MLA Style

mla科研论文写作规范中文版篇一：MLA科研论文写作规范Rubric ofthe Course Paper for “American Literature”关于“美国文学”课程论文MLA格式的细则The thesis is written in English, including the citation.(全文用英文书写,包括引用文献。

)What are some essential standard of a MLA paper? (MLA 论文基本要求)Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper. Set the margins of your thesis to one-inch（2.54 centimeters）on all sides. The paper should be double-space typed. There is one space between every English words. There is no space between the words and punctuations. (用12号新罗马字体排版，双倍行距。

页边距为2.54厘米，16开A4白色纸打印，英文单词之间相距一个空格。

单词和标点符号之间没有空格。

)How to Create a Header?如何编辑页眉？Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your family name, followed by a space with the page number; number allpages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4) and flush withthe right margin. Omit the page number on Page One.(编辑页眉，将你的姓和页码标注在右上角，姓和页码之间有一个空格，不用标点符号；上面边距是1.27厘米，右边与正文部分对齐。

中文论文范文MLA格式关于XX论文mla格式问题首先，你的老师很可能不认为维基百科是一个可靠的资料，引用之前最好先问一下一般MLA引用句子就在引用部分外面加双引号就好了，句子的结尾要加一个in text citation，格式是（作者名字，页数）如果不是从书中引用，括号里的东西可能会不同。

Owl purdue网站上有很多例子题主可以看一下朋友写英文论文时，需要用MLA格式写作。

MLA格式有什么要求？特地找到关于MLA格式的规定，希望对朋友有帮助。

MLA（Modern Language Association）为美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式，在一般书写英语论文时应当使用MLA格式来保证学术著作的完整。

一、MLA简明论文格式(以下word格式可参用附加档已设定完成，套用即可)1. 内容分封面、正文、注释。

2. 规格：A4纸，计算机打字，横打，上下左右空4.5cm，标题与内文字距离0.5cm；字大小：照相打字15- 16级(Windows 文书软件10- 11pt)，内文字请用细明或新细明体，标准行距(Windows 文书软件0.6- 0.7cm)，25pp以内。

3. 横式(由左至右)写作。

4. 关键詷4-6个。

5. 提要300-500字。

6. 请用新式标点符号。

「」用于平常引号，《》用于书名，〈〉用于论文及篇名。

古籍之书名与篇名连用时，可省略篇名符号，如《史记?刺客列传》。

7. 中文正文用细明体，注脚用楷书。

8. 英文正文用Times New Roman; 章节用Arial。

9. 英文书名用Italic; 论文名用“”。

10. 独立引文每行低三格(楷书)。

11. 注释号码请用阿拉伯字数码之上标字(右上方)，如9、25。

12. 标题编码层次：一、 (一) 1. (1)13. 征引书目编写方式:(1)中日文部分依作者姓名笔划排列A.专书B.期刊论文C.博、硕士论文(2)西文部分依作者姓名字母排列A.专书B.期刊论文C.博、硕士论文14. 不可使用“同上”、“同前引书”、“同前书”、“同前揭书”、“同注几引书”等。

英语论文的文中引述正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式（即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。

引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。

无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。

目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。

现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。

1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。

如:The divorce of Arnold's pe rsonal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper 9).这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名)；阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成p.9)；作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号；句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。

2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示:Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representativeand precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas” is an admirable andcharacteristic diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it Whitman isunable to conceive the extreme crises of society, one is certain thatno society would be tolerable whose citizens could not findrefreshment in its buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165) 这里的格式有两点要加以注意。

The Modern Language Association (MLA) style source of all material you paraphrase, summa This guide shows the most common scenarios Research Papers . 7th ed. (McPherson Library R Guide to Scholarly Publishing. 3rded. (McPhersNOTE: Some significant changes have been ma Titles are now italicized rather than URLS are no longer required for electr The document format (Print, Web, PD Cited list.General Rules: In-text Citations • Place the reference where a pause occurs in possible to the relevant material.• Cite the author’s last name and the relevan Example: Music is thought to be the fo • If you include the author’s name in the sent Example: Blair argues that music is the • Page numbers may be omitted if a source la numbered paragraphs or sections, use thes Example: (Smith, para. 4)• Multiple sources in the same reference: Example: (Matthews and Smith 88; Su • No author : use the complete or shortened t Example: (History of Rome 143) • Two authors with the same surname: Add t name.• Corporate author (organization, company, a rather than the parentheses. Within parent Style Manual for a list of common abbreviat Examples: This figure doubled in 1991The Canadian Mental Health Associati • Multiple sources by the same author: add th Example: “A single whisker twitched” Example: Finally, Jones sends her dete • When citing an entire source , or a source w include the author’s name and the title in th Example: This tone is evident in Bebbi ) style requires you to cite your sources within the text of ummarize, or quote. narios for MLA citing. For more examples, see MLA Handb brary Reference, call number LB2369 M53 2009) and the cPherson Library Reference, call number PN147 G526 200en made for the new edition of the MLA Style Manual han underlined electronic sources (unless required by your instructor) eb, PDF File, DVD, etc.) must be included in every entry in onscurs in the sentence (such as before a period, semicolon o elevant page number(s).the food of love (Blair 135).e sentence, do not cite it in parentheses.c is the food of love (135).urce lacks page numbers (for example, on many Web sou e these in the citation.ce: separate citations with a semicolon.88; Suzuki 105-107) ened title – book titles are italicized and article titles are i Add the first initial, or, if the authors have the same first pany, association, etc.): cite the name. If it is long, include arentheses, shorten commonly abbreviated terms (see c reviations).n 1991 (Natl. Research Council 65). ociation agrees (195).add the title, shortened or full.ched” (Jones, Tiger Thief 16). detective to Yemen (Kat Tales 207). urce with no page or section numbers, avoid parenthetica e in the sentence.Bebbington’s History of Economics .ext of your paper. Cite the Handbook for Writers of d the MLA Style Manual and26 2008). :try in the Works olon or comma), as near as b sources). If a source has are in quotations. e first initial, add the full first clude it in the sentence see chapter eight of the MLA hetical references. Instead,• Indirect source : avoid taking material from an indirect source, add qtd. in before the in Example: Bedi praised the “meticulou • Classic novel or classic prose play : to help r semicolon, and give other identifying inform Example: (Dostoevsky 5; pt. 1, ch. 1)• Classic poem or classic verse play : omit pag a period between the numbers.• You may abbreviate the title of a famous lit Manual chapter eight).Example: “As meditation . . . / May swGeneral Rules: List of Works Cited The list of works cited appears at the end of yo Format• Begin the list on a new page and give it th • Double space the entire list.• For each entry, indent all lines other than • Provide page numbers where appropriate • Include the document format (i.e. Print, W List Order• Alphabetize the list by authors’ last names any initial A, An, or The.Authors and Editors• Reverse the name (e.g., Shakespeare, Will the first (e.g., Shakespeare, William, and C • Present names as given in the work you’re • If there are four or more authors or editor • If there’s no known author or editor, begin Title• Capitalize the first word and all principal w • Separate a title from a subtitle with a colo • Italicize the title of a work published indep • Place quotation marks around the title of page on a Web site. Publisher’s Name• Omit articles such as The, business abbrev and Publishers.• If no publisher is provided, use n.p.• For a university press, abbreviate universi • If the name includes a personal name (e several personal names (e.g., Farrar, Strau from an indirect (secondhand) source. If quoting or parap the indirect source.culous brushwork” (qtd. in Paul 231).help readers locate the material in other editions, cite the nformation.h. 1)mit page numbers. Cite by division (act, scene, canto, book ous literary work if you include it in the parenthetical refe May sweep to my revenge” (Ham. 1.5.36-37). Citedd of your paper and helps readers locate your sources.e it the heading Works Cited. Centre the heading. than the first line, one-half inch from the left margin. priate; for example, for journal articles or works from an int, Web, DVD, etc.) in the citation. names. If an entry has no author, alphabetize by the title,e, William). If an entry has multiple authors or editors, on and Christopher Marlowe). you’re citing. If the full name is listed, use the full name editors, you have a choice: name all, or name the first an , begin the entry with the title. cipal words, including those that follow hyphens in compo a colon and one space. Omit the colon if the title ends in independently, such as a book, play, periodical, or Web s tle of a work within a larger work, such as an article, essa bbreviations such as Co. and Ltd., and descriptive words iversity as U and press as P (e.g., Oxford UP; U of Toronto e (e.g., Harry N. Abrams), cite the surname alone (e.g., Ab Straus, and Giroux), cite only the first (e.g., Farrar).paraphrasing a quotation in ite the page number, add a , book, part) and line, placing al reference (see MLA Style es. m an anthology. e title, ignoringrs, only reverse the name ofame (rather than initials). rst and add et al. compound terms. ds in ? or — or ! Web site. , essay, poem, short story, orwords such as Books, House,oronto P). .g., Abrams). If it includesPlace of Publication• If multiple cities are listed, use only the fir • If no place of publication is provided, use n • If the city is outside of the United States, may be ambiguous or unfamiliar to theDate of Publication• If the date of publication is unknown, use • If more than one date of publication is list • Abbreviate the names of the months exce Electronic Publications• NOTE: MLA does not require you to includ assignment requirements.• If you must include a URL, place it after th Example: Harrison, Justin. “Political Sc Web. 15 Aug. 2007. <http://www.sear • If possible, provide the entire address (inc • If the URL must be divided over two lines,• If no publisher is provided, use n.p.• If the document has no page numbers, use • Always provide the date you accessed the • State the document format after the publDigital Files and Multimedia• Give the type of media format at the end Film, JPEG file, PDF File, MP3 File, etc.). IfGrey Literature• For examples of citations for technical rep MLA Style Manual and Guide to ScholarlyLegal Sources• The MLA Style Manual refers you to unifo • For Canadian legal sources, use the Canad for some common sources are included at • Bill citations should be constructed as foll (additional information, e.g. passed by Ho • Statute citations should be constructed: pinpoint.• Case Law citations should be constructed:volume reporter (series – if any) page (cou the first. , use n.p. ates, add an abbreviation of the country or province nam reader. n, use n.d. in place of the date. is listed, use the most recent one. s except May, June, and July. include URLs in citations, but your instructor may. Be sur ter the date of access, enclose in angle brackets, and con ical Science.” Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 2007. Ency />.ss (including http:// or ftp://) for the work you are citing.lines, break it only after a slash, and do not insert a hyph rs, use n. pag. ed the publication at the end of the citation. e publication date and before the date of access. e end of every citation (DVD, Videocassette, Print, Web, P . If you do not know the file type, use Digital File . al reports, pamphlets, advertisements, fact sheets, annua olarly Publishing . uniform legal citation styles for the country of the legisla Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation, 6thed. (KE259 C ded at the end of this guide. as follows: Number, title , session, legislature, jurisdiction,by House or Senate – optional). ted: Title , statute volume, jurisdiction, year, (session or su ucted: Style of Cause (year of decision), neutral citation, [e (court – if required). name if the name of the cityBe sure to confirm thed conclude with a period.7. Encyclopaedia Britannica. iting. hyphen at the break. Web, Performance, Lecture,annual reports, etc., seeegislation or case law.E259 C36 2006). Examplesction, year, pinpointn or supplement), chapter,ion, [year of reporter]Reference (Works Cited) List Example Book: one author (p. 186)Ableson, Serena. In thIn-text citatio Book: two or threeauthors (p. 189)Aquila, Salvatore, Caro Romance Lan Book: four or more authors (p. 190)Aquila, Salvatore, Caro Romance LanIn-text citatio Several books by the same author(s) (p.173)Bedi, Shailoo. New Me---. Children as Muses Book: group as author (organization, company, agency, etc.)Canadian Institute for Homelessness . Ottawa First in-text c Subsequent Book: with editor(s) andno named author Bebbington, Tina M.,In-text citatioBook with author and editor (p.196) Bebbington, Tina M. Cambridge U Book: edition (p.200) Brendle-Moczuk, Dan Book: reprint (p.203)Jones, Laurie. Distanc Book: illustrated (p.198) Kilgour, Nancy. The Bi Print. Book: online (p.216)Kehoe, Inbarani. Envir NetLibrary Book: translated (p.197) Kilgour, Nancy. Shorte Essay, short story, or poem in an anthology (p.190)Blair, William. “The Do Catharines, O Encyclopedia entry (p.194)Cooley, Kenneth H. “L Print.1 Page numbers refer to MLA Style Manual and Gu amples 1In the Skin of a Lawyer . Markham, ON: Penguin, 2005. Print.citation: (Ableson 65)e, Carol Gordon, and Pia Russell. When in Rome: Rediscovering ce Languages . New York: McGraw, 2008. Print. e, Carol Gordon, Ying Liu and Pia Russell. When in Rome: Redis ce Languages . New York: McGraw, 2008. Print. citation: (Aquila, Gordon, Liu and Russell 78) Or: (Aquila et. al.ew Metaphors for Ancient Greece . Toronto, ON: U of Toronto P Muses in Ancient Greece . Berkeley: U of California P, 2004. Prin te for Health Information. Improving the Health of Canadians:Ottawa, ON, Canada: CIHI, 2007. PDF File.text citation: (Canadian Mental Health Association [CMHA] uent citations: (CMHA 54)a M., ed. The Medieval Studies Reader . New York: Garland, 200citation: (Bebbington 43) a M. Portraits of Women in Medieval Japan . Ed. Danielle Russe dge UP, 1999. Print. , Daniel. World Religious Traditions . 3rd ed. New York: Crossro stance Education . 1994. New York: Springer, 2007. Print.The Big Book of Terriers. Illus. Liz Ball. Vancouver, BC, Canada: Environmental Tourism in Asia . Amsterdam: Butterworth-Hei ary . Web. 15 Aug. 2007. Shorter Stories . Trans. Bette Kirchner. New York: Knopf, 2001.The Doane Ukulele Method.” Music Education in Canada . Ed. C nes, ON: Vanwell, 2003. 197-203. Print. H. “Library, Digital.” The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macr nd Guide to Scholarly Publishing , 3rd ed.Print.vering the Roots of theRediscovering the Roots of the et. al. 79) onto P, 2002. Print.Print. dians: Mental Health and HA] 54) d, 2001. Print.Russell. Cambridge, Eng.:rossroad, 1999. Print. nada: West Coast Books, 2008. Heinemann, 2007.2001. Print.Ed. Carlie Graham. St. Macropaedia . 15th ed. 2002.Encyclopedia entry in a less-familiar source (p.194)Hansen, Elizabeth. “ElU of British CEncyclopedia entry online Harrison, Justin. “PolitWeb. 15 AugJournal article from a print journal(p.185)Lines, Michael R. “Law241. Print.Journal article from an online journal(p.218-219)Ma, Ophelia. “Visualiz2007.Journal article from an online database (p.220)Matthews, Kathleen WPremier. WebMagazine article(p.180)Nelson, Katy. “Is Pluto Magazine article: online Paul, Kathryn. “NursinMagazine article: review (p.181)Rollins, Caron. “FlorenLynne WoodNewspaper article(p.178)“The Happiness DrugIn-text citatio Newspaper article online Robin, Randi. “Too MuFilm/video recording (p.225) It’s a Wonderful LifeRepublic, 200Television episode(p.221)“See Homer Run.” TheSound recording(p.223)Brendle-Moczuk, DanImage: reproduction in a print source(p.228)Goya, Francisco. The FHistory ofIn-text citatioGoya paintecaption in teFigure 2.GoySource: WooSuncoast BoNote: In the Works Cih. “Electronic Books.” Encyclopedia of Digital Media. Ed. Junetish Columbia P., 2002. Print.“Political Science.” Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 2007. Enc5 Aug. 2007.. “Law Enforcement in the High Middle Ages.” Journal of Medint.sualizing the Aquatic Food Web.” The Art of Science 9.3 (2000een W. “Dancing with Data.” Big Numbers 45.1 (2004): 13-14.Web. 15 Aug. 2007.Pluto a Planet?” Discover Apr. 1998: 85-86. Print.Nursing the Economy.” Newsweek 11 Feb. 2006. Web. 15 Aug.Florence Through the Wrong End of the Telescope.” Rev. ofWoodruff. New Yorker 5 Feb. 2001: 34-35. Print.Drugs.” Globe and Mail [Toronto] 13 Nov. 2003: B3. Print.citation: (“The Happiness Drug”)oo Much Sex in Teen Fiction?” Washington Post 19 May 2005.Life. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. James Stewart, Donna Reed, and Lc, 2001. DVD.The Simpsons. Fox, Los Angeles. 21 Sept. 2003. Television., Daniel. “It’s All Uphill.” Wandering Blues. Nettwerk, 2007.The Family of Charles IV. 1800. Museo del Prado, Madrid. Woof Spanish Painting. 5th ed. Toronto, ON, Canada: Suncoast Bocitation:The Family of Charles IV (see figure 2) was one of sevainted as court painter to the king.in text (below image):Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV. 1800. Museo del PWoodruff, Lynne. A History of Spanish Painting. 5th ed. Torontast Books. 224. Print.rks Cited, cite the source only, not the individual image.June Smith. 5 vols. Vancouver:7. Encyclopaedia Britannica.Medieval Law 7 (2006): 234-(2000): 71-75. Web. 15 Aug.14. Academic SearchAug. 2007.of The Fountain of Neptune, by2005. Web. 15 Aug. 2007.and Lionel Barrymore. 1946.sion.CD.Woodruff, Lynne. Aast Books. 224. Print.of several royal portraitso del Prado, Madrid.oronto, ON, Canada:Image: online (p.217-218) van Gogh, Vincent. Museum of M Web site, entire (p.214-215) Romanesque . Ed. Jean Web page (p.214-215)Russell, Danielle. “A T Society. Web“Sarah Bernhardt.” Class Lecture(p.230)Harrison, Justin. “The Victoria, Vict Notes or slides posted to Blackboard or Moodle Harrison, J. (2009). http://mood Reprinted custom course materialsSmith, June. “Conflict 74.4 (1998):Jones. Victor BlogPaul, Kathryn. “Can st 5 April 2009.Personal communication (email, interview, etc.) (p.229, 231)Bebbington, Tina. "Re 2009. E-mail.Jones, Laurie. Persona PodcastNelson, Katy. “How to and Technol 10 Jan. 200Legal: BillBill 59, An Act to amen (assentedBill S-36, An Act to am (as passed by StatuteIncome Tax Act , R.S.C.Agricultural Land ComCanadian Charter of R Canada Act 1Case LawR. v. Latimer , 2001 SCR. v. Byfield (2005), 74nt. The Starry Night . 1889. Museum of Mod. Art, New York. m of Modern Art . Web. 14 Jan. 2007.d. Jean Macgregor. 4 July 2007. Architecture Education Society . “A Timeline of English Literature.” History in a Nutshell . 3 Dec Web. 15 Aug. 2007.dt.” Theatre Greats . n.d. Web. 15 Aug. 2007. “The Comedic Tradition in Canadian Short Films.” ENGL 335 C a, Victoria, BC. 4 October 2008. Lecture. 9). The economic impact of resource development in BC . 24 Jan moodle.uvic.ca/. Course Notes.nflict resolution in multicultural households.” Canadian Multic 998): 20-34. Rpt. in DR 502: Conflict, Culture and Diversity Cou Victoria, BC: University of Victoria Bookstore, 2008. 255-64. Can students survive on Google alone?” The Searching Libraria 2009. a. "Re: Thoughts on today’s class discussion." Message to auth mail.ersonal Interview. 26 Nov. 2008.ow to encourage girls to study engineering,” Host Kathleen M chnology Education Today . Canadian Public Science Associatio 2009. amend the Civil Code as regards marriage , 1st Sess., 37th Leg ed to 10 November 2004), S.Q. 2004, c.23.to amend the Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act , 1sed by the Senate 20 June 2005). R.S.C. 1985 (5th Supp.), c. 1, S. 18(1)(m)(iv)(c).d Commission Act , S.B.C. 2002, c. 36. er of Rights and Freedoms , Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982 Act 1982 (U.K.), 1982, c. 11. 01 SCC 1, [2001] 1 S.C.R. 3 at para. 10, 193 D.L.R. (4th) 577. 05), 74 O.R. (3d) 206 (C.A.).rk. MoMA: Theociety. Web. 15 Aug. 2008.3 Dec. 2006. The History 335 Class. University of24 Jan. 2008. Multicultural Studies Course Reader . Comp. Laurie brarian . 14 January 2009. Web. o author. 27 February en Matthews. Scienceciation, 13 Oct. 2008. MP3 file. h Leg., Quebec, 2004, st Sess., 38thParl., 2005, cl. 31982, being Schedule B to the。

英语论文的文中引述正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式（即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。

引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。

无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。

目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。

现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。

1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。

如:The divorce of Arnold's pe rsonal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper 9).这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名)；阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成；作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号；句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。

2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示:Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representativeand precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas” is an admirable andcharacteristic diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it Whitman isunable to conceive the extreme crises of society, one is certain thatno society would be tolerable whose citizens could not findrefreshment in its buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165) 这里的格式有两点要加以注意。

MLA FORMATTING AND STYLE GUIDEThe BasicsMLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing. MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages.According to MLA style, your paper should be typed and double-spaced; and it should use a legible font like Times New Roman with a standard font size of 12 points. Margins should be set to one inch on all sides, and only one space should be left after periods or other punctuation marks. Other basic aspects of the MLA style are:∙Indent the first line of a paragraph one-half inch from the left margin.∙Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner, one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin. When putting the page number(header) in the upper right-hand of each page, it should include author's last namefollowed by page number.∙Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and, only when absolutely necessary, for providing emphasis.∙Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested.∙In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name, your instructor's name, the course, and the date. Again, be sure to use double-spaced text. (See example below.)**Please note: this guide has been updated to reflect the changes of the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th Edition (2009).**Citing the Most Common SourcesAuthors∙An item with more than three authors can be listed by the first author's name, followed by a comma and then the Latin abbreviation et al. (Penner, Jane N., et al.).Titles∙Capitalize all important words – first word of the title, first word of the subtitle (right after the colon), and all major words. Do not capitalize words such as: a, an, the, against, between, in, of, to, and, but, for, and so, unless they are the first word of the title orsubtitle.∙Whole book titles are in italics while article or chapter titles are put in “quotation marks.”∙Leave out initial articles from titles of newspapers, magazines, and journals (Lancet, not The Lancet, New York Times, not The New York Times).∙Titles of books are taken from the title page (first printed page of the book) and not from the cover. If the title on the title page starts wit h any of the initial articles “A,” “An,” or “The,” include it in your citation but be sure to alphabetize by the second word.Dates∙For books, just use the year.∙For newspaper and magazines articles, use Day Month Year format (17 July 2007).Abbreviations∙Abbreviate all months except for May, June, and July.∙University Press in the name of a publisher may be shortened to UP.Page numbers∙Do not put p. or pp. when citing page numbers.∙Show page numbers as completely as you can (you will need to view the PDF version to find complete pagination information for some articles). Some databases will have article citations that only give the first page number, in which case put a “+” after the start page (67+).BooksThere are four parts to each reference: (1) author, (2) title, (3) publication information, and (4) medium of access. Each part is followed by a period and one space.One AuthorLa Naour, Jean-Yves. The Living Unknown Soldier: A Story of Grief and the Great War. New York: Metropolitan, 2004. Print.Two or Three AuthorsMcClendon, Ruth, and Leslie Kadis. Reconciling Relationships and Preserving the Family Business: Tools for Success. New York: Haworth, 2004. Print.Edited BookKinkead, Joyce A., and Jeanette Harris, eds. Writing Centers in Context: Twelve Case Studies.Urbana: NCTE, 1993. Print.Electronic BooksTreat electronic books like a print book for the author, title, publisher, and date information, and add “Web” for web access.One AuthorBaker, Jim. Lawful Order: A Case Study of Correctional Crisis and Reform. New York: Garland, 1998. NetLibrary. Genesee Com. Coll. Lib., NY. Web. 4 Aug. 2004.Edited BookYoungblood-Coleman, Denise and Mary Ann Azevedo, eds. Burundi 2007 Country Review: Political Conditions. Houston, TX: CountryWatch, Inc., 2007. CountryWatch.. Genessee Com. Coll. Lib., NY. Web. 27 July 2007.Periodical Articles in PrintReferences for periodicals, like those for books, have four major parts: (1) author, (2) title, (3) publication information, and (4) medium of access, each followed by a period.Newspaper ArticleJames, Caryn. “Adding the Power of TV to the Power of the Printed Page.” New York Times 21 Nov. 1996, late ed.: C15. Print.Magazine ArticleUpdike, John. “Colonoscopy.” Poetry July/Aug. 2006: 289. Print.Article in a Scholarly Journal That Uses Only Issue NumbersDressler, William W., and James R. Bnidon. “The Health Consequences of Cultural Consonance: Cultural Dimensions of Lifestyle, Social Support, and Arterial Blood Pressure in anAfrican American Community.” American Anthropologist 102 (2000): 244-60. Print.Article in a Scholarly Journal with More Than One SeriesMeuter, Matthew L., et al. “Self-Service Technologies: Understanding Customer Satisfaction with Technology- Based Service Encounters.” Journal of Marketing 64.3 (2000): 50-66.Print.Internet SourcesThe basic format for citing an Internet source is:Author, “Title of Article or Page Within a W ebsite.” Name of Website or Database. Name of Organization Responsible for the Website. Publication date (or last update). Web. Access date.Note 1: Any one website may not provide all of the listed items; you can’t put what you don’t have – use the MLA abbreviations for any missing information [N.p.= No publisher, N.pag.= No page number, and n.d. = no date given].Note 2: Begin a citation with the author's name. If no author is given, begin the citation with the title of the web page or name of the website. (The first example below shows an entry fora page without an author.)Note 3: Leave out the name of the organization responsible for the website if it is the same as the name of the website or database.Note 4: No URL needs to be given, simply “Web” as the medium of access.Citing an Entire WebsiteThe Purdue OWL Family of Sites. The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue U, 2008.Web. 2 Jan. 2013.Maguire, Sharon. “Training Your New Puppy or Dog.” Dog Breed Info Center. 2007. Web. 16 Feb. 2007.Citing a Page on a Website“How to Make Vegetarian Chili.” eHow. Demand Media, n.d. Web. 2 Jan. 2013.Quade, Alex. “Elite Team Rescues Troops behind Enemy Lines.” . Cable News Network, 19 Mar. 2007. Web. 14 May 2008.Article from an Online DatabaseLanghamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century England.” Historical Journal 50.1 (2007): 173-96. ProQuest. Web. 2 Jan. 2013.Article in an Electronic JournalMorken, Gunnar, and Olav M. Linaker. “Seasonal Variations of Violence in Norway.” American Journal of Psychiatry 157 (2000): 1674-1678. Web. 20 July 2007.Images/Works of Art Accessed OnlineCurrin, John. Blond Angel.2001. Indianapolis Museum of Art. IMA: It’s My Art. Web. 2 Jan.2013.Lange, Dorothea. The Migrant Mother. 1936. Prints and Photographs Div., Lib. of Cong.Dorothea Lange: Photographer of the People. Web. 2 Jan. 2013.Film/Video Recording Accessed OnlineThe Great Train Robbery. Dir. Edward Porter. Thomas Edison, 1903. Internet Archive. Web. 5 June 2008.Parenthetical (In-Text) CitationThe MLA style of parenthetical citation includes the author’s last name and page number(s). Parenthetical citations do not include the word "page" or "pages" or the abbreviations "p." or "pp."— just the page numbers.Direct Quotations and ParaphrasesA page number is always included, whether material is copied word for word (presented in quotation marks) or paraphrased (presented in your own words, without quotation marks) from a source. If an electronic source does not provide page numbers, leave them out. Some electronic sources (e.g., General OneFile) will include a PDF version of the text. If so, use the page number from the PDF version of the document.In in-text citations, give the author's last name and the page number of the source within the sentence (before the period). For in-text citations that occur after long quoted material that is indented, the citation comes after the sentence and after the period.Work with One Authora.) Dust plays a larger role in our lives than we realize (Holmes 5).ORb.) Holmes points out that, “between 1 and 3 billion tons of desert dust fly up into the skyannually” (5).Work with Two or Three Authorsa.) Many changes occurred during the Renaissance (Kerrigan and Smith 57).ORb.) Kerrigan and Smith found that many changes occurred during the Renaissance (57). If a source is not listed here, or if you have questions, you can find more information in the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th ed., 2009). One is available at the main desk of the Cannon Memorial library. Help is also available at the SLU’s online library at/citation-help.html, or you can visit the MLA website at .Stephanie LucykProfessor CarterENG 0024 January 2005Plastic GirlsAsk a child who the president of the United States is, and you are bound to get a multitude of replies ranging from the accurate to the hysterical. Ask a child who Barbie is, and you are sure to a get…Works Cited“Babes in Toyland…What’s a Feminist Mom to Do?” Herizons 31 Jan. 1997. Web. 9 Dec.2004.“Barbie in the Nineties.” Barbie: The Image of Us All. Web. 20 Nov. 2004.Borger, Gloria. “B arbie’s Newest Values.” US News and World Report 1 Dec. 1997: 40. Print. Cunningham, Kamy. “Barbie Doll Culture and the American Waistland.” Symbolic Interaction16.1 (1993): 79-83. Print.McQuade, Donald, and Christine McQuade. “Figuring the Body.” Seeing and Writing. Eds.Donald McQuade and Christine McQuade. Boston: Bedford, 2000. 230-321. Print. Norton, Kevin I., et a l. “Ken and Barbie at Life Size.” Sex Roles 34 (1996): 287-94. Print. Rand, Erica. Barbie’s Queer Accessories. Durham: Duke UP, 1995. Print.Rogers, Mary F. Barbie Culture. London: Sage, 1999. Print.Saltzberg, Elayne, and Joan C. Chrisler. “The pursuit of the Perfect Female Body.” Women: A Feminist Perspective. Ed. Jo Freeman. Mountain View: Mayfield, 1993. 301-17. Print. “The Secret Lives of Barbie: Bad Girl.” ABC News. 30 Oct. 2002. Web. 2 Dec. 2004.“The Secret Lives of Barbie: Career Girl.” ABC News. 30 Oct. 2002. Web. 2 Dec. 2004.This guide was modified by the Saint Leo University Instructional Design Department according toThe Academic Writing Guide to Good English, Custom Edition, with the MLA Handbook for Writers of ResearchPapers, Seventh Edition, using examples.。

MLA格式说明MLA 2009 Formatting and Style GuideGeneral FormatMLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing. MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages.Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material. Most importantly, the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental un一般格式MLA样式指定用于格式化的手稿和使用英语的书面指引。

MLA风格也提供了与作家通过括号引用引用其来源在他们的论文和引用文献的页面的系统。

作家谁正确使用工作重点还通过展示问责其来源的材料建立自己的信誉。

最重要的是，使用MLA风格可以保护从作家抄袭的指责，这是有目的的或意外的主演使用的源材料由其他作家。

credited use of source material by other writers.If you are asked to use MLA format, be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers(7th edition). Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition). The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries; it is also widely available in bookstores, libraries, and at the MLA web site. See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style. For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes, please visit the OWL's MLA Update 2009resource.如果你被要求使用MLA格式，请务必咨询MLA 手册为研究论文（第7版）的作家，出版的学者和研究生也应征询MLA格式手册和指南，以学术出版（第三版）的工作重点手册提供最写作中心和参考库; ..它也被广泛使用在书店，图书馆，并在重点网站，请参阅本讲义的其他资源部分为有用的书籍和网站列表关于使用MLA风格为2009年度方针的改变列表，请访问OWL的工作重点更新2009的资源。

MLA StyleFootnotes & BibliographyT H E U N I V E R S I T Y O F T O L E D O L I B R A R I E S The MLA Handbook advocates in-text referencing. The two main features of in-text referencing are parenthetical references and the Works Cited page . Instead of the traditional endnotes or footnotes,the writer uses references enclosed in parentheses within the text. These references refer to a list of works arranged alphabetically at the end of the paper. Notes, described in the Endnotes and Foot-notes section below, can still be used with in-text references for comments and explanations that cannot be accommodated in the main text of the paper.Provide only the information necessary to clearly and accurately identify the source of information.Do not allow references to interrupt the flow of the text. Place them at the end of the phrase, clause,sentence, or paragraph being referenced. Follow the reference with the appropriate punctuation placed outside the parentheses. References should be placed outside quotation marks. If, however,the reference is set off from the text, as with a long block quote, type a space and place the refer-ence after the punctuation. Compile the Works Cited page before the actual writing of the paper, so that you will know what to reference.Note: Parentheses are not required when referencing an entire source. Instead, include the name of the author(s) or the title in the body of the text. For example: "Mouly gives a comprehensive de-scription of ", or "Winger and Ziske argue that ", or "Exposed provides an intriguing ."What is a Reference Citation?What is MLA Style Reference Citation?All research is based on research preceding it, and writers are required to reference, or document,the original sources of information used. Any directly quoted or paraphrased ideas, words or facts taken from another must be referenced . Failure to credit the work of others is plagiarism, or literary theft.The Modern Language Association's MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers provides detailed information on referencing authors and their works. It is a widely accepted style in the humanities disciplines. The MLA Handbook provides instructions for using both an in-text and note oriented referencing format. Consult your instructor on their preference.Using This Guide In-Text References In-text and note references will be described. Following these descriptions, sample references of each type will be provided. Some of the examples are taken directly from the MLA Handbook .Detailed information on direct quotations, use of quotation marks, abbreviations, or formatting issues such as spacing and margins within the paper itself is not provided (spacing and margin information is provided as it relates to references). Consult the MLA Handbook on these topics.Rules and Examples of Parenthetical Reference to Specific Parts of a WorkThe following rules and examples pertain to situations in which you have to reference a specific part of a work. Note: basic rules carry over from one referencing situation to another, even if no specific sample is provided below. For example, you reference multiple authors with more than one work cited just like a single author with multiple works cited. Consult the latest edition of the MLA Handbook if you are unsure of how to reference something.1a. Single Author- Name in Reference: Enclose the name and page number in parentheses and insert it in the text. For example:Research is best conceived as a process of arriving at dependable solutions to problems through systematic retrieval and interpretation of data (Mouly 12).(Mouly 12) indicates that the information in the sentence was found on page 12 of Mouly's work. Complete information about this source is provided on the Works Cited list under the author s name. Note: Use a first initial to distinguish between authors with the same last name. For example: (J.Smith) or (L. Smith 142).1b. Single Author- Name in Text: Enclose only the page number. For example:As Mouly states, research is a process of arriving at dependable solutions to problems (12).2. Single Author- Multiple Works Cited: When citing multiple works by an author, include a short version of the title. Place a comma after the author's name if it is included in the reference. For example: Research is best conceived as a process of arriving at dependable solutions to problems through systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data (Mouly, Educational 12).orMouly states that, research is best conceived as a process of arriving at dependable solutions to problems through systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data (Educational 12).3. Multiple Authors: For up to three authors, include them all. If more than three, use "et al." after the first author's name. For Example:Chen, Johnson and Hickman emphatically support this interpretation (23).orThis interpretation has strong detractors, too. (Parnall et al. 98-100).4. Corporate authors: Same rules as individual authors. For example:A 1995 University of Toledo report supports this conclusion (14).orA report completed in 1995 supports this conclusion (University of Toledo 14).5. Works Referenced by Title: Short titles are completely enclosed in parentheses. Long titles are shortened beginning with the word by which they are alphabetized, excluding initial articles (A, An, The). Underline or italicized book titles, and enclose article titles in quotation marks. Follow the title with a page number when applicable. For example:Serious disagreements surround the results (Guidelines). [Full title: Guidelines for TV Violence]orThe current level of television violence disturbs many parents ("Television Violence" 42).6a Multivolume Work- Entire Volume: Include a comma after the authors name, write "vol." followed by the volume number. For example:Profound changes shook the very foundation of their belief system (Winger, vol. 6).6b. Multivolume Work- Specific Page(s): Include the volume number, add a colon and then the page number(s). For example:The entire situation was out of control between 1960 and 1962 (Hulka 6: 111-113)orHulka writes that the entire situation was out of control between 1960 and 1962 (6: 111-113).7a. Literary Works- Novels and Plays: Because these works often appear in different editions, provide additional location information after the page number, such as chapter or act. Place a semi-colon after the page number and abbreviate the additional location, such as ch. (chapter) or sec. (section). Separate multiple divisions with a comma. For example:Sastre's version has William Tell's sons urging him to shoot (315; sc. 6).orIn Crime and Punishment, Raskolnikov is the victim of contradictory emotions (Dostoevsky 1; pt. 1, ch. 1).7b. Literary Works- Poems and Classic Verse Plays: Omit page numbers and refer directly to divi-sions (acts, scenes, cantos, etc.) and lines. Separate the various numbers with periods, e.g., Iliad 9.19 refers to book 9, line 19. Precede numbers with the title if it is not already included in the text. If using line numbers only, include the word "line" or "lines" in the first reference and use only the number thereafter. Note: use Arabic numerals unless instructed otherwise. For example:In Hamlet, the prince declares confidently, "The play's the thing / Wherein I'll catch the conscience of the King" (2.2.633-34).orThe Dean and Chapter manuscript version of Octovian ends more formally: "And thus endis Octouean / That in his tym was a doghety man " (Lines 1629-30).Note: See chapter six of the Handbook for general literary abbreviations, and those for specific famous literary works and title of the books of the Bible.8. Indirect Sources: If an indirect, i.e., second hand, source is the only one available, precede it with "qtd. in". You may document the original source in a note. For example:He admitted freely that Burke was the better man (qtd. in Oxenberger 46).9. Multiple Works in One Reference: Refer to each work as before and use a semi-colon to separate them. For example:Some scholars take exception to this view (Mouly 23; Winger 149-150; Guidelines 29). Creating a Works Cited PageEntries, called citations, usually have three significant divisions- author's name in reverse order, title and publication information, each followed by a period. For citations longer than one line, indent subsequent lines five spaces (1/2 inch). Italicize or underline titles. For example:Mouly, George J. Educational Research: The Art and Science of Investigation. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1978.This book entry states that the author s name is George J. Mouly and that its title is Educational Re-search: The Art and Science of Investigation. The rest of the information refers to the place of publica-tion which is Boston, the publisher, which is Allyn and Bacon, and the year of publication, 1978.Place the list of citations at the end of the paper on their own page, which is numbered sequentially with the rest of the paper. Place the page number one-half inch from the top, flush with the right margin. Leave one inch margins. Label the page, "Works Cited", indicating that what follows was cited within the text. Center the heading one inch from the top of the page. Begin entries two spaces below the heading flush with the left margin. Double space within and between entries. Use as many pages as necessary to continue the list.Arrange the list alphabetically by the author s last name or the first important word in title. Ignore the articles "A", "An", and "The" when they begin a title. Use the letter-by-letter alphabetizing system, which calls for the following:Alphabetize on the letters of the last name, ignoring spaces and punctuation. For example:Descartes, ReneDe Sica, VittorioConsider the first name or initial when two or more last names are identical. For example:Morris, RobertMorris, WilliamWhen two or more co-authored citations begin with the same last names, alphabetize on the last name of the second author listed. For example:Winger, John, and Albert HulkaWinger, John, and Ray ZiskeList multiple works by one author alphabetically by title, preceded by three dashes, after giving the author's name in the first citation. This rule does not apply when multiple authors are involved. For example:Winger, John. The New Model Army. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1968.---. Our Army at War. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1973.Sample Works Cited PageWorks CitedFrye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1957---. Language and Meaning in Criticism. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1971."Six Elements of Modern Literary Criticism." PMLA 109 (1994): 34-45.Wallace, Ronald, and Sheryl Pratt-Wallace. A History of Modern Criticism: 1750-1970. New Haven: Yale UP, 1992.Reference notes rather than parenthetical references may be required. Note numbers replace the paren-thetical reference. Notes begin with the number 1 and continue sequentially throughout the paper.Unlike citations, which include the page numbers for the entire work, notes identify the specific page(s)referred to. When using notes, you may not have to include a separate list of works cited. Consult your instructor on this matter.Notes Notes vs. In-Text References Placing Notes In the TextNote Formats Endnotes Sample Endotes PageNotes should not interrupt the flow of the text. Place them in the text following punctuation marks,except for dashes. The numbers inserted in the text should be Arabic in superscript (placed slightly above the text) to the right. For example: " argues for the program. 1"Notes include: author's name, in regular order followed by a comma; title, publication data, in parenthe-ses; and page information. A period appears only at the end. Again, page references are specific to the information referenced not the entire work. The first note for a particular work lists all this information.Subsequent notes for that work require only abbreviated information, such as "2Frye 34-35". There are two types of notes: Endnotes and Footnotes.Endnotes, the preferred format, appear at the end of the text on their own page, which is numbered sequentially with the other pages. Margins, spacing and numbering are the same as for a Works Cited page described above. Use the heading "Notes". Entries should begin five spaces (1/2 inch) from the left margin. Add the superscript number, a space, and then the reference. If the reference goes beyond one line, begin subsequent line(s) at the left margin. For example: 1Deborah Tannen, You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation (New York:Morrow, 1990) 52.Notes 1 Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays (Princeton: Princeton UP , 1957) 76.2 Frye, 37-38.3"Six Elements of Modern Literary Criticism," PMLA 109 (1994): 34.4Ronald Wallace and Sheryl Pratt-Wallace, A History of Modern Criticism: 1750-1970 (New Haven:Yale UP, 1992) 187-188.Footnotes appear at the bottom, or foot, of the page. They begin two double spaces below the text.Footnotes are single spaced, but you must double space between them. If a note continues on the next page, add a solid line across that page two spaces below the text and continue the note two spaces below the line. Place notes for the new page two spaces under the continued note.FootnotesUsing Notes with In-Text ReferencesTwo types of notes can be used with in-text references. Content notes provide an comments, explana-tions of information not appropriate in the text. Do not include them unless they are essential to clarify or explain what you have written. Bibliographic notes contain several sources or comments on sources included on the Works Cited page. For example:Sample Passage:The ancient Greeks deplored hubris, or excessive self pride. Oedipus clearly shows hubris by fleeing Corinth in an attempt to avert the oracle's terrible revelation of his fate.1Content Note:1 Warnings about hubris can also be readily found in the works of prominent Greek philosophers.Bibliographic Notes1 For a full description of Greek attitudes toward hubris, see Thomas 48-56; Jenkins 35; and espe-cially Papadakis 56-70.Sample Citations and NotesBelow are sample entries for most common information formats. Each has a sample reference citation, (C), and a reference note, (N). If you come across an information format not covered below, consult the MLA Handbook. Note: Remember to double space as required when preparing your citations or notes.BooksSingle AuthorC: Marcuse, Sibyl. A Survey of Musical Instruments. New York: Harper, 1975.N: 1 Sibyl Marcuse, A Survey of Musical Instruments (New York: Harper, 1975) 46.Note: If the person(s) named edited, compiled or translated a work, as with an anthology or compilation do the following. For citations, place a comma after the name, followed by the appropriate abbreviation (ed., comp., trans.) and a period, e.g. "Wu, Sam, ed." For notes, place a comma after the name and abbreviation, e.g., "Sam Wu, ed.,".Single Author- Two or More BooksC: Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1957.---, ed. Design For Learning: Reports Submitted to the Joint Committee of the Toronto Board of Education and the University of Toronto. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1962.N: 1 Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays (Princeton UP, 1957) 46-47.2 Frye 37-38.3 Frye, Design 129.Two or More AuthorsC: Smith, William, and John Braden. Reading Poetry. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1989.N: 1 William Smith and John Braden, Reading Poetry (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1989) 476.Note: For more than three authors, you may use only the first name followed by et al. For ex-ample: "Gadbois, Guy, et al." For citations or "Guy Gadbois, et al.," for notes.Corporate AuthorC: National Research Council. China and Global Change. Washington: Natl. Acad., 1992.N: 1 National Research Council, China and Global Change (Washington: Natl. Acad., 1992)56.AnonymousC: A Guide to Our Federal Lands. Washington: Natl. Geographic Soc., 1984.N: 1A Guide to Our Federal Lands (Washington: Natl. Geographic Soc., 1984) 123-124.Specific Works in Anthology or CompilationC: Achebe, Chinua. "The Madman." Looking for a Rain God: An Anthology of Contemporary African Short Stories. Ed. Nadezda Obradovic. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990. 1-18. N: 3 Chibua Achebe, "The Madman," Looking for a Rain God: An Anthology of Contemporary African Short Stories, ed. Nadezda Obradovic (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990) 13.Note: Treat references to an entire anthology like a book with an editor or compiler as described under the Author instructions above.Multivolume WorksC: Lauter, Paul, et al., eds. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. V ol. 1. Lexington: Heath, 1994.N: 3 Paul Lauter et al., eds., The Heath Anthology of American Literature, vol. 1 (Lexington: Heath, 1994) 333-335.Note: If the volumes are published over a period of years, provide the inclusive dates, e.g., "1978-1982" or "1985 -" if not complete. When using two or more volumes, give the total number of volumes, e.g., "7 V ols.." for citations and for notes.Article in a Reference BookC: "Venezuela." Encyclopedia Americana. 1993 ed.N: 16 Joseph Dawson, "Scottish Clans," The New Encyclopaedia Britannica (15th ed., 1987) 567.Note: If citing a less well known reference book, give full publication information as with a book.Book in a SeriesC: Stewart, Joan Hinde. Collette. Twayne's World Authors Ser. 679. Boston: Twayne, 1983.N: 8 Joan Hinde Stewart, Collette, Twayne's World Authors Ser. 679 (Boston: Twayne, 1983) 44-45.Introduction, Preface, Foreword or AfterwordC: Sayers, Dorothy. Introduction. The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri, the Florentine. By Dante Alighieri. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1949. iii-x.N: 22 Dorothy Sayers, introduction, The Divine Comedy of Dante Alighieri, the Florentine by Dante Alighieri (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1949) iv.TranslationC: Giroud, Francoise. Marie Curie: A Life. Trans. Lydia Davis. New York: Holmes, 1986.N: 10 Francoise Giroud, Marie Curie: A Life, trans. Lydia Davis (New York: Holmes, 1986) 2.Subsequent EditionsC: Feuer, Jane. The Hollywood Musical. 2nd ed. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1993.N: 1 Jane Feuer, The Hollywood Musical, 2nd ed. (Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1993) 42.Note: Subsequent editions may also be identified as revised, abridged or by year. Use the follow-ing abbreviations respectively: "Rev. ed.", "Abr. ed." (all lower case for notes) or "1997 ed."PeriodicalsWith periodicals, it is important to distinguish between the article title and the periodical's title. Put article titles in quotation marks and underline periodical titles.Scholarly Journal ArticleC: Fleissner, Robert F. " Eliot's Sweeney Among the Nightingales." Explicator 54 (1995): 30-31 . N: 13 Robert F. Fleisner, "Eliot's Sweeney Among the Nightingales," Explicator 54 (1995): 31.Note: Omit introductory "A", "An", and "The" in the journal title. Many scholarly journals page continuously from the first issue to the last, and it is not necessary to add issue numbers, months or seasons in the citation. If a journal does page each issue separately, include the issue number after the volume number (which corresponds to the year of publication) preceded by a period. For example: "14.2" means volume 14 issue number 2. Some journals only provides an issue number. In these cases treat it like a volume number.Scholarly Article Reprinted in an Anthology or CompilationUse the abbreviation "Rpt." to indicate a reprinting.C: Frye, Northrop. "Literary and Linguistic Scholarship in a Postliterate Age." PMLA 99 (1984): 990-995. Rpt. in Myth and Metaphor: Selected Essays, 1974-88, Ed. Robert D. Denham.Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1990. 18-27.N: 19 Northrop Frye, "Literary and Linguistic Scholarship in a Postliterate Age," PMLA 99 (1984): 990-995, rpt. in Myth and Metaphor: Selected Essays, 1974-88, ed. Robert D. Denham (Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1990) 18-20.Magazine ArticleC: DePaulo, Lisa. "Castles for Kids." House Beautiful 14 Apr. 1996: 80-83.N: 2 Lisa DePaulo, "Castles for Kids," House Beautiful 14 Apr. 1996: 80.Note: In citing a magazine published on a monthly basis, simply give the month and year. Be sure to use appropriate month abbreviations. For example: "Aug. 1997". If an article does not appear on consecutive pages, use only the first page number .with a plus directly after it, e.g., "23+"Newspaper ArticleC: Feder, Barnaby J. "For Job Seekers." New York Times 30 Dec. 1993, natl. ed. : C1-2.N: 6 Barnaby J. Feder, "For Job Seekers," New York Times 30 Dec. 1993, natl. ed. : C2.Note: Always indicate a specific edition if more than one exists for a paper. If there is only one edition follow the year with a colon and the page numbers, as in "22 Mar. 1997: 4." If a multipage article is not numbered consecutively, use only the first page number and add a plus, e.g., "C3+."EditorialC: Campbell, Cole C. "Living up to a Legacy - And an Obligation." Editorial. St. Louis Post-Dispatch 12 Jan. 1997: 2.N: 22 Cole C. Campbell, " Living up to a Legacy - And an Obligation," editorial. St. Louis Post- Dispatch 12 Jan. 1997: 2ReviewUse the abbreviation, "Rev. of" when referencing reviews.C: Crutchfield, Will. "Pure Italian." Rev. of Verdi: A Biography, by Mary Phillips. New Yorker 31 Jan. 1994: 76-82.N: 17 Will Crutchfield, "Pure Italian," rev. of Verdi: A Biography, by Mary Phillips, New Yorker31 Jan. 1994: 76Computer NetworksWhen using an electronic source from a network, choose one that states the title, author/editor and date of the source. This is important since not all network sources are authoritative. It is also important to provide the date you accessed the site, which will be the second date you provide, because some sites are continuously updated. Add the electronic address at the end of your reference.Electronic Journals, Newsletters and ConferencesC: Readings, Bill. "So You Say You Want a Revolution." Surfaces 1.11 (Dec. 1991): 19 pp.Online. Internet. 2 Feb. 1992. Available: /complit/.N: 2 Bill Readings, "So You Say You Want a Revolution," Surfaces 1.11 (Dec. 1991): 6, online, Internet, 2 Feb. 1992. Available: /complit/.Electronic TextC: Hardy, Thomas. Far from the Madding Crowd. Ed. Ronald Blyth. Hammondsworth: Penguin, 1978, Online. Oxford Text Archive. Internet. 24 Jan. 1994. Available FTP: in/ota N: 11 Thomas Hardy, Far from the Madding Crowd, ed. Ronald Blyth (Hammondsworth: Penguin, 1978), online, Oxford Text Archive, Internet, 24 Jan. 1994. Available FTP: in/otaCiting other SourcesFilm or VideoC: It's a Wonderful Life. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore and Thomas Mitchell. RKO, 1946.N: 9 It's a Wonderful Life, dir. Frank Capra, perf. James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore and Thomas Mitchell. RKO, 1946.Note: To cite a particular individual, begin the reference with that person's name. For example: "Mifune, Toshiro, perf. Roshomon. Dir. " To refer a video recording, begin as with a movie, but exclude the original distributor, include the original release date, identify the type of video recording(videocassette or videodisc) and add the video distributor and release date. For example, using It's a Wonderful Life: " and Thomas Mitchell. 1946. Videocassette. Republic, 1988."Government PublicationCiting Government publications poses special problems since they originate from so many different sources. In general if the author of the document is not known, cite as author the government agency that issued it. First state the name of the government followed by the agency name. Use abbreviations when applicable. For example: Florida. Dept. of Health and Human Services. or United States. Cong. Senate.C: New York State. Commission on the Adirondacks in the Twenty-First Century. The Adirondack Park in the Twenty-First Century. Albany: State of New York, 1990.N: 1 New York State, Commission on the Adirondacks in the Twenty-First Century, The Adirondack Park in the Twenty-First Century (Albany: State of New York, 1990) 44-47.MicroformsC: Chapman, Dan. "Panel Could Help Protect Children." Winston-Salem Journal 14 Jan. 1990: 14.Newsbank: Welfare and Social Problems 12 (1990): fiche 1, grids A8-11.N: 12 Dan Chapman, "Panel Could Help Protect Children," Winston-Salem Journal 14 Jan.1990: 14, Newsbank: Welfare and Social Problems 12 (1990): fiche 1, grids A8-9.Published DissertationC: Ames, Barbara. Dreams and Painting: A case Study of the Relationship between an Artist s Dreams and Painting. Diss. U of Virginia, 1978. Ann Arbor: UMI, 1978. 7812345.N: 9 Barbara Ames, Dreams and Painting: A case Study of the Relationship Between an Artist s Dreams and Painting, diss., U of Virginia, 1978, (Ann Arbor: UMI, 1978, 7812345)68.Note: UMI, University Microfilms International, publishes dissertations and sells them. The number at the end of the entries is an order number. It may be possible to borrow a copy of a disserta-tion from the university that granted it through interlibrary loan. A loan request should be made before considering a purchase. See a reference librarian about interlibrary loans.Unpublished DissertationC: Boyle, Anthony T. "The Epistemological Evolution of Renaissance Utopian Literature, 1516-1657." Diss. New York U, 1983.N: 23 Anthony T. Boyle, "The Epistemological Evolution of Renaissance Utopian Literature, 1516-1657," diss., New York U, 1983, 43Last Revised 6/00 - sk。