中国早期电影发展 中英对照
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1990年至今电影片名的翻译规范在笔者之前的文章《华语电影片名翻译的规范变迁》[1]中,回顾了从新中国成立到1989年间华语电影片名翻译的规范变迁。
本文继续之前的研究,对1990年至今的片名翻译规范做一梳理。
所用理论仍是图里的翻译规范论。
图里认为翻译是受到社会文化规范限制的活动,[2]翻译规范具有多样性和时空性。
同一时期可能存在三种规范:前卫、主流和过时的翻译规范。
[3]62Toury[3]65指出翻译规范的建立需通过两个主要途径:篇章和篇章外。
对于电影片名的翻译来说,规范形成的篇章环境就是电影的原名和电影的基本内容。
而篇章外环境就包含了从社会、文化环境,到电影商业价值、观众的反应,等等。
那么从1990年至今,华语电影片名翻译的规范到底经历了怎样的变迁呢?1990年至1999年。
20世纪90年代,中国和西方的接触不断增多,形式更加多样化。
中国政府不仅向世界敞开大门,同时也鼓励中国人走出去。
这期间一些经典的美国电影也让我们开始注意到片名翻译这个问题。
1990年的Ghost《人鬼情未了》,既包含了ghost这个词的意义,又让人一目了然影片的内容,可谓恰到好处。
还有1994年的Forrest Gump译为《阿甘正传》,非常巧妙地运用了国人对《阿Q正传》的接受同时也吻合影片是在讲述一个人生平故事的主题,可谓是片名翻译中的经典。
还有一些进口片是字字翻译的:Dances with Wolves《与狼共舞》,The Silence of the Lambs《沉默的羔羊》,这些片名虽是直译,但因为这些片名中英文单词的内涵和汉语差不多,所以一点没有造成文化上的冲突,还很容易让观众在第一眼就了解电影的大致方向,得到和源语观众相近的理解。
这些英文电影的进入,加深了中国电影人对电影的理解,引起了人们对华语电影走出国门的重视。
而对华语电影片名的翻译也慢慢被放在了重要的位置。
这构成了这一时期片名翻译规范改变的重要原因。
1990年的《菊豆》:Ju Dou,1991年《大红灯笼高高挂》:Raise the Red Lantern,1992年的《秋菊打官司》:The Story of Qiu Ju,这三部是当时张艺谋颇有影响力的影片。
中国卡通片发展史英文简介The Development History of Chinese Animated Cartoons.Chinese animated cartoons have a long history dating back to the early 20th century. The industry experienced significant growth and development throughout the years, with various milestones and achievements along the way.In the early days, Chinese animated cartoons were heavily influenced by Western animation styles and techniques. It was not until the 1950s and 1960s that Chinese animators began to establish their own unique style and storytelling methods. The 1980s and 1990s saw a rise in popularity of Chinese animated cartoons, with the production of iconic series such as "Three Monks" and "Black Cat Detective".In recent years, with the advancement of technology and the rise of digital animation, Chinese animated cartoons have continued to evolve and expand. The industry has seen a growing number of talented animators and studios producing high-quality content that resonates with both domestic and internationalaudiences.中文翻译:中国卡通片发展史。
中国电影英文译名A阿Q正传the story of Ah Q阿诗玛Ashma爱情麻辣烫Spicy love soupB八仙过海Eight immortals crossing the sea 巴山夜雨Evening rain白毛女The white-haired gril白蛇传The white snake半夜鸡叫The cock crows at midnight宝莲灯The magic lotus lantern保密局的枪声Gunshots in the CIB半生缘Eighteen springs被爱情遗忘的角落 A love forsaken corner本命年Black snow边走边唱life on a string边城Border town冰山上的来客Visitors from the icy moutain不见不散Be there or be squareC曹操Cao cao茶馆The teahouse长恨歌Song of regret城南旧事My memories of old beijing初恋时我们不懂爱情Is it love?垂帘听政Behind the screen从奴隶到将军From slave to generalD大辫子的诱惑The romance in macao大喘气Out of breath大红灯笼高高挂Raise the red lantern大浪淘沙Gold and sand大漠紫禁令Desert mission大闹天宫Uproar in heaven但愿人长久Wish you a long life敌后武工队Behind the enemy lines地道战Tunnel warfare董存瑞Tung Tsun-rui窦娥冤The story of Dou’eE二泉映月Moonnight on two springsF法本无情The ruthless justice非常大总统President extraordibary风雨下中山Liberation of Najing芙蓉镇Hibiscus townG高山下的花环Garlands at the foot of the mountain 关不住的春光The spring can’t be shut up归心似箭Anxious to return锅碗瓢盆交响曲A symphony of cooking utensils 过江龙Power connectionH孩子王King of children好汉三条半Three and half红灯记The red lantern黑猫警长Inspector black cat红番区Rumble in thr bronx红高粱Red sorghum红楼梦Dream of the red mansions红娘The matchmaker红色娘子军The red detachment of women洪湖赤卫队The red guards on lake honghu猴子捞月Fishing the moon from the pool虎度门Hu-du-men花木兰Hua mulan,a heroine火烧圆明园The burning of YuanmingyuanJ鸡毛信The letter with feathers甲午风云The naval battle of 1894荆柯刺秦王The first emperorK开心多来咪happy 1-2-3苦恼人的笑Troubleed laughterL兰陵王Warrior Lanling崂山道士The taoist oriest良家妇女 A good women烈火中永生Eternity in flames骆驼祥子Rickshaw BodM满汗全席(金玉满堂)The chinese feast牧马人The herdsmanN哪咤闹海Nezha conquers the dragon king那人那山那狗Postmen in the mountains南海十三郎The mad phoenix南京大屠杀Nanking 1937牛郎织女Cowherd and girl-weaver女驸马Emperor’s female son-in-law女蜗补天Goddess Nu Wa mending the skyP霹雳火ThunderboltQ七十二家房客72 tenants秋翁遇仙记Qiu Weng and the peonyR人鬼情Woman,demon,human人约黄昏Evening liasonS三岔口T-crossroads三毛流浪记Thr winter of threee hairs伤逝Regret for the past少林寺Shaolin temple少奶奶的扇子Lady windermer’s fan神秘的大佛Mysterious buddha神偷燕子李三He is a thief双旗镇刀客The swordsman in double flag town孙悟空三打白骨精Monkey subdues the white-boned demon T桃花扇The peach-blossom fan桃李劫Plunder of peach and plum特高课在行动The secret service in action天仙配The marriage of fairy princess田野又是青纱帐Green fields again甜蜜的事业sweet life铁道游击队Guerrillas on the railwayW顽主The troumle-shooters巫山云雨In expectation武当The undaunted Wu Dang舞台姐妹Two stage sistersX夕照街Sunset Street西安事变The Xi’an incident西厢记Tale of the western chamber西游记Journey to the west喜盈门In-laws祥林嫂New year Sacrifile小刀会Small dagger society小街Narrow streetY阳光灿烂的日子In the heat of the sun摇啊摇,摇到外婆桥Shanghai traid夜半歌声The phantom lover永不消逝的电波The unfalling radio waves有话好好说Keep cool渔光曲Song of the fisherman月满英伦The foreign moonZ铡美案The story of Chen Shimei知音Intimate friends智取威虎山Taking tiger muntain by strategy 抓壮丁Conscription。
1 初创期(1905-1920)
《难夫难妻》中国第一部故事短篇。
2成长期(1921-1930)
打破托拉斯图谋,翻译苏联蒙太奇学派,出现新派与旧派。
如,《孤儿救祖记》
3变革与兴盛(1931-1937)
关注进步倾向和时代精神,吸收蒙太奇思维,思想艺术都取得成就。
如,《神女》
4突变与低潮(1937-1945)——抗战电影变异
电影贯穿着爱国抗日的主题,具有明显的宣传意味,主题表现相当直露。
如,风雪太行山
5成熟与分化(1945-1949)——战后电影创作
不局限于狭小的个人悲欢,把民族灾难、时代变迁和家庭离合有机的结合起来。
如,三毛流浪记
6传统与摸索——新中国前十七年电影曲折
政治作为一个大背景,直接或间接的影响了中国电影从内容到形式上的探索和实践。
7混乱与沉沦——文革时期电影现象
文艺成为政治的附庸,阶级斗争成为唯一主题。
8新生与发展(1977—1989)——新时期电影高潮
“第四代”开始对历史进行深刻反思,敢于实践现实主义手法,大胆揭示现实矛盾。
如,《城南旧事》
9转型与分化(20世纪90年代)
第五代电影是一种沉重而悲怆的众生独白,是宏观反思的民族语言。
如,霸王别姬在历史、性别、人性的角度进行了多方位的读解
10观望与试探——21世纪电影艺术状况展望
21世纪的中国电影面对的是艺术创作的娱乐化潮流与艺术坚守的艰难局面,面对的是主流形态创作和大众文化要求交融的趋势。
1. The Early Period of the Movie1、中国早期电影的发展At the move of the 19th century, the movie was introduced into China. In 1896,a Western movie was shown in Shanghai, which was the first movie showing in China. In 1905,a photo studio in Beijing made the first Chinese movie , which was only a collection of scenes from a Beijing opera based on the classical novel The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. In the early thirties, many revolutionary movies were produced, such as Spring Silkworms, Plunder of Peach and Plum , Three Modem Women , The Great Road,Song of the Fishermen,and Crossroads. These movies reflect the realities of society and the wishes of the people.19世纪末期,电影引人中国。
中国第一部引进的西方电影于1脱年在上海上映。
1905年,北京一家照相室选取京剧传统曲目《三国演义》的一些简单场景制作了中国第一部电影。
在中国电影事业发展的最初30年中,创作了许多革命电影,例如:《春蚕》、《桃李劫机《三个摩登女性》、《大路》、《温光曲》、《十字街头},集中反映了当时社会的现状和人民的愿望。
1电影.jpgDuring the Anti-Japanese War, many progressive movies were made, such as Defend Our Land, The March of Victory, The North is Ours, Sons and Daughters of China,and The Snowy Taihang Mountains. The movies reflected the people's requirement for resistance against Japan.抗战期间,许多进步电影诞生了,例如《保卫我们的土地》、《胜利进行曲》、《华北是我们的》、《中华儿女》、《风雪太行山》。
这些电影都反映了人民要求坚持抗战的强烈愿望。
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War,a great number of excellent movies were produced , Such as Remote Love , Along the Songhua River,Eight Thousand Li of Cloud and Moon, and The Spring River Flows East. All of them areαbout the people's life or struggles during the War of Resistance against Japan.抗战胜利后,中国电影发行了如《遥远的爱》、《松花江上》、《八千里路云和月》和《一江春水向东流》等大批反映抗战时期人民生活和斗争的杰出电影。
In the liberated areas, the founding of the Ya'ann Movie Group marks the starting point of the people's movie industry. This group shot valuable documentaries which included yan'an and the Eighth Route Army, Dr. Norman Bethune, and Nanniwan. In 1946, the Yan'an Movie Studio was founded and recorded part of the Liberation War. In October, the Northeast Movie Studio was established. Its main productions were seventeen newsreels entitled The Democratic Northeast. 在解放区,延安电影团的成立标志着人民电影事业的开始。
先后拍摄了《延安与八路军》、《白求恩大夫》和《南泥湾》等一些价值很高的纪录片。
1946年,延安电影制片厂成立,出品了一些解放战争的影片。
10月,东北电影制片厂成立,主要作品为《民主东北》17部系列新闻片。
Many old progressive movies made before the founding of the People's Republic of China adopted the realistic style; therefore they reflect Chinese society and the lives of the people and show sympathy for the poor. Early movie-makers owned clear purpose of their work: to make movies which could entertain the ordinary people so that they managed to make the plot development, customs and habits , language and acting of their movies conform to the tastes of the audience. Obviously, the pioneers of China's progressive movies made great contributions to the development of China's movie industry.建国前很多进步影片采用了现实主义形式,对中国社会、民生都有很大的影响力,这些影片都表达了对穷苦大众的同情。
为了实现电影的创作目标一一一愉悦普通老百姓,早期电影工作者努力使情节发展、风俗习惯、语言、表演都能符合观众品位。
中国进步电影的先驱们为中国电影事业的发展做出了巨大贡献。
2. Progress of Chinese Movies2、中国电影的发展After the founding of New China, the movie industry developed rapidly. Ten movie studios were set up. They are the Beijing, Shanghai, Changchun, August first, Pearl River, E'mail, Xi'an, Nangning, Wulumuqi, and Huhehaote Studios. From 1949 to 1966, more than six hundered movies of the 1950's, The White-Haired Girl, Reconnaissance Across the Changjiang, Steeled Fighters and Dong Cunrui had a strong social impact. The following movies The Song of Youth, The Storm and Lin Zexu Which showed that Chinese movies had reached a new level. Movies produced in the early 1960's were more mature ideologically and artistically. Representatives of the period were The Naval Battle of 1894, The Lin Family's Shop, and Threshold of Spring.建国后中时事业迅速发展起来北京上海陈、八一珠江帆西安、南宁、乌鲁木齐和呼和浩特10大电影制片厂相继成立。
1949年到1966年间,创作了600余部电影。
20世纪50年代期间制作的《白毛女》、《渡江侦察记》、《钢铁战士》、《董存瑞》引起了社会的极大反响。
《青春之歌》、《风暴》、《林则徐》等电影的出版发行标志着中国电影制作发展到了一个新的水平。
60年代早期的电影其意识形态更成熟和艺术价值更高。
代表作品有《甲午风云》、《林家铺子》、《早春二月》。
2电影.jpgFrom 1966 to 1976 only a small number of movies had been made in that decade. After 1976 movie production started to flourish again. From 1976 to 1980 more than two hundred and fifty feature movies were made. They covered a wide range of themes and varied in style of presentation. In September of 1987, the first China Movie Show was held in Beijing . It was presented by over one hundred movie historians, critics,and distributors from 48 countries. Among those who spoke highly of Chinese movies were Gregory Peck, the American movie star; Regis Bergeron, the French movie historian; and Rubanoy, the Soviet movie critic. They all agreed that China's movie Industry had entered a mature stage.从1966年到1976年这10年间,只创作出少量电影。