变更,则应认为存在这种危险；(i) Such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel does not appreciably change;（2）即使有明显的方位变更,有时也可能存在这种危险,特别是在驶近一艘很大的船或拖带船组时,或是在近距离驶近他船时.(ii) Such risk may sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing change is evident, particularly when approaching a very large vessel or a tow or when approaching a vessel at close range.第八条 Rule 8避免碰撞的行动 Action to Avoid Collision1．为避免碰撞所采纳的任何行动,如当时环境许可,应是积极的,应及早地进行和充分注意运用良好的船艺.(a)Any action taken to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be positive, made inample time and with due regard to the observance of good seamanship.2．为避兔碰撞而作的航向和（或）航速的任何变动,如当时环境许可,应大得足以使他船用视觉或雷达不雅测时容易觉察到；应避免对航向和（或）航速作一连串的小变动.(b) Any alteration of course and/or speed to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel observing visually or by radar; a succession of small alterations of course and/or speed should be avoided. 3．如有足够的水域,则单用转向可能是避免紧迫局面的最有效行动,只要这种行动是及时的、大幅度的,并且不致造成另一紧迫局面.(c) If there is sufficient sea room, alteration of course alone may be the most effective action to avoid a close-quarters situation provided that it is made in good time, is substantial and does not result in another close-quarters situation.4．为避免与他船碰撞而采纳的行动,应能导致在平安的距离驶过.应细心查核躲避行动的有效性,直到最后驶过让清他船为止.(d) Action taken to avoid collision with another vessel shall be such as to result in passing at a safe distance.The effectiveness of the action shall be carefully checked until the other vessel is finally past and clear. 5．如需为避免碰撞或留有更多的时间来估量局面,船舶应当减速或者停止或倒转推进器把船停住.(e) If necessary to avoid collision or allow more time to assess the situation, a vessel may slacken her speed or take all way off by stopping or reversing her means of propulsion.6．（1）按照本规则任何规定,要求不得妨害另一船通过或平安通过的船舶应按照当时环境的需要及早地采纳行动以留出足够的水域供他船平安通过.(f) (i) A vessel which, by any of these rules, isrequired not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel shall when required by the circumstances of the case, take early action to allow sufficient sea room for the safe passage of the other vessel.（2）如果在接近其他船舶致有碰撞危险时,被要求不得妨害另一船通过或平安通过的船舶其实不解除这一责任,且当采纳行动时,应充分考虑到本章条款可能要求的行动.(ii) A vessel required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel is not relieved ofthis obligation if approaching the other vessel so as to involve risk of collision and shall, when taking action, have full regard to the action which may be required by the rules of this part.（3）当两船相互接近致有碰撞危险时,其通过不得被妨害的船舶仍有完全遵守本章各条规定的责任.(iii) A vessel the passage of which is not to be impeded remains fully obliged to comply with the rules of this part when the two vessels are approaching one another so as to involve risk of collision.第九条 Rule 9狭水道 Narrow Channels1．沿狭水道或航道行驶的船舶,只要平安可行,应尽量靠近其右舷的该水道或航道的外缘行驶.(a) A vessel proceeding along the course of a narrow channel or fairway shall keep as near to the outer limit of the channel or fairway which Iies on her starboard side as is safe and practicable.2．风帆或者长度小于20米的船舶,不该妨害只能在狭水道或航道以内平安航行的船舶通行.(b) A vessel of less than 20 meters in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the passage of a vesselwhich can safely navigate only within a narrow channel or fairway.3．从事打鱼的船舶,不该妨害任何其他在狭水道或航道以内航行的船舶通行.(c) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any other vessel navigating within a narrow channel or fairway.4、船舶不该穿越狭水道或航道,如果这种穿越会妨害只能在这种水道或航道以内平安航行的船舶通行.后者若对穿越船的意图有怀疑时,可以使用第三十四条4款规定的声号.(d) A vessel shall not cross a narrow channel or fairway if such crossing impedes the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate only within such channel or fairway. The latter vessel may use the sound signal prescribed in Rule 34(d) if in doubt as to the intention of the crossing vessel.5．（1）在狭水道或航道内,如只有在自愿越船必须采纳行动以允许平安通过才干追越时,则企图迫越的船,应鸣放第三十四条3款（1）项所规定的相应声号,以暗示其意图.被追越船如果同意,应鸣放第三十四条3款（2）项所规定的相应声号,并采纳使之能平安通过的措施.如有怀疑,则可以鸣放第三十四条4款所规定的声号.(e) (I) In a narrow channel or fairway when overtakingcan take place only if the vessel to be overtaken has to take action to permit safe passing, the vessel intending to overtake shall indicate her intention by sounding the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(c)( i). The vessel to be overtaken shall, if in agreement, sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(c)(ii) and take steps to permit safe passing.If in doubt she may sound the signals prescribed in Rule 34(d).（2）本条其实不解除追越船按照第十三条所负的义务.(ii) This Rule does not relieve the overtaking vessel of her obligation under Rule 13.6．船舶在驶近可能有其他船舶被居间障碍物遮蔽的狭水道或航道的弯头或地段时,应特别机警和谨慎地驾驶,并应呜放第三十四条5款规定的相应声号.(f) A vessel nearing a bend or an area of a narrow channel or fairway where other vessels may be obscured by an intervening obstruction shall navigate with particular alertness and cautionand shall sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule34(e).7．任何船舶,如当时环境许可,都应避免在狭水道内锚泊.(g) Any vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid anchoring in a narrow channel.第十条 Rule 10分道通航制 Traffic Separation Schemes1．本条适用于本组织采取的分道通航制,但其实不解除任何船舶遵守任何其他各条规定的责任.(a) This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes adopted by the Organization and does not relieve any vessel of her obligation under any other rule.2．使用分道通航制区域的船舶应：(b) A vessel using a traffic separation scheme shall:（1）在相应的通航分道内顺着该分道的船舶总流向行驶；(i) proceed in the appropriate traffic lane in the general direction of traffic flow for that lane;（2）尽可能让开通航分隔线或分隔带；(ii) so far as practicable keep clear of a traffic separation line or separation zone;（3）通常在通航分道的端部驶进或驶出,但从分道的任何一侧驶进或驶出时,应与分道的船舶总流向形成尽可能小的角度. (iii) normally join or leave a traffic lane at thetermination of the lane, but when joining or leaving from either side shall do so at as small an angle to the general direction of traffic low as practicable. 3．船舶应尽可能避免穿越通航分道,但如不克不及不穿越时,应尽可能用与分道的船舶总流向成直角的船首向穿越.(c) A vessel shall, so far as practicable, avoid crossing traffic lanes but if obliged to do so shall cross on a heading as nearly as practicable at right angles to the general direction of traffic flow.4．（1）当船舶可平安使用邻近分道通航制区域中相应通航分道时,不该使用沿岸通航带.但长度小于20米的船舶、风帆和从事打鱼的船舶可使用沿岸通航带.(d) (i) A vessel shall not use an inshore traffic zonewhen she can safely use the appropriate traffic lane within the adjacent traffic separation scheme.However, vessels of less than 20 meters in length, sailing vessels and vessels engaged in fishing may use the inshore traffic zone.（2）尽管有本条4（1）规定,当船舶抵离位于沿岸通航带中的口岸、近岸设施或建筑物、引航站或任何其他地方或为避免紧迫危险时,可使用沿岸通航带.(ii) Notwithstanding subparagraph (d)(i), a vessel may use an inshore traffic zone when en route to or froma port, offshore installation or structure, pilotstation or any other place situated within the inshore traffic zone, or to avoid immediate danger. 5．除穿越船或者驶进或驶出通航分道的船舶外,船舶通常不该进人分隔带或穿越分隔线,除非：(e) A vessel other than a crossing vessel or a vessel joining or leaving a lane shall not normally enter a separation zone or cross a separation line except:（1）在紧急情况下避免紧迫危险；(i) in cases of emergency to avoid immediate danger;（2）在分隔带内从事打鱼.(ii) to engage in fishing within a separation zone. 6．船舶在分道通航制区域端部邻近行驶时,应特别谨慎.(f) A vessel navigating in areas near the terminations of traffic separation schemes shall do so with particular caution.7．船舶应尽可能避免在分道通航制区域内或其端部邻近锚泊. (g) A vessel shall so far as practicable avoid anchoring in a traffic separation scheme or in areas near its terminations.8．不使用分道通航制区域的船舶,应尽可能远离该区.(h) A vessel not using a traffic separation scheme shall avoid it by as wide a margin as is practicable.9．从事打鱼的船舶,不该妨害按通航分道行驶的任何船舶的通行.(i) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any vessel following a traffic lane.10．风帆或长度小于20米的船舶,不该妨害按通航分道行驶的机动船的平安通行.(j) A vessel of less than 20 meters in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the safe passage of a power-driven vessel following a traffic lane.11. 把持能力受到限制的船舶,当在分道通航制区域内从事维护航行平安的作业时,在执行该作业所必须的限度内,免受本条规定的约束.(k) A vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver when engaged in an operation for the maintenance of safety of navigation in a traffic separation scheme is exempted from complying with this Rule to the extent necessary to carry out the operation.12．把持能力受到限制的船舶,当在分道通航制区域内从事敷设、维修或起捞海底电缆时,在执行该作业所必须的限度内,免受本条规定的约束.(l) A vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver when engaged in an operation for the laying, servicing or picking up of a submarine cable, within a traffic separation scheme, is exempted from complying with this Rule to the extent necessary to carry out the operation.第二节船舶在互见中的行动规则Section II - Conduct of Vessels in Sight of One Another第十一条 Rule 11适用范围 Application本节条款适用于互见中的船舶.Rules in this Section apply to vessels in sight of one another.第十二条 Rule 12帆船 Sailing Vessels1．两艘风帆相互驶近致有组成碰撞危险时,其中一船应按下列规定给他船让路：(a) When two sailing vessels are approaching one another, so as to involve risk of collision, one of them shall keep out of the way of the other as follows:（1）两船在不合舷受风时,左舷受风的船应给他船让路；(i) when each has the wind on a different side, thevessel which has the wind on the port side shallkeep out of the way of the other;（2）两船在同舷受风时,上风船应给下风船让路；(ii) when both have the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to windward shall keep out of theway of the vessel which is to leeward;（3）如左舷受风的船看到在上风的船而不克不及断定究竟该船是左舷受风还是右舷受风,则应给该船让路.(iii) if a vessel with the wind on the port side sees a vessel to windward and cannot determine withcertainty whether the other vessel has the wind onthe port or on the starboard side, she shall keepout of the way of the other.2．就本条规定而言,船舶的受风舷侧应认为是主帆被吹向的一舷的对面舷侧；对于方风帆,则应认为是最大纵帆被吹向的一舷的对面舷侧.(b) For the purposes of this Rule the windward side shall be deemed to be the side opposite to that on which the mainsail is carried or, in the case of a square-rigged vessel, the side opposite to that on which the largest fore-and-aft sail is carried.第十三条 Rule 13追越 Overtaking1.不管第二章第一节和第二节的各条规定如何,任何船舶在追越任何他船时,均应给被追越船让路.(a) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Rules of Part B, Sections I and II any vessel overtaking any other shall keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken. 2．一船正从他船正横后大于22．5度的某一标的目的遇上他船时,即该船对其所追越的船所处的位置,在夜间只能看见被追越船的尾灯而不克不及看见它的任一舷灯时,应认为是在追越中.(b) A vessel shall be deemed to be overtaking when coming up with another vessel from a direction more than 22.5 degrees abaft her beam, that is, in such a position with reference to the vessel she is overtaking, that at night she would be able to see only the stern light of that vessel but neither of her sidelights.3.当一船对其是否在追越他船有任何怀疑时,该船应假定是在追越,并应采纳相应行动.(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether she is overtaking another, she shall assume that this is the case and act accordingly.4．随后两船间方位的任何改动,都不该把追越船作为本规则条款含义中所指的交叉相遇船,或者免除其让开被追越船的责任,直到最后驶过让清为止.(d) Any subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels shall not make the overtaking vessel a crossing vessel within the meaning of these Rules or relieve her of the duty of keeping clear of the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear.第十四条 Rule 14对遇局面 Head-On Situation1. 当两艘机动船在相反的或接近相反的航向上相遇致有组成碰撞危险时,各应向右转向,从而各从他船的左舷驶过.(a) When two power-driven vessels are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses so as to involve risk of collision each shall alter her course to starboard so that each shall pass on the port side of the other.2．当一船看见他船在正前方或接近正前方,并且,在夜间能看见他船的前后桅灯成一直线或接近一直线和（或）两盏舷灯；在白日能看到他船的上述相应形态时,则应认为存在这样的局面.(b) Such a situation shall be deemed to exist when a vessel sees the other ahead or nearly ahead and by night she could see the masthead lights of the other in a line or nearly in a line and/or both sidelights and by day she observes the corresponding aspect of the other vessel.3．当一船对是否存在这样的局面有任何怀疑时,该船应假定确实存在这种局面,并应采纳相应的行动.(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether such a situation exists she shall assume that it does exist and act accordingly.第十五条 Rule 15交叉相遇局面 Crossing Situation当两艘机动船交叉相遇致有组成碰撞危险时,有他船在哪有或船舶应给他船让路,如当时环境许可,还应避免横越他船的前方.When two power-driven vessels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way and shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel.第十六条 Rule 16让路船的行动 Action by Give-way Vessel须给他船让路的船舶,应尽可能及早地采纳大幅度的行动,宽裕地让清他船.Every vessel which is directed to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, so far as possible, take early and substantial action to keep well clear.第十七条 Rule 17直航船的行动 Action by Stand-on Vessel1．（1）两船中的一船应给另一船让路时,另一船应坚持航向和航速.(a) (i) Where one of two vessels is to keep out of the way the other shall keep her course and speed.（2）然而,当坚持航向和航速的船一经觉察规定的让路船显然没有遵照本规则条款采纳适当行动时,该船即可独自采纳把持行动,以避免碰撞.(ii) The latter vessel may however take action to avoid collision by her maneuver alone, as soon as it becomes apparent to her that the vessel required to keep out of the way is not taking appropriate action in compliance with these Rules.2．当规定坚持航向和航速的船,觉察本船不管由于何种原因迫近到单凭让路船的行动不克不及避免碰撞时,也应采纳最有助于避碰的行动.(b) When, from any cause, the vessel required to keep her course and speed finds herself so close that collision cannot be avoided by the action of the give-way vessel alone, she shall take such action as will best aid to avoid collision.3．在交叉相遇的局面下,机动船依照本条二款（2）项采纳行动以。

国际海上避碰规则国际海上避碰规则（International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea），通常被简称为COLREGs，是一套指导海上船舶之间避碰行为的规则。

这些规则主要是为了确保船舶在海上避免碰撞，并保护人员的生命安全和财产安全。

COLREGs的制定由国际海事组织（IMO）负责，并于1972年通过。

这套规则是世界各国都遵守的规范，适用于所有船舶在国际水域或与之相关的水域航行时。

在COLREGs中，避碰行为被定义为损害或可能损害到他人的船舶之间的行动，包括遇险信号。

COLREGs的内容主要包括了航行灯光、信号、航行标志和航行规则等方面。

下面是COLREGs规定的一些主要规则：1.船舶灯光：COLREGs规定了船舶的灯光配置。

根据船舶的类型和航行状态（比如正在开启引擎、停泊、拖曳等），船舶应该携带特定的灯光。

2.各种信号：COLREGs规定了船舶在不同情况下发出的声音和信号。

例如，当船舶需要改变航向或速度时，应该发出特定的声音信号。

3.航行标志：COLREGs规定了船舶携带的航行标志，这些标志包括国旗、船舶名称、注册号码等。

这些标志可以帮助其他船舶识别正在航行的船舶，并对其采取适当的行动。

4.航行规则：COLREGs规定了船舶在相互遇到或交叉航行时应该遵守的规则。

例如，无论是船舶交叉或是船舶从后方追赶，都有规定需要谁保持避让。

这些规则的目的是确保船舶之间相互避让，避免碰撞。

COLREGs的遵守与执行对于航行安全至关重要，因为它能减少意外事故的发生，并提供清晰的指导，确保船舶在遇到复杂航行情景时能够正确地采取行动。

此外，COLREGs还规定了船舶当遇到险情时应该采取的行动，例如，当发现有其他船舶可能无法正确遵守COLREGs规则时，船舶应该采取适当的行动来避免碰撞。

总之，国际海上避碰规则是为了确保船舶在海上航行时能够避免碰撞而制定的。

这些规则提供了灯光、信号、航行标志和航行规则等方面的指导，并且是全球船舶都需要遵守的国际规范。

1972年国际海上避碰规则
1972年国际海上避碰规则（International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea，简称COLREGS）是由联合国海
运组织（IMO）制定的一项国际法律，它旨在防止船舶在海上发生碰撞事故，以保护船舶和海上航行人员的安全。

1972年国际海上避碰规则由IMO制定，以替代原先由1877年和1889年缔结的两份国际船舶安全条约，以及1907
年和1929年缔结的两份海上法规，综合性地规范了国际海上
航行时，各种船舶之间的关系。

1972年国际海上避碰规则的主要内容包括：
一、船舶的视线。

此条规定，在海上航行时，船长应尽量采取措施，使船舶的视线尽可能清晰，以便及时发现其他船舶。

二、船舶的避碰方式。

此条规定，在航行时，船舶都必须遵守国际海上避碰规则，以减少碰撞的可能性。

船舶在避碰时，应当尊重其他船舶的权利，并确保船舶的安全。

三、船舶的通信方式。

此条规定，在航行时，船舶必须采取合理的通信措施，以确保船舶之间的沟通和信息传输。

四、船舶的夜航行驶。

此条规定，船舶在夜间航行时，必须采取措施，确保船舶的安全，以及船舶之间的视线清晰。

五、船舶的标志。

此条规定，船舶必须在船舶上安装有关标志，以确保船舶能够正确地被识别。

1972年国际海上避碰规则旨在预防船舶发生碰撞事故，确保船舶和海上航行人员的安全，并减少海上活动造成的环境污染。

因此，各国都必须尊重并遵守1972年国际海上避碰规则，确保海上航行的安全。

1972 年国际海上避碰规则INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FORPREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA,1972（第1- 19条）第一章总则Part A – General第一条Rule 1适用范围Application1 本规则条款适用于公海和连接于公海而可供海船航行的一切水域中的一切船舶。

(a)These Rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected therewith navigable by seagoing vessels.2本规则条款不妨碍有关主管机关为连接于公海而可供海船航行的任何港外锚地、江河、湖泊或内陆水道所制订的特殊规定的实施。

这种特殊规定，应尽可能符合本规则条款。

(b)Nothing in these Rules shall interfere in the operation of special rules madeby an appropriate authority for roadsteads, harbors, rivers, lakes or inland waterways connected with the high seas and navigable by seagoing vessels. Such special rules shall conform as closely as possible to these Rules.3．本规则条款不妨碍各国政府为军舰及护航下的船舶所制定的关于额外的队形灯、信号灯、号型或笛号，或者为结队从事捕鱼的渔船所制定的关于额外的队形灯、信号灯或号型的任何特殊规定的实施。

这些额外的队形灯、信号灯、号型或笛号，应尽可能不致被误认为本规则其他条文所规定的任何号灯、号型或信号。

一海上避碰规则概述
海上避碰规则，也被称为国际海上避碰规则（COLREGS），是一套国际海事法规，旨在确保船舶在海上安全航行，并避免碰撞事故。

COLREGS 规定了不同类型船舶的优先权和让路规则，航行标志和航行灯的使用，以及船舶遇险时的行动和应急规则。

以下是一海上避碰规则的概述。

第一，避碰原则：海上避碰规则的核心原则是保持航行安全。

所有船舶都应保持警觉，掌握对附近船舶的情况，并采取适当的行动来避免潜在的碰撞。

第二，船舶分类：根据COLREGS规定，船舶可以分为内陆船舶、近海船舶和海上船舶。

不同类型船舶在避碰时有不同的优先权和让路规则。

第三，航行规则：COLREGS规定了在不同情况下船舶的行动规则。

例如，当两艘船相交时，船舶应根据其相对位置和角度采取适当的行动。

第四，航行标志和灯光：船舶在夜间和可见度不佳的情况下必须使用航行标志和灯光来指示其位置和意图。

COLREGS规定了不同类型船舶应使用的标志和灯光。

第五，音响信号：当两艘船相遇时，它们必须使用音响信号来传达各自的意图。

COLREGS规定了不同情况下使用的音响信号。

第六，特殊情况下的行动：当船舶遇到特殊情况，如遇险时，COLREGS规定了船舶应采取的特殊行动。

第七，航行速度：船舶应在安全范围内并考虑到可见度和航行条件的情况下适度控制航行速度。