High strain rate induced embrittlement o

MATERIALS FO R M ECHANICAL ENGINEERING尚长沛，等：不同速率变形后WE 54合金的显微组织及力学性能[5] S H K O L N I K O V M B. Strain rates i n crashworthiness [C]//Proceedings of the 8th International L S -DYNA Users Conference. Dearborn. M I ：[s . n.]» 2004：9-20.[6] E L -M A G D E, A B O U R I D A N E M. High speed forming of thelight-weight wrought alloys [ C ]//Proceedings of the 1s t International Conference on High Speed Forming ICHSF. Dortmund ：[s . n .2004： 3-12.[7] LI J L »W U D ,C H E N R S,et a l . Anomalous effects of s trainrate on the room-temperature d u ctility of a cast Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloy[J]. Acta Materialia»2018,159：31-45.[8] I S H I K A W A K ,W A T A N A B E H ’M U K A I T. High strain ratedeformation behavior of an AZ91 magnesium alloy a t elevated temperatures[J]. Materials Letters,2005,59(12) ： 1511-1515.[9] W A N G M.L U L»LI C,et a l . Deformation and spallation of amagnesium alloy under high strain rate loading [J]. Materials Science and Engineering ： A ,2016,661 ： 126-131.[10] Y U J C» LIU Z» D O N G Y, e t a l . Dynamic compressiveproperty and f a i l u r e behavior of extruded Mg-Gd-Y alloy under high temperatures and high strain rates[J]. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys,2015»3(2) ： 134-141.[11] 于金程，刘正，董阳，等.高应变速率下Mg-Gd-Y 镁合金动态拉伸性能与失效行为[J].沈阳工业大学学报，2015,37(6):650-655.Y U J C, LIU Z. EX)NG Y, e t a l . Dynamic tensile properties and f a i l u r e behavior of Mg-Gd-Y alloy a t high strain rates[J]. Journal of Shenyang University of Technology, 2015» 37(6)： 650-655.[12] 毛萍莉，于金程，刘正，等.挤压态Mg-Gd-Y 镁合金动态压缩 力学性能与失效行为[J].中国有色金属学报，2013,23(4):889-897.M A O P L, Y U J C» LIU Z» e t a l . Dynamic mechanical property and f a i l u r e behavior of extruded Mg-Gd-Y alloy under high strain rate compression [J]. The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals,2013»23(4)：889-897.[13] 于金程•董芳，徐年宝，等.高温高应变率下E W 75镁合金动 态压缩性能与组织演变[J].稀有金属，2019,43(2): 14卜150.Y U J C» EX)NG F, X U N B, e t a l . Dynamic compressiveproperties and microstructural evolution of EW 75 magnesium alloy a t high temperatures and high strain rates[J]. Chinese Journal of Rare Metals ，2019,43(2): 141-150.[14] Z O U D L ,Z H E N L ,Z H U Y,et a l . Deformed microstructurcevolution i n A M 60B M g alloy under hypervelocity impact a t a velocity of 5 k m *s _1[J]. Materials Design, 2010,31 (8)：3708-3715.[15] Z O U D L, Z H E N L, X U C Y, e t a l . Characterization ofadiabatic shear bands i n A M 60B magnesium alloy under b a l l i s t i c impact[J]. Materials Characterization, 2011,62(5)： 496-502.[16] SHI X Y ,L U O A A ，S U T T O N S C-et a l . Twinning behaviorand l a t t i c e rotation i n a Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloy under b a l l i s t i c impact[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2015,650：622 632.[17] LIU Y X,LI Y X, Z H A N G H,et a l . Influence of twinninginduced recrystallization on texture evolution i n a high s train rate compressed Mg-Zn alloy [J]. Materials Characterization. 2020,162:110192.[18] C H U N Y B, D A V I E S C H J . Twinning-induced negativestrain rate sensitivity i n wrought M g alloy AZ31 [ J ]. Materials Science and Engineering ： A, 2011 ♦ 528 (18) ： 5713^ 5722.[19] H O N G S G ,P A R K S H ,L E E C S . Role of {1012} twinningcharacteristics i n the deformation behavior of a polycrystalline magnesium alloy[J]. Acta Materialia ，2010, 58 ( 18): 5873- 5885.[20] G A L I Y E V A M ，K A I B Y S H E V R O ’G O T T S T E I N G. Grain refinement of ZK60 magnesium alloy during low temperature deformation [ M ]Magnesium Technology 2002. [S. 1.]：T M S ，2002.[21] S T A N F O R D N. Observation of {1121} 2 twinning i n a M gbased alloy[J]. Philosophical Magazine Letters* 2008,88(5)： 379-386.[22] W A N G K, TAC) N R, LIU G, e t al . Plastic strain-induced grain refinement a t the nanometer scale i n copper[J]. Acta Materialia, 2006, 54： 5281-5291.《机械工程材料》杂志防诈骗公告近期，有不法单位和个人在网络上假冒我刊官网，或通 过电子邮件、电话等形式以本刊名义向作者收取一定的审稿 费或版面费，已有多人被骗200〜800元不等。

焊接专业英语词汇(3)焊接专业英语词汇(3)焊接专业英语词汇(3)焊接热循环weld thermal cycle焊接温度场field of weld temperature; weld temperature field准稳定温度场quasi-stationary temperature field焊接热源welding heat source点热源point heat source线热源linear heat source面热源plane heat source瞬时集中热源instantaneous concentration heat source热效率thermal efficiency热能集中系数coefficient of heat flow concentration峰值温度peak temperature瞬时冷却速度momentary cooling rate冷却时间cooling time置换氧化substitutionary oxydation扩散氧化diffusible oxydation脱氧desoxydation先期脱氧precedent desoxydation扩散脱氧diffusible desoxydation沉淀脱氧precipitation desoxydation扩散氢diffusible hydrogen初始扩散氢initial diffusible hydrogen100℃残余扩散氢diffusible hydrogen remained at 100℃残余氢residual hydrogen去氢dehydrogenation去氢热处理heat treatment for dehydrogenation脱硫desulphurization脱磷dephosphorization渗合金alloying微量合金化microalloying一次结晶组织primary solidification structure二次结晶组织secondary solidification structure联生结晶epitaxial solidification焊缝结晶形态solidification mode in weld-bead结晶层状线ripple多边化边界polygonization boundary结晶平均线速度mean solidification rate针状铁素体acicular ferrite条状铁素体lath ferrite侧板条铁素体ferrite side-plate晶界欣素体grain boundary ferrite; polygonal ferrite; pro-entectoid ferrite粒状贝氏体granular bainite板条马氏体lath martensite过热组织overheated structure魏氏组织widmannst?tten structurem-a组元martensite-austenite constituent焊件失效分析failure analysis of weldments冷裂判据criterion of cold cracking冷裂敏感系数cold cracking susceptibity coefficient脆性温度区间brittle temperature range氢脆hydrogen embrittlement层状偏析lamellar segregation愈合healing effect断口金相fractography断口fracture延性断口ductile fracture韧窝断口dimple fracture脆性断口brittle fracture解理断口cleavage fracture准解理断口quasi-cleavage fracture氢致准解理断口hydrogen-embrittlement induced 沿晶断口intergranular fracture穿晶断口transgranular fracture疲劳断口fatigue fracture滑移面断口glide plane fracture断口形貌fracture apperance断口试验fracture test宏观断口分析macrofractography放射区radical zone纤维区fibrous zone剪切唇区shear lip aone焊接性weldability使用焊接性service weldability工艺焊接性fabrication weldability冶金焊接性metallurgical weldability热焊接性thermal weldability母材base metal; parent metal焊接区weld zone焊态as-welded (aw)母材熔化区fusion zone半熔化区partial melting region未混合区unmixed zone熔合区bond area熔合线weld junction (英)；bond line (美)热影响区heat-affected zone (haz)过热区overheated zone粗晶区coarse grained region细晶区fine grained region过渡区transition zone硬化区hardened zone碳当量carbon equivalent铬当量chromium equivalent镍当量nickel equivalent舍夫勒组织图schaeffler's diagram德龙组织图delong’s diagram连续冷却转变图（cct图）continuous cooling transformation 裂纹敏感性cracking sensibility焊接裂纹weld crack焊缝裂纹weld metal crack焊道裂纹bead crack弧坑裂纹crater crack热影响区裂纹heat-affected zone crack纵向裂纹longitudinal crack横向裂纹transverse crack微裂纹micro-crack; micro-fissure热裂纹hot crack凝固裂纹solidification crack晶间裂纹intercrystalline crack穿晶裂纹transcrystalline crack多边化裂纹polygonization crack液化裂纹liquation crack失延裂纹ductility-dip crack冷裂纹cold crack延迟裂纹delayed crack氢致裂纹hydrogen-induced crack焊道下裂纹underbead crack焊根裂纹root crack焊趾裂纹toe crack锯齿形裂纹chevron cracking消除应力处理裂纹stress relief annealing crack (sr crack) 再热裂纹reheat crack焊缝晶间腐蚀weld intercryctalline corrosion刀状腐蚀knife line attack敏化区腐蚀weld decay层状撕裂lamellar tearing焊接性试验weldability裂纹试验cracking testiiw裂纹试验iiw cracking testy形坡口裂纹试验slit type cracking test分块形槽热裂纹试验segmented circular groove cracking testh形裂纹试验h-type cracking test鱼骨形裂纹试验fishbone cracking test指形裂纹试验finger (cracking) testt形裂纹试验tee type cracking test环形槽裂纹试验circular-groove cracking test可调拘束裂纹试验varestraint testbwra奥氏体钢裂纹试验bwra cracking test for austenitie steel圆棒裂纹试验bar type cracking test; round bar cracking test里海裂纹试验lehigh restraint cracking test圆形镶块裂纹试验circular-path cracking test十字接头裂纹试验cruciform cracking testz向窗口拘束裂纹试验z-direction window type restraint cracking testg-bop焊缝金属裂纹试验g-bop weld metal crack test巴特尔焊道下裂纹试验battelle type underbead cracking testu形拉伸试验u-tension test缪雷克期热裂纹试验murex hot cracking test菲斯柯裂纹试验fisco (type) cracking testcts裂纹试验controlled thermal severity拉伸拘束裂纹试验（trc试验）tensile restraint cracking test 刚性拘束裂纹试验（rrc试验）rigid restraint cracking test插销试验implant testtigamajig 薄板焊接裂纹试验tigamajing thin plate cracking test焊道纵向弯曲试验longitudinal-bead test柯麦雷尔弯曲试验kommerell bead bend test肯泽尔弯曲试验kinzel test缺口弯曲试验notch bend test热朔性试验hot-ductility test热影响区冲击试验impact test of haz热影响区模拟试验synthetic heat-affected zone test最高硬度试验maximum hardness test落锤试验nrl (naval research laboratory)测氢试验hydrogen test焊接材料电极焊接材料welding consumables电极electrode熔化电极consumable electrode不熔化电极nonconsumable electrode钨电极tungsten electrode焊丝welding wire. welding rod实心焊丝solid wire渡铜焊丝copper-plating welding wire自保护焊丝self-shielded welding wire药芯焊丝flux-cored wire复合焊丝combined wire堆焊焊丝surfacing welding rod填充焊丝filler wire焊条electrode/ covered electrode焊芯core wire药皮coating (of an electrode)/ covering (of an electrode) 涂料coating flux/coating material造气剂gas forming constituents造渣剂slag forming constituents合金剂alloying constituent脱氧剂dioxidizer稳弧剂arc stabilizer粘接剂binder水玻璃water glass水玻璃模数modules of water glass酸性焊条acid electrode高钛型焊条high titania (type) electrode钛钙型焊条lime titania type electrode钛铁矿形焊条ilmenite type electrode氧化铁型焊条iron oxide type electrode/ high iron oxide type electrode高纤维素型焊条high cellulose (type) electrode石墨型焊条graphite type electrode碱性焊条basic electrode/ lime type covered electrode低氢型焊条low hydrogen type electrode高韧性超低氢焊条high toughness super low hydrogen electrode奥氏体焊条austenitic electrode铁素体焊条ferritic electrode不锈钢焊条stainless steel electrode珠光体耐热钢焊条pearlitic heat resistant steel electrode低温钢焊条low temperature steel electrode/ steelelectrode for low temperature铝合金焊条aluminum alloy arc welding electrode铜合金焊条copper-alloy arc welding electrode铜芯铸铁焊条cast iron electrode with steel core纯镍铸铁焊条pure nickel cast iron electrode球墨铸铁焊条electrode for welding spheroidal graphite cast iron铸芯焊条electrode with cast core wire镍基合金焊条nickel base alloy covered electrode蒙乃尔焊条monel electrode纯铁焊条pure iron electrode渗铝钢焊条alumetized steel electrode高效率焊条high efficiency electrode铁粉焊条iron powder electrode底层焊条backing welding electrode深熔焊条deep penetration electrode重力焊条gravity electrode立向下焊条electrode for vertical down position welding节能焊条saving energy electrode水下焊条underwater welding electrode耐海水腐蚀焊条seawater corrosion resistant steel electrode 低尘低毒焊条low-fume and harmfulless electrode/low-fume and low-toxic electrode堆焊焊条surfacing electrode耐磨堆焊焊条hardfacing electrode钴基合金堆焊焊条cobalt base alloy surfacing electrode碳化钨堆焊焊条tungsten carbide surfacing electrode高锰钢堆焊焊条high manganese steel surfacing electrode 双芯焊条twin electrode绞合焊条stranded electrode编织焊条braided electrode双层药皮焊条double coated electrode管状焊条flux-cored electrode气渣联合保护型药皮semi-volatile covering焊条工艺性usability of the electrode/ technicality of the electrode焊条使用性running characteristics of an electrode/ operating characteristics of an electrode焊条熔化性melting characteristics of an electrode焊条直径core diameter焊条偏心度eccentricity (of an electrode)药皮重量系数gravity coefficient of coating焊条药皮含水量percentage of moisture for covering焊条夹吃持端bare terminal (of an electrode)焊条引弧端striking end (of an elcetrode)焊剂welding flux/ flux熔炼焊剂fused flux粘结焊剂bonded flux烧结焊剂sintered flux/ agglomerated flux窄间隙埋弧焊焊剂flux for narrow-gap submerged arc welding低氢型焊剂low hydrogen type flux高速焊剂high speed welding flux无氧焊剂oxygen-free flux低毒焊剂low poison flux磁性焊剂magnetic flux电弧焊arc welding直流电弧焊direct current arc welding交流电弧焊alternating current arc welding三相电弧焊three phase arc welding熔化电弧焊arc welding with consumable金属极电弧焊metal arc welding不熔化极电弧焊arc welding with nonconsumable碳弧焊carbon arc welding明弧焊open arc welding焊条电弧焊shielded metal arc welding (smaw)重力焊gravity welding躺焊fire cracker welding电弧堆焊arc surfacing自动堆焊automatic surfacing躺板极堆焊surfacing by fire cracker welding带极堆焊surfacing with band-electrode振动电弧堆焊vibratory arc surfacing耐磨堆焊hardfacing埋弧焊submerged arc welding (saw)多丝埋弧焊multiple wire submerged arc welding纵列多丝埋弧焊tandem sequence (submerged-arc welding)横列多丝埋弧焊series submerged arc welding (saw-s)横列双丝并联埋弧焊transverse submerged arc welding热丝埋弧焊hot wire submerged-arc welding窄间隙埋弧焊narrow-gap submerged arc welding弧压反馈电弧焊arc voltage feedback controlling arc welding自调节电弧焊self-adjusting arc welding适应控制焊接adaptive control welding焊剂层burden; flux layer气体保护电弧焊gas shielded arc welding保护气体protective atmosphere惰性气体inert-gas活性气体active-gas惰性气体保护焊inert-gas (arc) welding氩弧焊argon arc welding熔化极惰性气体保护电弧焊metal inert-gas arc welding 钨极惰性气体保护电弧焊tungsten inert-gas arc welding 钨极氢弧焊argon tungsten arc welding脉冲氢弧焊pulsed argon arc welding熔化极脉冲氢弧焊argon metal pulsed arc welding钨极脉冲氢弧焊argon tungsten pulsed arc welding热丝mig焊hot wire mig welding热丝tig焊hot wire tig welding氨弧焊helium-arc welding活性气体保护电弧焊metal active-gas arc welding混合气体保护电弧焊mixed gas arc welding焊接专业英语词汇(3) 相关内容:。

大肠杆菌发酵经验总结大肠杆菌发酵经验总结首先，补料速率与比生长速率直接影响着乙酸的生成速率和积累量（主要是补料速率与比生长速率影响发酵液中的残糖量，进而影响），所以适当的控制补料速率和比生长速率，对于控制乙酸的量有很好的效果。

其次，必须要保证充足的溶氧，并严格控制pH值，而且补酸碱的速率尽量缓和，不能太快；温度对于蛋白的表达也有很重要的影响，较低的发酵温度下所生产出的蛋白大多是有活性的，而较高的发酵温度下产生的蛋白大多一包涵体形式存在。

第三，选取合理的诱导时间非常重要，一般的诱导时间选在指数生长后期，而且诱导时的比生长速率最好能控制在0.2之内，选在此时诱导，1.将菌体的快速生长期与蛋白合成期分开，使这两个阶段互不影响，有利于蛋白的高表达；2.已经得到了大量的菌体，而且菌体的生物量基本接近稳定，不论是从动力学角度，还是能耗，物料成本方面，都比较合理。

第四，补料过程中的碳氮比也很重要。

若氮源过高，会使菌体生长过于旺盛，pH偏高，不利于代谢产物的积累，氮源不足，则菌体繁殖量少从而影响产量；碳源过多，则容易刑场较低的pH，抑制菌体生长，碳源不足，则容易引起菌体的衰老和自溶。

另外，碳氮比不当还会引起菌体按比例的吸收营养物质，从而直接影响菌体的生长和产物的合成。

根据自己的经验，一般情况下，对于一个稳定的发酵工艺下，如果总是在固定的发酵时间段出现溶菌现象，而且能排除噬菌体和染菌的可能性后，那就可能是因为碳氮比不合理造成的。

可以适当调整碳氮比。

大家讨论得较多的是关于代谢副产物乙酸对大肠杆菌发酵的影响，现总结以下几点，并作出相应解决措施。

一、代谢副产物-乙酸乙酸是大肠杆菌发酵过程中的代谢副产物，在多大的浓度下产生抑制作用各种说法不一，一般认为在好气性条件下，5～10g/L 的乙酸浓度就能对滞后期、最大比生长速率、菌体浓度以及最后蛋白收率等都产生可观测到的抑制作用。

当乙酸浓度大于10或20g/L 时，细胞将会停止生长，当培养液中乙酸浓度大于12g/L 后外源蛋白的表达完全被抑制。

自发团聚诱导高比例立方氮化硼微晶的水热合成张晓;廉刚;谭淼;张顺杰;崔得良;王琪珑【摘要】Hydrothermal method was used to synthesize eBN. However, it was found that BN samples prepared by this method were usually mixtures of cBN, hBN and other phases of BN, which is a disadvantage for the further application. So, it is expected to explore new methods by which cBN can be easily separated from the mixture. The present paper deals with a method based on the serf-aggregation phenomenon of cBN crystallites to prepare pure millimmeter-size cBN agglomerates under specific hydrothermal conditions. The particle size and its uniformity of the agglomerates can be improved by increasing the reaction temperature, concentration of reactants, and the homogeneity of reaction solution. In contrast, increasing the pressure results in an opposite trend. A simple model was proposed to explain the mechanism of the serf-aggregation phenomenon.%利用水热法合成了立方氮化硼(cBN),利用立方氮化硼在特定反应条件下的自发团聚现象,提出了一种使混合物中的立方氮化硼在反应过程中自发纯化的新方法.提高原料浓度、反应温度和搅拌速度有利于获得较大粒径的立方氮化硼和尺寸分布均匀的团聚颗粒,但提高反应压力则会导致相反的结果.探讨了自团聚现象在生长大尺寸立方氮化硼晶体以及非均相合成中的潜在应用价值.【期刊名称】《高等学校化学学报》【年(卷),期】2011(032)003【总页数】7页(P655-661)【关键词】立方氮化硼;自发团聚;自发纯化;水热合成【作者】张晓;廉刚;谭淼;张顺杰;崔得良;王琪珑【作者单位】山东大学晶体材料国家重点实验室,济南,250100;山东大学化学与化工学院,济南,250100;山东大学晶体材料国家重点实验室,济南,250100;山东大学晶体材料国家重点实验室,济南,250100;山东大学晶体材料国家重点实验室,济南,250100;山东大学化学与化工学院,济南,250100;山东大学晶体材料国家重点实验室,济南,250100;山东大学化学与化工学院,济南,250100【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O614Abstract Hydrothermal method was used to synthesize cBN.However，it was found that BN samples prepared by this method were usually mixtures of cBN，hBN and other phases of BN，which is a disadvantage for the further application.So，it is expected to explore new methods by which cBN can be easily separated from the mixture.The present paper deals with a method based on the self-aggregation phenomenon of cBN crystallites to prepare pure millimmeter-size cBN agglomerates under specific hydrothermal conditions.The particle size and its uniformity of the agglomerates can be improved by increasing the reaction temperature，concentration of reactants，and the homogeneity of reaction solution.In contrast，increasing the pressure results in an opposite trend.A simple model was proposed to explain the mechanism of the self-aggregation phenomenon.Keywords Cubic boron nitride(cBN);Self-aggregation;Spontaneous purification;Hydrothermal synthesisCubic boron nitride(cBN)，isostructural to diamond，has many outstanding advantages，such as super hardness，high thermal conductivity，chemical inertness，and so on［1—5］.Besides，cBN is superior to diamond due to its lower solubility in ferrous metals，higher resistance to oxidation，wider band gap(6.2 eV)and good optical transparency in a wide range(infrared to UV)［6—10］，which make it an excellent substitute for diamond in certain cases.Since cBN was firstly synthesized under high temperature and high pressure(HTHP)by Wentorf［11］，intensive efforts have been made on optimizing synthesis method，for example，by utilizing new catalysts，thesynthesis of cBN has been performed under comparatively moderate conditions［12—14］.However，the temperature and pressure for synthesizing cBN are still too high(usually ＞1000℃ and ＞1 GPa).In order to synthesize cBN under milder conditions，some new methods have been developed，namely，chemical vapor deposition(CVD)and physical vapor deposition(PVD)methods in fabricating cBN films［15—18］，and solvothermal route for synthesizing cBN nano-and micro-crystals，and so on［19—22］.Unfortunately，the samples prepared by solvothermal method are usually mixtures of hBN，oBN and cBN.This severely limits the application of the products from solvothermal route.Separating cBN from the mixture was quite a diffcult until we noticed that cBN crystallites usually aggregated automaticly under specific conditions，while similar phenomenon was not observed for hBN.In fact，the selective agglomeration has already been utilized in the separation of a specific component from a solid mixture［23—25］.The different behavior of cBN and hBN provides a capable route to purify cBN，and we have performed a series of experiments to investigate the key factors affecting the aggregation phenomenon.On the basis of analyzing the experimental results，a model is proposed for the mechanism behind this phenomenon.1.1 ChemicalsH3BO3(A.R.grade)was purchased from Tianjin Bodi Chemical Holding Co.，Ltd.，NaN3(A.R.grade)was purchased from Tianjin No.3 Chemical Reagent Factory;N2H4·H2O(85%，A.R.grade)was purchased from Tianjin Kermel Chemical Reagent Co.，Ltd.;N(CH3)3(33%，C.P.grade)was purchased form Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co.，Ltd..All reagents were used without further purification.1.2 SynthesisA mixture of 0.1 mol H3BO3，0.3 mol NaN3，5 mL N2H4·H2O and an appropriate volume of deionized water was mixed forming 500 mL solution(1)，which was transferred into an autoclave with a capacity of 1000 mL.A second solution(2)was prepared by dissolving 0.1 mol NaN3，5 mL N2H4·H2O and 40 mL N(CH3)3in 80 mL deionized water and then introduced into an outer tank［solution(2)is called“secondary nitrogen source”，see Fig.1］.The autoclave was heated to 300℃at a rate of0.5℃/min and k ept at this temperature for 12 h.Then the secondary nitrogen source was introduced into the autoclave and heated for another10 h at 300℃，followed by a cooling process at a rate of 0.5℃/min.When the autoclave was cooled to room temperature，the sample was taken out of the autoclave，filtered and washed with deionized water to remove the by-products.Having been dried at 80℃ for 8—10 h，BN sample was obtained for characterization.1.3 CharacterizationsThe phases of the samples were identified by their XRD patterns，collected with the step speed of 4°/min on a D/max-γA X-ray diffractometer with Ni filtered CuKα radiation(V=40 kV，I=50 mA).Micro-morphology and selective area electron diffraction(SAED)patterns of cBN crystallites were obtained under a Hitachi H-800 transmission electron microscope(TEM，150 kV).The morphology of cBN agglomerates was observed under an Olympus BX-51 microscope.The primary particle size distribution for cBN agglomerates was analyzed by LS-230 automatic laser particle size analysis equipment.2.1 Self-aggregation of cBN CrystallitesIn most cases，BN samples prepared by hydrothermal method are either a mixture of hexagonal and cubic phases with high yield or pure cubic phase with low yield.Fig.2 curveapresents the typical XRD pattern of such a mixed phase sample.By carefully observing their morphology，it is quite interesting that cBN crystallites aggregate themselves into rather large agglomerates，while hBN particles are still in dispersed form.As a result，cBN crystallites can be easily separated from hBN by sieving the sample.The XRD patterns of the resultant cBN and hBN samples arerespectively shown in Fig.2 curvesbandc.In Fig.2 curveb，all the peaks labeled with rhombus(◇)can be indexed tothe(002)and(004)diffractions(JCPDS No.34-0421)of hBN，while the peaks withdspacings of 0.209，0.181，0.128 and 0.109 nm in Fig.2curvec(marked by“▲”)are indexed to the(111)，(200)，(220)and(311)diffractions(JCPDS No.25-1033)of cBN respectively. Furthermore，the photographs of cBN agglomerates，prepared at 300 ℃ and 8.5 MPa，are shown in Fig.3(A)and(B).The cBNagglomerates(secondary particles)，which are composed oflarger(brown)and smaller(black)cBN crystallites(primary particles)，are as large as 0.5—0.6 mm in size［Fig.3(B)］，and can be easily separated from the dispersed hBN nanocrystals.2.2 Key Factors Affecting the Self-aggregation of cBN CrystallitesIt is much easier for separating cBN crystallites from other phases when the size of the agglomerates is large and uniform.In order to control the size of cBN agglomerates，some key factors，i.e.，pressure(P)，temperature(T)，concentration of reactants(c)and stirring speed(N)，have been investigated.The detail data are provided in Table 1.2.2.1 Influence of PressureComparing the samples S-1，S-2 and S-3 in Table 1 obviously shows that the average size of the agglomerates decreases from 0.85 mm to 0.35 mm with the pressure increasing from 7.5 MPa to 9.0 MPa.Analogous phenomenon has also been observed at low temperature(260℃).Along with the pressure rising from 4 MPa to 8.5 MPa，the average size of theagglomerates decreases from 0.45 mm to 0.2 mm(corresponding to S-5 and S-6，respectively).When the pressure is further increased to 11 MPa，no agglomerates can be observed in the sample(S-7).In one word，the pressure plays a key role in depressing the formation of cBN agglomerates.2.2.2 Influence of Temperature and ConcentrationBesides the pressure，the effects of reaction temperature and concentration of the reactants have been also investigated.It is noticedthat cBN agglomerates become larger with the increase of both the temperature and concentration of paring samples S-2 withS-6 clearly shows that the size of the agglomerates increases from 0.2 mm to 0.55 mm when the temperature increases from 260℃ to 300℃.Similarly，at 300℃and 10.5 MPa，no agglomerates can be observed in the sample prepared at a concentration of 0.2 mol/L.However，cBN agglomerates as large as 1.25 mm have been obtained when the concentration of reactants increases to 0.4 mol/L.This phenomenon can be easily seen by comparingS-4 with S-8.Because of the high specific surface energy，there is a great tendency for the small cBN crystallites to aggregate into larger particles.When the surface energy is high enough to overcome the potential barrierVbfor aggregation，they will get closer to form larger agglomerates.The aggregation rate of the crystallites increases with the increasing of cBN crystallites number density(i.e.，the number of cBN per volume)，and so does the size of the cBN agglomerates.According to the crystal growth model，the formation rate of cBN crystallites is proportional to thetemperature in an exponential way，namely，the higher the temperature，the higher the cBN crystallites number density.In this case，more and larger cBN agglomerates will be obtained at a higher temperature.The aggregation rate of cBN crystallites can be expressed by the following equation［26，27］.whereDis the diffusion coefficient of the crystallites in solution，Nis their number density，ais the radius of the crystallites，Tis temperature andVbis the potential barrier of aggregation.On the other hand，the aggregation rateJis also proportional to the number density of cBN crystallitesN，which should be rather high at ahigh concentration of reactants.On the basis of such a consideration，it is understandable that the size of agglomerates in sample S-8 is much larger than that in sample S-4.2.2.3 Influence of Homogeneous-stirring SpeedIn our experiments，the homogeneity has been controlled by adjusting stirring speed，so we directly discuss the effect of stirring speed on the aggregation of cBN crystallites in the following.The experiment results show that the convective diffusion in the reacting solution is fairly slow without stirring，as a result，both the homogeneity of the reacting solution and the yield of cBN are severely decreased，and no agglomerates can be found in the samples.At a stirring speed of 200 r/min，some agglomerates with poor size uniformity can be obtained(sample S-9 in Table 1).On increasing the stirring speed to 300 r/min，a large amountof agglomerates in uniform size have been observed in the sample(sampleS-1 in Table 1).However，due to the large shearing stress introduced by stirring，further increasing the stirring speed does not affect the aggregationphenomenon of cBN crystallites.In summary，higher temperature，high reactants concentration and homogeneous reaction solution are essential for preparing large and uniform sized cBN agglomerates，whereas the formation of cBN agglomerates will be suppressed by increasing the pressure.2.3 Size Distribution of Primary Particles in cBN AgglomeratesIt is well known that the aggregation modes can be classified into two types:soft aggregation and hard one.For the former，the secondary particles can be easily broken into its constitutional primary particles.In contrast，it is quite difficult to do so for the latter.Fig.4 displays the schematic diagram of the suspension obtained by ultrasonically treating cBN agglomerates in ethanol for 5 h.It shows that the agglomerates are easily broken into primary cBN crystallites by ultrasonic treatment，with the larger particles(in brown color)precipitate on the bottom and the smaller ones(in black color)suspend in the solution.This illuminates that the cBN agglomerates are formed by cBN crystallites through soft aggregation mode.For proving the black primary particles are cBN crystallites，they have been further characterized by TEM and SAED(Fig.5).From Fig.5(A)，it is found that average particle size of the crystallites is about 30 nm and they are well dispersed in ethanol.By analyzing the corresponding SAED pattern in Fig.5(B)，it is known that the four sets of diffraction rings can beindexed to the(111)，(200)，(220)and(311)planes of cBN，respectively，which is consistent with the conclusion obtained from XRD patterns.The above analysis indicates that cBN crystallites can be separated from the other impurity phases by utilizing self-aggregation phenomenon，thus pure cBN sample could be easily obtained by this method.This result provides us many advantages for further investigations on both the property and application of cBN nano-and micro-crystals.It is quite interesting to analyze the size distribution of cBN crystallites in the agglomerates，and the result may provide us some useful information for understanding the mechanism of the self-aggregation of cBN.After dispersing the agglomerates in ethanol，the resulted suspension was ultrasonically treated and then used for particle size distribution analysis.Fig.6(A)presents the size distribution of cBN crystallites.It is evident that the sizes of about 75%of cBN crystallites are in a range of 1—4 μm，which come from the surface of the agglomerates.Besides，the sizes of the other 20%of cBN crystallites，forming the core of the agglomerates，are in a range of 200—400 nm.In addition，the sizes of the remaining about 5%of cBN crystallites，which come from the inner core of the agglomerates，are smaller than 100 nm.The upper inset inFig.6(A)schematically shows the primary particles size distribution of cBN crystallites in single agglomerate.The above conclusion has also been supported by the photographs of cBN agglomerates.Besides the cBN nanocrystals，many sub-micron cBN crystals，with an average size of about 0.3 μm，can also be observed inthe agglomerates，two of such crystals are shown in Fig.6(B).Furthermore，a mass of even larger cBN crystals，with particles size of about 2 μm，have been found in the agglomerates.In Fig.6(A)，the lower inset is a photograph taken by the optical microscope，which indicates that there are many yellow-brown microcrystals in the agglomerates.The TEM image of a cBN microcrystal is presented in Fig.6(C).2.4 Proposed Model for Explaining the Aggregation PhenomenonDuring the initial stage of the hydrothermal synthesis process，a large amount of small cBN crystallites appear in the solution.Because of the extremely high specific surface energy，they quickly aggregate with each other under the action of liquid bridge，van der Waals and capillary forces ［28，29］，thus the cores of agglomerates are formed.Asthe“secondary nitrogen source”is introduced into the autoclave and diffused to the surface of the existing cores to react with the B-containing compound(called“boron source”)，some new cBN crystallites appear on the surface.At the same time，more BN forms on the surface of these cBN crystallites and results in the continuous growth of the crystallites(Fig.7).On the contrary，because the crystallites in the inner part of agglomerates was closely packed and almost all the reactants are consumed on the surface of the agglomerates，it is almost impossible for the crystallites to grow up.The final result of the above process is that the crystallites in the inner part are smaller and those on the surface are larger.2.5 Potential Applications of Self-aggregation Phenomenon in the Purification and Growth of cBN CrystalsFrom the above discussion，it is found that cBN crystallites synthesized by hydrothermal method aggregate into larger particles under some specific conditions，and spontaneously separate from other impurity phases.This phenomenon is undoubtedly useful to the purification of cBN and selective preparation of other importantcompound from multi-phases system，such as graphite-diamond，and so on.On the other hand，it is possible to control the growth process by the self-aggregation phenomenon，and grow larger and more perfect cBN crystals with a limited amount of reactants.Hydrothermal synthesis method is a newly developed route for synthesizing cBN，so intensive investigations are still required in order to improve it.At present，it is quite difficult to synthesize pure cBN by this route，however，the self-aggregation phenomenon of cBN in hydrothermal solutions provides us a new way to synthesize pure cBN crystallites.Furthermore，this 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网络出版时间：２０２３－０６－０８１６：２６：１５　网络出版地址：ｈｔｔｐｓ：／／ｋｎｓ．ｃｎｋｉ．ｎｅｔ／ｋｃｍｓ２／ｄｅｔａｉｌ／３４．１０８６．Ｒ．２０２３０６０８．１３４３．０１４．ｈｔｍｌ高盐饮食上调跨膜蛋白１６Ａ致Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６Ｊ小鼠脑动脉重构的机制侯晓敏１，施熠炜２，孙　琳３，赵　旭３，郑志发４，常铭洋３，张明升１，秦小江３（山西医科大学１．药理学教研室、２．第一医院、３．公共卫生学院，山西太原　０３０００１；４．山西白求恩医院，山西太原　０３００３２）收稿日期：２０２３－０１－０６，修回日期：２０２３－０３－２８基金项目：国家自然科学基金资助项目（Ｎｏ８２２０４０４２）；山西省自然科学研究面上项目（Ｎｏ２０２１０３０２１２２４２２７）；山西省归国留学基金资助项目（Ｎｏ２０２０ ０７５，２０２０ ０８７）；细胞生理学教育部重点实验室（山西医科大学）开放基金资助项目（ＮｏＣＰＯＦ２０２１１７）作者简介：侯晓敏（１９８３－），女，博士，副教授，研究方向：心脑血管药理学，Ｅ ｍａｉｌ：ｘｉａｏｍｉｎｈｏｕ＠ｓｘｍｕ．ｅｄｕ．ｃｎ；秦小江（１９８６－），男，博士，教授，硕士生导师，研究方向：微血管病变机制，通信作者，Ｅ ｍａｉｌ：ｓｐｈ＠ｓｘｍｕ．ｅｄｕ．ｃｎｄｏｉ：１０．１２３６０／ＣＰＢ２０２２０９０５６文献标志码：Ａ文章编号：１００１－１９７８（２０２３）０６－１０４２－０６中国图书分类号：Ｒ ３３２；Ｒ１５１ ２；Ｒ３２２ １２１；Ｒ３４１；Ｒ３４８ １摘要：目的　探讨高盐上调跨膜蛋白１６Ａ（ｔｒａｎｓｍｅｍｂｒａｎｅｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ１６Ａ，ＴＭＥＭ１６Ａ）致小鼠脑动脉重构的机制。

方法　４０只Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６Ｊ小鼠随机分为４组（１０只／组，模型制备８周），空白对照组（正常饮水、摄食）、低盐组（２％高盐饲料）、中盐组（４％高盐饲料）和高盐组（８％高盐饲料）。

ＨＥ染色观察脑动脉形态学变化；血管渗透性实验比较脑组织颜色及吸光度值；免疫荧光检测脑动脉ＴＭＥＭ１６Ａ的表达；ＰＣＲ和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ检测脑动脉ＴＭＥＭ１６Ａ的ｍＲＮＡ和蛋白表达；离体肌张力检测脑动脉舒缩反应；膜片钳记录脑动脉平滑肌细胞钙激活氯通道（ｃａｌｃｉｕｍ ａｃｔｉｖａｔｅｄｃｈｌｏｒｉｄｅｃｈａｎｎｅｌｓ，ＣａＣＣ）电流。

孙梦，冉佩灵，黄业传，等. 超高压杀菌对低盐切片腊肉风味及理化性质的影响[J]. 食品工业科技，2024，45（2）：101−109. doi:10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023040209SUN Meng, RAN Peiling, HUANG Yechuan, et al. Effect of Ultra-high-pressure Sterilization on Flavor and Physicochemical Properties of Low-salt Sliced Bacon[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2024, 45(2): 101−109. (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2023040209· 研究与探讨 ·超高压杀菌对低盐切片腊肉风味及理化性质的影响孙　梦1，冉佩灵1,2, +，黄业传2, *，李占阳1（1.西南科技大学生命科学与工程学院，四川绵阳 621000；2.荆楚理工学院生物工程学院，湖北荆门 448000）摘　要：为探究不同压力的超高压杀菌对低盐切片腊肉品质的影响，样品在22 ℃下分别经200、400、600 MPa 压力处理10 min ，以未杀菌组为对照，于4 ℃储藏的第0、60、120、180 d 测定理化指标、风味物质及菌落总数。

结果表明，超高压处理后，低盐切片腊肉的水分含量、亚硝酸盐含量、硬度、a *值、b *值及菌落总数均降低，pH 、POV 值、L *值、弹性、回复力及内聚性均升高。

储藏过程中，超高压增强了腊肉的持水性，减缓了脂肪氧化，有效抑制了微生物生长。

第180 d 时，超高压组的水分含量、L *值、a *值、弹性及内聚性均高于对照组，pH 、亚硝酸盐含量、硬度及菌落总数均低于对照组。

【超能陆战队】台词中英对照起来起来Get up! Get up!赢家诞⽣完胜对⼿The winner! By total annihilation.催命阎王Yama!谁是下⼀个谁还有胆量在赛场上⼀决雌雄Who's next? Where's the guts to stop me in the ring?挑战我的⼩阎王With little Yama!我能试试吗Can I try?我有个机器⼈是我⾃⼰造的I have a robot. I built it myself.算了吧⼩⼦这⼉有规矩交钱才能⼊场Beat it kid! House Rules: You gotta pay to play.这些够了吗Oh, Is this enough?你叫什么⼩朋友What's your name, little boy?我叫⼩宏滨⽥宏Hiro, Hiro Hamada.准备好你的机器⼈⼩⾍Prepare your bot, Zero...两⽅对垒决⼀死战Two bots enter... One might leaves.准备好了吗Fighters ready?开战Fight!这是我第⼀次参赛能再试⼀次吗That was my first fight. Can I try again?没⼈喜欢输不起的⼈⼩朋友No one likes a sore loser little boy.回家吧Go home.我还有钱I've got more money...准备好了吗Fighters ready?开战Fight!磁⼒神Megabot!灭了他Destroy.- 再见了⼩阎王- 什么- Not more "Little Yama". - But what?这怎么可能This is not possible!我也没想到也许是新⼿运⽓好吧1Hey, I'm as surprised as you are. Beginner's luck.你还想再来⼀次吗Do you wanna go again?阎王Yama?- No one hustles Yama! - Wooh! Hey! 给他点颜⾊看看Teach him a lesson!伙计们有话好好说Hey fellas. Let's talk about this.- ⼩宏快上车- 阿正- Hiro, get on! - Tadashi!来得真是时候Ooh! Good timing.- Are you okay? - Yeah. - Are you hurt? - No!那你在想什么笨蛋Then, what are you thinking, knucklehead!你⼗三岁从⾼中毕业就是为了⼲这个You graduated high school and you're13 and this is what you're doing?抓紧了Hold on!机器⼈⽐赛是违法的你会被抓进监狱的Bot fighting is illegal. You're gonna getyourself arrested.机器⼈⽐赛不违法参与赌博才...才违法Bot fighting is not illegal. Betting on bot fighting..thats..that's illegal.但没⼈会注意到的我势头可猛了⽼哥But, so who could heed. I'm on a roll,big brother.谁也不能阻⽌我And there is no stopping me!哦不Oh, no.嗨卡斯阿姨Hi, Aunt Cass.你们还好吗快告诉我你们没事Are you guys okay? Tell me you'reokay...2- We're fine. - We're okay.那就好Oh good.那你们两个⼩笨蛋在想什么Then what were you two knuckle heads thinking?!过去的⼗年我含⾟茹苦把你们拉扯⼤For 10 years, I heed the best I could to raise you.我⼗全⼗美吗不Have I been perfect? No!我很会养⼩孩吗不Do I know anything about children? No! 我该找本育⼉⼿册来看吗也许吧Should I pick a book on parenting? Probably?我想说什么来着我本来想说...Where I was going with this? I had apoint...我也爱你I love you too!因为你们俩我不得不在节拍诗之夜早早收⼯I had to close up early because of youtwo fellons on beat poetry night.因为你们我都暴饮暴⾷了过来糯⽶Stress eating because of you! Come on,Moty!真的好好吃啊This is really good!你最好在卡斯阿姨吃光餐厅⾥的所有⾷物之前You'd better make this up to Aunt Cass,想办法补偿她before she eats everything in the cafe.那是⾃然For sure.我希望你能吸取教训⼩⼦And I hope you learn your lesson, bonehead.我会的Absolutely.你还要去参加机器⼈⽐赛是吗You're going fight boting, aren't you?⼩镇那边还有⼀场⽐赛There's a fight across town.3如果我现在预约还能赶得上If I book now, I could still make it.你什么时候做事前能⽤⽤你那聪明的⼤脑⽠啊When are you gonna start doing something with that big brain of yours? ⼲吗像你⼀样去上⼤学What? Go to college like you?好让别⼈教我我早就知道的东西So people can tell me stuff I already know?你简直不可理喻Unbelievable.⽼妈⽼爸会怎么说啊Ahh! What would Mom and Dad say? 我不知道他们已经过世了I don't know. They're gone.我三岁时他们就死了记得吗They died when I was 3, remember?- I'll take you. - Really?我阻⽌不了你但我不会让你⾃⼰去I can't stop you from going, but I'm notgonna let you go on your own.太棒了Sweet!我们来你的呆⼦学校做什么What are we doing at your nerd school?机器⼈⽐赛在那边Bot fights that way!我去拿点东西Gotta grab something.要⽤很长时间吗Is this gonna take long?淡定我的⼤宝贝拿完东西就⾛Relax, you big baby, we will be in andout.你还没见过我的实验室呢Anyway, you've never seen my lab.太棒了终于见到你的呆⼦实验室了Oh great! I get to see your Nerd Lab.- Heads up! - Wooh!电磁悬浮Electromag suspension?你是谁Who are you?神⾏御姐这是我弟弟⼩宏4Gogo, this is my brother, Hiro.欢迎来到呆⼦实验室Welcome to the Nerd Lab.是啊Yeah...我从未见过应⽤在⾃⾏车上的电磁悬浮呢I've never seen Electromag suspension on a bike before.零阻⼒骑得更快Zero resistance, faster bike.但...还不够快But... Not fast enough. 还不够Yet.别动站在线后⾯Ohh! Woohh! Do not move! Behind the line please.芥末⽆疆这是我弟弟⼩宏Hey, Wasabi. This is my brother, Hiro.你好啊⼩宏做好⼤吃⼀惊的准备Hello, Hiro. Prepare to be amazed.接好了Catch!- Laser induced Plasma? - Oh, yeah.运⽤⼀点磁约束技术来达到...With a little magnetic confinement for超精密程度Ultra precision.你怎么在这么多东西中找到⾃⼰要⽤的Wow, how did you find anything in thismess?我有个系统每样东西都放在各⾃的位置I have a system. There is a place foreverything, and everything in its place.- I need this! - You can't do that!你把这弄乱了社会需要秩序!This is anarchy! Society has rules!不好意思借过⼀下Excuse me! Coming through!阿正Tadashi!我的天哪你⼀定是⼩宏Oh my gosh, you must be Hiro!5久仰⼤名啊I've heard so much about you!来得正好Perfect timing! Perfect timing!全是碳化钨That's a whole lot of Tungsten Carbide. ⾜⾜四百磅400 pounds of it.过来你⼀定会喜欢这个的Come here! Come here! You're gonna love this.⼀点⾼氯酸A dash of per chloric acid.⼀点钴⼀点过氧化氢A smidge of cobalt, a hint Hydrogen Peroxide...加热⾄五百开尔⽂然后...super heated to 500 Kelvin, and...Tadah!很不错吧It's really great, huh?- So pink. - Here's the best part.很神奇吧I know right!化学试剂对⾦属的脆化作⽤Chemical metal embrittlement!不赖嘛哈妮柠檬Not bad, Honey Lemon.哈妮柠檬神⾏御姐芥末⽆疆Honey Lemon? Gogo? Wasabi?我把芥末洒在了衬⾐上就洒了⼀次I spilled wasabi on my shirt one time people. One time!外号都是弗莱德取的Fred is the one who comes up with the nicknames.谁是弗莱德Ah... Who's Fred?鄙⼈在此This guy right here!莫惊慌卡通服⽽已我真⼈可不长这6。

高迁移率族蛋白B1在神经系统疾病中的研究进展邢槐杰;廖浩杰;余扬生【摘要】高迁移率族蛋白B1是一种在哺乳动物中广泛表达的非组蛋白染色体结合蛋白,并通过晚期糖基化终产物受体和TOLL样受体参与炎症反应过程,而大多数神经系统疾病的发病机制与自身免疫或免疫炎性损伤相关.本文就高迁移率族蛋白B1在神经系统疾病中的研究进展进行综述.%High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is widely expressed in mammalian with a non-histone chromo-somal binding protein, which is involved in the process of inflammatory by the receptors of advanced glycation end prod-ucts and Toll-like receptors, while the most of the nervous system diseases are related to autoimmunity or immune in-flammation injury. This article reviews the research progress of HMGB1 in the pathogenesis of nervous system diseases.【期刊名称】《海南医学》【年(卷),期】2017(028)011【总页数】4页(P1810-1813)【关键词】高迁移率族蛋白B1;中枢神经系统损伤;RAGE受体;TOLL样受体【作者】邢槐杰;廖浩杰;余扬生【作者单位】广东医科大学湛江校区,广东湛江 524000;广东医科大学湛江校区,广东湛江 524000;广东医科大学湛江校区,广东湛江 524000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R741高迁移率族蛋白B1(high mobility group box 1，HMGB1)是一种在哺乳动物中广泛表达的非组蛋白染色体结合蛋白，最早提取于小牛胸腺，因其在聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳中快速迁移而命名[1]。

Designation:F2329–05Standard Specification forZinc Coating,Hot-Dip,Requirements for Application to Carbon and Alloy Steel Bolts,Screws,Washers,Nuts,and Special Threaded Fasteners1This standard is issued under thefixed designation F2329;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1.Scope1.1This specification covers the requirements for hot-dip zinc coating applied to carbon steel and alloy steel bolts, screws,washers,nuts,and special threaded fasteners applied by the hot-dip coating process.Nails and rivets are not included in this specification.1.2It is intended to be applicable to fasteners that are centrifuged or otherwise handled to remove excess galvanizing bath metal(free zinc).1.3This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:2A153/A153M Specification for Zinc Coating(Hot-Dip)on Iron and Steel HardwareA563Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel NutsB487Test Method for Measurement of Metal and Oxide Coating Thickness by Microscopical Examination of a Cross Section.E376Practice for Measuring Coating Thickness by Magnetic-Field or Eddy-Current(Electromagnetic)Exami-nation MethodsF606Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Prop-erties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners, Washers,and RivetsF1470Guide for Fastener Sampling for Specified Mechani-cal Properties and Performance InspectionF1789Terminology for F16Mechanical Fasteners 3.Terminology3.1Terms used in this specification are defined in Termi-nology F1789unless otherwise defined in this specification.3.1.1batch lot—quantity of identical parts cleaned,pickled,fluxed,and galvanized together at one time in a galvanizing basket.3.1.2galvanizing—hot-dip zinc coating.3.1.3high temperature galvanizing—galvanizing process carried out in a ceramic vessel(kettle)at an approximate temperature ranging between990and1040°F.3.1.4hot-dip zinc coating of mechanical fasteners—process whereby fasteners are zinc coated by immersion in a bath of molten zinc,resulting in the formation of the iron/zinc alloy coating and a zinc coating at the surface of the fastener.This process involves the removal of excess zinc by spinning the parts in a centrifuge,or brushing the threaded portion,or handling otherwise to remove the excess zinc.3.1.5production lot—batches of parts originating from the same manufacturing lot,processed continuously through clean-ing,pickling,fluxing,dipping in molten zinc and spun in a centrifuge,or other means,without any significant change in time,temperature,and concentration of the constituents of the process.3.1.6stress relief—process of heating parts for a definite time at a given temperature in order to relieve stress induced by work hardening.4.Ordering Information4.1Orders for zinc coating of fasteners to this specification shall include the following:4.1.1Name of product(that is bolt,stud,nut,washers,or other);4.1.2ASTM designation and year of issue,including fas-tener specification number;4.1.3Hydrogen embrittlement relief,as required by the purchaser,see7.2.3;4.1.4Quantity of fasteners to be hot-dip zinc coated;4.1.5Stress relief or tempering temperature to which the fasteners were subjected,if applicable;1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16onFastener and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.03on Coatings onFasteners.Current edition approved Feb.1,2005.Published February2005.2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,orcontact ASTM Customer Service at service@.For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.4.1.6Secondary processing such as chromating,phosphat-ing,or lubrication,if applicable;4.1.7Average galvanizing temperature to which fasteners will be subjected,if required by the purchaser (see 7.2.2);4.1.8Specify baking if required (see 7.2.3);and 4.1.9Certification,if required (see 14.1).5.Materials and Manufacture5.1Condition of the As-Received Fasteners —The fasteners as received by the galvanizer shall be free from contaminants that are not readily removed in the cleaning process and would adversely affect the galvanizing.5.2Process —Unless otherwise covered in this specifica-tion,all processing parameters shall be in accordance with the requirements of Specification A 153/A 153M .5.2.1Process Control —Galvanized fasteners subjected to a process control plan based upon batch lot level shall comply with the batch lot sampling plan in Table 1,and the sampling plan for production lot (prevention process)as determined in 10.2.2shall be applied.5.3Spinning and Quenching :5.3.1Parts shall be spun immediately following removal from the galvanizing bath and quenched in water.In addition,small parts shall be air cooled as needed in order to prevent the formation of zinc oxide.5.3.2Parts,which cannot be spun shall be brushed or handled otherwise to remove the excess zinc.5.4Alteration of Threaded Fasteners :5.4.1Fasteners that have been hot-dip galvanized shall not be further altered (such as subjected to a cutting,rolling,finishing-tool operation)by the galvanizer unless specifically authorized in writing by the purchaser.5.4.2Hot-dip galvanizing of externally threaded fasteners shall meet the thread fitting requirements of the specified product standard or specific allowance as determined by the customer.N OTE 1—The scope of this specification does not cover the require-ments regarding the overtapping of galvanized nuts.These requirements are established by the applicable product standard,such as Specification A 563(or others),or in writing by the purchaser,if needed.5.5Secondary Processing :5.5.1When requested by the purchaser,treatments such as chromating or phosphating shall be applied to reduce the possibility of wet storage staining (white corrosion)or to assist subsequent painting.5.5.2When specified on the purchase order,the nuts,bolts,or screws shall be lubricated to enhance assembly.6.Chemical Composition of Zinc6.1Unless otherwise specified in the product standard,the zinc used for the coating shall conform to the requirements of the section on Zinc of Specification A 153/A 153M .7.Safeguards Against Alteration of Fasteners Mechanical Properties7.1Stress Relief —Fasteners subjected to severe work hard-ening shall be stress-relieved by the fastener manufacturer prior to hot-dip zinc coating (galvanizing).7.2Hot-Dip Zinc Coating :7.2.1Effect of Temperature on Mechanical Properties :7.2.1.1Galvanizing carried out at a temperature above 800°F can adversely affect the final mechanical properties of the fasteners.Therefore,the supplier of the fasteners submit-ting the product to the galvanizer shall be aware of the tempering temperature of the fasteners relative to the tempera-ture of the galvanizing bath and the potential effect it may have on the product.When requested by the purchaser,the average galvanizing temperature that the fasteners will be subjected to shall be furnished.7.2.1.2Unless otherwise required by the product standard or by the purchaser,testing for mechanical properties is not necessary if the galvanizing process is carried out at a lower temperature than the stress relief or tempering temperature of the fasteners.If the galvanizing process is carried out at a higher temperature than the stress relief or the tempering temperature of the fasteners,than the purchaser shall make provision for mechanical testing.7.2.1.3Threaded fasteners made from carbon or alloy steel heat treated to the specified hardness of 40HRC or above,or case hardened steel fasteners shall not be hot-dip zinc coated.7.2.2Effect of Hydrogen on the Mechanical Properties after Galvanizing —Hydrogen has the potential of being introduced into the steel during acid pickling,prior to hot-dip galvanizing.For high strength fasteners (having a specified minimum product hardness of 33HRC),there is a risk of internal hydrogen embrittlement.If required by the product standard or by the purchaser,mechanical descaling (with or without flash pickling)or baking shall be conducted to reduce the risk of internal hydrogen embrittlement.Baking shall be conducted after pickling and prior to hot-dip galvanizing.7.2.3Effect of the Galvanizing Temperature —Externally threaded ferrous fasteners over 1.00in.diameter with a specified minimum hardness of HRC 33and higher shall not be hot-dip zinc coated at high temperature in order to avoid microcracks.8.Coating and Dimensional Requirements8.1Coating Thickness —The zinc coating thickness shall meet the requirements of Table 2.TABLE 1Process Control of Batch Lot ASampling PlanSample Size BBatch Lot Size Average Coating Thickness CAdhesionAppearance D5to 2511126to 5011251to 150212151and over222A The acceptance criterion in all cases is zero defects.BThe sample size is the number of specimen(s)required to be tested/inspected to the applicable criteria.CCoating thickness frequency of measurements:one set of specimen(s)for every five batch lots.For test method,see 11.1.DVisual inspection forconformance.8.2Dimension —The dimensional characteristics of the fas-teners shall be in accordance with the requirements of the purchaser,when specified in the order.The purchaser shall ensure that the effect of the heat generated by the galvanizing process is compatible with the fastener regarding the final dimensional characteristics of the parts.Furthermore,the galvanizer shall not be held responsible for any unanticipated distortion of parts.In addition,the purchaser shall provide fasteners having sufficient dimensional allowance to accom-modate the zinc thickness deposition,as required in 8.1.8.3Adhesion of Zinc Coating —The zinc coating shall adhere tenaciously to the surface of the base metal.The method for testing the condition of adherence is specified in 11.5.9.Workmanship,Finish,and Appearance 9.1Appearance of Zinc Coating :9.1.1After hot-dip galvanizing,fasteners shall meet the requirements of the section on Workmanship,Finish,and Appearance of Specification A 153/A 153M .Galvanized wash-ers shall not be bonded to each other (see Note 2).Parts may be dull due to the presence of silicon in the steel.The dull appearance shall not be cause for rejection.N OTE 2—Hot-dip washers tend to bond to each other.Suitable accep-tance criteria shall be agreed between the purchaser and the galvanizer before placing the order.Unless otherwise agreed to in the purchase order,delivered galvanized washers shall not be bonded to each other.9.1.2The test method shall be in accordance with 11.3.9.2Smoothness of Zinc Coating :9.2.1The zinc coating shall be smooth and reasonably uniform in thickness,as defined in the section on Workman-ship,Finish,and Appearance of Specification A 153/A 153M .Smoothness of a surface is a relative term.Minor roughness that does not impair the intended use of the part,or roughness that is related to the uncoated surface condition of the part,shall not constitute grounds for rejection of the parts.9.2.2The test method shall be in accordance with 11.3.10.Sampling10.1Test specimens shall be selected at random from each production lot or batch lot,when applicable.10.2Selection of the Sampling Plan–Production Lot —Two sampling plans are proposed,one based on detection processand one based on prevention process as defined in Terminology F 1789.The selection of the sampling plan shall be in accor-dance with Guide F 1470.10.2.1Production Lot–Detection Process —Sampling for coating thickness and for visual appearance shall be conducted in accordance with Table 1,Sample Level A,and Table 3,Sample Size A,of Guide F 1470.Sampling for adhesion test shall be in accordance with Table 1,Sample Level C,and Table 3,Sample Size C,of Guide F 1470.10.2.2Production Lot–Prevention Process —Sampling for coating thickness and for visual appearance shall be conducted in accordance with Table 2,Sample Level B,and Table 3Sample Size B,of Guide F 1470.Sampling for adhesion test shall be in accordance with Table 2,Sample Level D,and Table 3,Sample Size D,of Guide F 1470.11.Test Methods11.1Tests shall be made to ensure that the zinc coating is being furnished in accordance with this specification and as specified for the following:11.2Coating Thickness :11.2.1Average Coating Thickness on an Individual Speci-men :11.2.1.1To calculate the average coating thickness of one specimen,a minimum of five readings shall be taken.In case the geometry of the specimen does not permit five readings,five test specimens shall be used to establish the average reading.11.2.1.2The determination of the coating thickness shall be made on a portion of the fastener that does not include any threads in accordance with Practice E 376.11.2.1.3In case of arbitration,the thickness of coating shall be determined by cross section and optical measurement,in accordance with Test Method B 487.Thus,the thickness determined is a point value.No less than five measurements shall be made at locations on the test specimen,which are as widely dispersed as practical,so as to be representative of the whole surface of the test specimen.The average of those selected measurements is the average coating thickness.11.3Finish and Appearance —Finish and appearance shall be visually inspected.TABLE 2Zinc Coating ThicknessMinimum Thickness on SurfaceDimension AAverage Thickness of All Specimens Tested (Production Lot)BAverage Thickness of AllSpecimens Tested (Batch Lot)CAverage Thickness of Individual SpecimenFasteners and nuts over 3⁄8in.in diameter Washers 3⁄16in.and 1⁄4in.in thickness0.0020in.0.0017in.0.0017in.Fasteners and nuts 3⁄8in.and under in diameter Washers under 3⁄16in.in thickness0.0017in.0.0015in.0.0015in.AIn the case of long pieces,such as anchor rods and similar articles over 5ft in length,the thickness measurement shall be determined at each end and the middle of the article.In the case of a fully threaded rod,the thickness measurements shall be determined at each end of the article.In no case shall the average of the measurements be below the average thickness shown in the Average Thickness on Individual Specimen column (see 11.2).The number of specimens to be tested per order shall be as specified in Section 10.Note—Based upon mathematical calculations,1.0oz /ft 2of zinc surface corresponds to an average coating thickness of 0.0017in.BFor test method,see 11.2.In no case shall the average reading of a single specimen be below the average thickness shown in the Average Thickness on Individual Specimen column.CSee 5.2.1and Table 1.For test method,see 11.2.In no case shall the average reading of a single specimen be below the average thickness shown in the Average Thickness on Individual Specimencolumn.11.4Embrittlement Test—If the product standard requires testing for hydrogen embrittlement of galvanized fasteners, testing shall be done in accordance with Test Methods F606or other test method(s),as required by the purchaser.11.5Adhesion Test—Testing for adherence shall be con-ducted as determined in the section on Adherence of Specifi-cation A153/A153M.12.Inspection12.1When dimensional inspection of the fasteners by the galvanizer is required by the purchaser in the order,the purchaser shall provide the necessary inspection tools and gages to the galvanizer.12.2The representative of the purchaser shall have access at all times while work on the contract of the purchaser is being performed,to those areas of the galvanizer’s work which concern the application of the zinc coating to the fastener ordered.The manufacturer shall afford the representative of the purchaser all reasonable facilities to satisfy him that the zinc coating is being furnished in accordance with this specification. All inspections and tests shall be made at the place of manufacture prior to shipments,unless otherwise specified,and shall be conducted so as not to unnecessarily interfere with the operation of the works.13.Rejection and Rehearing13.1When partial inspection of fasteners to determine conformity with visual requirements of Section9warrants rejection of a lot,the galvanizer may sort the lot and submit it once again for inspection.13.2Disposition of nonconforming lots shall be in accor-dance with the section on Disposition of Nonconforming Lots of Guide F1470.13.3Fasteners that have been rejected for reasons other than embrittlement may be stripped and re-galvanized and submit-ted for test and inspection.They shall then conform to the requirements of this specification.14.Certification14.1When specified in the purchase order or contract, certification shall be furnished declaring that samples repre-senting each lot have been either tested or inspected,as required by this specification,and that the requirements have been met.When specified in the purchase order or contract,the average galvanizing temperature shall be reported and the average thickness of the production lot shall be furnished. 15.Packaging and Package Marking15.1When the galvanizer is required to pack hot-dip gal-vanized fasteners,they should not be packed in unventilated containers,if fabricated from unseasoned wood.The packaging shall comply with the purchaser requirements.16.Keywords16.1coatings,zinc;galvanized coatings;steel zinc coated; steel fastener products,metallic coated;zinc coating fastener productsAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1.GALV ANIZING TEMPERATUREX1.1Normally galvanizing is carried out at a bath tem-perature of820to900°F.High temperature galvanizing is used to produce a smoother and thinner coating and is carried out at a bath temperature of990to1040°F.Thefinish obtained using the high temperature process is dull.X2.V ARIATION IN COATINGX2.1During galvanizing of a production lot,variation can be experienced due to factors inherent to the galvanizing process,such as immersion time,zinc temperature,time span between removal of fasteners from the zinc bath and the centrifuging,and thelike.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this ers of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights,and the risk of infringement of such rights,are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed everyfive years and if not revised,either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,which you may attend.If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards,at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959, United States.Individual reprints(single or multiple copies)of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at610-832-9585(phone),610-832-9555(fax),or service@(e-mail);or through the ASTM website ().。

抗肿瘤靶向工程菌的高密度发酵及菌粉研制王灿，莫湘涛，张峰，吴柳娟，李躺，夏立秋*（湖南师范大学生命科学学院，微生物分子生物学湖南省重点实验室，淡水鱼类发育生物学国家重点实验室，湖南长沙 410081）摘 要：为获得侵袭性抗肿瘤靶向工程菌株EcNA高菌体浓度的培养基配方，在单因素试验的基础上，通过Plackett-Burman试验筛选出对菌体浓度影响最显著的因素为酵母抽提物、K2HPO4用量，对显著影响因素进行中心组合试HPO4 14.26 g/L、KH2PO4 验响应面分析。

结果表明最佳培养基成分为：可溶性淀粉2 g/L、酵母抽提物50.3 g/L、K23 g/L、MgSO4 0.3 g/L、微量元素母液2 mL/L、接种量3%。

发酵后溶液中菌体OD600 nm 达到7.602，菌体生物量达到2.96×109 CFU/mL，比优化前提高了78.3%。

以冻干保护剂在冷冻干燥过程中对工程菌株的保护效果为研究对象，通过正交试验得到制成菌粉的最佳保护剂配方为脱脂乳14.25 g/100 mL、蔗糖3 g/100 mL、抗坏血酸钠3 g/100 mL，优化后菌体冻干粉存活率可达86.32%，利于制成延长贮存期的口服菌粉胶囊。

关键词：抗肿瘤靶向工程菌；高密度发酵；响应面分析法；冻干保护剂；菌粉制剂High Cell Density Fermentation of Tumor-Targeting Engineered Strain and Development of LyoprotectantFormulation for Its Freeze-DryingWANG Can, MO Xiangtao, ZHANG Feng, WU Liujuan, LI Tang, XIA Liqiu* (Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China) Abstract: The present study aimed to optimize the medium formulation for high cell density culture of an invasive tumor-targeting engineered strain, EcNA. Using one-factor-at-a-time method and a Plackett-Burman design, yeast extract and dipotassium phosphate were found to be the most important factors affecting cell concentration. The optimal medium, as determined using central composite design and response surface methodology, was composed of soluble starch 2 g/L, yeast extract 50.3 g/L, K2HPO4 14.26 g/L, KH2PO4 3 g/L, MgSO4 0.3 g/L, and trace element stock solution 2 mL/L, and the inoculum amount was 3%. The optical density at 600 nm (OD600 nm) of the bacterial culture obtained using the optimized medium reached 7.602 and the biomass was 2.96 × 109 CFU/mL, which was 78.3% higher than that before optimization. Moreover, using orthogonal array design, a lyoprotectant formulation consisting of skim milk 14.25 g/100 mL, sucrose 3 g/100 mL, VC-Na3 g/100 m L was found to be optimal for the freeze-drying of the strain. The survival rate of the engineered bacterium was up to86.32% during freeze-drying using the lyoprotectant, being beneficial for of prolonged storage life of oral capsules.Keywords: tumor-targeting engineered strain; high cell density fermentation; response surface analysis; cryoprotectant;bacterial powderDOI:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201802017中图分类号：TS201.3 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1002-6630（2018）02-0105-07引文格式：王灿, 莫湘涛, 张峰, 等. 抗肿瘤靶向工程菌的高密度发酵及菌粉研制[J]. 食品科学, 2018, 39(2): 105-111. DOI:10.7506/ spkx1002-6630-201802017. WANG Can, MO Xiangtao, ZHANG Feng, et al. High cell density fermentation of tumor-targeting engineered strain and development of lyoprotectant formulation for its freeze-drying[J]. Food Science, 2018, 39(2): 105-111. (in Chinese with English abstract) DOI:10.7506/spkx1002-6630-201802017. 收稿日期：2017-01-10基金项目：国家重点基础研究发展计划（973计划）项目（2012CB722301）；湖南省生物发育工程及新产品研发协同创新中心项目（20134486）第一作者简介：王灿（1992—），男，硕士研究生，研究方向为微生物新药发酵。

焊接术语翻译喇叭形坡口flare groove锁底坡口single bevel groove with backing locked坡形板边tapered edge焊缝weld接逢seam焊缝符号welding symbol焊缝金属weld metal填充金属filler metal熔敷金属deposited metal焊缝表面weld face/ face of weld焊缝背面back of weld焊缝轴线axis of weld焊缝尺寸size of weld焊缝宽度weld width/ width of weld焊缝长度weld length/ length of weld焊缝有效长度effective length of weld焊缝厚度throat depth/ throat thickness焊缝计算厚度theoretical throat焊缝实际厚度actual throat熔深penetration/ depth of penetration焊缝成形appearance of weld焊缝成形系数form factor of weld余高reinforcement/ excess weld metal背面余高root reinforcement削平焊缝flush weld/ weld machined flush对接焊缝butt weld角焊缝fillet焊脚leg/ fillet weld leg角焊缝断面形状profile of fillet weld平形角焊缝flat fillet凸形角焊缝convex fillet weld凹形角焊缝concave fillet weld角焊缝凹度concavity侧面角焊缝side fillet weld/ fillet weld in parallel shear 正面角焊缝front fillet weld/ fillet weld in normal shear 立角焊缝fillet weld in the vertical position横角焊缝fillet weld in the horizontal position平角焊缝fillet weld in the flat position斜角焊缝oblique fillet weld连续焊缝continuous weld断续焊缝intermittent weld连续角焊缝continuous fillet weld断续角焊缝intermittent fillet weld 交错断续角焊缝staggered intermittent fillet weld并列断续角焊缝chain intermittent fillet weld端接焊缝edge weld卷边焊缝flanged edge weld塞焊焊缝plug weld纵向焊缝longitudinal weld横向焊缝transverse weld环行焊缝girth weld/ circumferential weld螺旋形焊缝spiral weld/ helical weld密封焊缝seal weld承载焊缝strength weld联系焊缝connective weld定位焊缝tack weld焊道bead/ run/ pass焊波ripple焊根weld root/ root of weld焊趾weld toe/ toe封底焊道sealing run (after making main weld)/ back w eld打底焊道backing weld (before making main weld)/ bac k weld根部焊道root pass/ root run填充焊道filling bead盖面焊道cosmetic bead/ cover pass回火焊道temper bead/ annealing bead熔透焊道penetration bead焊层layer焊接接头welded joint接头形状joint geometry等强匹配接头equal matching weld joint低强匹配接头undermatching weld joint超强匹配接头overmatching weld joint接头根部root of joint对接接头butt jointI形对接接头square butt jointV形对接接头single V butt jointU形对接接头single U butt jointJ形坡口接头single J butt joint双V形对接接头double V butt joint双单边V形对接接头double bevel butt joint/ K groove b utt joint带钝边U形对接接头double U butt joint带钝边J形坡口接头double J joint角接接头corner jointT形接头T joint斜T形接头inclined T joint十字接头cruciform joint/ cross-shaped joint三联接头joint among three members搭接接头lap joint套管接头muff joint/ sleeve joint双盖板接头double strapped joint盖板接头strapped joint端接接头edge joint卷边接头flanged edge joint锁底对接接头lock butt joint斜对接接头oblique butt joint混合接头mixed joint/ composite joint有间隙接头open joint无间隙接头closed joint焊接电弧welding arc电弧形态arc shape电弧物理行为arc physics behaviour引弧striking arc引弧电压striking voltage电弧气氛arc atmosphere阴极cathode热阴极hot cathode冷阴极cold cathode阴极斑点cathode spot阴极区cathode region阴极区电场强度intensity of the electric field in the cath ode region阴极压降cathode drop阳极anode阳极斑点anode spot斑点压力spot pressure阳极区anode region阳极区电场强度intensity of the electric field in the ano de region阳极压降anode drop弧柱arc column/ arc stream弧柱压降voltage drop in arc column弧柱电位梯度potential gradient in the arc column弧焰arc flame弧心arc core硬电弧forceful arc/ hard arc软电弧soft arc旋转电弧rotating arc 脉冲电弧pulsed arc脉冲喷射电弧pulsed spray arc起皱现象puckering phenomena起皱电弧puckering arc起皱临界电流puckering critical current间接电弧indirect arc压缩电弧compressive arc磁控电弧magnetic controlling arc电弧力arc force电磁力electromagnectic force电磁收缩效应pinch effect电弧飘移wandering of arc电弧稳定性arc stability电弧静特性static characteristic of arc电弧动特性dynamic characteristic of arc最小电压原理principle of minimum voltage 电弧挺度arc stiffness电弧偏吹arc blow磁偏吹magnetic blow阴极清理作用cleaning action of the cathode 电弧自身调节arc self-regulation挖掘作用digging action极性效应polarity effect熔滴droplet熔滴比表面积specific surface of droplet熔滴过渡metal transfer过度频率transition frequency粗滴过渡globular transfer; drop transfer短路过渡short circuiting transfer喷射过渡spray transfer旋转喷射过渡rotating spray transfer脉冲喷射过渡pulsed spray transfer爆炸过渡explosive transfer渣壁过渡flux wall guided transfer熔池molten pool沸腾状熔池boiling molten pool弧坑crater熔渣slag渣系slag system渣系相图slag system diagram碱性渣basic slag酸性渣acid slag碱度basicity酸度acidity长渣long slag短渣short slag粘性熔渣viscous slag氧化物型熔渣oxide melting slag盐型熔渣salt melting slag盐-氧化物型熔渣salt-oxide melting slag熔渣流动性fluidity of the slag; slag fluidity熔渣solidified slag多孔焊渣porous slag玻璃状焊渣vitreous slag自动脱落焊渣self-releasing slag脱渣性slag detachability焊接设备welding equipment; welding set焊机welding machine; welder电焊机electric welding machine; electric welder焊接电源welding power source焊接热循环weld thermal cycle焊接温度场field of weld temperature; weld temperatur e field准稳定温度场quasi-stationary temperature field焊接热源welding heat source点热源point heat source线热源linear heat source面热源plane heat source瞬时集中热源instantaneous concentration heat source 热效率thermal efficiency热能集中系数coefficient of heat flow concentration峰值温度peak temperature瞬时冷却速度momentary cooling rate冷却时间cooling time置换氧化substitutionary oxydation扩散氧化diffusible oxydation脱氧desoxydation先期脱氧precedent desoxydation扩散脱氧diffusible desoxydation沉淀脱氧precipitation desoxydation扩散氢diffusible hydrogen初始扩散氢initial diffusible hydrogen100℃残余扩散氢diffusible hydrogen remained at 10 0℃残余氢residual hydrogen去氢dehydrogenation去氢热处理heat treatment for dehydrogenation脱硫desulphurization 脱磷dephosphorization渗合金alloying微量合金化microalloying一次结晶组织primary solidification structure二次结晶组织secondary solidification structure联生结晶epitaxial solidification焊缝结晶形态solidification mode in weld-bead结晶层状线ripple多边化边界polygonization boundary结晶平均线速度mean solidification rate针状铁素体acicular ferrite条状铁素体lath ferrite侧板条铁素体ferrite side-plate晶界欣素体grain boundary ferrite; polygonal ferrite; pr o-entectoid ferrite粒状贝氏体granular bainite板条马氏体lath martensite过热组织overheated structure魏氏组织Widmannst?tten structureM-A组元martensite-austenite constituent焊件失效分析failure analysis of weldments冷裂判据criterion of cold cracking冷裂敏感系数cold cracking susceptibity coefficient脆性温度区间brittle temperature range氢脆hydrogen embrittlement层状偏析lamellar segregation愈合healing effect断口金相fractography断口fracture延性断口ductile fracture韧窝断口dimple fracture脆性断口brittle fracture解理断口cleavage fracture准解理断口quasi-cleavage fracture氢致准解理断口hydrogen-embrittlement induced沿晶断口intergranular fracture穿晶断口transgranular fracture疲劳断口fatigue fracture滑移面断口glide plane fracture断口形貌fracture apperance断口试验fracture test宏观断口分析macrofractography放射区radical zone纤维区fibrous zone剪切唇区shear lip aone焊接性weldability使用焊接性service weldability工艺焊接性fabrication weldability冶金焊接性metallurgical weldability热焊接性thermal weldability母材base metal; parent metal焊接区weld zone焊态as-welded (AW)母材熔化区fusion zone半熔化区partial melting region未混合区unmixed zone熔合区bond area熔合线weld junction (英)；bond line (美)热影响区heat-affected zone (HAZ)过热区overheated zone粗晶区coarse grained region细晶区fine grained region过渡区transition zone硬化区hardened zone碳当量carbon equivalent铬当量chromium equivalent镍当量nickel equivalent舍夫勒组织图Schaeffler's diagram德龙组织图Delong’s diagram连续冷却转变图（CCT图）continuous cooling transforma tion裂纹敏感性cracking sensibility焊接裂纹weld crack焊缝裂纹weld metal crack焊道裂纹bead crack弧坑裂纹crater crack热影响区裂纹heat-affected zone crack纵向裂纹longitudinal crack横向裂纹transverse crack微裂纹micro-crack; micro-fissure热裂纹hot crack凝固裂纹solidification crack晶间裂纹intercrystalline crack穿晶裂纹transcrystalline crack多边化裂纹polygonization crack液化裂纹liquation crack失延裂纹ductility-dip crack冷裂纹cold crack 延迟裂纹delayed crack氢致裂纹hydrogen-induced crack焊道下裂纹underbead crack焊根裂纹root crack焊趾裂纹toe crack锯齿形裂纹chevron cracking消除应力处理裂纹stress relief annealing crack (SR crac k)再热裂纹reheat crack焊缝晶间腐蚀weld intercryctalline corrosion刀状腐蚀knife line attack敏化区腐蚀weld decay层状撕裂lamellar tearing焊接性试验weldability裂纹试验cracking testIIW裂纹试验IIW cracking testY形坡口裂纹试验slit type cracking test分块形槽热裂纹试验segmented circular groove crackin g testH形裂纹试验H-type cracking test鱼骨形裂纹试验fishbone cracking test指形裂纹试验finger (cracking) testT形裂纹试验Tee type cracking test环形槽裂纹试验circular-groove cracking test可调拘束裂纹试验varestraint testBWRA奥氏体钢裂纹试验BWRA cracking test for austen itie steel圆棒裂纹试验bar type cracking test; round bar crackin g test里海裂纹试验Lehigh restraint cracking test圆形镶块裂纹试验circular-path cracking test十字接头裂纹试验cruciform cracking testZ向窗口拘束裂纹试验Z-direction window type restraint cracking testG-BOP焊缝金属裂纹试验G-BOP weld metal crack test 巴特尔焊道下裂纹试验Battelle type underbead cracking testU形拉伸试验U-tension test缪雷克期热裂纹试验Murex hot cracking test菲斯柯裂纹试验FISCO (type) cracking testCTS裂纹试验controlled thermal severity拉伸拘束裂纹试验（TRC试验）tensile restraint cracking test刚性拘束裂纹试验（RRC试验）rigid restraint cracking test插销试验implant testTigamajig 薄板焊接裂纹试验Tigamajing thin plate crac king test焊道纵向弯曲试验longitudinal-bead test柯麦雷尔弯曲试验Kommerell bead bend test肯泽尔弯曲试验Kinzel test缺口弯曲试验notch bend test热朔性试验hot-ductility test热影响区冲击试验impact test of HAZ热影响区模拟试验synthetic heat-affected zone test最高硬度试验maximum hardness test落锤试验NRL (Naval Research Laboratory)测氢试验Hydrogen test焊接材料电极焊接材料welding consumables电极electrode熔化电极consumable electrode不熔化电极nonconsumable electrode钨电极tungsten electrode焊丝welding wire. Welding rod实心焊丝solid wire渡铜焊丝copper-plating welding wire自保护焊丝self-shielded welding wire药芯焊丝flux-cored wire复合焊丝combined wire堆焊焊丝surfacing welding rod填充焊丝filler wire焊条electrode/ covered electrode焊芯core wire药皮coating (of an electrode)/ covering (of an electrod e)涂料coating flux/coating material造气剂gas forming constituents造渣剂slag forming constituents合金剂alloying constituent脱氧剂dioxidizer稳弧剂arc stabilizer粘接剂binder水玻璃water glass水玻璃模数modules of water glass酸性焊条acid electrode高钛型焊条high titania (type) electrode 钛钙型焊条lime titania type electrode钛铁矿形焊条ilmenite type electrode氧化铁型焊条iron oxide type electrode/ high iron oxide type electrode高纤维素型焊条high cellulose (type) electrode石墨型焊条graphite type electrode碱性焊条basic electrode/ lime type covered electrode 低氢型焊条low hydrogen type electrode高韧性超低氢焊条high toughness super low hydrogen e lectrode奥氏体焊条austenitic electrode铁素体焊条ferritic electrode不锈钢焊条stainless steel electrode珠光体耐热钢焊条pearlitic heat resistant steel electrode 低温钢焊条low temperature steel electrode/ steel electr ode for low temperature铝合金焊条aluminum alloy arc welding electrode铜合金焊条copper-alloy arc welding electrode铜芯铸铁焊条cast iron electrode with steel core纯镍铸铁焊条pure nickel cast iron electrode球墨铸铁焊条electrode for welding spheroidal graphite cast iron铸芯焊条electrode with cast core wire镍基合金焊条nickel base alloy covered electrode蒙乃尔焊条Monel electrode纯铁焊条pure iron electrode渗铝钢焊条alumetized steel electrode高效率焊条high efficiency electrode铁粉焊条iron powder electrode底层焊条backing welding electrode深熔焊条deep penetration electrode重力焊条gravity electrode立向下焊条electrode for vertical down position welding 节能焊条saving energy electrode水下焊条underwater welding electrode耐海水腐蚀焊条seawater corrosion resistant steel electr ode低尘低毒焊条low-fume and harmfulless electrode/low-fume and low-toxic electrode堆焊焊条surfacing electrode耐磨堆焊焊条hardfacing electrode钴基合金堆焊焊条cobalt base alloy surfacing electrode 碳化钨堆焊焊条tungsten carbide surfacing electrode高锰钢堆焊焊条high manganese steel surfacing electrode双芯焊条twin electrode绞合焊条stranded electrode编织焊条braided electrode双层药皮焊条double coated electrode管状焊条flux-cored electrode气渣联合保护型药皮semi-volatile covering焊条工艺性usability of the electrode/ technicality of the electrode焊条使用性running characteristics of an electrode/ oper ating characteristics of an electrode焊条熔化性melting characteristics of an electrode焊条直径core diameter焊条偏心度eccentricity (of an electrode)药皮重量系数gravity coefficient of coating焊条药皮含水量percentage of moisture for covering焊条夹吃持端bare terminal (of an electrode)焊条引弧端striking end (of an elcetrode)焊剂welding flux/ flux熔炼焊剂fused flux粘结焊剂bonded flux烧结焊剂sintered flux/ agglomerated flux窄间隙埋弧焊焊剂flux for narrow-gap submerged arc w elding低氢型焊剂low hydrogen type flux高速焊剂high speed welding flux无氧焊剂oxygen-free flux低毒焊剂low poison flux磁性焊剂magnetic flux电弧焊arc welding直流电弧焊direct current arc welding交流电弧焊alternating current arc welding三相电弧焊three phase arc welding熔化电弧焊arc welding with consumable金属极电弧焊metal arc welding不熔化极电弧焊arc welding with nonconsumable碳弧焊carbon arc welding明弧焊open arc welding焊条电弧焊shielded metal arc welding (SMAW)重力焊gravity welding躺焊fire cracker welding电弧堆焊arc surfacing自动堆焊automatic surfacing躺板极堆焊surfacing by fire cracker welding 带极堆焊surfacing with band-electrode振动电弧堆焊vibratory arc surfacing耐磨堆焊hardfacing埋弧焊submerged arc welding (SAW)多丝埋弧焊multiple wire submerged arc welding纵列多丝埋弧焊Tandem sequence (submerged-arc wel ding)横列多丝埋弧焊series submerged arc welding (SAW-S) 横列双丝并联埋弧焊transverse submerged arc welding 热丝埋弧焊hot wire submerged-arc welding窄间隙埋弧焊narrow-gap submerged arc welding弧压反馈电弧焊arc voltage feedback controlling arc w elding自调节电弧焊self-adjusting arc welding适应控制焊接adaptive control welding焊剂层burden; flux layer气体保护电弧焊gas shielded arc welding保护气体protective atmosphere惰性气体inert-gas活性气体active-gas惰性气体保护焊inert-gas (arc) welding氩弧焊argon arc welding熔化极惰性气体保护电弧焊metal inert-gas arc welding 钨极惰性气体保护电弧焊tungsten inert-gas arc welding 钨极氢弧焊argon tungsten arc welding脉冲氢弧焊pulsed argon arc welding熔化极脉冲氢弧焊argon metal pulsed arc welding钨极脉冲氢弧焊argon tungsten pulsed arc welding热丝MIG焊hot wire MIG welding热丝TIG焊hot wire TIG welding氨弧焊helium-arc welding活性气体保护电弧焊metal active-gas arc welding混合气体保护电弧焊mixed gas arc welding二氧化碳气体保护电弧焊carbon-dioxide arc welding; CO2 arc wel ding细丝CO2焊CO2 arc welding with thin wire粗丝CO2焊CO2 arc welding with thick wire磁性焊剂CO2焊unionarc welding药芯焊丝CO2焊arcos arc process; dual shield arc wel ding焊点welding spot熔核nugget熔核直径diameter of nugget塑性金属环区corona bond焊透率penetration rate压痕indentation压痕深度depth of indentation压深率indentation ratio翘离sheet separation缩孔shrinkage cavity胡须intrusion电极粘损electrode pick up喷溅splash/ expulsion毛刺fin飞边upset metal/ fin焊点距weld spacing/ spot weld spacing边距edge distance分流shunt current接触电阻contact resistance电阻焊机resistance welding machine点焊机spot welding machine多点焊机multiple spot welding machine移动式点焊机portable spot welding machine缝焊机seam welding machine纵横两用缝焊机universal seam welder对焊机butt resistance welding machine凸焊机projection welding machine三相低频焊机three phase low frequency welder二次整流电阻焊机direct current resistance welder secon dary rectification电容储能电阻焊机condenser discharge resistance welde r电容储能点焊机condenser type spot welder/ capacitor s pot welding machine工频电阻焊机mains frequency resistance welding machi ne低频电阻焊机frequency converter resistance welding m achine高频焊机high frequency induction welder逆变式电阻焊机inverter type resistance welding machin e全波阻焊电源full wave resistance welding power source 斩波阻焊电源chopped wave resistance welding power s ource 旋转焊接变压器rotary welding transformer点焊钳spot welding headC形点焊钳C-type welding head/ C-type gunX形点焊钳pincer spot welding head/ pliers spot weldin g head断续器contactor同步断续器synchronous contactor异步断续器non-synchronous contactor程序控制器sequencer程序时间调节器sequencer timer电极臂arm电极握杆electrode holder电极台板backup die/ bolster电极水冷管electrode cooling tube电极头electrode tip电极帽electrode cap锥头电极truncated tip electrode平头电极flat tip electrode尖头电极pointed tip electrode球面电极radius tip electrode偏心电极offest electrode直电极straight electrode弯电极cranked electrode双弯电极double cranked (swannecked) electrode滚轮电极circular electrode/ welding wheel斜棱滚轮电极bevelled wheel顶锻机构upsetting mechanism电极总行程total electrode stroke工作行程operational stroke辅助行程electrode travel/ electrode stroke臂间距离horn spacing/ throat opening电极臂伸出长度arm extension摩擦焊friction welding (FW)转速friction speed摩擦压力friction pressure/ heating pressure摩擦转矩friction torque摩擦时间friction time摩擦变形量burn-off length摩擦变形速度burn-off rate停车时间stopping time顶锻变形量forge length顶锻变形速度forge rate摩擦表面friction surface储能摩擦焊fly-wheel type friction welding径向摩擦焊radial friction welding扩散焊diffusion welding (DW)过渡液相扩散焊transient liquid phase diffusion welding 热等静压扩散焊hot isotatic pressure diffusion welding 热轧扩散焊roll diffusion welding扩散缝焊seam diffusion welding超塑成形扩散焊supperplastic forming diffusion bounding 隔离剂buttering material爆炸焊explosive welding (EW)爆炸点焊explosive spot welding爆炸线焊explosive line welding多层板爆炸焊explosive welding of multiplayer plates多层管爆炸焊explosive welding of multiplayer tubes覆板（覆管）cladding plat (tube)/ flyer plate (tube)基板（基管）base plate(tube)/ parent plate (tube)保护层buffer/ protector基础base预置角preset angle间距initial stand-off/ spacing装药量explosive load装药密度charge density/ loading density质量比mass ratio平行法parallel plate configuration角度法preset angle configuration均匀布药average arranging explosive梯形布药gradient arranging explosive爆炸焊参数explosive welding parameters初始参数initial parameters动态参数dynamic parameters界面参数interface parameters爆轰速度detonation velocity覆板速度cladding plate velocity碰撞点impact point碰撞点速度velocity of the impact point弯折角bending angle碰撞角collision angle碰撞压力impact pressure格尼能Gurney energy垂直碰撞normal impact倾斜碰撞oblique impact/ inclined impact对称碰撞symmetrical impact来流upper stream出流down stream再入射流re-entrant jet 自清理oneself cleaning结合区bond zone平面结合plane bond波状结合wave-like bond界面波长length of the interfacial wave界面波幅amplitude of the interfacial wave熔化层molten layer熔化袋molten pocket雷管区detonator zone边界效应edge effect焊接性窗口weldability windows焊着率ratio of welding area起爆方法method of initiation内爆法internal explosion process外爆法external explosion process半圆柱试验法semi-cylinder experiment method 超声波焊ultrasonic welding (UW)超声波点焊ultrasonic spot welding超声波缝焊ultrasonic seam welding超声波点焊机ultrasonic spot welder超声波缝焊机ultrasonic seam welder冷压焊cold pressure welding (CPW)热压焊hot pressure welding热轧焊hot roll welding旋弧压力焊rotating arc pressure welding埋弧压力焊submerged arc pressure welding电渣压力焊electroslag pressure welding气压焊gas pressure welding锻焊forge-welding/ blacksmith welding磁力脉冲焊magnetic-pulse welding硬钎焊brazing软钎焊soldering烙铁钎焊iron soldering火焰钎焊torch brazing/ torch soldering热风钎焊hot gas soldering感应钎焊induction brazing电阻钎焊resistance brazing接触反应钎焊contact-reaction brazing电弧钎焊arc brazing浸渍钎焊dip brazing/ dip soldering盐浴钎焊saltbath dip brazing (soldering)金属浴钎焊molten metal bath dip brazing炉中钎焊furnace brazing/ furnace soldering保护气氛钎焊brazing in controlled atmosphere真空钎焊vacuum brazing蒸气钎焊vapor phase soldering超声波钎焊ultrasonic soldering扩散钎焊diffusion brazing波峰钎焊flow soldering/ wave soldering分级钎焊step brazing/ step soldering不等间隙钎焊brazing with the unparalleled clearance 红外线钎焊infra-red brazing (soldering)光束钎焊light soldering (brazing)激光钎焊laser brazing (soldering)电子束钎焊electron beam brazing钎接焊braze-welding钎料brazing filler metal/ solder硬钎料brazing filler metal软钎料solder (m)自钎剂钎料self-fluxing brazing alloy/ self-fluxing filler m etal活性钎料active filler metal/ active metal brazing alloy 成形钎料preformed filler metal/ solder preform非晶态钎料amorphous filler metal粉状钎料powdered filler metal钎料膏braze cream/ braze paste/ solder cream/ solder paste药皮钎料flux coated brazing(soldering)rod层状钎料sandwich filler metal药芯钎料丝flux-cored colder wire敷钎料板clad brazing sheet钎剂brazing flux; soldering flux气体钎剂gas flux反应钎剂reaction flux松香钎剂colophony flux; rosin flux钎剂膏flux paste阻流剂stopping-off agent钎剂活性flux activity钎剂活性温度范围activation temperature range of flux 钎剂热稳定性thermal stability of flux钎焊过程brazing (soldering) process钎焊操作brazing (soldering) operation工艺镀层technological coating钎焊面faying face钎缝间缝joint gap; joint clearance钎焊参数brazing process variables钎焊温度brazing temperature钎焊时间brazing time 钎焊保温时间holding time of brazing钎缝brazing seam; soldering seam钎缝界面区interfacial region钎缝金属brace metal钎角fillet钎焊接头braced joint; soldered joint平面搭接头joggled lap joint; flush lap joint搭接对接接头butt and lap joint搭接T形接头lapped T-joint; flanged T-joint锁缝接头folded joint平面锁缝接头lick side seam joint; flat lock seam joint 锁缝角接接头lock corner joint; corner double seam嵌入T形接头inset T jointT形管接头branch T saddle joint套管接头socket joint外喇叭口套管接头flare tube fitting扩口套管接头spigot joint钎焊性brazability; solderability润湿性wettability润湿角wetting angle; contact angle铺展性spreadability铺展系数spread factor; coefficient of spreading钎着率brazed rate脱钎de-brazing; de-soldering润湿称量试验wetting balance test铺展性试验spreadability test填缝性试验clearance fillability test未钎透incomplete penetration虚钎cold soldered joint钎料熔析liquation of filler metal溶蚀erosion钎料流失brazing filler metal erosion钎剂夹杂flux inclusion晶间渗入intergranular penetration波峰钎焊机wave soldering machine冷壁真空钎焊炉cold wall type vacuum brazing热壁真空钎焊炉hot wall type vacuum brazing furnace 钎焊盒brazing retort钎剂涂敷器fluxer钎炬brazing (soldering) blowpipe喷灯brazing lamp烙铁solder iron热喷涂thermal spraying火焰喷涂flame spraying电弧喷涂electric arc spraying等离子喷涂plasma spraying高频感应喷涂high frequency spraying气体爆燃式喷涂detonation flame spraying金属喷涂metal spraying; metallizing塑料喷涂plastic spraying陶瓷喷涂ceramic spraying喷熔spray-fusing表面粗糙化处理surface roughening电火花拉毛electrospark roughening抛锚效应anchoring喷涂层spray-fused coating喷熔层spray-fused coating结合层bond coating; under coating工作层work coating结合强度adhesive strength涂层强度strength of coating封孔处理sealing封孔剂sealant喷涂率spray rate沉积效率deposition efficiency孔隙率porosity喷涂材料spraying material自熔剂合金粉末self-fluxing alloy powder喷炬（枪）spray torch;热切割thermal cutting (TC)气割gas cutting; oxygen cutting氧溶剂切割powder cutting氧-石英砂切割quartz powder cutting电弧切割arc cutting氧气电弧切割oxy-arc cutting空气电弧切割air arc cutting等离子弧切割plasma arc cutting (PAC)空气等离子弧切割air plasma arc cutting氧等离子切割oxygen plasma arc cutting水再压缩空气等离子弧切割air plasma water injection a rc cutting双层气流等离子弧切割dual gas plasma arc cutting; shi elded gas plasma arc cutting二氧化碳气体保护电弧焊c arbon-dioxide arc welding; CO2 arc welding细丝CO2焊CO2 arc welding with thin wire粗丝CO2。

汽车工艺与材料Automobile Technology &Material热成形钢及热冲压零件的氢致延迟断裂马鸣图1刘邦佑2陈翊昇2路洪洲3（1.中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司，重庆401122；2.悉尼大学，悉尼2006；3.中信金属股份有限公司，北京100004）摘要：超高强度钢的开发和应用是汽车轻量化和提高安全性的重要途径，1500MPa 及更高强度的高性能热成形钢的开发和应用是关键，超高强度热成形钢及热冲压零件的氢脆风险必须要重视并且避免。

介绍了氢脆现象的发现、氢脆的概念、氢脆的机理，并试图用氢致局部塑性增加及晶界脱聚相结合的机制来解释热成形钢的氢脆开裂现象，进而综述了抑制氢脆的方法和采用铌微合金化抑制氢脆的试验结果，并根据氢增强局部塑形（HELP ）和氢强化脱聚效应（HEDE ）的耦合氢致延迟断裂机制说明了铌微合金化提升氢致延迟断裂抗力的原因。

关键词：热成形钢氢致延迟断裂氢脆机理铌微合金化中图分类号：U465文献标识码：BDOI:10.19710/ki.1003-8817.20200480Hydrogen-Induced Delayed Fracture of Hot-Formed Steel and Hot-Stamped PartsMa Mingtu 1,Liu Bangyou 2,Chen Yi Sheng 2,Lu Hongzhou 3（1.China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co.,Ltd,Chongqing 401122;2.The University of Sydney,Sydney,2006;3.CITIC Metal Co.,Ltd,Beijing 100004）Abstract ：The development and application of ultra-high strength steel is the main approach to reduce the weight and improve the safety of automobile.The development and application of high-performance hot-formed steel with strength of 1500MPa and above is the key.However,the risk of hydrogen embrittlement of hot-formed steel and hot-stamped components of ultra-high strength steel must be taken seriously and avoided.This paper introduces the discovery,the concept and the mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement,and proposes the coupling mechanism of hydrogen induced local plasticity and crystal boundary debonding to explain the phenomenon of hydrogen embrittlement cracking of hot-formed steel,and then summarizes the methods of restraining hydrogen embrittlement and the test results of hydrogen embrittlement suppression by niobium microalloying.The cause of improvement of hydrogen-induced delayed fracture resistance by niobium microalloying is explained according to the coupling hydrogen-induced delayed fracture mechanism of Hydrogen Enhancement Local Plasticity (HELP)and Hydrogen Enhancement Debonding Effect (HEDE).Key words:Press-formed steel,Hydrogen-induced delayed fracture,Hydrogen embrittlement,Niobium microalloying作者简介：马鸣图（1942—），男，教授、博导，博士学位，研究方向为先进汽车用钢。

CORROSION TYPESBasically all corrosion is based on a substance emitting one or more electrons from its shell around the nucleus, leaving a positively charged ion. So, in (almost) all cases corrosion is galvanic/bimetallic. However, due to the fact that corrosion can manifest itself in a number of ways, and that either the initiation or the propagation of the corrosion is very much influenced by external forces, names have been given to these sub-forms of corrosion in order to distinguish them from each other.One systematic listing of the form of corrosion types is as follows:CORROSION TYPES GIVING CORROSIVE ATTACKS AND UNIFORM THINNING IN AFFECTED AREAS:General/uniform corrosionAtmospheric corrosionGalvanic/bimetallic corrosionStray-current corrosionGeneral biological corrosionCorrosion in liquid metalsHigh-temperature/thermo galvanic corrosionLOCALISED CORROSION GIVING HIGH RATES OF METAL PENETRATION IN SPECIFIC AREAS:Pitting corrosionCrevice/deposit/differential aeration corrosionFiliform corrosionLocalized biological corrosionChemically induced corrosionMETALLURGICALLY INFLUENCED CORROSION AFFECTED BY ALLOY CHEMISTRY AND HEAT TREATMENT:Intergranular/intercrystalline corrosionDealloying/selective corrosionMECHANICALLY ASSISTED DEGRADATION:Erosion corrosionFretting corrosionCavitationsDrop impingement corrosionCorrosion fatigueENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED CRACKING:Stress corrosion cracking (SCC)Hydrogen embrittlementLiquid metal embrittlementSolid metal induced embrittlementTaking a closer look at some of the more common (and important) corrosion types, we find the following:General corrosionCorrosion, which develops evenly over the metal’s surface,is termed generalcorrosion. In this type of attack the metal is consumed fairly evenly. We find both anodic and cathodic reactions on the same surface. This is due to areas varying in potential caused by foreign elements on the metal surface or by elements with differing electrical potential in the steel alloy, or by variations in the electrolyte. From a technological point of view this type of corrosion does not present any special problems. Numerous experiments enable very accurate calculation of the speed of corrosion and through this accurate estimation of the service life of structures made from different metals may be made.If the steel in a structure corrodes evenly at a rate of 0.05 mm per year, a reduction in the steel thickness of 2 mm will take 40 years. If the steel needs a thickness of 7 mm to retain structural integrity and the life of the structure is estimated to be 40 years, it will be necessary to use steel having an initial thickness of 9 mm for the construction of the object.General corrosion may be retarded through one of the below methods:--qualified materials selection--cathodic protection--painting--inhibitor addition (only for systems in constant contact with liquids)--changing the environmental conditions (e.g. dehumidification)Atmospheric corrosionThis form of corrosion is a sub-type of general corrosion. It occurs under atmospheric conditions only (general corrosion can occur under submerged conditions as well), and its corrosion rate, although slow and predictable, is very much influenced by the atmospheric corrosion environment.As the build-up of the oxide layer on the surface of the corroding metals is increasing, the access of oxygen to the metal surface is diminished, and the corrosion rate is slowed down.Galvanic/bimetallic corrosionGalvanic/bimetallic corrosion occurs when we have an electrically conductive contact between two materials in an electrolyte. This is one of the most common types of corrosion and potentially the most dangerous one. The danger lies in the fact that the corrosion rate of that metal which becomes the anode in the corrosion cell may, if circumstances permit, corrode at an elevated and uncontrolled rate.The corrosion attack on the anode is greatest at the point of contact and decreases with the distance from the contact point. The appearance of the corrosion damage varies and is dependant on several factors. The relationship of the areas of the two metals and the conductivity of the electrolyte is of paramount importance. A large surface area on the cathode and a small one on the anode will lead to accelerated and serious corrosion of the anode. On the other hand a small cathode coupled to a large anode will lead to a lower rate of corrosion of the anode.The driving force in galvanic/bimetallic corrosion is the difference in potential between the metals involved, and the corrosion rate will increase with increased differences in potential. From the table of the galvanic series in seawater we can predict the danger of galvanic/bimetallic corrosion occurring with a fair degree ofaccuracy.Stainless steel heating coils in the tanks of a chemical carrier were supposed to be insulated from the mild steel brackets on the supports, however, the workers installing the heating coils forgot to use the Teflon pads provided. After a fairly short while there were corrosion damages to the brackets and the supports causing the coils to become loose and break. Luckily no accident occurred, but the cost of replacing supports, brackets and (to some extent) coils was substantial. The vessel also had to be taken out of service for a period of time causing further loss. Galvanic/bimetallic corrosion may be reduced or prevented through the following measures:--use of suitable welding electrodes--avoiding undesirable couplings of metals--insulating materials from each other--using barrier coatings or paint--avoiding deposits of metal ions on surfaces--reducing the time the metals are immersed in the electrolytePitting corrosionPitting corrosion appear as localized attacks on metals in the form of pits or hollows. This form of corrosion attack can, under favorable conditions, develop extremely rapidly and thus represent great danger to safety. The attack on the metal starts as a small, localized breakdown of the passivating surface layer with very active dissolution in that point.There are two main types of pitting corrosion, namely the pits which have a relatively wide surface opening and a shallow penetration into the metal, and the type, which has a relatively narrow surface opening but penetrates deeply into the metal. The latter type is the more dangerous one and penetrations of up to 6 mm over a period of 3-4 months have been observed. Pitting is often difficult to detect as they pits commonly are covered by corrosion products.A number of metals are prone to this type of corrosion when in a chloride containing environment and such metals should be avoided for structures in constant contact with seawater like e.g. coiling systems. Also when specifying materials for e.g. chemical process industry care should be taken in materials selection.The relative size of the surface area of the anode as compared to the cathode is decisive in determining the corrosion rate. The greater the difference in surface area, the greater the corrosion rate will be. This is particularly valid for impurities either in the oxide film or in the materials themselves. Alloys with remnants of one of the original metals intact will certainly be attacked by pitting corrosion when immersed in an electrolyte.Stainless steels commonly suffer greater attacks than mild steel through deterioration of the oxide film caused by chloride ions. The weak areas of the oxide film are first affected and thus the ratio between passivated and active areas will be great. Mild steel usually has a larger number of surface defects causing a smaller ratio between anodes and cathodes.Pitting corrosion commonly occur in situations where the metal in general ispassivated, but with small areas where the metal is in the active state.Pitting may also be due to galvanic/bimetallic corrosion. This can happen when more noble metal ions are deposited on the metal surface of the more ignoble material. An example of this is copper ions deposited on the surface of stainless steel or aluminum. An aluminum dinghy was coated with an anti-fouling paint containing cuprous oxide without any undercoat insulating the aluminum from the copper containing anti-fouling paint. After one summer in the sea the aluminum had corroded to such an extent that the boat was unsafe to set foot into.Materials resistant to pitting corrosion are recognized by a high content of chrome, nickel or molybdenum. Thus materials with a high content of these should be selected for structures in contact with chloride containing environments. Usually special stainless or acid resistant steels with copper-nickel or nickel-titanium alloys are used. Pitting corrosion may be reduced or eliminated through the following:--improved materials selection--changes in the corrosive environmentCrevice/deposit corrosionIn narrow spaces filled with an electrolyte one often see a special type of localized corrosion termed crevice corrosion. One conditions is that the crevices are of such a nature that the electrolyte remains stagnant.Metals, which normally are passivated or easily passivated are most prone to this corrosion form. Such metals include stainless steels, aluminum and mild steel in an alkaline environment. The main factor governing crevice corrosion is the fact that oxygen neither is nor supplied in sufficient quantity to the passivated metal surfaces. Typical areas for attack are flanges, bolted plates, bolt and screw heads, overlap welds, hot rolled overlaps etc. Crevice corrosion may also occur when metals are covered by e.g. sand, dirt, mud and marine growth. In the latter case, e.g. when the metal is covered, crevice corrosion has also been termed anaerobic corrosion or deposits corrosion.Water in harbors around the world is very often heavily polluted. When taking such harbor water into ballast tanks, residues from these pollutants and particles suspended in the water such as sand, mud, oil and organic material will be left as deposits inside the ballast tank, especially on horizontal surfaces. Such deposits are hygroscopic and may lead to serious attacks on the steel in the tanks. Good “housekeeping” by the crew is to empty and wash down all ballast tanks as soon as the vessel is in open waters with access to clean seawater.Crevice corrosion may be reduced through some practical precautions:--materials should be joined by welding instead of bolting or flanges--areas, which are not to be permanently immersed, should be drained--sharp points, edges and corners should be avoided--areas where pockets of stagnant water may collect, should be rectified--packing materials, which absorb water, should be avoidedSelective corrosionThis is corrosion, which occurs in alloys. The ignoble metal in the alloy is attacked and dissolved.Two metals are especially prone to this type of corrosion, namely cast iron and brass. Cast iron contains 3-4% graphite and under certain circumstances the iron will sacrifice itself for the graphite leaving the latter on the surface as a layer. This layer has no mechanical strength left, however, the object looks intact. The graphite may be easily removed with, e.g. a knife.In brass it is the zinc, which is dissolved whereas the copper remains as a porous layer without any significant mechanical strength. Zinc dissolution will only occur when the brass has a content of more than 15% zinc. At zinc contents above this level, zinc dissolution may be avoided through addition of minute amounts of other materials to the alloy like, e.g. 0.05% arsenic.Stress corrosion (cracking)Manufacturing processes such as welding, bending, cold deforming, or electroplating of metallic components will subject metals to localized absorption of energy in the form of tension or stress. One example is cold bending of pipes. The stress energy remains in the metal and may lead to corrosion, usually in the form of cracks. Stainless steels, aluminum and brass are especially prone to this type of corrosion. Differences in coefficients of thermal expansion of the materials in contact may increase the risk of stress corrosion cracking (SCC).Stress corrosion – also designated stress corrosion cracking (SCC) –may be avoided if cold bends are heat treated afterwards.Turbulence corrosionAlmost all (≥90%) of damages to copper pipes are due to turbulence corrosion. The cause of this corrosion type is local turbulent flow, which at certain strength will remove the oxide film on the copper surface and continue to remove oxide films which reform. The corrosion may thus limited to a local spot and penetrate the pipe wall in a relatively short time. If the mechanical force is increased, e.g. through an increase in the water speed or through the water containing air bubbles above a certain size, the intensity of the corrosion attack is increased.This form of corrosion is often easy to identify through its characteristic appearance. In copper we usually find sharply defined pits, which commonly are undercut on that side facing the water’s direction of flow. These pits may be grouped or singular. In copper alloys like, e.g. brass, the pits may be horseshoe shaped.The localization of such pits is characteristic as we usually find them in areas near flanges, bends and separations.Turbulence corrosion may be avoided through the following:--reduction of the water speed to below that which will remove oxide films--avoidance of flanges, bends etc. as much as possibleCorrosion fatigueMetals which are subjected to constantly varying mechanical influences like, e.g. bending, flexing or vibration and which at the same time are able to corrode, may break at far lower mechanical influences than usual. This is termed corrosion fatigue. Below the so-called fatigue threshold one may bend a steel wire as much as one desire, however, above this threshold the steel wire will break fairly easily.Most cracks in ship’s propellers are due to corrosion fatigue, and the problems withfatigue cracking where the wings joined the body of the British Comet airplanes in the 1950s is still remembered.Corrosion fatigue may be counteracted through the following means:--removal of the mechanical influence--strengthening of the structure so the mechanical influences does not pass the fatigue threshold--cathodic protection。

化工进展Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress2022年第41卷第8期赤藓糖醇相变储热材料研究进展杨瑜锴，夏永鹏，徐芬，孙立贤，管彦洵，廖鹿敏，李亚莹，周天昊，劳剑浩，王瑜，王颖晶（桂林电子科技大学材料科学与工程学院，广西电子信息材料构效关系重点实验室，广西新能源材料结构与性能协同创新中心，广西桂林541004）摘要：赤藓糖醇具有较高的相变焓、无毒以及优异的热稳定性，作为综合性能较好的中温相变储能材料被广泛研究。

但是，赤藓糖醇在相变过程中存在易泄漏、过冷度大以及导热性能较差的缺点，导致其热能的利用效率不高，极大地限制了其作为储热材料的应用。

本文综述了近年来在解决赤藓糖醇相变储热材料易泄漏、过冷度高和热导率低等问题的研究进展。

赤藓糖醇定型复合相变储热材料的制备方法主要有共混压制法、静电纺丝法、微胶囊法及多孔材料吸附法等，可根据不同制备方法采取相应复合策略以达到对其封装定型、降低过冷度和提高热导率的目的。

最后认为未来对赤藓糖醇复合相变储热材料的研究除了解决其本身存在的热性能问题，还需对其进行功能化，以拓展其应用前景。

关键词：相变储热；赤藓糖醇；封装定型；过冷度；导热性中图分类号：TH3文献标志码：A文章编号：1000-6613（2022）08-4357-10Research progress of erythritol phase change materials for thermalstorageYANG Yukai ，XIA Yongpeng ，XU Fen ，SUN Lixian ，GUAN Yanxun ，LIAO Lumin ，LI Yaying ，ZHOU Tianhao ，LAO Jianhao ，WANG Yu ，WANG Yingjing(School of Material Science and Engineering,Guilin University of Electrical Technology;Guangxi Key Laboratory ofInformation Materials;Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Structure and Property for New Energy and Materials,Guilin 541004,Guangxi China)Abstract:Erythritol,a type of medium temperature phase change material,has attracted considerable attention in thermal storage for its good comprehensive performance such as high enthalpy,non-toxicity and excellent thermal stability.However,its ubiquitous defects,such as easy leakage during its phase transition,severe supercooling and poor thermal conductivity,reduce the efficiency of thermal energy and limit its wide practical application.In this paper,the research progress in solving the problems of easy leakage,high supercooling and low thermal conductivity of erythritol phase change materials is reviewed in recent years.The methods for preparing shape-stabilized erythritol phase-change thermal storage materials mainly include blending pressing,electrospinning,microcapsule and porous material adsorption.Corresponding composite strategies can be implemented according to different preparation综述与专论DOI ：10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2021-2101收稿日期：2021-10-11；修改稿日期：2021-11-28。

1、加速腐蚀试验accelerated corriosion test2、加速氧化accelerated oxidation3、酸洗acid cleaning4、酸洗清洁剂acid picking5、酸洗清洁剂acidic cleaner6、酸度acidity7、活化activity8、激化能activation energy9、活化极化activation polarization10、活化剂activator11、活性的，活化的active12、活化金属active metals13、活化-钝化电池active-passive cell14、活性区，活化区active zone15、活度activity16、优级海军黄铜admiralty brass17、充气aeration18、充气电池aeration cell19、嗜氧菌aerobic bacteria20、老化aging21、老化作用aging action22、大气污染air pollution23、周浸试验alternate immersion test24、厌氧菌anaerobic bacteria25、厌氧菌腐蚀anaerobic corrosion26、阴离子anion27、阳极anode28、阳极极化anodic polarization29、阳极电流密度anodic current density30、阳极氧化物膜anodic oxide coating31、阳极保护anodic protection32、阳极区电解质anolyte33、耐侯性低合金钢anti-weathering low alloy steel34、外加电位applied potential35、水溶液腐蚀aqueous corrosion36、人造海水artificial seawater37、大气暴露试验atmospheric exposure test38、大气腐蚀atmospheric corrosion39、奥氏体不锈钢austenitic stainless steel40、辅助电极auxiliary electrode41、细菌腐蚀bacteria corrosion42、贱金属base metal43、双金属腐蚀bimetallic corrosion44、甘汞电极calomel electrode45、甘汞电极电位calomel electrode potential46、碳化carburizing47、阴极cathode48、阴极保护cathodic protection49、阴极极化cathodic polarization50、阴极电流密度cathodic current density51、阴极电流效率cathodic current efficiency52、阴极区电解质catholyte53、阳离子cation54、碱脆caustic embrittlement55、空泡作用cavitation56、空泡腐蚀cavitation corrosion57、空泡损伤cavitation damage58、空泡磨蚀cavitation erosion59、电池cell60、渗镀，渗碳cementation61、化学清洗chemical cleaning62、化学转化涂层chemical conversion coating63、化学钝化chemical passivation64、化学镀chemical（electroless）plating65、铬酸盐处理（铬化）chromating66、清洗液cleaning solution67、浓差电池concentration cell68、接触腐蚀contact corrosion69、转换涂层conversion coating70、恒变形constant deflection71、恒载荷constant load72、腐蚀corrosion73、腐蚀-磨蚀corrosion-erosion74、腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue75、腐蚀电位corrosion potential76、腐蚀控制corrosion control77、腐蚀电流corrosion current78、腐蚀电流密度corrosion current density79、腐蚀疲劳开裂corrosion fatigue cracking80、腐蚀疲劳极限corrosion fatigue limit81、腐蚀产物corrosion product82、腐蚀速率corrosion rate83、腐蚀科学corrosion science84、腐蚀试验corrosion test85、腐蚀失重corrosion weight loss86、腐蚀增重corrosion weight gain87、电偶couple88、电偶作用couple action89、开裂cracking90、龟裂crazing91、缝隙腐蚀crevice corrosion92、临界阳极电流密度critical anodic current density93、临界浓度critical concentration94、临界湿度critical humidity95、晶体crystal96、辅助电极counter electrode97、电流密度current density98、去活化作用deactivation99、脱合金元素作用dealloying100、脱铝dealuminization101、去气deaeration102、缺陷defect103、脱脂degreasing104、去矿化物质demineralization105、去极化depolarization106、腐蚀深度depth of corrosion107、沉积物腐蚀deposit corrosion108、脱锌dezincification109、扩散diffusion110、扩散电位diffusion potential111、差异充气电池differential aeration cell112、极限扩散电流密度diffusion limited current density 113、电流electric current114、电位electric potential115、电化学电池electrochemical cell116、电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion117、电化学当量electrochemical equivalent118、电极electrode119、电极电位electrode potential120、电极反应electrode reaction121、电解质electrolyte122、电解electrolysis123、电解清洗electrolytic cleaning124、电动序electromotive force（Emf）series125、负电性电位electropositive potential126、电泳沉积electrophoretic deposition127、电镀electroplating128、正电性电位electropositive potential129、静电喷涂层electrostatic coating130、脆化embrittlement131、磨耗erosion132、磨耗腐蚀（或冲击腐蚀）erosion-corrosion133、平衡电位equilibrium potential134、腐蚀极化图Evans diagram135、剥蚀exfoliation corrosion136、交换电流密度exchange current density 137、暴露实验exposure test138、疲劳fatigue139、铁素体ferrite140、铁素体不锈钢ferrite stainless steel 141、丝状腐蚀filiform corrosion142、弗拉德电位Flade potential143、剥层腐蚀foliation144、膜film145、微动腐蚀fretting corrosion146、燃灰腐蚀fuel ash corrosion147、电偶作用galvanic action148、伽法尼电池galvanic cell149、电偶腐蚀galvanic corrosion150、电偶对galvanic couple151、电偶序galvanic series152、热镀锌galvanizing153、恒电流的galvanoststatic154、普遍（全面）腐蚀general corrosion 155、晶界裂纹grain boundary crack156、晶粒grain157、石墨化腐蚀graphitic corrosion158、重量法gravimetric methods159、绿锈green rot160、哈氏合金hastelloy161、热影响区heat affected zone（HAZ）162、耐热钢heat resistant steel163、热处理heat treatment164、高温腐蚀high temperature corrosion 165、热腐蚀hot corrosion166、热镀铝hot-dip alumizing167、湿度humidity168、氢腐蚀hydrogen attack169、氢鼓泡hydrogen blistering170、氢损伤hydrogen damage171、氢电极hydrogen electrode172、氢脆hydrogen embrittlement173、氢致开裂hydrogen induced cracking 174、氢超电压hydrogen overvoltage175、氢标hydrogen scale176、浸泡实验immersion test177、冲蚀impingement corrosion178、因科乃尔Inconel179、因科罗Incoloy180、工业大气industrial atmosphere181、缓蚀剂inhibitor182、晶间裂纹intergranular crack183、不溶性阳极insoluble anode184、晶间腐蚀intergranular corrosion185、延晶应力腐蚀断裂intergranular stress corrosion cracking 186、内氧化interal oxidation187、内应力interal stress188、例子浓差电池ion concentration cell189、离子ion190、离子注入ion implantation191、刀线腐蚀knife-line corrosion192、激光釉化laser glazing193、层状腐蚀layer corrosion194、晶格缺陷lattic defect195、液态金属腐蚀liquid metal corrosion196、局部作用local action197、局部电池local cell198、局部腐蚀local corrosion199、海洋腐蚀marine corrosion200、马氏体martensite201、马氏体不锈钢martensitic stainless steel202、力学性能mechanical property203、金属离子浓差电池metal ion concentration cell204、金属喷镀metal spray205、金属镀层metallic coating206、微生物腐蚀microbiological corrosion207、金属粉化metal dusting208、混合电位mixed potential209、轧制铁鳞mill scale210、贵金属noble metal211、海军黄铜navy brass212、贵电位noble potential213、非金属涂层nonmetallic coating214、氮化nitriding215、过电位overpotential216、氧化oxidation217、开路电位open circuit potential218、氧化-还原电位oxidation-reduction potential219、氧化物oxide220、氧化膜oxide film221、氧浓差电池oxygen concentration cell222、钝化passivation223、钝化剂passivator224、钝化-活化电池passive-active cell225、钝化的，钝性的passive226、铜绿patina227、酸度计pH indicator，acidometer228、磷酸盐处理phosphating229、酸洗液pickling solution230、蚀孔pit231、点蚀pitting232、点蚀击穿电位pitting breakdown potential233、点蚀系数pitting factor234、点蚀电位pitting potential235、极化polarization236、动电位potential dynamic（potentiokinetic）237、恒电位仪potentiostat238、恒电位potentisostic239、电位-pH图Pourbaix diagram，potential-pH diagram 240、底涂层prime coat241、保护电位protective potential242、氧化-还原电位redox potential243、还原reduction244、参比电极reference electrode245、相对湿度relative humidity246、残余内应力residua interal stress247、铁锈rust248、防锈油rust preventive oil249、牺牲阳极保护sacrifice anode protection250、盐水喷雾试验salt spray test251、喷砂sand blasting252、饱和甘汞电极saturated calomel electrode（SCE）253、氧化皮scale254、季裂season cracking255、选择性腐蚀selective corrosion256、选择性氧化selective oxidation257、自钝化self passivation258、敏化热处理sensitizing heat treatment259、喷丸shot peening260、银-氯化银电极silver-sliver chloride electrode 261、慢应变速率slow strain rate262、土壤腐蚀soil corrosion263、剥离spalling264、不锈钢stainless steel265、标准电极电位standard electrode potential266、标准氢电极standard hydrogen electrode267、应变能strain energy268、杂散电流腐蚀stray current corrosion269、应力场强度因子stress intensity factor270、应力腐蚀断裂stress corrosion cracking（SCC）271、硫化sulfidation272、表面氧化surface oxidation273、表面处理surface treatment274、皮下腐蚀subsurface corrosion275、塔菲尔斜率Tafel slope276、失泽tarnish277、抗拉强度tensile strength278、热偶腐蚀thermogalvanic corrosion279、热力学thermodynamics280、结瘤腐蚀tuberculation281、穿晶腐蚀transgranular corrosion282、穿晶应力腐蚀断裂transgranular stress corrosion cracking 283、过钝化transpassive284、膜下腐蚀underfilm corrosion285、均匀腐蚀umiform corrosion286、水线腐蚀waterline corrosion287、焊接腐蚀weld decay288、湿度humidity289、工作电极working electrode290、291、292、。

DOI：10.16662/ki.1674-0742.2023.19.104内镜下黏膜切除术（EMR）治疗胃肠道息肉的临床效果分析徐坤，宋泽汎，童凤翔江苏省宿迁市中医院消化内科，江苏宿迁223800［摘要］目的探究内镜下黏膜切除术（endoscopic submucosal resection, EMR）在胃肠道息肉治疗中的临床应用效果与安全性。

方法方便选取2018年1月—2022年12月江苏省宿迁市中医院消化内科收治的86例胃肠道息肉患者为研究对象。

以信封法分组，对照组43例患者接受电凝电切手术治疗，观察组43例患者接受内镜下黏膜切除术治疗。

统计对比两组息肉成功切除、疾病复发、术后并发症情况，以及两组炎性因子水平和临床治疗效果。

结果与对照组相比，观察组息肉成功切除率更高，疾病复发率较更低，差异有统计学意义（P< 0.05）。

观察组术后腹胀、腹痛、便血并发症发生率（25.58%）低于对照组（6.98%），差异有统计学意义（χ2= 5.460，P<0.05）。

术后，观察组的炎性因子水平均比对照组低，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。

观察组治疗总有效率比对照组高，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。

结论针对胃肠道息肉患者，临床应用内镜下黏膜切除手术治疗的效果确切，可保证患者胃肠道息肉成功切除，避免疾病二次复发，对减少机体因手术而发生的炎症反应有重要意义，可提高临床疗效，还可保证患者安全。

［关键词］内镜下黏膜切除手术；电凝电切手术；胃肠道息肉；术后并发症；炎症因子；疾病复发；成功切除率［中图分类号］R656.6 ［文献标识码］A ［文章编号］1674-0742（2023）07(a)-0104-04Clinical Effectiveness Analysis of Endoscopic Submucosal Resection (EMR) for Treatment of Gastrointestinal PolypsXU Kun, SONG Zefan, TONG FengxiangDepartment of Gastroenterology, Suqian Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suqian, Jiangsu Province, 223800 China[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) in the treatment of gastrointestinal polyps.Methods From January 2018 to December 2022, 86 patients with gastrointestinal polyps admitted to the Department of Gastroenterology, Suqian Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Prov⁃ince, were conveniently selected as the study subjects. Grouped using the envelope method, 43 patients in the control group received electrocoagulation and resection surgery, while 43 patients in the observation group received endo⁃scopic mucosal resection surgery. Statistically compared of successful polypectomy, disease recurrence, postoperative complications, as well as the levels of inflammatory factors and clinical treatment effects between the two groups.Re⁃sults Compared with the control group, the observation group had a higher successful polypectomy rate and lower dis⁃ease recurrence rate, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The incidence of postoperative complica⁃tions such as abdominal distension, abdominal pain, and bloody stools in the observation group (25.58%) was lower than that in the control group (6.98%), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=5.460, P<0.05). After sur⁃gery, the average inflammatory factors levels in the observation group were lower than those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The total effective rate of the observation group was higher than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).Conclusion For patients with gastro⁃intestinal polyps, the clinical application of endoscopic submucosal resection surgery has a precise effect, which can [作者简介] 徐坤（1988-），男，本科，主治医师，研究方向为消化科诊疗方面。

高迁移率族蛋白B1对磷酸钙诱导巨噬细胞释放炎症因子的协同作用奉有才;邓耀良;陶芝伟;王翔;黎承扬;黄鹏;吴博【期刊名称】《中国组织工程研究》【年(卷),期】2014(018)033【摘要】背景：研究表明，巨噬细胞及其炎症反应参与了肾结石的发生发展。

前期实验发现结石晶体可刺激巨噬细胞释放高迁移率族蛋白B1。

目的：观察高迁移率族蛋白B1对磷酸钙诱导巨噬细胞释放白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α、单核细胞趋化因子1的协同作用。

方法：实验分两部分：①将成功诱导为巨噬细胞的U937细胞分为空白组、100 mg/L磷酸钙组、100μg/L高迁移率族蛋白B1组、100 mg/L磷酸钙＋100μg/L高迁移率族蛋白B1组，干预1，2，4 h后收集细胞上清液。

②将已成功诱导为巨噬细胞的U937细胞分为100 mg/L 磷酸钙组、磷酸钙＋10μg/L高迁移率族蛋白B1组、磷酸钙＋50μg/L高迁移率族蛋白B1组、磷酸钙＋100μg/L高迁移率族蛋白B1组，干预4 h后收集细胞上清液。

Elisa法检测白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α、单核细胞趋化因子1水平。

结果与结论：ELISA结果显示，磷酸钙组，100μg/L高迁移率族蛋白B1组上清液白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α、单核细胞趋化因子1质量浓度均高于空白组，磷酸钙＋100μg/L高迁移率族蛋白B1组上清液上述因子质量浓度均显著高于其他3组（P〈0.05），且呈时间依赖性。

不同质量浓度高迁移率族蛋白B1＋磷酸钙组细胞上清液白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α、单核细胞趋化因子1水平均显著高于磷酸钙组（P〈0.05），且呈浓度依赖性。

结果表明，磷酸钙及高迁移率族蛋白B1均可诱导巨噬细胞释放白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α、单核细胞趋化因子1；高迁移率族蛋白B1可协同磷酸钙诱导巨噬细胞释放白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α、单核细胞趋化因子1。