assura(formixedsignal)

SIGNAL INTEGRITYRaymond Y. Chen, Sigrid, Inc., Santa Clara, CaliforniaIntroductionIn the realm of high-speed digital design, signal integrity has become a critical issue, and is posing increasing challenges to the design engineers. Many signal integr ity problems are electromagnetic phenomena in nature and hence related to the EMI/EMC discussions in the previous sections of this book. In this chapter, we will discuss what the typical signal integrity problems are, where they come from, why it is important to understand them and how we can analyze and solve these issues. Several software tools available at present for signal integrity analysis and current trends in this area will also be introduced.The term Signal Integrity (SI) addresses two concerns in the electrical design aspects – the timing and the quality of the signal. Does the signal reach its destination when it is supposed to? And also, when it gets there, is it in good condition? The goal of signal integrity analysis is to ensure reliable high-speed data transmission. In a digital system, a signal is transmitted from one component to another in the form of logic 1 or 0, which is actually at certain reference voltage levels. At the input gate of a receiver, voltage above the reference value Vih is considered as logic high, while voltage below the reference value Vil is considered as logic low. Figure 14-1 shows the ideal voltage waveform in the perfect logic world, whereas Figure 14-2 shows how signal will look like in a real system. More complex data, composed of a string of bit 1 and 0s, are actually continuous voltage waveforms. The receiving component needs to sample the waveform in order to obtain the binary encoded information. The data sampling process is usually triggered by the rising edge or the falling edge of a clock signal as shown in the Figure 14-3. It is clear from the diagram that the data must arrive at the receiving gate on time and settle down to a non-ambiguous logic state when the receiving component starts to latch in. Any delay of the data or distortion of the data waveform will result in a failure of the data transmission. Imagine if the signal waveform in Figure 14-2 exhibits excessive ringing into the logic gray zone while the sampling occurs, then the logic level cannot be reliably detected.SI ProblemsT ypical SI Problems“Timing” is everything in a high-speed system. Signal timing depends on the delay caused by the physical length that the signal must propagate. It also depends on the shape of the waveform w hen the threshold is reached. Signal waveform distortions can be caused by different mechanisms. But there are three mostly concerned noise problems:•Reflection Noise Due to impedance mismatch, stubs, visa and other interconnect discontinuities. •Crosstalk Noise Due to electromagnetic coupling between signal traces and visa.•Power/Ground Noise Due to parasitic of the power/ground delivery system during drivers’ simultaneous switching output (SSO). It is sometimes also called Ground Bounce, Delta-I Noise or Simultaneous Switching Noise (SSN).Besides these three kinds of SI problems, there is other Electromagnetic Compatibility or Electromagnetic Interference (EMC/EMI) problems that may contribute to the signal waveform distortions. When SI problems happen and the system noise margin requirements are not satisfied – the input to a switching receiver makes an inflection below Vih minimum or above Vil maximum; the input to a quiet receiver rises above V il maximum or falls below Vih minimum; power/ground voltage fluctuations disturb the data in the latch, then logic error, data drop, false switching, or even system failure may occur. These types of noise faults are extremely difficult to diagnose and solve after the system is built or prototyped. Understanding and solving these problems before they occur will eliminate having to deal with them further into the project cycle,and will in turn cut down the development cycle and reduce the cost[1]. In the later part of thischapter, we will have further investigations on the physical behavior of these noise phenomena, their causes, their electrical models for analysis and simulation, and the ways to avoid them.1. Where SI Problems HappenSince the signals travel through all kinds of interconnections inside a system, any electrical impact happening at the source end, along the path, or at the receiving end, will have great effects on the signal timing and quality. In a typical digital system environment, signals originating from the off-chip drivers on the die (the chip) go through c4 or wire-bond connections to the chip package. The chip package could be single chip carrier or multi-chip module (MCM). Through the solder bumps of the chip package, signals go to the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) level. At this level, typical packaging structures include daughter card, motherboard or backplane. Then signals continue to go to another system component, such as an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) chip, a memory module or a termination block. The chip packages, printed circuit boards, as well as the cables and connecters, form the so-called different levels of electronic packaging systems, as illustrated in Figure 14-4. In each level of the packaging structure, there are typical interconnects, such as metal traces, visa, and power/ground planes, which form electrical paths to conduct the signals. It is the packaging interconnection that ultimately influences the signal integrity of a system.2. SI In Electronic PackagingTechnology trends toward higher speed and higher density devices have pushed the package performance to its limits. The clock rate of present personal computers is approaching gigahertz range. As signal rise-time becomes less than 200ps, the significant frequency content of digital signals extends up to at least 10 GHz. This necessitates the fabrication of interconnects and packages to be capable of supporting very fast varying and broadband signals without degrading signal integrity to unacceptable levels. While the chip design and fabrication technology have undergone a tremendous evolution: gate lengths, having scaled from 50 µm in the 1960s to 0.18 µm today, are projected to reach 0.1 µm in the next few years; on-chip clock frequency is doubling every 18 months; and the intrinsic delay of the gate is decreasing exponentially with time to a few tens of Pico-seconds. However, the package design has lagged considerably. With current technology, the package interconnection delay dominates the system timing budget and becomes the bottleneck of the high-speed system design. It is generally accepted today that package performance is one of the major limiting factors of the overall system performance.Advances in high performance sub-micron microprocessors, the arrival of gigabit networks, and the need for broadband Internet access, necessitate the development of high performance packaging structures for reliable high-speed data transmission inside every electronics system.Signal integrity is one of the most important factors to be considered when designing these packages (chip carriers and PCBs) and integrating these packages together.3、SI Analysis3.1. SI Analysis in the Design FlowSignal integrity is not a new phenomenon and it did not always matter in the early days of the digital era. But with the explosion of the information technology and the arrival of Internet age, people need to be connected all the time through various high-speed digital communication/computing systems. In this enormous market, signal integrity analysis will play a more and more critical role to guarantee the reliable system operation of these electronics products. Without pre-layout SI guidelines, prototypes may never leave the bench; without post-layout SI verifications, products may fail in the field. Figure 14-5 shows the role of SI analysis in the high-speed design process. From this chart, we will notice that SI analysis is applied throughout the design flow and tightly integrated into each design stage. It is also very common to categorize SI analysis into two main stages: reroute analysis and post route analysis.In the reroute stage, SI analysis can be used to select technology for I/Os, clock distributions, chip package types, component types, board stickups, pin assignments, net topologies, and termination strategies. With various design parameters considered, batch SI simulations on different corner cases will progressively formulate a set of optimized guidelines for physical designs of later stage. SI analysis at this stage is also called constraint driven SI design because the guidelines developed will be used as constraints for component placement and routing. The objective of constraint driven SI design at the reroute stage is to ensure that the signal integrity of the physical layout, which follows the placement/routing constraints for noise and timing budget, will not exceed the maximum allowable noise levels. Comprehensive and in-depth reroute SI analysis will cut down the redesign efforts and place/route iterations, and eventually reduce design cycle.With an initial physical layout, post route SI analysis verifies the correctness of the SI design guidelines and constraints. It checks SI violations in the current design, such as reflection noise, ringing, crosstalk and ground bounce. It may also uncover SI problems that are overlooked in the reroute stage, because post route analysis works with physical layout data rather than estimated data or models, therefore it should produce more accurate simulation results.When SI analysis is thoroughly implemented throughout the whole design process, a reliable high performance system can be achieved with fast turn-around.In the past, physical designs generated by layout engineers were merely mechanical drawings when very little or no signal integrity issues were concerned. While the trend of higher-speed electronics system design continues, system engineers, responsible for developing a hardware system, are getting involved in SI and most likely employ design guidelines and routing constraints from signal integrity perspectives. Often, they simply do not know the answers to some of the SI problems because most of their knowledge is from the engineers doing previous generations of products. To face this challenge, nowadays, a design team (see Figure 14-6) needs to have SI engineers who are specialized in working in this emerging technology field. When a new technology is under consideration, such as a new device family or a new fabrication process for chip packages or boards, SI engineers will carry out the electrical characterization of the technology from SI perspectives, and develop layout guideline by running SI modeling and simulation software [2]. These SI tools must be accurate enough to model individual interconnections such as visa, traces, and plane stickups. And they also must be very efficient so what-if analysis with alternative driver/load models and termination schemes can be easily performed. In the end, SI engineers will determine a set of design rules and pass them to the design engineers and layout engineers. Then, the design engineers, who are responsible for the overall system design, need to ensure the design rules are successfully employed. They may run some SI simulations on a few critical nets once the board is initially placed and routed. And they may run post-layout verifications as well. The SI analysis they carry out involves many nets. Therefore, the simulation must be fast, though it may not require the kind of accuracy that SI engineers are looking for. Once the layout engineers get the placement and routing rules specified in SI terms, they need to generate an optimized physical design based on these constraints. And they will provide the report on any SI violations in a routed system using SI tools. If any violations are spotted, layout engineers will work closely with design engineers and SI engineers to solve these possible SI problems.3.2.Principles of SI AnalysisA digital system can be examined at three levels of abstraction: log ic, circuit theory, and electromagnetic (EM) fields. The logic level, which is the highest level of those three, is where SI problems can be easily identified. EM fields, located at the lowest level of abstraction, comprise the foundation that the other levels are built upon [3]. Most of the SI problems are EM problems in nature, such as the cases of reflection, crosstalk and ground bounce. Therefore, understanding the physical behavior of SI problems from EM perspective will be very helpful. For instance, in the following multi-layer packaging structure shown in Figure 14-7, a switching current in via a will generate EM waves propagating away from that via in the radial direction between metal planes. The fields developed between metal planes will cause voltage variations between planes (voltage is the integration of the E-field). When the waves reach other visa, they will induce currents in those visa. And the induced currents in that visa will in turn generate EM waves propagating between the planes. When the waves reach the edges of the package, part of them will radiate into the air and part of them will get reflected back. When the waves bounce back and forth inside the packaging structure and superimpose to each other, resonance will occur. Wave propagation, reflection, coupling and resonance are the typical EM phenomena happening inside a packaging structure during signal transients. Even though EM full wave analysis is much more accurate than the circuit analysis in the modeling of packaging structures, currently, common approaches of interconnect modeling are based on circuit theory, and SI analysis is carried out with circuit simulators. This is because field analysis usually requires much more complicated algorithms and much larger computing resources than circuit analysis, and circuit analysis provides good SI solutions at low frequency as an electrostatic approximation.Typical circuit simulators, such as different flavors of SPICE, employ nodal analysis and solve voltages and currents in lumped circuit elements like resistors, capacitors and inductors. In SI analysis, an interconnect sometimes will be modeled as a lumped circuit element. For instance, a piece of trace on the printed circuit board can be simply modeled as a resistor for its finite conductivity. With this lumped circuit model, the voltages along both ends of the trace are assumed to change instantaneously and the travel time for the signal to propagate between the two ends is neglected. However, if the signal propagation time along the trace has to be considered, a distributed circuit model, such as a cascaded R-L-C network, will be adopted to model the trace. To determine whether the distributed circuit model is necessary, the rule of thumb is – if the signal rise time is comparable to the round-trip propagation time, you need to consider using the distributed circuit model.For example, a 3cm long stripling trace in a FR-4 material based printed circuit board will exhibits 200ps propagation delay. For a 33 MHz system, assuming the signal rise time to be 5ns, the trace delay may be safely ignored; however, with a system of 500 MHz and 300ps rise time, the 200ps propagation delay on the trace becomes important and a distributed circuit model has to be used to model the trace. Through this example, it is easy to see that in the high-speed design, with ever-decreasing signal rise time, distributed circuit model must be used in SI analysis.Here is another example. Considering a pair of solid power and ground planes in a printed circuit board with the dimension of 15cm by 15cm, it is very natural to think the planes acting as a large, perfect, lumped capacitor, from the circuit theory point of view. The capacitor model C= erA/d, an electro-static solution, assumes anywhere on the plane the voltages are the same and all the charges stored are available instantaneously anywhere along the plane. This is true at DC and low frequency. However, when the logics switch with a rise time of 300ps, drawing a large amount of transient currents from the power/ground planes, they perceive the power/ground structure as a two-dimensional distributed network with significant delays. Only some portion of the plane charges located within a small radius of the switching logics will be able to supply the demand. And voltages between the power/ground planes will have variations at different locations. In this case, an ideal lumped capacitor model is obviously not going to account for the propagation effects. Two-dimensional distributed R-L-C circuit networks must be used to model the power/ground pair.In summary, as the current high-speed design trend continues, fast rise time reveals the distributed nature of package interconnects. Distributed circuit models need to be adopted to simulate the propagation delay in SI analysis. However, at higher frequencies, even the distributed circuit modeling techniques are not good enough, full wave electromagnetic field analysis based on solving Maxwell’s equations must come to play. As presen ted in later discussions, a trace will not be modeled as a lumped resistor, or a R-L-C ladder; it will be analyzed based upon transmission line theory; and a power/ground plane pair will be treated as a parallel-plate wave guide using radial transmission line theory.Transmission line theory is one of the most useful concepts in today’s SI analysis. And it is a basic topic in many introductory EM textbooks. For more information on the selective reading materials, please refer to the Resource Center in Chapter 16.In the above discussion, it can be noticed that signal rise time is a very important quantity in SI issues. So a little more expanded discussion on rise time will be given in the next section.信号完整性介绍在高速数字设计领域，信号完整性已经成为一个严重的问题，是造成越来越多的挑战的设计工程师。

宿主及合成器效果器常用术语中英文对照表About 关于（软件信息）Accent 重音，强音Active 活跃，起作用Add 增加，加法（合成方式）Adjust 调整，调节Adjusts 调节ADSR 包络校准AfterTouch 触后（缩写AT）Air 空气，空间感All 全部，完整和弦Always 总是，始终AM（Amplitude Modulation）振幅调制，调幅（合成方式）Amount 数量，影响程度（缩写AMNT）Amplifiter 放大器Amplitude 振幅，音量，放大器（缩写AMP）Analog 色偏差，模拟（信号）Anchor 标记，定位Application 应用，程序Apply 应用Area 范围，区域Arpeggiator 琶音，琶音器（缩写ARP）Articulation 清晰度ASIO （Audio Stream Iput Output）Steinberg开发的计算机声卡低延迟专业驱动Assign 分配，指派（设备功能）Assingment 分配，设置（设备功能）Asymmetry 不对称性，偏移（缩写ASYM）Asynchronous 不同步，异步Attack 启动，触发（缩写A或ATT）Attributes 属性Audio 音频Author 创造者，作者Auto 自动Available 可用的平衡（信号）（缩写BAL ） 带通（滤波）模式带除，带阻（滤波）模式Band段带，区间（滤波器模式） Bank 库存（音色）Base 基础，基于Basic 基础（波形）Bass 低音，低频，低音乐器（贝司）Beat 拍子，节拍Bend 弯音，弯音轮，弯音范围Bipolar 双极（信号）Blend 混合比，透明度Box 封装BPM 节拍，速度Break 分割，分开Breakpoint 分界点，连接点Breath 呼吸，呼吸控制器Bright 明亮（音色）Brightness 明亮程度（音色）Browser 浏览器Bypass 旁通BalanceBand pass Band RejectCabinet机架，音箱头 Carrier搭载，载波器 Center中间，居中（缩写C ） Chain链（信号） Change改变（音色排序） Chunnel通道，声道（缩写C Clear清除 Click滴答声，颗粒，单机 Clip修剪，分离器 Clock时钟（同步） Close关闭，停止 Clouds云（粒子） Coarse粗略调节（音调） Code编码 Color色彩（声音） Comb 梳妆Combiner 混合器Comment 注释，备注Company 单位，团队Compare 对比，比较Chorus合唱，合唱效果器 Computer计算机，电脑 Container 容器Control 控制C或 CHN ）Controller 控制器（缩写CTRY）Copy 复制，拷贝Create 创建，创造Curve 曲线图Cut 切除Cutoff 截止频率Damp 阻尼，抑制db 分贝，振幅单位DC Offset 直流偏移Decay 衰减，回落（缩写D或DEC）Default 默认，缺省（参数）Delay 延迟，延迟效果器Delete 删除Demo 试用（软件，演示）Dens 密度Depth 深度Destination 目标（调制）Detune 解谐，音调偏移Developer 开发者Diffusion 扩散，传播Digital 数字，数码（缩写DIGI）Displace 偏移，转移Distortion 失真，失真效果器Dotted 附点音Double 双重，双倍Down 向下，下行Download 下载Draft 实时Draw 描绘（波形）Drive 驱动，过载程度Driver 驱动器，光驱Dry 干声，原始声Dynamic 动态Easy 容易Echo 回声Edit 编辑Editor 编辑器Effect 效果器EG （Envelope Generator）包络发生器Electric 电子（设备，乐器）（缩写ELEC）Emphasis 强调（截止频率）Empty 空白的，待编辑的Enabled 打开，激活End 结束，结束处Ensemble 群体感，群奏，合奏（ENS）Envelope 包络（缩写ENV）Equalizer 均衡，均衡器（缩写EQ）Expand 扩展，扩展器ER （Early Reflection）早期反射Event 事件Example 举例Expert 专业，复杂，详细（操作）Explorer 浏览（硬盘）Export 导出Expression 表情External 外部的（信号）FFader 推子，衰减器Fat 肥厚，饱满Feedback 反馈程度，反复次数（缩写FBK）File 文件（菜单）Filter 滤波，滤波器Fine 精细调节（音调）Flanger 镶边，镶边效果器Flat 平坦（图形参数）FM（Frequency Modulation）频率调制，调频（合成方式）Formant 共振峰Fractal 不规则碎片（波形）Fractalize 分裂碎片（合成方式）Freeze 冻结Frequency 频率（缩写FREQ）FX 效果GGain 增益（音量）Gate 门，噪声门，时值Generator 发生器Genre 风格，流派Gibbs 吉布斯（现象）Glide 滑音，滑音模式Global 全局，整体Granular 颗粒，粒子（合成方式）Grid 网格Group 群组HHarmonic 谐波，泛音Harmonics 泛音High 高，高频（缩写HI）Highest 最高的（音）Hold 保持，持续HPF（High Pass Filter）高通滤波器Hz 赫兹（频率单位）II/O（Input/Output）输入/输出Icon 图标Image 图像Import 导入In 入口Index 指数，指标Information 信息，注释Inharmonic 不谐和的Input 输入，输入通道Insert 插入Instruments 乐器，工具Interpolate 加入变化Inverse Sawtooth 倒锯齿波Inverse 倒转，反转Invert 颠倒，反转Iterations 重复，反复KKey 琴键，键位，调式Keyboard 键盘，键盘乐器，键盘跟踪器，键盘跟踪功能（缩写KBD）Knob 旋钮LLag 懒散，缓缓，滞后Latch 持续演奏Latest 最后的（音）Layer 层面，层次Lead 领奏，主奏（音色类型）Learn 识别，捕获Left 左边，左声道Legato 连音，连奏Lenght 长度，时值Level 强度，程度多用于表示音量Limit 限制，限度Limiter 限制限制器（缩写LIM）Link 连接，关联List 列表Load 读取，调用Logic 逻辑Loop 循环素材Low 低，低频（缩写LIM）Low Frequency Oscillator 低频振荡器（缩写LFO）Lowest 最低的（音）Low Pass Filter低通滤波器（缩写LPF）Magnitude 数量Main 主要的Make 安排，制造Maker 制造者Manager 管理器Manual 手动，不自动Mapping 映射Master 主要的，总控，总线Matrix 矩阵Max 最大的Message 信息Middle 中频，中间（缩写MID）Musical Instrument Digital Interface数字化乐器接口（缩写MIDI）Min 最小的Mix 混音，混合，混合比例Mixer 混合器，调音台Mode 模式，方式Modeling 建模Modifiers 校正，调节器Modulate 调制，调制器Modulated 已调制，被调制Modulation 调制，调制轮，调制技术Module 模块Monitor 监听Mono 单声道，单音模式Morph 变化，复合（波形）Mouth 用嘴表达一样的（效果）ms 毫秒，时间单位Multi 多（功能）Multicomb 梳妆延迟（效果）Multiplivator 倍频Multitap 多输出延迟（效果）Mute 静音（音轨）（缩写M）NName 名字（音色）Navigator 导航器New 新的（音色）Next 下一步，下一个Noise 噪音Normal 正常，标准Notch 带除（缩写NOT）Notches 等级，程度Note 音符Number 数字，数量（缩写NUM）OOctave 八度，每八度（缩写OCT）OFF 关闭，停止Offset 偏移（频率）ON 打开，启动Open 打开，启动Operator 操作，控制，操作器，运算器（缩写OP）Option 选项Order 次序，工作状态（缩写ORD）Oscillator 振荡器缩写（OSC）Out 出口Output 输出，输出通道Overall 全局，总控Overdrive 过载，过载效果器Overload 信号过载PPad 铺底，铺垫（音色类型）Pan 声像Panel 面板Parallel 并联Parameter 参数，参量Pass 通过（滤波器模式）Paste 粘贴Pattern 图示，模式Pulse Code Modulation 脉冲编码调制（缩写PCM）Peak 顶点（图形参数）Perform 执行演奏Phase 相位Phaser 移相，移相效果器Physical 物理的Ping-Pong 乒乓（效果）Pink 粉红（噪音）Pipe 管道（效果）Pitch 音高偏移，定调Pitchbend 弯音轮，弯音控制器Play 演奏，播放Pluck 拨奏Plugin 插件Point 节点，端点Polyphonic 复音，复音数Polyphony 复音，复音数（缩写POLY）Portamento 滑音，延音（缩写PORTA）Position 位置Post 加速Power 功率。

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) 日记总数： 47 品题数目： 42 访问次数： 15577 acceptance testing 验收测试 accumulated error积累误差 ac-dc-ac frequency converter 交-直-交变频器 ac(alternatingcurrent)electric drive交流电子传动 active attitude stabilization主动姿态稳定 actuator 驱动器,执行机构 adaline 线性适应元daptation layer适应层 adaptive telemeter system 适应遥测系统 adjoint operator 陪同算子 admissible error容许误差 aggregationmatrix结集矩阵ahp(analytic你好 erarchy process)条理分析法 amplifying element放大环节analog-digital conversion模数转换 ntenna pointing control接收天线指向控制anti-integral windup抗积分饱卷 aperiodic decomposition非周期分解 a posteriori estimate笱楣兰?approximate reasoning类似推理 a priori estimate 先验估计 articulated robot关节型机器人 assignment problem配置问题,分配问题 associative memory model遐想记忆模子 asymptotic stability渐进稳定性 attained pose drift现实位姿漂移 attitude acquisition姿态捕获aocs(attritude and orbit control system)姿态轨道控制系统 attitude angular velocity姿态角速度 attitude disturbance姿态扰动 attitude maneuver 姿态机动 augment ability可扩充性 augmented system增广系统 automatic manual station不用人力-手动操作器 autonomous system自治系统 backlash characteristics间隙特征 base coordinate system基座坐标系bayes classifier 贝叶斯分类器 bearing alignment 方位瞄准 bellows pressure gauge 波纹管压力表 benefit-cost analysis 收入成本分析 bilinear system 双线性系统 biocybernetics 生物控制论 biological feedback system 生物反馈系统black box testing approach 黑箱测试法 blind search 盲目搜索 block diagonalization 块对于角化 boltzman mac 你好 ne 玻耳兹曼机 bottom-up development 自下而上开辟 boundary value analysis 界限值分析 brainstorming method 头脑风暴法 breadth-first search 广度优先搜索 cae(computer aided engineering) 计较机匡助工程 cam(computer aided manufacturing) 计较机匡助创造 camflex valve 偏疼旋转阀 canonical state vari able 标准化状况变量capacitive displacementtransducer 电容式位移传感器 capsule pressure gauge 膜盒压力表 card 计较机匡助研究开辟 cartesian robot 直角坐标型机器人cascadecompensation 串联赔偿 catastrophe theory 突变论 chained aggregation 链式结集 characteristic locus 特征轨迹 chemical propulsion 化学推进classical information pattern 经典信息标准样式 clinical controlsystem 临床控制系统关上 d loop pole 闭环极点关上 d looptransfer function 闭环传递函数cluster analysis 聚类分析 coarse-finecontrol 粗- 精控制 cobweb model 蜘蛛网模子 coefficient matrix 凳?卣?cognitive science 认知科学 coherent system 枯燥关接洽统 combination decision 组合决定计划 combinatorial explosion 组合爆炸combined pressure and vacuum gauge 压力真空表 command pose 指令位姿companion matrix 相伴矩阵 compartmental model 房室模子 compatibility 相容性,兼容性 compensating network 赔偿采集 compensation 赔偿,矫正compliance 柔顺, 适应 composite control 组合控制 computable general equilibrium model 可计较普通均衡模子 conditionallyinstability 条件不稳定性connectionism 毗连机制 conservative system 守恒系统 constraint condition 约束条件 consumption function 消费函数 context-free grammar 上下文无关语法continuous discrete eventhybrid system simulation 连续离散事件混淆系统仿真continuous duty 连续事情制 control accuracy 控制精密度 control cabinet 控制柜controllability index 可控指数 controllable canonical form 可控标准型[control]plant 控制对于象,被控对于象 controlling instrument 控制仪表 control moment gyro 控制力矩捻捻转儿 control panel 控制屏,控制盘 control synchro 控制 [式]自整角机 control system synthesis 控制系统综合 control time horizon 控制时程 cooperativegame 互助对于策 coordinability condition 可协调条件coordinationstrategy 协调计谋 corner frequency 迁移转变频率 costate variable 蔡?淞?cost-effectiveness analysis 用度效益分析 coupling ofrbit and attitude 轨道以及姿态耦合 critical damping 临界阻尼 ritical stability 临界稳定性 cross-over frequency 穿越频率,交越频率 current source inverter 电流[源]型逆变器 cut-off frequency 截止频率 cyclic remote control 循环遥控 cylindrical robot 圆柱坐标型机器人 damped oscillation 阻尼振动 damping ratio 阻尼比 data acquisition 数值采集 data encryption 数值加密 data preprocessing 数值预处理 data processor 数值处理器 dc generator-motor set drive 直流发机电-电动机组传动 d controller 微分控制器 decentralizedstochastic control 分散 rand 控制 decision space 决定计划空间 decisionsupport system 决定计划支持系统 decomposition-aggregation approach 分解结集法 decoupling parameter 解耦参量 deductive-inductive hybrid modeling method 演绎与归纳混淆建模法 delayed telemetry 延时遥测derivation tree 导出树 derivative feedback 微分反馈 describingfunction 描写函数 desired value 希望值deterministic automaton 确定性不用人力机 deviation alarm 误差报警器 dfd 数值流图 diagnosticmodel 诊断模子 diagonally dominant matrix 对于角主导矩阵diaphragmpressure gauge 膜片压力表 difference equation model 差分方程模子differential dynamical system 微分动力学系统 differential game⒎侄圆differential pressure level meter 差压液位计 differentialpressure transmitter 差压变送器 differential transformer displacementtransducer 差动变压器式位移传感器 differentiation element 微分环节 digital filer 数码滤波器 digital signal processing 数码旌旗灯号处理 digitizer 数码化仪 dimension transducer 尺度传感器 direct coordination 直接协调 discrete event dynamic system 离散事件动态系统 discretesystem simulation language 离散系统仿真语言 discriminant function 判别函数 displacement vibration amplitude transducer 位移波幅传感器dissipative structure 耗扩散局 distributed parameter control system 漫衍参量控制系统 disturbance compensation 扰动赔偿 domain knowledge 范畴常识dominant pole 主导极点 dose-response model 剂量反映模子 dual modulation telemetering system 两重调制遥测系统 dualprinciple 对于偶原理 dual spin stabilization 双自旋稳定 duty ratio 负载比 dynamic braking 能耗制动 dynamic characteristics 动态特征 dynamic deviation 动态误差 dynamic error coefficient 动态误差系数 dynamic exactness 动它吻合性 dynamic input-outputmodel 动态投入产出模子 econometric model 计量经济模子 economiccybernetics 经济控制论 economic effectiveness 经济效益 economicvaluation 经济评价 economic index 经济指数 economic in dicator 经济指标 eddy current t 你好 ckness meter 电涡流厚度计 effectivenesstheory 效益意见 elasticity of demand 需求弹性 electric actuator 电动执行机构 electric conductancelevelmeter 电导液位计 electricdrive control gear 电动传动控制设备 electric hydraulic converter 电-液转换器 electric pneumatic converter 电-气转换器electrohydraulicservo vale 电液伺服阀 electromagnetic flow transducer 电磁流量传感器 electronic batc 你好 ng scale 电子配料秤 electronic belt conveyorscale 电子皮带秤 electronic hopper scale 电子料斗秤 emergencystop 异样住手empirical distribution 经验漫衍 endogenous variable 内发生变故量equilibrium growth 均衡增长 equilibrium point 平衡点 equivalence partitioning 等价类区分清晰 error-correction parsing 纠错剖析 estimation theory 估计意见 evaluation technique 评价技术 event chain 事件链evolutionary system 高级演化系统 exogenous variable 外发生变故量 expected characteristics 希望特征 failure diagnosis 妨碍诊断 fast mode 快变模态 feasibility study 可行性研究 feasiblecoordination 可行协调 feasible region 可行域 feature detection 特征检测 feature extraction 特征抽取 feedback compensation 反馈赔偿 feedforward path 前馈通路 field bus 现场总线 finite automaton 有限不用人力机 fip(factory information protocol) 工场信息以及谈 first order predicate logic 一阶谓词逻辑 fixed sequence manipulator 固定挨次机械手 fixed set point control 定值控制 fms(flexiblemanufacturing system) 柔性创造系统 flowsensor/transducer 流量传感器 flow transmitter 流量变送器 forced oscillation 强迫振动 formal language theory 情势语言意见 formal neuron 情势神经元forward path 正向通路 forward reasoning 正向推理 fractal 分形体,分维体frequency converter 变频器 frequency domain modelreduction method 频域模子降阶法 frequency response 频域相应 full order observer 全阶测候器 functional decomposition 功效分解 fes(functional electricalstimulation)功效电刺激 functionalsimularity 功效相仿 fuzzy logic 含糊逻辑 game tree 对于策树 general equilibrium theory 普通均衡意见 generalized least squaresestimation 意义广泛最小二乘估计 generation function 天生函数geomagnetictorque 地磁性矩 geometric similarity 几何相仿 gimbaled wheel 蚣苈global asymptotic stability 全局渐进稳定性 global optimum 全局最优 globe valve 球形阀 goal coordination method 目标协调法 grammatical inference 文法判断 grap 你好 c search 图搜索 gravitygradient torque 重力梯度力矩 group technology 成组技术 guidancesystem 制导系统 gyro drift rate 捻捻转儿漂移率 hall displacementtransducer 霍尔式位移传感器 hardware-in-the-loop simulation 半实物仿真 harmonious deviation 以及谐误差 harmonious strategy 以及谐计谋 heuristic inference 开导式推理你好 dden oscillation 隐蔽振动你好 erarc 你好 calchart 条理布局图你好 erarc 你好 cal planning 递阶规划你好 erarc你好 calontrol 递阶控制 homomorp 你好 c model 同态系统 horizontal decomposition 横向分解 hormonal control 内排泄控制 hydraulic step motor 液压步进马达 hypercycle theory 超循环意见 i controller 积分控制器 identifiability 可辨识性 idss(intelligent decision support system)智能决定计划支持系统 image recognition 图象辨认 impulse function 冲击函数,电子脉冲函数 incompatibility principle 不相容原理 incrementalmotion control 增量运动控制 index of merit 品质因数 inductiveforce transducer 电感式位移传感器 inductive modeling method 归纳建模法 industrial automation 工业不用人力化 inertial attitude sensor 惯性姿态敏锐器 inertial coordinate system 惯性坐标系 inertialwh eel 惯性轮 inference engine 推理机 infinite dimensional system 无限维系统information acquisition 信息采集 infrared gasanalyzer 红外线气体分析器 inherent nonlinearity 本来就有非线性 inherent regulation 本来就有调节 initial deviation 初始误差 injection attitude 入轨姿式input-output model 投入产出模子 instability 不稳定性 instructionlevel language 指令级语言 integral of absolute value of errorcriterion 绝对于误差积分准则integral of squared error criterion 平方误差积分准则 integral performance criterion 积分性能准则 integration instrument 积算摄谱仪 intelligent terminal 智能终端 interactedsystem 互接洽统,关接洽统 interactive prediction approach 互联预估法,关联预估法 intermittent duty 断续事情制ism(interpretivestructure modeling) 诠释布局建模法 invariant embedding principle 不变镶嵌原理 inventory theory 库伦论 inverse nyquist diagram 逆奈奎斯特图 investment decision 投资决定计划 isomorp 你好 c model 同构模子iterative coordination 迭代协调 jet propulsion 喷气推进 job-lot control 分批控制kalman-bucy filer 卡尔曼-布西滤波器 knowledgeaccomodation 常识适应knowledge acquisition 常识获取 knowledgessimilation 常识夹杂kbms(knowledge base management system) 常识库管理系统 knowledge representation 常识抒发 lad der diagram 菪瓮?lag-lead compensation 滞后超前赔偿 lagrange duality 拉格朗日对于偶性 laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换 large scale system 大系统 lateral in 你好 bition network 侧抑制采集 least cost input 最小成本投入 least squares criterion 最小二乘准则 level switch 物位开关 libration damping 天平动阻尼 limit cycle 极限环 linearizationtechnique 线性化要领 linear motion electric drive 直线运动电气传动 linear motion valve 直行程阀 linear programming 线性规划 lqr(linear quadratic regulator problem) 线性二次调节器问题 oad cell 称重传感器 local asymptotic stability 局部渐近稳定性 local optimum 局部最优 log magnitude-phase diagram 对于数幅相图long term memory 长期记忆 lumped parameter model 集总参量模子 lyapunov theorem of asymptotic stability 李雅普诺夫渐近稳定性定理 macro-economic system 宏观经济系统 magnetic dumping 磁卸载 magnetoelastic weig 你好ng cell 磁致弹性称重传感器 magnitude- frequencycharacteristic 幅频特征magnitude margin 幅值裕度 magnitudecale factor 幅值缩尺 man-mac 你好ne coordination 人机协调 manualstation 手动操作器 map(manufacturing automation protocol) 创造不用人力化以及谈 marginal effectiveness 边岸效益mason's gain formula 梅森增益公式 matc 你好 ng criterion 匹配准则 maximum likelihood estimation 最大似然估计 maximum ove rshoot 最大超调量maximum principle 极大值原理 mean-square error criterion 均方误差准则mechanismmodel 机理模子 meta-knowledge 元常识 metallurgical automation 冶金不用人力化 minimal realization 最小使成为事实 minimum phase system 最小相位系统 minimum variance estimation 最小方差估计 minor loop 副回路missile-target relative movement simulator 弹体- 目标相对于运动仿真器 modal aggregation 模态结集 modal transformation 模态变换 mb(model base)模子库model confidence 模子置信度 model fidelity 模子传神度 model reference adaptive control system 模子参考适应控制系统 model verification 模子证验mec(mostconomic control)最经济控制 motion space 可动空间 mtbf(mean time between failures) 均等妨碍距离时间 mttf(mean timeto failures)均等无妨碍时间 multi-attributive utility function 嗍粜孕в 煤??multicriteria 多重判据 multilevel 你好 erarc 你好 cal structure 多级递阶布局 multiloop control 多回路控制 multi- objective decision 多目标决定计划 multistate logic 多态逻辑multistratum 你好 erarc 你好 calcontrol 多段递阶控制 multivariable control system 多变量控制系统 myoelectric control 肌电控制 nash optimality 纳什最优性 naturallanguage generation 自然语言天生 nearest- neighbor 这段邻necessitymeasure 肯定是性侧度 negative feedback 负反馈 neural assembly 神经集合 neural network computer 神经采集计较机 nichols chart 尼科尔斯图noetic science 思维科学 noncoherent system 非枯燥关接洽统 noncooperative game 非互助博弈 nonequilibrium state 非平衡态 nonlinear element 非线性环节nonmonotonic logic 非枯燥逻辑 nonparametric training 非参量训练nonreversible electric drive 不成逆电气传动 nonsingular perturbation 非奇妙摄动 non-stationaryrandom process 非平稳 rand 历程 nuclear radiation levelmeter 核辐射物位计 nutation sensor 章动敏锐器 nyquist stability criterion 奈奎斯特稳定判据 objective function 目标函数 observability index 可测候指数observable canonical form 可测候标准型 on-line assistance 在线帮忙 on- off control 通断控制 open loop pole 开环极点 operational research model 运筹学模子 optic fiber tachometer 光纤式转速表 opt imal trajectory 最优轨迹optimization technique 最优化技术 orbital rendezvous 轨道交会 orbit gyrocompass 轨道捻捻转儿罗经 orbit perturbation 轨道摄动 order parameter 序参量 orientationcontrol 定向控制 oscillating period 振动周期 output predictionmethod 输出预估法 oval wheel flowmeter 椭圆齿轮流量计overalldesign 总体设计 overlapping decomposition 交叠分解 pade approximation 帕德类似 pareto optimality 帕雷托最优性 passive attitude stabilization 不主动姿态稳定 path repeatability 路径可重复性 pattern primitive 标准样式基元 pr(pattern recognition)标准样式辨认 p control 比例控制器 peak time 峰值时间penalty function method 罚函数法 periodic duty 周期事情制 perturbation theory 摄动意见 pessimisticvalue 悲观值 phase locus 相轨迹 phase trajectory 相轨迹hase lead 相位超前 photoelectric tachometric transducer 光电式转速传感器phrase-structure grammar 短句布局文法 physical symbol system 物理符号系统 piezoelectric force transducer 压电式力传感器 playbackrobot 示教再现式机器人 plc(programmable logic controller)可编步伐逻辑控制器 plug braking 反接制动 plug valve 旋塞阀 pneumaticactuator 气动执行机构 point-to-point control 点位控制 polar robot 极坐标型机器人 pole assignment 极点配置 pole-zero cancellation 零极点相消 polynom ial input 多项式输入 portfolio theory 投资配搭意见 pose overshoot 位姿过调量 position measuring instrument 位置丈量仪posentiometric displacement transducer 电位器式位移传感器 positive feedback 正反馈 power system automation 电力系统不用人力化 predicate logic 谓词逻辑pressure gauge with electric contact 电接点压力表 pressure transmitter 压力变送器 price coordination 价格协调 primal coordination 主协调 primary frequency zone 主频区 pca(principal component analysis)主成份分析法principlef turnpike 通途原理 process- oriented simulation 面向历程的仿真production budget 生产预算 production rule 孕育发生式法则 profitforecast 利润预测 pert(program evaluation and review technique) 计划评审技术program set station 步伐设定操作器 proportionalcontrol 比例控制 proportional plus derivative controller 比例微分控制器 protocol engineering 以及谈工程pseudo random sequence 伪 rand 序列 pseudo-rate-increment control 伪速度增量控制 pulse duration 电子脉冲持续时间 pulse frequency modulation control system 电子脉冲调频控制系统 pulse width modulation controlsystem 电子脉冲调宽控制系统 pwm inverter 脉宽调制逆变器 pushdown automaton 下推不用人力机 qc(quality control)质量管理 quadratic performance index 二次型性能指标 quali tative physical model 定性物理模子quantized noise 量化噪声 quasilinear characteristics 准线性特征 queuing theory 列队论 radio frequency sensor 射频敏锐器 ramp function 斜坡函数 random disturbance rand 扰动 random process rand 历程 rateintegrating gyro 速度积分捻捻转儿 ratio station 比率操作器 reactionwheel control 反效用轮控制realizability 可以使成为事实性,能使成为事实性 eal time telemetry 实时遥测receptive field 感受野 rectangularrobot 直角坐标型机器人 recursive estimation 递推估计 reducedorder observer 降阶测候器 redundant information 冗余信息 reentrycontrol 再入控制 regenerative braking 回馈制动,再生制动 regionalplanning model 地区范围规划模子 regulating device 调节装载 relationalalgebra 关系代数 relay characteristic 继电器特征 remote manipulator 遥控操作器 remote set point adjuster 远程设定点调整器 rendezvo 目前世界上最强大的国家 nd docking 交会以及对于接 resistance thermometer sensor 热电阻 esolution principle 归结原理 resource allocation 资源分配responsecurve 相应曲线 return difference matrix 回差矩阵 return ratiomatrix 回比矩阵 reversible electric drive 可逆电气传动 revoluterobot 关节型机器人revolution speed transducer 转速传感器 rewritingrule 重写法则 rigid spacecraft dynamics 刚性航天动力学 riskdecision 危害分析 robotics 机器人学 robot programming language 机器人编程语言 robust control 鲁棒控制 roll gap measuring instrument 辊缝丈量仪 root locus 根轨迹 roots flowmeter 腰轮流量计otameter 浮子流量计,转子流量计 rotary eccentric plug valve 偏疼旋转阀 rotary motionvalve 角行程阀 rotating transformer 旋转变压器 routh approximation method 劳思类似判据 routing problem 肪段侍?sampled-data control system 采样控制系统 sampling controlsystem 采样控制系统 saturation characteristics 饱以及特征 scalarlyapunov function 标量李雅普诺夫函数 scara(selective complianceassembly robot arm) 最简单的面关节型机器人 scenario analysis method 情景分析法 scene analysis 物景分析 self- operated controller 自力式控制器 self-organizing system 自组织系统 self-reproducing system 自繁殖系统self-tuning control 自校正控制 semantic network 语义采集 semi-physical simulation 半实物仿真 sensing element 敏锐元件 sensitivity analysis 活络度分析sensory control 觉得控制 sequentialdecomposition 挨次分解 sequential least squares estimation 序贯最小二乘估计 servo control 伺服控制,随动控制servomotor 伺服马达 settling time 过渡时间 short term planning 短期计划shorttime horizon coordination 短时程协调 signal detection and estimation 旌旗灯号检测以及估计 signal reconstruction 旌旗灯号重构 simulated interrupt 仿真中断 simulation block diagram 仿真框图 simulation experiment 仿真实验simulation velocity 仿真速度 single axle table 单轴转台 single degree of freedom gyro 单自由度捻捻转儿 single levelprocess 单级历程 single value nonlinearity 单值非线性 singularattractor 奇妙吸引子 singular perturbation 奇妙摄动 slave dsystem 受役系统 slower-than-real-time simulation 欠实时仿真slow subsystem 慢变子系统 socio-cybernetics 社会形态控制论 socioeconomic system 社会形态经济系统软体 psychology 软件生理学 solar array pointing control 日头帆板指向控制 solenoid valve 电磁阀 speed control system 魉傧低spin axis 自旋轴 stability criterion 稳定性判据 stabilitylimit 稳定极限 stabilization 镇定,稳定 stackelberg decision theory 施塔克尔贝格决定计划意见 state equation model 状况方程模子 state space description 状况空间描写 static characteristics curve 静态特征曲线 station accuracy 定点精密度stationary random process 平稳 rand 历程 statistical analysis 统计分析 statistic pattern recognition 统计标准样式辨认 steady state deviation 稳态误差steadystate error coefficient 稳态误差系数 step-by-step control 步进控制step function 阶跃函数 stepwise refinement 慢慢精化 stochasticfinite automaton rand 有限不用人力机 strain gauge load cell 应变式称重传感器 strategic function 计谋函数 strongly coupled system 狂詈舷低?subjective probability 主观频率 supervised training 喽窖??supervisory computer control system 计较机监控系统 sustainedoscillation 矜持振动 swirlmeter 旋进流量计 switc 你好 ng point 切换点 symbolic processing 符号处理 synaptic plasticity 突触可塑性syntactic analysis 句法分析 system assessment 系统评价 systemhomomorp 你好sm 系统同态 system isomorp 你好 sm 系统同构 system engineering 系统工程target flow transmitter 靶式流量变送器 task cycle 功课周期 teac 你好 ng programming 示教编程 telemetering system ofrequency division type 频分遥测系统 teleological system 目的系统 temperature transducer 温度传感器template base 模版库 theoremproving 定理证实 therapy model 治疗模子 t 你好ckness meter 厚度计 three-axis attitude stabilization 三轴姿态稳定 three state controller 三位控制器 thrust vector control system 推力矢量控制系统 time constant 时间常数 time-invariant system 定常系统,非时变系统 time schedule controller 时序控制器 time-sharing control 分时控制 time-varying parameter 时变参量 top-down testing 自上而下测试topological structure 拓扑布局 tqc(total quality control)全面质量管理 tracking error 跟踪误差 trade-off analysis 权衡分析 transfer function matrix 传递函数矩阵transformation grammar 转换文法 transient deviation 瞬态误差 transient process 过渡历程 transition diagram 转移图 transmissible pressure gauge 电远传压力表 trend analysis 趋向分析 triple modulation telemetering system 三重调制遥测系统 turbine flowmeter 涡轮流量计 turing mac 你好 ne 剂榛?two-time scale system 双时标系统 ultrasonic levelmeter??镂患?unadjustable speed electric drive 非调速电气传动 unbiasedestimation 无偏估计 uniformly asymptotic stability 一致渐近稳定性 uninterrupted duty 不间断事情制,长期事情制 unit circle 单位圆 unit testing 单位测试 unsupervised learing 非监视进修upperlevel problem 较高等级问题 urban planning 城市规划 utility function 效用函数 value engineering 价值工程 variable gain 可变增益,可变放大系数 variable structure control system 变布局控制 vectorlyapunov function 向量李雅普诺夫函数 velocity error coefficient 速度误差系数 velocity transducer 速度传感器vertical decomposition 纵向分解 vibrating wire force transducer 振弦式力传感器 viscousdamping 粘性阻尼 voltage source inverter 电压源型逆变器vortexprecession flowmeter 旋进流量计 vortex shedding flowmeter 涡街流量计 wb(way base) 要领库 weig 你好 ng cell 称重传感器 weightingfactor 权因数weighting method 加权法 w 你好 ttaker-shannon samplingtheorem 惠特克-喷鼻农采样定理 wiener filtering 维纳滤波 work stationfor computer aided design 计较机匡助设计事情站 w-plane w 最简单的面 zero-based budget 零基预算 zero-input response 零输入相应 zero-stateresponse 零状况相应 zero sum game model 零以及对于策模子2022 年 07 月 31 日历史上的今天：ipad2 怎么贴膜好吧,我还是入了 iPad2 2022-06-26 斗破苍穹快眼看书 2斗破苍穹 22 下载 20 11-06-26特殊声明：1：资料来源于互联网，版权归属原作者2：资料内容属于网络意见，与本账号立场无关3 ：如有侵权，请告知，即将删除。

Virtuoso Multiple Supply Multiple Voltage(MSMV) SupportNidhi MalikCadence Design Systems91-120-2562842nrustagi@CDNLive,September 12-14, 2005Silicon ValleyAbstractThere are innumerable issues that designers face while working with designs that include multiple power supplies in a single IC (most cases for SoCs today). As the design progresses from a conceptual stage to a more concrete implementation stage, various levels of representations for the design emerge. Different tools in the design flow run at different levels of abstraction may require different numbers or types of pins on the cell. For example, from the digital point of view, a level converter has tw o pins, one input and one output while from the verification (Assura) point of view, the same level converter has three more pins - one ground and two power supplies. From the Spice simulation point of view, it has yet another pin - substrate. Also, there may be multiple types of verification as well, such as logic simulation, formal verification, static timing, mixed analog/digital simulation, noise analysis, and physical connectivity verification (LVS). Each verification type would have different requirements for pins. Therefore, there is a need for a solution which handles all these requirements within a single format.This tutorial addresses the requirements for transferring design data between EDA tools, from one level to the next. It describes how the MSMV support provided in the Open Simulation System (OSS), Verilog, and CDL netlisters in the IC5.1.41USR1 release offers designers a single solution that takes care of all the requirements mentioned above. One of the main benefits of the MSMV support will be to allow you to specify the power connectivity only once in the design flow and all tools will be able to pass on the connectivity information "as is" without loss or distortion of any information, irrespective of the tool vendor. The netlist will not need any modification or tweaking at any point of time during the design cycle to obtain accurate results. This is a special advantage given the ever-increasing complexity of designs as is the case with most SoCs today.IntroductionThis tutorial addresses the issue of describing designs that include multiple power supplies in a single IC and the requirements for transferring design data in text format among EDA tools in such conditions.Different tools, running at different levels of abstraction, want to see different numbers (and types)of pins on a cell. For example, imagine a level converter. From the digital functionality point of view, it has 2 pins, one input and one output. From the verification point of view, it has 3 more pins – one ground and 2 power supplies. From the point of view of SPICE simulation, it has 6 pins – the 5 already named, plus one for the substrate.There are many forms of verification, each with different requirements. Among the requirements are:•Logic Simulation: Does not need power or bulk pins•Formal Verification: Does not need power or bulk pins•Static Timing: By itself, static timing analysis does not need power pins. However, knowing the connection to the power supplies may be useful for some analyses, such as power supply sensitivity and timing with IR drop (Voltage dependant TLFs or .LIBs).•Mixed A/D simulation: may or may not need the power and bulk pins, depending on the level of abstraction and detail.•Noise analysis: Crosstalk analysis, for example, needs to kn ow the signal swings for each signal.This does not necessarily have to come from knowledge of the power supply pins, but this seems like the most straightforward way.•Physical connectivity verification (LVS): Must make sure all pins, of every type, are hooked up correctly.Therefore it is required to handle all these needs with one format, if possible. The output of the same digital block, for example should be capable of being used with both AMS designer and ASSURA, and checked for crosstalk errors by CE LTIC. DF-II and AMS designer already have a way of handling these issues (it goes by the general name of inherited connections). The basic idea is to implement the same semantics using attributes in Verilog 2001, modifications of CDL, LEF/DEF and TLF as required.Another issue is handling of ground and power supplies like 1’b1 (or the VHDL equivalent) in a Verilog input. It must be connected to a supply, but which one? This problem is referred to, in this document, as Supply Sensitivity.There has been i n itiatives from the CIC group in the past to look at this problem that resulted in the invention of inherited connections, released since dfII 4.4.3 but the support for inherited connections needs to be extended to all tools through MSMV initiative.Basic Constructs of MSMVNet expressionsA net expression on a port/net defines the default global signal name for the connection and the name of a property that can be used to override that default global signal name. The syntax for a net expression is [@<propertyName>:%:<defaultSignalName>].Netset propertiesNetset is a lookup property used only for inherited connections. The netSet property value can be one of the two possibilities: an override signal name or an overriding, redirecting net expression. The former is the inherited signal name while the latter case redirects the search to a new property name and may introduce a new default signal name to replace the one in the original net expression in the hierarchy below it. The search for the new lookup p roperty starts with the current instance where the netSet property with the override inherited net expression is found.Supply sensitivitiesWhen a digital net connects to an analog net, the logic value on the digital net requires to be converted to a voltage value on the analog net for simulation, and vice versa. With multiple supply designs, you need to specify the applicable supply (out of many) to be used for the conversion. You can do this by adding two properties; supplySensitivity and groundSensitivity to the cell-view terminals. These properties will subsequently distinguish the power and ground supplies applicable to the net.Please refer to Virtuoso Schematic Editor User Guide for details of these basic constructs. It is desired to retain this i n formation across different EDA tools. Currently this approach has been implemented successfully in OSS, netlisters like Verilog Integ, auCdl, CDLOut in DFII release IC_5.1.41USR1 and verification tools like ASSURA since release 3.1.3. The existing database and language support is captured below.Database SupportC APIC APIs exist to get and set supply sensitivity and ground sensitivity information. For instance,CDS_EXTERN_C dbTermId dbGetTermSupplySensitivity (dbTermId term).This function takes a terminal id and checks if a property called, "supplySensitivity" exists on the terminal. If not, then NULL is returned. Otherwise, the property value is retrieved. Other useful db APIs are: •CDS_EXTERN_C Boolean dbSetTermSupplySensitivity (dbTermId term, dbTermId supplyTerm) •CDS_EXTERN_C dbTermId dbGetTermGroundSensitivity (dbTermId term)•CDS_EXTERN_C Boolean dbSetTermGroundSensitivity (dbTermId term, dbTermId groundTerm) SKILL APISKILL API is just a wrapper over C API.OA 2.2In OA 2.2, the supply sensitivity has been formalized as terminal attributes. This attributes points to another terminal in the same cellview.oaTerm * oaTerm::getGroundSensitivity ( ) constThis function returns the ground terminal to which this terminal is sensitized. If no ground sensitivity is set on this terminal, NULL is returned.Other useful OA functions are•oaTerm * oaTerm::getSupplySensitivity ( ) const•void oaTerm::setGroundSensitivity ( const oaTerm * term )•void oaTerm::setSupplySensitivity ( const oaTerm * term )CDB2OA and OA20->OA2.2The translation process takes care of migrating the property-based information to the corresponding terminal attributes.Languages SupportVerilogIt uses attributes description from the official Verilog 2001 specifications.Port net expressionssyntax : (* netExpr = "<propertyName>(<defaultSignal)" *) <in/out/inout> <portName>;Example: (* netExpr = "vdd(vdd_)" *) inout powr ;This declaration means that the input/output Verilog port called “powr” has a net expression attached to it. The netset property to look for is “vdd”, and the default net name to connect to is vdd_.Wire net expressionssyntax : (* netExpr = "<propertyName>(<defaultSignal)" *) wire <wireName>;Example: (* netExpr = "vdd(vdd_)" *) wire gnd_;NetSet propertiessyntax:(* netSet = "<propertyName>" *)(* <propertyName> = "<value>" *)moduleName instanceName( portConnectivity));Example:(* netSet = "vdd" *)(* vdd = "VDD_" *)inv I0 ( .in(in), .out(net13));In this example, the value for the vdd property is assigned to the net name VDD_.Supply sensitivity specificationSupply sensitivities (both for the power and ground supply) are specified as attributes of input, output and inout ports. For instance,Syntax:(* groundSensitivity = <portName> *)<in/out/inout> <portName>;(* supplySensitivity = <portName> *)<in/out/inout> <portName>;Example:(* supplySensitivity = "powr", groundSensitivity = "grnd" *) input a ;This declaration means that for the input terminal a, the supplySensitivity is set to terminal powr and groundSensitivity to terminal is set to terminal grnd.Verilog Approach Comparison TableApproach Advantages DisadvantagesPhysical Verilog Compatible with existing flows. Confusing (when not cause them tofail) purely logical tools, since they seepins that do not exist in their models. Inaddition, it does not address the actualbehavior issues related to the supplyconnections.AMS Verilog (as currently implemented) Attribute approach is a goodone. Purely logical tools simplyignore those attributes they donot understand (which is goodbehavior anyway).Already used by at least twotools – AMS Designer andSpectreSyntax conflicts with IEEE StandardVerilog (the standard as implementeddoes not support attribute arrays, nortyped attributes).Verilog 2001* Same semantics as AMSapproach – only a simplenetlist and parser change toadapt to Verilog 2001 syntaxAttribute approach is a goodone.All other logical tools thatsupport Verilog 2001 will workcorrectly. Verilog In and simulation tools need to support this.OpenAccess Long-term solution forCadence Flows. Does not completely solve the problem until ELH or equivalent is built, and a hierarchical netlist iterator is written. Not all outside vendors may buy in.Does not accept text based designs and flows*recommendedThe attribute approach is the best for any text format. This has been modified to correspond to the Verilog 2001 specification. This way any 2001 compliant Verilog reader will at least be able to read the logical connectivity. Attribute arrays (which are not supported) have been replaced by space separated tokens in the attribute values, which are supported. The semantics of the added attributes is the same as DFII inherited connections. This way a P&R block will work naturally with AMS simulation.CDLNet expressionssyntax: *.NETEXPR <property_name> <signal_name> [<default_value>]The default value of the signal is always the name of the signal itself if not specified.Example: *.NETEXPR vdd vdd! vdd!Netset propertySyntax: $ NETSET <property_name>=<net_value> [$]Example: $NETSET vdd="VDD!"Supply sensitivitySyntax:*.SUPPLYSENSITIVITY <terminal> <power_terminal>*.GROUNDSENSITIVITY <terminal> <ground_terminal>Example:*.GROUNDSENSITIVITY gnd! GND1*.POWERSENSITIVITY vdd! VDD1Conflicting net and port nameIn the case of a schematic in Composer where the net name (wire name) is different from the port name (terminal/pin name), the PINMAP construct is used to preserve the full information, associating the schematic terminal name to the port name appearing in the CDL netlist.Syntax: *.PINMAP <CDLPortName>:<SchematicTermName>Example: *.PINMAP GND1:gnd!CDL Feature IllustrationThis section will describe at length using a sample design and its corresponding netlist (CDL format) on how with the use of a switch, data to be exchanged between various EDA tools would be made consistent. It will also describe how supply sensitivity constructs shall be used.Use ModelThe solution would be provided using a SKILL environment Boolean variable when set to t. simPrintInhConnAttributes = t/nilThe default value of this flag would be nil specifying that by default OSS would continue to create pseudo-terminals for intermediate levels of the hierarchy. The u sers can set this environment variable in the .simrc file.Case Study:This refers to a design comprised of a buffer (buff). The inverter with two inherited ports has been instantiated 3 times in the buffer(buff) schematic to highlight the significance of physical overwrite and netSet properties under various conditions using the same cell.Fig 1: Top Cell of the designFig 2: Buffer schematicFig 3: Inverter schematicUsing File->Export->CDL ( for analog ) from any analog/mixed signal simulator workbench the following netlist is generated.Exported Netlist:************************************************************************* auCdl Netlist:* Library Name: test* Top Cell Name: top* View Name: schematic*************************************************************************.EQUATION*.SCALE METER*.MEGA.PARAM*.GLOBAL GND!+ VDD!+ f!+ e!+ c!*.PIN GND!*+ VDD!*+ f!*+ e!*+ c!************************************************************************* Library Name: test* Cell Name: inv1* View Name: schematic************************************************************************.SUBCKT inv1 gnd! vdd! in out*.PININFO in:I out:O gnd!:B vdd!:B*.PINMAP GND1:gnd! VDD1:vdd!*.GROUNDSENSITIVITY gnd! GND1*.POWERSENSITIVITY vdd! VDD1*.NETEXPR vdd vdd! vdd!*.NETEXPR gnd gnd! gnd!MM1 out in gnd! gnd! NMMM0 out in vdd! vdd! PM.ENDS************************************************************************* Library Name: test* Cell Name: buff* View Name: schematic************************************************************************.SUBCKT buff A B*.PININFO A:I B:OXI3 GND! VDD! A B / inv1 $NETSET vdd="VDD!" gnd="GND!"XI1 GND! DVDD net6 B / inv1 $NETSET gnd="GND!"XI2 DGND DVDD A net6 / inv1.ENDS************************************************************************* Library Name: test* Cell Name: top* View Name: schematic************************************************************************.SUBCKT top in out*.PININFO in:I out:OXI0 in out / buff $NETSET a="b c!" d="f!" b="d e!".ENDSAssura VerificationThe next step would be to verify the above netlist using Assura. Assura LVS has been enhanced since release 3.1.3 to handle, in its connectivity reference, a netlist (Verilog and/or CDL) that contains the MSMV inherited connection and supply sensitivity constructs.Conclusion and LimitationsMSMV is a unique approach for handling complex designs with multiple power supplies in a single IC (most cases for SoCs today). It uses the concept of inherited connections released in DFII 4.4.3 and extends its support to all cadence tools in the EDA flow. Currently lots of tools in DFII, that are OSS, netlisters like Verilog, CDL Out, auCdl, and verification tools like ASSURA support this concept.The limitation is that still a lot of tools in the EDA flow do not adhere to the MSMV requirements. These are captured in the future work section given below.Future Work: Tool support requiredDFIIAMS syntax checkerThe DFII checker needs to be enhanced to ensure that the port specified in a power/ground sensitivity attribute are indeed on the module declaration for that module.Spectre DirectThe Spectre direct integration (netlister and syntax checker) needs to be updated to support the new Verilog 2001 compliant syntax.AMS DirectThe AMS Direct netlister needs to be updated to produce the new Verilog 2001 compliant syntax.CDLINCDLIN needs to be enhanced to support these features to complete the CDL flow.Verilog InAlthough the Verilog In route is not used by users with large digital designs because of performance issues, it is used very often for medium sized mixed-signal designs and therefore most likely to benefit when enhanced to support accurate parsing and interpretation of inherited connections.Adding full support for inherited connections and supply sensitivity features in Verilog In will enable the DFII users to move to VXL (VCP and VCR, and potentially VFP) with the right connectivity information, for medium sized digital blocks.It also enable the use of older solutions, such as:• Verimix solution, which is still used (although we would recommend users to migrate to AMS)• Diva, for the verification of medium size mixed-signal chips (a large market).Picasso (abstract generation)Picasso should be able to get inherited connection information that can be located on its logical reference (Verilog, TLF of schematic and symbol) or on the physical information loaded (layout pins, or abstract pins). In the case no such information is available, Picasso should offer users the ability, on a per bin basis, to define a default inherited connection expression for each power/ground supply pin. The sameholds true for the power sensitivity expression.FloorplanningDFII custom floorplanning environment should support inherited connections and supply sensitivity. Current floorplanning tools require a pre-existing schematic - but in future, it may become driven directly by a textual netlist (Verilog,...).AMS (ncvlog, ncelab)The principle change to AMS is the change from the attribute array, to the Verilog 2001 compliant syntax. For backward compatibility purpose, ncvlog will still read the old syntax, but will not produced by the AMS Composer interface.Spectre (Verilog-A)Spectre (Verilog-A) has been recently enhanced to support inherited connections following the AMS convention. It will have to be updated similarly to read the new syntax. However, for backward compatibility, the old syntax should still be accepted.NC Sim (pure digital)Today, the NCSim product line only recognizes the inherited connection attributes when used for AMS. NCSim products need to support them in the purely digital case as well.In addition, VPI should be enhanced to provide access to the connectivity defined through inherited connections. This would enable custom applications to be written and have access to the effective connectivity. SimVision and tools generating emulation images from the incisive platform should be able to leverage the VPI access to recognize the full effective connectivity.OpenAccessImpact of inherited connection on logical terminals need to be factored in during the EMH design. Verilog In/OutVerilog2oa and oa2Verilog should recognize the Verilog attributes and create the appropriate information in the EMH.SoC EncounterVerilog InIn SoC, if the Verilog netlist is parsed by the SoC encounter parser (as opposed to theOpenAccess Native Verilog2oa), inherited connections and supply sensitivity should be recognized and used to build the actual power connectivity. Dynamic connection evaluation is not needed here, as the Verilog netlist is considered “configured”.Power connectionsSoC uses a combination of scripting / commands and graphical objects, such as the power domains to establish the connectivity. These commands need to be enhanced to work with the information provided by the inherited connections (and take advantage of it).AcronymsMSMV Multiple Supply and Multiple-Voltage. An MSVdesign contains several different power railsconnected to (potentially) different voltages.TLF Timing Library Format. Contains the timingviews of cells.LEF Library Exchange Format. A text file formatused for exchanging technology informationand abstract views of library cells.DEF Design Exchange Format. A text file formatused for exchanging Design data betweenPlace & Route tools.CDL Cell Description Language. A SPICE-like semi-proprietary language (from E-Cad) fordescribing netlists. It is mainly used forverification purposes (LVS).Physical Verilog Structural Verilog with all pins explicitly defined,including power supply connections.LVS Layout Verses SchematicOA Open AccessSoC System on ChipVFP Virtuoso Floor PlannerReferences[1] Verilog 2001 Language Reference Manual[2] Integrator's Toolkit: Database Reference Manual, cdsdocAcknowledgementsSpecial thanks to Gilles Lamant, Lou Scheffer who introduced the concept of MSMV in Cadence.。

arou原理
AROU是一种基于深度学习的图像生成模型，全称为Adversarial Robust Optimization for Unsupervised image-to-image translation。

它是由中国的研究者开发的一种图像转换技术。

AROU的原理基于对抗生成网络（GAN），它由两个主要组件组成：生成器（Generator）和判别器（Discriminator）。

生成器负责将输入图像转换为期望的输出图像，而判别器则尝试区分生成的图像和真实的目标图像。

AROU的目标是通过最小化生成图像与目标图像之间的差异来实现图像转换。

为了达到这个目标，AROU采用了一个优化过程，通过迭代地调整生成器和判别器的参数来提高图像转换的效果。

具体而言，AROU通过引入一个正则化项来增强对抗训练过程。

这个正则化项是通过解决一个最小二乘问题来获得的，它可以有效地减小生成图像与目标图像之间的差异。

通过不断迭代这个优化过程，AROU可以逐渐改进图像转换的质量。

AROU的优点在于它能够在无监督的情况下进行图像转换，不需要匹配输入图像和目标图像之间的配对数据。

此外，AROU还具有较好的鲁棒性，可以在输入图像存在噪声或扰动的情况下进行有效的图像转换。

总之，AROU是一种基于深度学习和对抗生成网络的图像
转换模型，通过优化生成器和判别器的参数来实现图像转换，并通过正则化项来提高图像转换的质量。

它在无监督图像转换任务中具有较好的效果和鲁棒性。

Cadence工具简介1，逻辑设计与验证工具* 逻辑仿真工具: Cadence NC-Verilog, Verilog-XL, NCSim,Simvision Waveform Viewer* 综合工具: Cadence BuildGates* 形式验证工具: VerplexLEC2．综合布局布线工具SoC Encounter—可应用于如90nm及其以下的SOC设计；△ SE-PKS—可应用于如复杂时序收敛的IC设计；△ Fire & Ice QX and SignalStorm—可应用于3维电阻电容参数提取及延时计算；△ VoltageStorm—可应用于功耗分析；△ CeltIC—可应用于信号完整性分析。

3 system level design工具综合（Hardware Design System 2000）算法验证（SPW）△ 结构设计工具(SystemC-based simulators, CoWare, etc)△ 硬件/软件混合设计工具(Verification Platform, Seamless, etc)△ 模拟/混合信号工具(AMS, Agilent ADS, etc)4，CIC(layout & custom layout) 全定制集成电路布局设计工具△ Virtuoso Layout Editor△ Assura (Layout verification)5，AMS (analog mixed signal, RF analysis and design)模拟集成电路设计工具。

AnalogDesignEnvironment。

MixedSignal Design Environment。

Analog Modeling with Verilog-A。

Spectre Circuit Simulator6，HS-PSD(high speed PCB system design) 高速系统和板极设计工具o Concept HDL Front-to-Back Design Flow –原理图输入工具o PCB Librarian –器件建库工具o Allegro PCB Layout System – PCB板布局布线工具o Specctra AutoRoute Basics –基本自动布线器o Advanced Specctra Autorouting Techniques –高级自动布线器o SpecctraQuest Foundations –信号完整性仿真工具o Advanced SpecctraQuest Techniques –高级信号仿真工具*VerilogHDL 仿真工具 Verilog-XL*电路设计工具 Composer电路模拟工具 Analog Artist*版图设计工具 Virtuoso Layout Editor版图验证工具 Dracula 和 Diva*自动布局布线工具 Preview 和 Silicon Ensembleform:Mr Bond coms-chip expert设计任务 EDA工具功能仿真和测试 a. Cadence, NC_simb. Mentor ModelSim (调试性能比较突出)c. Synopsys VCS/VSSd. Novas Debussy (仅用于调试)逻辑综合 a. Synopsys, DCb. Cadence, BuildGatesc. Mentor, LeonardoDFT a. Mentor, DFTAdvisorb. Mentor, Fastscanc. Mentor, TestKompressd. Mentor, DFTInsighte. Mentor, MBISTArchitectf. Mentor, LBISTArchitectg. Mentor, BSDArchitecth. Mentor, Flextesti. Synopsys, DFT Complierj. Synopsys, Tetra MAXk. Synopsys, BSD Complier布局,时钟树综合和自动布线a. Cadence, Design Plannerb. Cadence, CT-Genc. Cadence, PKSd. Cadence, Silicon Ensemblee. Synopsys, Chip Architectf. Synopsys, Floorplan Managerg. Synopsys, Physical Complier & Apolloh. Synopsys, FlexRoute网表提取及RC参数提取物理验证a. Mentor, xCalibreb. Cadence, Assure RCXc. Synopsys, Star-RCXTd. Mentor, Calibree. Synopsys, Herculef. Cadence, Assure延时计算与静态时序分析a. Synopsys, Prime Timeb. Cadence, Pearlc. Mentor, SST Velocity形式验证 a. Mentor, FormalProb. Synopsys, Formalityc. Cadence, FormalCheck功能优化与分析 a. Synopsys, Power Compilerb. Synopsys, PowerMill-ACEHDLQA a. TransEDA, Verification Navigatorb. Synopsys, LEDAFPGA开发 a. Mentor, FPGAdvantageb. XILINX, ISEc. Altera, QuartusIISoC开发 a. Mentor, Seamless CVEb. Cadence, SPWc. Synopsys, Co-Centric版图设计工具 a. Cadence, Virtuosob. Mentor, IC-Stationc. 思源科技, Laker电路级仿真 a. Mentor, ELDOb. Mentor, ADMSc. Cadence, Spectre, Spectre RFd. Cadence, AMSe. Synopsys, Star-Hspice以下只是个人和本公司的评价，不一定十分全面，仅供参考。

AA (a) 相，安[培]a (absolute) 绝对的A (accumulator) 累加器A (alarm) 报警A (automatic) 自动的a (axial) 轴向的，轴流的A-A (ASEA-Atom) 瑞典原子通用公司AAB (accident analysis branch of the USNRC) 美国核管理委员会事故分析处AAC (amplitude absorption coefficient) 振幅吸收系数AAC (automatic amplitude control) 自动振幅控制AACC (American Automatic Control Council) 美国自动控制委员会AAE (American Association of Engineers) 美国工程师协会AAEC (The Australian Atomic Energy Commission) 澳大利亚原子能委员会Aamasul 乙二(二硫代氨基甲酸)锰与硫混合物A-amplifier A类放大器，甲类放大器AAP (analyst assistance program) 分析员辅助程序AAP (associative array processor) 相联阵列处理机AAS (advanced administrative system) 先进管理系统AAS (atomic absorption spectroscopy) 原子吸收光谱AAS (automatic addressing system) 自动访问系统AASW (American Association of Scientific Workers) 美国科学工作者协会AB (address bus) 地址总线abac 列线图，诺谟图abacus 算盘；柱顶级abampere 电磁安培(等于10A)abamurus 挡土墙，扶墙；支墩块A-band A波段abandon 委付；放弃，抛弃；弃钻abandoned channel 废弃河道abandoned vehicle 废弃车辆abandonment 放弃；废弃abas 列线图，诺谟图abate 消除，减少，减轻，降低；作废；磨钝；回火abatement 减少，减轻；消除；抑制，中断；降压abatement cost 除去成本abatement of diesel exhaust 柴油机废气的消除法abatement of noise 噪声控制；消除噪声abatement of pollution 消除污染abatement of smoke 消减烟雾，除烟，消烟abatement of water pollution 水污染的消除abating pollution 消除污染abatjour 斜片百叶窗，天窗，亮窗；遮阳A-battery A电池[组]，甲电池[组]abat-vent 转向装置，折流板；固定百叶窗；通气帽，通风帽abatvoix 吸音板，反射板abbertite 沥青abbreviated 简化的，缩写的，简缩的abbreviated address call 缩短地址调入abbreviated analysis 简易分析abbreviated call letters 简缩呼号abbreviated dialing 缩位拨号abbreviated drawing 简图abbreviated equation 简化方程abbreviated method 简化法abbreviated signal code 传输电码，缩写信码abbreviation 简写；缩写词，略语；约分ABC 初步，入门；基本要素，基础知识ABC (automatic bandwidth control) 自动带宽控制ABC (automatic bias compensation) 自动偏压补偿ABC (automatic binary computer) 自动二进制计算机a-b component transformation a-b分量变换abcoulomb 电磁制库仑(等于10Q)ABCS (automatic broadcasting control system) 自动广播控制系统ABD (aseismic bearing device) 抗地震轴承装置abderhalden dryer 干燥枪ABDL (automatic binary data link) 自动二进制数据链接Abel closed cup flash point 阿贝尔密闭杯闪点Abel flash point test 阿贝尔闪点试验Abel heat test 阿贝尔耐热试验Abelian integral 阿贝尔积分ABEOJ (abnormal end of job) 作业异常终止aberrant 异常的aberrant source 异常误差来源aberration 相差，偏差；色差；光行差；失常，反常aberration characteristic 相差特性aberration curve 相差曲线abeyance 暂搁；潜态abfarad 电磁法拉abhenry 电磁亨利abherent 防粘剂，防粘材料abhesion 阻粘性，失粘性ABH method ABH方法(计算栅元内通量不利因子的方法)abide 遵守abide by the contract 遵守合同abies oil 松节油abietic resin 松香树脂abietin 松香脂abietyl 松香ability 能力，性能ability of bearing taxation 负税能力ability of harden 硬化性能，硬化能力ability test 能力试验，试用，检验ability to bargain 议价能力ability to compete 竞争能力ability to function 作用能力；操作性能ability to invest 投资能力ability to pay 偿付能力ab init(io) 从头开始ab intra 从内部abiocoen 无机生境abiogenesis 自然发生论，无生源论abiotic 非生物的，无生命的abiotic environment 非生物环境abjoint 分隔abjoule 电磁焦尔ABL (Atlas Basic Language) 阿特拉斯计算机的基本语言ablastin 抑菌素ablation 烧蚀，消融；切除，摘除，剥落ablation cooling 烧蚀冷却ablation shelter 烧蚀防护罩ablative cooling material 烧蚀冷却材料ablative material 烧蚀材料ablative plastics 烧蚀性塑料ablative polymer 烧蚀性聚合物ablative-type protective coating 烧蚀型保护层ablator 烧蚀挡板；烧蚀体；烧蚀剂ablaze 着火Able 通信中用以代表字母a的代码ablebond 一种环氧树脂ABLP (adaption binary load program) 适应二进制负载的程序abluent 洗涤剂；洗净的ablution 洗净；洗净液；清洗(透平，压气机等)ABM (automated batch mixing) 自动批量混合法abmho 电磁姆[欧]abn(abnormal) 异常的abnormal 异常的，反常的；变态的abnormal bridging 非正常桥接，非正常跨接abnormal cathode fall 反常阴极电位降abnormal condition 异常工况abnormal contact 异常接触abnormal current 异常电流，事故电流abnormal curve 非正态曲线abnormal density 反常密度abnormal discount 不正常折扣abnormal dump 异常转储abnormal end 反常结束abnormal end of job 作业异常终止abnormal erosion 异常侵蚀abnormal exposure 异常照射abnormal false test 异常假测试abnormal glow discharge 反常辉光放电abnormal grain growth 晶粒反常增长abnormal heating 异常发热abnormal information 异常信息abnormal input cause 异常输入原因abnormalism 异常，变态性abnormality 反常性；变态；例外，不规则abnormal load 不规则载荷abnormal network cause 异常网络原因abnormal occurances reporting system 异常事件报告系统abnormal operating condition 异常运行状态abnormal operating transient 不正常运行暂态abnormal operation 异常运行abnormal operational transient 异常运行瞬态abnormal overload 异常过载abnormal overvoltage 异常过电压，事故过电压abnormal phenomenal 异常现象abnormal polarization 反常极化，反常偏振abnormal refraction 反常折射abnormal return 异常返回abnormal setting 异常凝结，异常沉降abnormal state 异常状态abnormal statement 异常语句abnormal steel 反常组织钢abnormal stress 异常应力abnormal temperature rise 不正常温升，过热abnormal true test 异常真测试abnormal voltage 异常电压abnormity 异常，不规则，异型A board A台，甲台aboard 在船上，在车上；上船，上车abohm 电磁欧姆aboideau 挡潮闸，水坝，堰abolish 废除，取消abort 紧急停机，故障，失灵abort light 紧急停机信号，故障信号abort sensing control unit (紧急)故障传感控制装置abort situation 故障位置，故障状态above-bed burner (沸腾炉)床上方燃烧器above-bed flame (沸腾炉)床上方的火焰above-bed torch (沸腾炉)床上方点火燃烧器above-critical 超临界的above-critical mass 超临界质量above-critical state 超临界状态above earth potential 对地电位above grade 在地平面上；高于原定级别above-ground 在地表以上；在地面上above-ground containment 地面安全壳above-ground installation 地上敷设above-ground power station 地面电站above high water mark 在高水位以上above-norm 超额定的，超标准的，超定额的，定额以上的above-resonance balancing machine 超谐振平衡(试验)机above sea level 海拔above-thermal 过热的above-thermal neutron 超热中子，热上中子abradability 磨损性，磨蚀性abradable sealing strips 可研磨密封条abradant 磨料，研磨剂；磨损的，腐蚀的；磨蚀剂abrade 擦，磨；擦伤，磨损abraded coal particle 磨损炭粒abraded fuel-element particles 燃料元件磨蚀碎屑abrasiometer 磨损实验计abrasion 磨料，磨损，磨蚀，冲蚀；研磨；磨光；擦伤，擦伤处abrasion block 磨块abrasion cycle 磨损周期，腐蚀周期abrasion hardness 耐磨硬度abrasion index 磨损指数abrasion inspection 磨损检查abrasion loss 磨损量，磨耗abrasion machine 磨耗[试验]机abrasion mark 檫痕，划痕abrasion material 磨料abrasion paste 研磨膏abrasion pattern 磨纹abrasion performance 耐磨性abrasion powder 研磨粉abrasion-proof 耐磨的abrasion resistance 耐磨性；抗磨蚀能力；耐冲刷性abrasion resistant 耐磨[损]的abrasion test 磨耗试验；耐磨试验abrasion tester 磨损试验器abrasion wear 磨耗abrasive 磨料；磨损的；研磨剂；腐蚀的；磨蚀剂abrasive action 磨蚀作用abrasive belt 砂带；砂带式抛光机abrasive blast cleaning 喷砂处理abrasive blasting 磨料喷射，喷砂冲洗abrasive cloth 砂布，擦光布abrasive coated ball 包有磨料的球abrasive compound 研磨材料abrasive cut-off machine 砂轮切割机abrasive cutting wheel 磨轮abrasive disk 砂轮abrasive disk cutter 砂轮切割机abrasive finishing 磨光abrasive fog 磨檫灰雾abrasive hardness 耐磨硬度abrasive-laden 含磨料的abrasiveness 磨损性；磨损度abrasive paper 砂纸abrasive particle 磨蚀微粒abrasive resistance 抗磨力；磨蚀阻力，磨蚀强度；抗磨性abrasive surface 磨损面abrasive tool 研磨工具abrasive wear 磨损；磨耗abrasive wheel 砂轮abrator 抛丸机abridged drawing 略图abridged general view 示意图ABRO (air bump rinse operation) 空气擦洗abrupt 突然的，急剧的，陡的；陡峭的；不连贯的；急止的；断裂的，断开的abrupt change 突变，突跃abrupt change of cross-section 截面突变abrupt change of voltage 电压突变abrupt contraction 突然缩小abrupt curve 陡曲线，急弯曲线abrupt deceleration 急剧减速，骤然减速abrupt expansion 突然扩大abrupt failure 突然断裂abruption 中断，断路；断裂，断开abrupt slope 陡坡abrupt transformation 突跃变换abrupt wave 突变波abs(absolute) 绝对的ABS (alkyl benzene sulfonate) 烷基苯磺酸盐ABS (American Bureau of Standard) 美国标准局abscess 砂眼(金属中的)；气孔(金属中)；气泡，夹渣内孔abscissa 横坐标；横座标ABSE (absolute error) 绝对误差abs.E (absolute error) 绝对误差absence of brush 无[碳]刷absence of collector 无集电环absence of commutator 无换相器，无整流子absence-of-ground search selector 未接地寻线器absence of offset 无偏置absence of restriction 无约束absentee 空号absolute 绝对的absolute acceptance 无条件认付absolute accuracy 绝对精确度absolute activity method 绝对[放射性]活度测定法absolute activity of B B的绝对活度absolute address 绝对地址absolute addressing 绝对寻址absolute alcohol 无水酒精，无水乙醇absolute altitude 绝对标高；标高，绝对高度，海拔absolute ampere 绝对安培absolute assignment 无条件转让absolute atmosphere 绝对大气压absolute black body 绝对黑体absolute calibration 绝对刻度，绝对校准absolute capacitivity 绝对电容率，绝对电容常数absolute capacity 绝对容量absolute ceiling 绝对升限absolute chronology 绝对顺序记时absolute code 绝对代码absolute coding 绝对编码absolute condenser pressure 凝汽器中的绝对压力absolute constant 绝对常数absolute contract 不附加条件的合同absolute convergence 绝对收敛absolute cost 绝对成本absolute counter 绝对计数器absolute counting 绝对计数absolute cross-section 绝对截面absolute damping 绝对阻尼，全阻尼absolute deflection 绝对变位；绝对垂度absolute delay 绝对延迟absolute density 绝对密度absolute determination 绝对测定absolute deviation 绝对偏差absolute deviation integral 绝对偏差积分absolute dielectric constant 绝对介电常数，绝对电容率absolute differential caculus 绝对微积分学，张量分析absolute digital position transducer 绝对数字位置转换器absolute displacement 绝对位移absolute divergence of parameter 参数绝对误差absolute efficiency 绝对效率absolute electrical units 绝对电单位absolute electric efficiency 绝对电效率absolute electromagnetic system 绝对电磁单位制absolute electromagnetic unit 绝对电磁单位absolute electrometer 绝对静电计absolute electrostatic system 绝对静电单位制absolute elevation 绝对标高absolute enthalpy 绝对焓absolute error 绝对误差absolute ethyl alcohol 无水乙醇(无水酒精)absolute expansion 绝对膨胀absolute extension 绝对伸absolute farad 绝对法拉absolute filter 高效过滤器，绝对过滤器absolute filter bank 绝对过滤组件；绝对过滤器组absolute filter package 绝对过滤组件；绝对过滤器组absolute fission rate 绝对裂变率absolute fission yield 绝对裂变产额absolute gain of an attenna 天线绝对增益absolute galvanometer 绝对检流计absolute gauge 绝对量计，绝对压力表absolute heating effect 绝对加热效应absolute heating efficiency 绝对加热效率absolute height 绝对高度absolute henry 绝对亨利absolute humidity 绝对湿度absolute inclinometer 绝对倾斜仪absolute instruction 绝对指令absolute intensity 绝对强度absolute invariance principle 绝对不变性原理absolute language 绝对语言absolute lethal dose 绝对致死剂量absolute level 绝对水平，绝对电平，绝对级absolute liability 绝对赔偿责任absolute limit of error 误差绝对极限；绝对误差极限absolute linearity 绝对线性度，绝对线性absolute manometer 绝对压力计absolute mass unit 绝对质量单位absolute maximum fatal temperature 绝对最高致死温度absolute measurement 绝对测量absolute method of measurement 绝对测量法absolute minimum fatal temperature 绝对最低致死温度absolute modulus 绝对模量absolute moisture content 绝对湿度absolute moment 绝对矩absolute motion 绝对运动absolute net loss 绝对净损absolute neutron flux 绝对中子通量absolute ohm 绝对欧姆absolute par 绝对平价absolute permeability 绝对磁导率，绝对导磁率absolute permittivity 绝对介电常数absolute potential 绝对电势，绝对电位absolute pressure 绝对压力absolute pressure gauge 绝对压力计；绝对压力表absolute pressure indicator 绝对压力指示器absolute pressure vacuum gauge 绝对压力真空表；绝对压力真空计absolute probability 绝对概率absolute program 绝对程序absolute programming 绝对编程，用绝对代码的程序设计，绝对程序设计absolute reactivity 绝对反应性absolute read out 绝对读数，绝对指示absolute retention volume 绝对保留体积absolute rise velocity 绝对上升速度absolute roughness 绝对粗糙度absolute scale 绝对标度；绝对温标absolute scale of temperature 绝对温标absolute scattering power 绝对散射能力absolute sensitivity 绝对灵敏度absolute signal 绝对信号，纯信号absolute spectral response 绝对光谱响应absolute stability 绝对稳定度，绝对稳定性absolute stability constant 绝对稳定常数absolute system of electrical units 绝对电单位制absolute temperature 绝对温度absolute temperature scale 绝对温标absolute temperature scale of gas 气体绝对温标absolute thermodynamic scale 绝对热力学温标；绝对热力学标度absolute thermodynamic temperature scale 绝对热力学温标absolute transmission level 绝对传输电平absolute turbidity 绝对浊度absolute unit 绝对单位absolute unit of current 绝对电流单位，电磁安培absolute vacuum 绝对真空absolute value 绝对值absolute-value amplifier 绝对值放大器absolute-value computer 绝对值计算机absolute-value converter 绝对值转换器absolute-value device 绝对值装置absolute velocity 绝对速度absolute viscosity 绝对黏度；绝对粘度；绝对粘(滞)度absolute volt 绝对电压absolute watt 绝对瓦特absolute wave meter 绝对波长表，绝对波频计absolute worst case 绝对最坏情况absolute yield 绝对产量；绝对产额absolute zero 绝对零值，绝对零度；绝对零Abson ABS塑料absorb 吸收；减震；吞并absorbability 吸收性；吸收能力absorbable 可吸收的，易吸收的absorbance 吸收率，光密度absorbance index 吸收系数absorbar (反应堆中的)吸收体absorbate 吸收质，(被)吸收物absorbed dose 吸收剂量absorbed dose index 吸收剂量指数absorbed dose index rate 吸收剂量指数率absorbed dose rate 吸收剂量率absorbed energy 吸收能absorbed fraction 吸收份额absorbed heat 吸热量absorbed-in-fracture energy 冲击韧性，冲击强度；冲击功，断裂功absorbed layer 吸收层absorbed oscillation 阻尼振动，吸收振动absorbefacient 吸收剂，吸收性的absorbent 吸收剂；吸收的；吸声材料；有吸收能力的；吸收性的absorbent bed 吸收床，吸收层absorbent carbon 活性碳absorbent charcoal 活性炭absorbent cotton 脱脂棉absorbent filter 吸收性过滤器；吸收过滤器absorbent insulation 吸收绝缘，海绵状绝缘absorbent material 吸收体，吸收剂，吸收性物质absorbent power 吸收能力absorbent solution 吸收溶液absorber 吸收器；吸收体，减震器；缓冲装置；吸收剂；吸收电路absorber ball 吸收球absorber bore 吸收体内孔absorber can material 吸收体包壳材料absorber circuit 吸收器电路absorber cooler 吸收(器的)冷却器absorber coupling 吸收棒接头absorber diode 吸收二极管absorber drum 吸收控制鼓absorber element (中子)吸收元件absorber feed pump 吸收塔给料泵absorber finger (控制组件中的)单根吸收棒absorber guide tube 吸收棒导向管absorber headtank separator 吸收塔高位槽分离器absorber material 吸收剂材料，吸收体材料absorber member 吸收元件absorber plate 板状吸收体absorber portion (中子吸收体)吸收段absorber rod 吸收棒，控制棒absorber rod bore 吸收棒内孔absorber rod control gas 吸收棒控制气体absorber rod drive 吸收棒驱动[机构]absorber rod drive servicing 吸收棒驱动机构罩壳absorber rod guide box 吸收棒导向盒absorber rod guide sheath 吸收棒导向套管absorber rod guide tube 吸收棒导向管absorber rod runaway 吸收棒失控absorber rod structure 吸收棒结构absorber rod system 吸收棒系统absorber rod worth 吸收棒[反应性]价值absorber sections (中子吸收体)吸收段absorber solution 吸收溶液absorber tube 吸收体[包壳]管absorber-type control rod (中子)吸收型控制棒absorber washer 吸收洗涤器absorb heat 吸收热量absorbing ability 吸收能力，减震能力absorbing agent 吸收剂absorbing apparatus 吸收装置absorbing atom 吸收原子absorbing capacity 吸收能力，吸收量absorbing chemical 吸收剂absorbing circuit 吸收电路absorbing clamp 减震钳absorbing coil 吸收线圈absorbing column 吸收柱，吸收塔absorbing control rod 吸收控制杆absorbing curtain 吸收挡板，吸收屏absorbing duct 消音器，吸音管absorbing gas 吸收气体absorbing load 吸收负载absorbing material 吸收物，吸收剂，吸收体absorbing medium 吸收介质，吸收剂；吸收性介质absorbing power 吸收能力absorbing rod 吸收棒absorbing selector 吸收选择器absorbing silencer 吸收消音器absorbing surface 吸收表面absorbing tower 吸收塔absorbing well 吸水井，渗水井；吸收井absorbit 微晶型活性炭absorbite 活性炭absorb sound 隔声，吸声absorptance 吸收系数，吸收比，吸收能力，吸收率absorptance analysis 吸收率分析absorptance for solar radiation 太阳辐射热吸收系数absorptiometer 吸收计，液体容气计，吸收比色计absorptiometry 吸收测量学，吸收测量absorption 吸附；吸收[作用]absorption apparatus 吸收装置absorption area 吸收面积absorption area method 吸收面积法absorption band 吸收带absorption behavior 吸收性能；吸收特性absorption build-up factor 吸收能量积累因子absorption capacitor 吸收电容器(消弧用) absorption capacity 吸收能力；吸收电容(消弧用的) absorption capture 俘获吸收absorption chamber 吸收室，填料塔absorption characteristic 吸收特性absorption circuit 吸收电路，吸收回路absorption coefficient 吸收系数；吸水系数absorption colunm 吸收塔absorption constant 吸收常数absorption control 用吸收中子法进行调解；吸收控制absorption-controlled reactor [用]吸收[中子法]控制的反应堆absorption cross-section 吸收断面；吸收截面absorption current 吸收电流(非完全介质中的)absorption current of dielectric 介质吸收电流absorption curve 吸收曲线absorption damper 减振器，消音器absorption dehydration 吸收干燥absorption delay 吸收延迟absorption dip [通量]吸收坑，吸收曲线中的下落；吸收引起的下落absorption discontinuity 吸收曲线突变，吸收的不连续性absorption dynamometer 吸收式测功器，制动测功器，吸收功率式测功机；吸收式功率计，吸收式测力计absorption effect 吸收效应absorption efficiency 吸收效率absorption-enhancement effect 吸收增强效应absorption equipment 吸收装置absorption extraction 吸收萃取absorption factor 吸收系数，吸收因子absorption filter 吸收滤片absorption flaw detector 吸收式探伤仪absorption frequency meter 吸收式频谱计，吸收式频率计absorption hardening (中子谱)吸收硬化absorption heating 吸收加热absorption hologram 吸收全息图absorption hygrometer 吸收湿度计absorption inductor 吸收电感线圈absorption isolator 吸振器absorption length 吸收长度absorption line 吸收(谱)线；吸收线absorption loss 吸收损耗；吸收损失absorption machine 吸收机absorption maximum 最大吸收absorption meter 吸收计absorption modulation 吸收调制absorption of gas and vapo(u)r 气体及汽体吸收absorption of heat 吸热absorption of moisture 吸潮，吸湿absorption of radiation 辐射吸收absorption of shocks 缓冲，减震；冲击波的吸收absorption of sound 声音吸收absorption of vibration 减振，振动阻尼，震动阻尼absorption paper 特制滤纸，吸水纸absorption peak 吸收峰absorption pipette 吸收吸移管absorption plane (无线电的)有效面absorption power 吸收功率，吸收力absorption pyrometer 吸收式光学高温计absorption rate 吸收速度，吸收率absorption ratio 吸收比，吸收系数absorption reaction rate 吸收反应率absorption refrigerating machine 吸收式制冷机absorption refrigerating plant 吸收式制冷装置absorption refrigerating system 吸收式制冷系统absorption refrigeration cycle 吸收式制冷循环absorption region 吸收区，吸收范围absorption resonance 吸收共振absorption screen 吸收滤光屏absorption silencer 吸收式消音器absorption spectrometer 吸收频谱仪，吸收光谱仪absorption spectrum 吸收频谱，吸收光谱；吸收[光]谱absorption strength 吸收力，吸收强度absorption surface 吸收面absorption terrace 保水阶地absorption test 吸水试验；吸收试验absorption thickness 吸收厚度absorption tower 吸收塔absorption trap 吸收陷阱，陷波回路absorption-type refrigerating machine 吸收式制冷机absorption wave meter 吸收式波长计absorption wave-trap 吸收陷井，吸收陷波电路absorption well 吸水井，渗水井absorptive attenuator 吸收性衰减器absorptive capacity 吸收率，吸收性absorptive index 吸收系数absorptive power 吸收能力absorptivity 吸收能力，吸收性，吸收率ABS resin (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin) 丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯树脂abs t (absolute temperature) 绝对温度abstergent 去垢剂；洗涤剂；有去垢性质的abstract 抽象的；摘要，文摘；提取，抽象abstract automata theory 抽象自动机理论abstract code 抽象代码；理想码abstracted heat 抽出的热量；放出热，散失热abstract heat 散热abstraction 抽出，除去，分离abstraction of heat 散热，排热abs visc (absolute viscosity) 绝对黏度abundance 丰富，多；丰度，分布量abundance ratio (同位素)丰度比abundance sensitivity 丰度灵敏度abunits 厘米-克-秒制电磁单位abuse failure 使用不当失效abut 支点，止动点abutment 座；支承面；支座，支点；接合点abutment pole 中缩磁极abutment surface (轴承的)上推面，相接面abutting 毗连的，相邻的，对抵的，端接的，凸出的abutting ends 相邻线端abutting joint 对接接头abutting surface 端接面，对接面abvolt 绝对伏特，电磁伏特abyssinian well 阿比西尼亚井AC 交流电A/C (absolute ceiling) 绝对升限AC (access control) 存取控制a/c (account) 计算，帐单AC (accumulator) 蓄热器，累加器AC (address counter) 地址计数器A/C (air conditioning) 空气调节ac (air-cooled) 空冷的A/C (aircraft) 飞机AC (alternating current) 交流电AC (arc welder) 交流弧焊机A&C (arithmetic and controls) 运算控制器A/C (associate contractor) 副承包人AC (automatic computer) 自动计算机AC (automatic control) 自动控制的ACA (adjacent channel attenuation) 邻近信道衰减ACA (automatic circuit analyzer) 自动电路分析器ACA ((accident consequence assessment)) 事故后果评定ACAM (augmented content addressed memory) 可扩充的内容定址存储器AC ammeter 交流安培计AC automatic recording fluxmeter 交流磁性自动测试仪，交流自动磁通记录仪AC balancer 交流电压平衡装置AC bridge 交流电桥ACC (acceptance) 承税ACC (accepted) 已承税ACC (accessories) 辅助设备，附件ACC (accessory) 附件，辅助设备ACC (accessory gear) 辅助齿轮箱ACC (accident) 故障，事故acc (accidental) 偶然的ACC (accumulating register) 累加寄存器ACC (accumulator) 累加器ACC (air cooled condenser) 空气冷却器(直接空冷系统)ACC (Argonne Code Center) 阿贡法规中心(美国)ACC (automatic combustion control) 自动燃烧控制ACC (auxiliary core cooling) 堆芯辅助冷却ACCAP (autocoder to COBOL conversion-aid program) 自动编码语言转换成COBOL语言的辅助程序ACCEL (automated circuit card etching layout) 自动电路插件腐蚀设计accelerant 加速剂，促进剂；催速剂accelerant coatings 速燃层accelerate 加速accelerated ageing 加速老化，人工老化；加速实效accelerated aging 加速老化，加速时效accelerated burn-up test 加速燃耗试验accelerated by a spring 弹簧加速的accelerated clarification 加速澄清accelerated clariqier 加速沉降器accelerated combustion 加速燃烧accelerated corrosion test 加速腐蚀试验accelerated depreciation 加速折旧accelerated fatigue 加速疲劳accelerated life testing 速效寿命试验accelerated load test 加速载荷试验accelerated motion 加速运动accelerated oxidation 加速氧化accelerated test 加速试验accelerating 加速度accelerating agent 加速剂，促凝剂accelerating anode 加速阳极accelerating apparatus 加速装置accelerating by gravity 重力加速度accelerating chamber 加速箱accelerating coil 加速线圈accelerating constant 加速常数accelerating contactor 电动机起动电阻切除触点，加速接触器accelerating creep 加速蠕变accelerating electrode 加速电极accelerating feedback 加速反馈accelerating field 加速场accelerating force 加速力accelerating grid 加速珊极accelerating load 加速负荷accelerating nozzle 加速型喷管，加速型喷嘴accelerating potential 加速电位，加速电势accelerating power 加速功率accelerating pressure gradient 顺压梯度accelerating relay 加速继电器，起动继电器accelerating signal 加速信号accelerating thermal aging test 加速热老化试验accelerating torque 加速扭矩accelerating voltage 加速电压acceleration 加速，加速度acceleration by gravity 重力加速度acceleration control unit 加速度控制器acceleration damper 加速度阻尼器acceleration due to gravity 重力加速度acceleration error constant 加速度误差系数acceleration factor 加速系数acceleration feedback 加速反馈acceleration governor 加速度调节器acceleration instrument 加速表，加速传感器acceleration lag 加速度滞后acceleration losses 加速度损失acceleration motor 加速电机acceleration of convergence 加速收敛acceleration of free fall 自由落体加速度acceleration of gravity 重力加速度acceleration pulse 加速脉冲acceleration relay 加速度继动器acceleration setter 加速度给定器acceleration spring 加速弹簧acceleration time constant of unit 机组启动时间常数，机组加速时间常数acceleration transducer 加速度传感器acceleration valve 加速阀acceleration vector 加速度矢量acceleration vibrograph 加速型振动仪acceleration voltage 加速电压accelerator 加速器；加速剂；催化剂；促进剂；加速电极；加速澄清器accelerator driven light water reactor 加速器驱动的轻水堆accelerator limiter 加速限制器accelerator plunger 加速器柱塞accelerator valve 加速阀accelerograph 自动加速记录仪，自动加速仪accelerometer 加速度表，加速度计accelerometric governor 加速度调速器accelo-filter 快速过滤器accent light 强光灯accentuator 音频强化器，频率校正电路，加重电路accept 承税；接受；认付(汇票)accept a bid (tender) 接收投标acceptability 可接受性；可承兑性acceptable accounting principle 可接受的会计原理acceptable concentration 容许浓度acceptable defect level 容许缺陷标准，容许缺陷程度acceptable detect level 缺陷合格等级acceptable emergence dose 允许的事故剂量acceptable emergency dose 可接受的应急剂量acceptable environmental limit 容许环境[吸入]极限acceptable level 验收标准acceptable limit 容许极限acceptable limits 可接受限值acceptable malfunction level 容许故障等级，容许故障水平acceptable malfunction rate 容许故障率acceptable material 合格材料acceptable noise level 容许噪声级acceptable precision 容许精度，合格精度acceptable quality 合格的质量acceptable quality level 合格品质水准，可接受的质量标准；验收质量[标准] acceptable reliability 容许可靠度acceptable reliability level 可接受的可靠性标准acceptable risk level 可接受的风险度水平acceptable standard 通用标准acceptable test 验收试验acceptable value 容许值；可接受值accept a commission 允受委托acceptance 接受，接收；验收，认可；承税acceptance agreement 承兑协议acceptance angle 接收角，接纳角；接受角acceptance bill 承兑汇票acceptance certificate 验收准则；验收合格证，接受证书acceptance check 验收acceptance cheek 验收检查acceptance contract 承兑合同acceptance credit 承兑信用acceptance criteria 验收标准；验收准则acceptance declaration 申报承兑acceptance draft 承兑汇票acceptance gage 验收量规，验收标准acceptance inspection 验收检验；验收检查acceptance of offer 接受报价acceptance of work 工程验收acceptance procedure 验收程序acceptance proof test 新绝缘绕组投运前的试验acceptance report 验收报告acceptance requires 验收要求acceptance specifications 验收规范acceptance survey 验收acceptance test(ing) 验收试验；接收试验；验收；收料试验accept an offer 接受报盘accept an order 接受定货accept forward shipment 接受远期装运acceptor 接收器，通波器；接受者；承兑人acceptor circuit 接收器电路，带通电路acceptor ionization energy 受主电离能acceptor number density 受主浓度acceptor resonance 电压谐振，串联谐振acceptor trap 半导体受主陷阱；受主陷阱access 入口，进路，通路，接近，调整孔通路，存取，取数，方法；入口、通路access control 存取控制access-control register 存取控制寄存器access-control words 存取控制字access corridor 走廊access cover 检修盖access cycle 存取周期access door 检查门，人孔门；检修门，入孔盖；便门；人孔；通道门access duct 进入管道；进出通道access eye 检查孔access hatch 入口，检修孔；入口闸门，出入舱口access hatchway 进出舱口access hole 检查孔；检修孔，入孔；人孔；进出孔accessibility 可接近性，可及性；便于观察性；可达性，可触性accessible area 可进入区域，可接近区域accessible canal 可通行通道accessible environment 可接近的环境，可进入的环境accessible hermetic compressor unit 半封闭式压缩机组accessible reactor building 可进入的反应堆厂房accessible region 可进入的区域，可通过的区域accessible trench 可通行地沟accession/report number 索取或报告号access lock 通道门闸；出入闸门access mechanism 存取机构access method 存取方法access mode 存取方式access of air 空气入口，进气；空气通路；空气流人，空气涌入accessory 附件，辅助；附属的，辅助的；附属设备(常用复数)；辅助设备；从属的，附加的；零件accessory case 附件[传动]箱accessory channel 附属通道accessory contract 附加契约accessory device 附属装置accessory drive 附机传动accessory equipment 附属设备accessory loss 附件损耗accessory material 辅助材料accessory power supply 辅助电源accessory risk 附加险accessory substance 副产物access panel 观测台，观察板access plug 通道堵塞access port 人孔，检修人孔，舱出入口access railroad 专用铁路access speed 取数速度access time [信息]存取时间，取数时间，选取时间access to information 利用信息access tunnel 人员进出地道accident 事故，故障；事故失事，遇险；意外事故accidental action 偶然作用accidental admission of air 空气偶然漏入accidental admission of steam 蒸汽偶然漏入accidental admission of vapo(u)r 蒸汽漏入accidental combination for action effects 作用效应偶然组合accidental consumption 事故消耗，意外消耗accidental contamination 偶然污染accidental cost 不可预见费accidental damage 意外损坏accidental depressurization 事故泄压accidental dosimetry 事故剂量学accidental error 偶然误差；随机误差accidental exposure 事故照射accidental failure 偶然失效；随机故障accidental fluctuation 意外变动accidental force 不可抗力accidental jamming 随机干扰accidental loss 事故损失accidental loss(AL) 事故损失accidental maintenance 事故维修；事故检修accidental operating conditions 事故运行工况accidental overexposure 超剂量事故照射accidental pollution 意外污染accidental prevention 安全技术，事故预防；安全措施accidental radiation injury 事故辐射损伤accidental release 事故排放；事故性排放；事故释放accidental shutdown 故障停机；事故停堆accidental spillage 偶然漏油accidental state 事故状态accident analysis 故障分析；事故分析accident beyond control 不可抗力的灾害accident brake 紧急制动器accident conditions 事故工况accident data recorder 事故数据[自动]记录仪accident defect 故障缺陷accident dose 事故剂量accident dosimetry 事故剂量学accident exposure 事故照射accident failure 事故失效accident fault 故障损坏accident frequency 事故频率accident initiator 事故引发源accident insurance 事故保险accident investigation 事故调查accident maintenance 事故维修accident management 事故管理accident mitigation 事故缓解accident operating condition 故障运行工况accident operating conditions 事故运行工况accident prevention 安全技术，事故预防；安全措施accident prevention instruction [技术]安全规程accident protection 事故防止accident report 事故报告accident risk assessment 事故风险评价accident sequence 事故序列accident shield 事故屏蔽accident signaling system 事故报警系统；事故信号[报警]系统accident source term 事故源项accident statistics 事故统计accident victim 事故受害者AC circuit 交流电路AC circuit breaker 交流断路器acclivity 坡度accommodate 调节，使适应accommodation 适应，配合，调节，供应，调解，调停；适应；贷款accommodation acceptor 贷款承兑人accommodation bill 通融票据accommodation bill of lading 通融提单accommodation coefficient 适应系数；调节系数accommodation indorsement 通融背书accommodator 调节器；贷款人AC commutator motor 交流换向器式电动机AC commutator type exciter 交流换向器式励磁机accompanied by shipping documents 随附装船单据accompanying 并发的accompanying sound trap 伴音陷波器accord 一致，符合；给予accord and satisfaction 抵偿accordion 折状插孔，“Z”型插孔accordion cable 折状电缆accordion door 折迭门accordion partition 折隔扇，折隔屏。

附录A 铁道信号常用术语1．按信号设备分类信号装置类术语矮型信号机dwarf signal 通过信号through signal半自动信号机semi—automatic signal 通过信号机passing signal报警信号alarming signal 通过信号机block signal臂板信号机semaphore signal 透镜式色灯信号机multi—lens colour light signal；multi—lenses signal差速制信号speed signal 推送信号start humping signal车上信号设备cab signal device 驼峰机车信号hump cab signaling车站信号station signal; signaling at stations 驼峰信号hump signal; humping signal出站信号starting signal 无线机车信号radio cab signaling出站信号机starting signal 下峰信号down hump trimming signal出站信号机复示器repeater of starting signal 线别表示灯track marker从属信号机dependent signal; subsidiary signal 线号表示器track number indicator错误关闭信号false stopping of a signal 线路开通表示灯opening route indication；routeclear light错误开放信号wrong clearing of a signal 线群出站信号机group starting signal单线臂板信号机single wire semaphore signal 响墩信号detonating signal单置信号点single signal location 信号标志signal indicator灯列式信号机position light signal 信号表示器signal repeater敌对信号conflicting signal 信号玻璃signal glass地面信号trackside signal；ground signal 信号测试台signal test board地面信号设备trackside signal facility 信号厂signal shop信号大修signal overhaul repair点式机车信号intermittent type cab signaling；intermittent type cab signaling电动臂板信号机electric semaphore signal 信号灯signal lamp；signal light调车信号shunting signal 信号灯泡signal light bulb发车进路信号机route signal for departure 信号点signal location发车信号departure signal 信号电缆signal cable发光信号accident waring flash signal 信号电路图circuit diagram发音信号accident warning audible signal 信号复示器signal repeater返还系数release factor 信号复原器signal reverser；signal slot防护信号protecting signal；protection signal 信号供电signal feeding防止重复信号机stick signal 信号故障signal fault复示信号repeating signal 信号关闭signal at stop复示信号机repeating signal 信号关闭表示stop signal indication感应式机车信号inductive cab signaling 信号机signal高速铁路High Speed Railway 信号机附属设备signal appendant高柱信号机high signal 信号机构signal mechanism固定信号；固定信号机fixed signal 信号机后方in rear of a signal号讯sign 信号机前方in advance（approach）of a signal 火炬信号fusee signal 信号集中修signal centralized maintenance机车信号cab signaling 信号检修signal inspection信号开放signal at clear机车信号设备cab signaling equipment; cabsignaling eqipment信号开放表示cleared signal indication机械臂板信号机mechanically operated semaphoresignal加速推送信号humping fast signal 信号雷管detonator减速防护地段终端信号牌released speed signal；信号楼signal box；signal towerslow-speed release signal减速推送信号humping slow signal 信号配线signal wiring减速信号restriction signal 信号桥signal bridge减速信号牌slow speed signal 信号燃管fusee减速预告信号slow speed approach 信号色度signal colour fidelity较大限制信号more restrictive signal 信号施工signal construction较大允许信号more favorable signal 信号手（握）柄signal lever接车进路信号机route signal for receiving 信号透镜signal lens接车信号receiving signal 信号托架signal bracket信号维修signal maintenance接发车进路信号机route signal forreceiving—departure接近表示器approach indicator 信号握柄signal lever信号无效标signal out of order sign接近连续式机车信号approach continuous cabsignaling尽头信号机signal for stub—end track 信号显示signal visibility; signal aspect andindication进路信号机route signal 信号选别器signal slot进路预告表示器preliminary route indicator 信号整治signal renovation进行定位式信号机normal proceed signal 信号中修signal intermediate repair进行信号proceed signal 信号装置signal apparatus进站信号(机）home signal 行车信号running signal; train signal禁止移动标forbidden movement sign 行车信号机train signal绝对信号absolute signal 选路制信号route signaling绝对信号机absolute signal 咽喉信号机signal in throat section延续进路successive route; successive route连续式机车信号continuous cab signal; continuoustype cab signaling列车接近通知train approach announcement 夜间信号night signal列车停车标train stop indicator 移动信号movable signal桥梁遮断信号bridge obstruction signal 移动信号牌temporary signal区间信号section signaling; wayside signaling 移频机车信号frequency shift cab signal去禁溜线信号shunting signal to prohibitive音响信号acoustic signal；whistle signal humping line容许信号（机) permissive signal 引导信号calling—on signal色灯信号colour light signal 引导信号机call-on signal; calling-on signal 色灯信号机colour light signal 预告信号approaching signal色灯信号机colour light signal；color-light signal 预告信号机distant signal允许预推信号permissive prehumping signal 闪光信号flashing light signal；flash signal；flashing signal事故信号accident signal 遮断信号obstruction signal视觉信号vision signal; visual signal 遮断信号按钮obstruction signal button手动信号机manual signal 遮断信号机obstruction signal手信号hand signal; flag signal 遮断预告信号机approach obstruction signal 手信号代用器substitute apparatus for hand signal 中继信号标志repeating signal marker双线臂板信号机double wire semaphore signal 中继信号机repeating signal速差制信号speed signaling 昼间信号day signal隧道遮断信号tunnel obstruction signal 昼夜通用信号signal for day and night探照式色灯信号机colour searchlight signal 主体信号机principal signal特殊信号accident warning signal 注意信号caution signal铁路信号;铁道信号railway signaling 自动信号机automatic signal铁路信号装置railway signaling equipment 总出站信号机advance starting signal听觉信号audible signal 最大限制信号most restrictive signal停车定位式信号机normal stop signal 最大允许信号most favorable signal停车信号stop signal闭塞类相关术语半自动闭塞semi—automatic block；semi-automatic block system半自动闭塞机semi-automatic block machine闭塞blocking; block system闭塞分区block section闭塞机block instrument闭塞手柄blocking lever闭塞线路block line闭塞装置block instrument常用闭塞方式regular block system代用闭塞substitute block system单线闭塞single line block单线继电半自动闭塞single track all-relay semi—automatic block system单向自动闭塞single—directional running automatic block电话闭塞telephone block system电码自动闭塞automatic block with coded track circuit电气路牌闭塞electric tablet block system电气路签闭塞electric staff system电子闭塞electronic blocking二显示自动闭塞two—aspect automatic block非自动闭塞区段non-automatic block section分割闭塞分区division of block section合并闭塞分区incorporation of block section极频自动闭塞polar frequency coded automatic block; automatic block with polarfrequency impulse track计轴闭塞axle counter permissive block计轴自动闭塞automatic block with axle counter继电半自动闭塞all-relay semiautomatic block; all-relay semi—automatic block system 交流计数电码自动闭塞automatic block with ac counting code track circuit交流计数自动闭塞ac counting code automatic block解除闭塞block cleared连动闭塞controlled manual block脉冲自动闭塞pulse automatic block；automatic block with impulse rack circuit区间闭塞section block; section blocked取消闭塞to cancel a block人工闭塞manual block三显示自动闭塞three-aspect automatic block双线继电半自动闭塞double track all—relay semi—automatic block system双向自动闭塞double—direction running automatic block四显示自动闭塞four—aspect automatic block无线闭塞wireless blocking移动闭塞movable block移频自动闭塞frequency shift modulated automatic block；automatic block withaudio frequency shift modulation预办闭塞pre—working a block准闭塞法block applied method自动闭塞automatic block；automatic block system自动闭塞区段automatic block section转辙类相关术语保险铁detector bar大功率转辙机heavy duty switch machine单动single导管装置signal pipe line导线调整器wire compensator道岔定位(反位) normal(reverse）position of switch道岔转辙机pint lever电磁转辙机electro magnetic switch machine电动转辙机electric point machine; electric switch machine电动转辙机控制器electric switch controller电空转辙机electro pneumatic point machine；electro pneumatic switch machine电空转辙机控制器electro pneumatic switch controller电液转辙机electro-hydraulic switch machine垫板sole plate动力转辙机power point machine拐肘crank轨距杆gauge tie集中握柄concentrated lever frame尖端杆front rod尖轨动程stroke; throw of switch(美)尖轨接触contact of switch尖轨密贴fixing of switch快速转辙机quick-acting switch machine密贴调整杆switch adjuster双动double脱轨器derail液压转辙机hydraulic switch machine转辙机switch machine转辙机安装装置switch machine installation转辙机部件switch machine part联锁类相关术语表示锁闭indication locking 联锁interlock; interlocking不限时人工解锁manual non—time release 联锁表interlocking table错误解锁false release 联锁机interlocking machine错误锁闭false locking 联锁区interlocking area大站电气集中联锁relay interlocking for联锁设备interlocking equipmentlarge station导管装置pipe installation 联锁图表interlocking chart and table联锁装置interlocking device电机集中联锁electronic concentrationinterlocking电空集中联锁装置electro—pneumatic漏解锁missing releaseinterlocking device漏锁闭missing locking电气集中联锁装置electric interlockingdevice电气联锁机electric mechanical路牌锁闭器tablet lockinterlocking machine电气锁闭electric locking 片面锁闭facing point lock电锁器electric lock 区段锁闭section locking电锁器联锁interlocking with electric人工解锁manual releaselock；interlocking by electric locks反位锁闭reverse locking 人工解锁表示manual release indication非集中联锁non-centralized interlocking 色灯电锁器联锁装置colour lightinterlocking system with electriclock非联锁区non-interlocking area 失去联锁loss of interlocking机器集中联锁mechanical interlocking 锁闭lock;locking锁闭杆locking rod机械集中联锁装置mechanicalinterlocking device机械联锁机mechanical interlocking 锁闭力locking forcemachine机械锁闭mechanical locking 锁闭设备locking device集中联锁centralized interlocking 锁闭系统locking system继电器式电气集中联锁装置electricrelay interlocking device条件锁闭conditional locking继电器式集中联锁装置relay interlocking device 驼峰电气集中联锁electric interlocking for hump yard接近锁闭approach locking 微机联锁microcomputer interlocking解锁release 限时人工解锁manual time release解锁按钮盘manual release button panel 小站电气集中联锁relay interlocking forsmall station解锁进路released route 信号表示signal indication解锁力releasing force 延时锁闭time locking进路分段解锁sectional release of alocked route钥匙锁闭器key lock进路分段锁闭sectional route locking 照查手柄check lever进路解锁route release 照查锁闭check locking进路人工解锁manual route release 转辙锁闭器interlocking by point detector进路锁闭route locking 转辙锁闭器switch-and-lock mechanism进路锁闭表示route locking indication 自动限时解锁automatic time release进路一次解锁route release at once继电器类相关术语安全型继电器safety relay 交流二元二位继电器AC two element two position relay 插入式继电器plug-in relay; plug-in type relay 交流继电器AC relay传输继电器transmitting relay 交直流继电器AC—DC relay单独操纵继电式电气集individual lever type all-relay interlocking 进路继电式电气集中联route type all—relay interlocking弹力继电器spring—type relay 快动继电器quick-acting relay电磁继电器electromagnetic relay 快吸继电器quick pick—up relay电码继电器code relay 脉冲继电器impulse relay轨道继电器track relay 偏极继电器polar biased relay缓动继电器slow—acting relay 热力继电器thermal relay缓放继电器slow release relay 时间继电器;延时继电器time relay; time delay relay 缓吸继电器slow pick—up relay 微机-继电式电气集microcomputer—relay interlocking 继电并联传递网路successively workedparallel relay network无极继电器neutral relay继电并联网路parallel relay network 信号继电器indicating relay继电串联网路series relay network 信号用继电器signal relay继电器防震架shock absorber base for relays 有极继电器polarized relay继电器接点relay contact 整流继电器rectifier relay继电器灵敏度relay sensitivity 正常动作继电器normal acting relay继电器室relay house; relay room 直流继电器DC relay继电器释放relay released 重力继电器gravitation type relay继电器吸起relay energized 组合继电器combination relay继电器线圈relay coil 座式继电器desk type relay; shelf-type relay继电器箱relay case道口类相关术语道口安全crossing safety道口防护crossing protection道口接近区段approach section of a highway level crossing道口控制器electronic train detector道口控制器crossing controller道口栏木barrier道口栏木crossing barrier；cross barrier at grade crossing道口栏木锁闭器barrier lock道口闪光信号highway level crossing flashing signal道口事故level crossing accidents道口室外音响器highway level crossing out door audible device道口通知设备crossing announcing signal; highway level crossing announcing device道口信号crossing signal道口信号机level crossing signal道口信号机level crossing signal道口信号控制盘level crossing signal control panel道口障碍报警装置obstruction warning device for level crossing道口障碍物检测器crossing obstructing detector道口遮断信号level crossing obstruction signal道口自动信号crossing automatic signal；automatic level crossing signal列车接近道口表示器train approach indicator for level crossing列车进行方向表示器train direction indicator特殊信号发光机obstruction warning indicator自动栏木automatic barrier道岔类相关术语岔中绝缘insulated joint within a turnout 道岔双动机point lever fro cross over带柄道岔表示器switch indicator with lever 道岔顺序启动sequential starting of switches带柄道岔表示器switch lever with indicator 道岔顺序转换sequential transiting of switches 带动道岔switch with follow up movement 道岔锁闭switch locking；switch point locking 弹簧道岔spring point；spring switch（美) 道岔锁闭表示switch locked indication道岔point；switch(美）道岔握柄switch lever道岔表示switch indication 道岔中途转换switch thrown under moving cars道岔转换switch setting；switch in transition 道岔表示器point indicator；switchindicator(美）道岔错误表示false indication of a switch 防护道岔protective turnout道岔电磁锁闭器magnetic facing point lock 非集中道岔locally operated switch道岔电路控制器switch circuit controller 非联锁道岔non-interlocked switch道岔定位表示switch normal indication 分路道岔branching turnout道岔反位表示switch reverse indication 高速道岔High speed switch道岔封锁switch closed up 集中道岔centrally operated switch道岔减摩器roller point 挤岔splitting of point tongue；forcing open of thepoint道岔密贴switch point closure , Switch close-gap 挤岔报警alarm for a trailed switch道岔密贴调整switch adjustment 联锁道岔interlocked switch道岔启动switch starting 爬越道岔run-over type point道岔区段section with a switch or switches 脱轨道岔derailing point; switch point derail(美)道岔人工解锁manual release of a locked switch 中岔Middle switch道岔失去表示loss of indication of a switch电路类相关术语安全电路vital circuit 焊接式钢轨接续线welded bond半自动闭塞联系电路liaison circuit withsemi-automatic blocks横向接续线cross bond报警电路warning circuit 后接点back contact闭路式轨道电路close type track circuit 后圈back coil表示电路indication circuit 后退信号backing signal并联式轨道电路multiply connected trackcircuit基本联锁电路fundamental interlocking circuit不对称脉冲轨道电路asymmetrical impulse track circuit 极频轨道电路polar frequency coded track circuit；polar-frequency pulse track circuit测试电路testing circuit 极性检查电路polarity checking circuit长轨道电路long track circuit 极性交叉polar reversal；polar transposition场间联系电路liaison circuit between yards 计轴器axle counter串联式轨道电路serially connected track circuit 交流轨道电路ac track circuit; ac track circuit单轨条式轨道电路single rail track circuit 交流计数电码轨道电路ac counting coded trackcircuit道岔控制电路switch control circuit 接口电路interface circuit点灯电路lighting circuit 接续线bond电缆敷设cable laying 解锁电路release circuit电缆敷设机cable laying machine 进路表示器电路route indicator circuit电缆接续cable connecting 进路电路route selecting circuit电路分析circuit analysis 开环轨道电路open track circuit电路设计circuit design 开路式轨道电路open type track circuit电码轨道电路coded track circuit 励磁电路energizing circuit调频轨道电路frequency modulated trackcircuit连续式轨道电路continuous track circuit调整状态normal state 联系电路liaison circuit叠加轨道电路overlap track circuit 脉冲轨道电路pulse track circuit断轨防护broken rail protection 灭火花电路spark extinguishing circuit发车表示器电路departure indicator circuit 旁通接续线by-pass bond阀式轨道电路value—type track circuit; valvetype track circuit区间联系电路liaison circuit with block signalling方向电路directional circuit 塞钉式钢轨接续线plug bond非安全电路non—vital circuit 双轨条轨道电路double—rail track circuit分倍频轨道电路divided—and-doubledfrequency track circuit死区段dead section分路灵敏度shunting sensitivity 送受分开电路sending and receiving separated circuit 分路效应shunting effect 锁闭电路locking circuit钢轨导接线;钢轨接续线rail bond 跳线jumper bond钢轨绝缘rail insulation 通过按钮电路through button circuit钢轨绝缘不良bad rail insulation 无绝缘轨道电路jointless track circuit钢轨引接线track lead 无绝缘节轨道电路non-insulated track circuit钢轨阻抗rail impedance 下坡道防护电路protection circuit for approachingheavy down grad轨道变阻器track rheostat 限流设备track current limiting device轨道传感器track sensor 相敏轨道电路phase detecting track circuit轨道电抗器track reactor 信号电路signal circuit轨道电路track circuit 信号接续线signal bond轨道电路测试track circuit testing 信号控制电路signal control circuit轨道电路电码化coding of continuous track circuit 移频轨道电路frequency shift track circuit；frequency—shift modulated track circuit轨道电路调整状态regulated state of a trackcircuit音频轨道电路audio frequency track circuit轨道电路分割cut-section of a track circuit 有绝缘节轨道电路insulated track circuit轨道电路分路状态shunted state of a trackcircuit站间联系电路liaison circuit between stations轨道电路区段track circuit district 直流轨道电路DC track circuit轨道电路蓄电现象track storage effect 重叠轨道电路overlay track circuit轨道电阻器track resistor 自闭电路self-stick circuit轨道接触器track treadle 自动闭塞联系电路liaison circuit with automaticblocks轨道绝缘；绝缘节rail insulation; insulation section 自动通过按钮电路automatically through button circuit轨道生电现象track galvanic effect 相敏轨道电路phase detecting track circuit 轨道占用track occupied 红光带Red—light strap轨间绝缘crack gauge insulation驼峰类相关术语半自动化驼峰系统semi—automatic hump yard system 驼峰机车遥控remote control of hump engines非机械化驼峰设备unmechanical hump yard equipment 驼峰机械修理室hump mechanics repair room机械化驼峰设备mechanized hump yardequipment驼峰溜放控制系统humping control system驼峰电气集中electric interlocking for hump yard 驼峰信号机hump signal驼峰复示信号机humping signal repeater 自动化驼峰系统automatic hump yardsystem控制类相关术语测速装置speedometer 列车速度自动监督automatic train speedsupervision超速防护train over—speed protection 列车位置表示train location indication; trainposition indication超速防护系统Automatic Train Protectionsystem列车运行监测train running monitoring车次表示train number display; train number indication 列车运行控制仿真系统Train operation control simulation system车次自动表示；车次自动显示automatictrain number display列车运行控制系统train operation control system车辆抄号设备wagon number checking equipment 列车自动保护系统Automatic Train Protection (ATP)车辆识别装置vehicle identifier 列车自动调速automatic train speed regulation车门自动控制automatic train door control 列车自动防护automatic train protection车站控制station master control 列车自动防护系统automatic train protectionsystem车站列车控制中心Station Train Control Center 列车自动监控系统Automatic Train Supervision （ATS)点控制intermittent control 列车自动减速automatic train deceleration点式查询应答器intermittent inquiry balise 列车自动控制Automatic Train Control (ATC）点式自动停车intermittent type automatic trainstop列车自动控制系统automatic train control system调度集中controlled traffic control device（CTC）列车自动控制装置automatic train control device 调度集中分机field equipment of CTC 列车自动限速automatic train speed restriction调度集中装置centralized traffic controlinstallation列车自动运行automatic train operation调度集中总机control office equipment of CTC 列车自动运行系统Automatic Train Operation （ATO)调度监督dispatchers supervision；dispatcherssupervision system列调作业Train shunting work调度监督设备dispatchers supervisionequipment列控系统train control system调度控制dispatchers control 溜放进路自动控制automatic switching control ofhumping yard by rou分散自律Decentralized and Autonomous 溜放速度自动控制automatic rolling down speedcontrol分散自律调度集中系统Decentralized andautonomous CTC system目标打靶控制target shooting跟踪系统tracing system 区段遥控remote control for a section枢纽遥控remote control of a junction terminal计算机辅助调度computer-aided dispatching计算机联锁Computer interlocking 双接近区double—approach—section监控装置supervisory control device 双重控制dual control监视系统monitor system; supervision system 铁路应急通信系统Railway emergencycommunication监视装置monitor device 推峰速度自动控制automatic control for humpingspeed进路控制route control 微机监测microcomputer monitor进路控制装置routing control equipment 卫星定位satellite localization局部控制local control 卫星监测satellite monitoring局部控制盘local control panel 无绝缘移频自动闭塞系统automatic block systemwith jointless shift frequency控制点controlling point 无线维修终端Mobile maintenance terminal（MMT）控制对象controlled object 行车指挥自动化running command automation；automation of traffic control控制盘control panel 遥控remote control控制台Console 遥控区段remotely controlled section控制台单元control desk element 遥控装置remote control device（RC)控制台室control room 遥信区段remotely surveillance section控制中心control center 遥信装置remote—signal equipment控制周期control cycle 远程监督分区relayed surveillance subsection连续控制continuous control 远程网路relayed surveillance network列车报警系统train alarm system 中心控制centralized control列车超速防护Automatic Train Protection 自动停车装置automatic train stop device（ATS）列车调度指挥系统Train Dispatching Command System （TDCS）自动限速装置automatic train control device （ATC)列车监控与追踪Train Monitoring andTracking自律机Autonomous machine调车类相关术语调车表示器shunting indicator 非进路调车to hold route for shunting调车表示器电路shunting indicator circuit 非进路调车电路circuit to hold a route forshunting调车区电气集中联锁interlocking for shunting area 减速器car retarder调车线始端减速器tangent retarder 溜放调车表示器kick off shunting indicator 调车信号机shunting signal 双面调车信号机signal for shunting forwardand backward电源类相关术语备用电源stand-by power supply；stand-bypower source混合供电制ac—battery power supply system变压器箱transformer box 集中电源centrally connected power source表示灯电源power source for indication lamp 集中供电centrally connected power supply不间断电源uninterrupted supply 继电器控制电源power source for relay control充电battery charging 交流电源屏ac power supply panel道岔表示电源power source for switch交流供电制AC power supply system indication局部电源locally supplied power source道岔动作电源power source for switchoperation道岔控制电源power source for switch control 局部控制电路local control circuit电池battery；cell 摩擦电流frictional working current电压过低voltage below level 闪光电源flashing power source电压自动调整器automatic voltage regulator 太阳能电池solar cell电源端子terminals for power supplies 太阳能电源solar power supply电源屏power supply panel 条件电源conditional power source电源识别标志power source marker 条件电源屏conditional power supply panel停电power failure电源室power supply room ；power supplyroom电源转换屏power switching over panel 线路变压器line transformer电源转接屏power switch board 信号灯变压器signal lamp transformer扼流变压器impedance transformer 信号电源signal power supply方向电源directional traffic power source 信号高压配电线路high voltage distribution linefor signalling防护变压器protective transformer 信号机点灯电源signal lighting power source浮充供电floating charge power supply 蓄电池供电storage battery power supply干线供电main linely connected power supply 蓄电池室battery room工作电流working current 整流器一次电池供电primary cell power supply 供电rectifier power supply 直流电源屏DC power supply panel轨道变压器箱track transformer box 直流供电制DC power supply system轨道受电变压器track relay transformer 主电源main power source轨道送电变压器track transformer feed end 自动调压automatic voltage regulation轨道信号灯变压器track and signal lamp综合防雷Synthetic lightning protection transformer混合电源ac—battery power source其它安全接点safety contact 近程网路directly surveillance network按钮push-in button 进路表route sheet按钮表示button indication 进路表示器route indicator保护区段overlap protection block section 进路操纵作业semi—automatic operation by route 被控点controlled point 进路储存器route storaging devices臂板接触器contacts operated by semaphore 进路存储器route storage臂板转极器pole changer operated by警惕按钮acknowledgment buttonsemaphore编组站marshalling Yard 警惕手柄acknowledgment lever编组站测长yard distance—to—coupling 静态长度car spacemeasurement编组站测速yard speed measurement 绝缘不良bad insulation编组站测重yard weight sensing 开通put into operation编组站测阻yard rollability measurement 可调拐肘adjustable crank空气压缩机室air compressor room编组站自动化automation of marshallingstation标志indicator; marker 拉钮pull-out button标准分路灵敏度standard shunting sensitivity 雷达测速器radar speedometer表示indication 雷电干扰lightning interference表示灯indication lamp 离去表示departure indication表示对象indicated object 离去区段departure section表示杆indication rod 连接杆pipe link表示连接杆connecting rod for indication 联锁图表interlocking table表示盘indicating panel 两点检查released by checking two sections表示器indicator 列车时刻表train timetable表示周期indication cycle 邻线干扰interference from neighboring line并置信号点double signal location 零层端子terminals of layer 0 of a relay rack材质不良bad material 溜放速度free rolling speed操纵台operating console 路牌tablet测长distance-to-coupling measurement 路牌携带器tablet pouch测试test 路牌自动授收机automatic tablet exchanger测试环线test loop 路签train staff ；staff测速speed measurement 路签携带器staff pouch测重weight sensing 路签自动授收机automatic staff exchanger测阻rollability measurement 乱显示false indication插接不良plug—in trouble 轮修alternative maintenance车挡表示器car stop marker 密贴调整杆adjustable switch operating rod车档表示器buffer stop indicator 摩擦联结器frictional clutch车辆存在监测器presence monitor 目的制动objective breaking; target braking车辆缓行器wagon retarder；wagon retarder 内燃牵引干扰diesel traction interference车辆加减速器car accelerator/retarder 排列进路route setting车辆加速器car accelerator 票据传送设备classification list conveyer system 车辆减速器car retarder 破封break a seal车辆停车标car stop indicator 牵引小车pushing trolley车轮传感器wheel detector 牵纵拐肘escapement crank储风罐air reservoir 前接点front contact储酸室acid store room 前圈front coil传动系统driving system 强电干扰high voltage interference磁路系统magnetic circuit 桥梁通知设备bridge announciating device错溜misroute 切断音响按钮button for cut—off an audible signal 错误办理wrong handling 侵入限界绝缘insulated joint located within theclearance limit错误表示wrong indication 区段占用表示section occupancy indication单独操纵作业manual operation 区间section单断single break 区间封锁section closed up单频感应器single frequency inductor 区间空闲section cleared导管调整器pipe compensator 区间占用block occupancy; section occupied导线导轮wire carrier 区间占用位置检测location detecting of occupiedsection导线调整器wire compensator 取消进路to cancel a route导线反正扣wire-adjusting screw 人工分路manual shunt导线立轮vertical wheel 人为故障human failure导线平轮horizontal wheel 熔断器断丝fuse burn—out导线平轮组horizontal wheel assembly 熔断器断丝报警fuse break alarm导线装置wire installation 冗余结构redundant structure导向安全failure to the safe side 三点检查released by checking three sections道渣电阻ballast resistance 设备停用equipment out-of use灯光转移to transfer of lighting indication 施工妨碍construction interference灯丝断丝filament burn-out 识别标志marker light灯丝断丝报alarm for burnout of filaments 事故照明emergency lighting灯丝转换filament transfer 释放时间drop away time地面感应器wayside inductor 释放值release value地面设备wayside equipment 手柄handle地中电缆盒underground cable terminal box 手动调压manual voltage regulation第二接近区段second approach section 受电端receiving end第二离去区段second departure section 枢纽遥控remote control of a junction terminal第一接近区段first approach section 双断double break第一离去区段first departure section 双频感应器double frequency inductor电动传送设备electric motor operated水分离器water separatorconveyer电空传送设备electro—pneumatic conveyer 水鹤表示器water crane indicator电气路牌机electric tablet instrument 顺向重叠进路route with overlapped section inthe same direction电气路签机electric staff instrument 瞬时分路instantaneous shunt定点停车stopping a train at a target point 瞬时分路不良instantaneous loss of shunting定期维修periodical maintenance 四点检查released by checking four sections定位接点normal contact 送电端feed end动程stroke 隧道通知设备tunnel announciating device动接点contact heel 跳线jumper动态长度distance-to—go 铁路局Railroad Administration动作杆throw rod 铁路运营railway operation动作连接杆operating rod for driving a switch 铁鞋skate; cast brake shoe同意按钮盘agreement button panel对向重叠进路route with overlapped sectionin the opposite dire额定值rated value 推送小车辆propelling trolley二次参数secondary parameter 脱轨表示器derail indicator发车表示器departure indicator 脱线修off line maintenance发车线路表示器departure track indicator 驼峰溜放调速humping governing反位接点reverse contact 晚点表示delaying time indication反装left—handed machine 维修maintenance方向手柄traffic lever 维修不良not well maintained方向转接器directional switch 无碴轨道non-ballast track防护区段protected section 无岔区段section without a switch防止重复prevention for repetitive clear of a误用故障misuse faultsignal妨害故障hindrance fault 吸起时间pick—up time非自复式按钮stick button 吸起值pick—up value分割区段cut section 显示距离range of a signal分路shunt 线路点field location分线盘distributing terminal board 线路区段track section分线盘端子terminals on distributing board 线路占用表示track occupancy indication分向电缆盒cable branching terminal box 线路遮断表示器track obstruction indicator线束减速器group retarder风管路调压设备air pipeline pressuregovernor风压调整器manometer regulator 线头脱落wire lead drop out封锁close up 限界检查器clearance treadle峰下减速器master retarder 限速接近方式closing-in杆上电缆盒cable terminal box on a post 行车记录设备train movement recording equipment 感应器inductor 选路route selection工厂化施工industrial construction 循环检查制cyclic scanning system工作值working value 一次参数primary parameter共用箱cab signal box 一送多受single feeding and multiple receivingtrack circuit股道空闲track clear 应答器transponder股道占用track occupied 油压动力室hydraulic pressure engine room故障-安全fail-safe 迂回进路detour route故障办理emergency treatment after failure 预防维修preventive maintenance故障复原restoration after a failure 预告标warning signs for approaching a station故障积累failure accumulation 预排进路presetting of a route故障升级progression of failure 钥匙路签staff with a key故障修corrective maintenance 运行图描绘仪train diagram plotter光带light strip 在线修on line maintenance光带式表示striped indication light 占线表示occupancy indication光点式表示spotted indication light 站场型网路geographical circuitry缓放时间slow release time 站界标station limit sign缓吸时间slow pick—up time 正装right—handed machine汇流条bus—bar 直角拐肘right angle crank机车车辆rolling stock；car；vehicle 直线电机LinearMotor机车感应器locomotive inductor 制动试验表示器brake test sign device机车接近通知approaching announcing in cab 制动位retarder location机车设备locomotive equipment 中继站repeater station机车信号测试区段cab signaling testing 中间电缆盒intermediate cable terminal box。

附录A 铁道信号常用术语1．按信号设备分类信号装置类术语矮型信号机 dwarf signal 通过信号 through signal半自动信号机 semi-automaticsignal通过信号机 passing signal报警信号 alarming signal 通过信号机 block signal臂板信号机 semaphore signal 透镜式色灯信号机 multi-lenscolour light signal; multi-lensessignal差速制信号 speed signal推送信号 start humping signal车上信号设备 cab signal device 驼峰机车信号 hump cab signaling车站信号 station signal; signaling at stations 驼峰信号 hump signal; humping signal出站信号 starting signal 无线机车信号 radio cab signaling 出站信号机 starting signal 下峰信号 down hump trimming signal 出站信号机复示器 repeater ofstarting signal线别表示灯 track marker从属信号机 dependent signal;subsidiary signal线号表示器 track number indicator错误关闭信号 false stopping of a signal 线路开通表示灯 opening route indication; route clear light错误开放信号 wrong clearing of a signal 线群出站信号机 group starting signal单线臂板信号机 single wiresemaphore signal响墩信号 detonating signal单置信号点 single signal location 信号标志 signal indicator灯列式信号机 position lightsignal信号表示器 signal repeater敌对信号 conflicting signal 信号玻璃 signal glass地面信号 trackside signal; groundsignal信号测试台 signal test board地面信号设备 trackside signalfacility信号厂 signal shop点式机车信号 intermittent typecab signaling; intermittent typecab signaling信号大修 signal overhaul repair电动臂板信号机 electric semaphore信号灯 signal lamp; signal light signal调车信号 shunting signal 信号灯泡 signal light bulb信号点 signal location发车进路信号机 route signal fordeparture发车信号 departure signal 信号电缆 signal cable发光信号accident waring flash信号电路图 circuit diagramsignal信号复示器 signal repeater发音信号accident warning audiblesignal返还系数release factor 信号复原器 signal reverser;signal slot信号供电 signal feeding防护信号protecting signal;protection signal防止重复信号机 stick signal信号故障 signal fault复示信号 repeating signal 信号关闭 signal at stop复示信号机 repeating signal 信号关闭表示 stop signalindication感应式机车信号 inductive cabsignaling信号机 signal高速铁路High Speed Railway信号机附属设备 signal appendant 高柱信号机 high signal 信号机构 signal mechanism固定信号; 固定信号机 fixed signal 信号机后方 in rear of a signal 号讯 sign信号机前方 in advance（approach）of a signal火炬信号 fusee signal信号集中修 signal centralizedmaintenance机车信号 cab signaling 信号检修 signal inspection机车信号设备 cab signalingequipment; cab signaling eqipment信号开放 signal at clear机械臂板信号机 mechanically operated semaphore signal 信号开放表示 cleared signal indication加速推送信号 humping fast signal 信号雷管 detonator减速防护地段终端信号牌 releasedspeed signal; slow-speed releasesignal信号楼 signal box; signal tower减速推送信号 humping slow signal 信号配线 signal wiring减速信号 restriction signal 信号桥 signal bridge减速信号牌 slow speed signal信号燃管 fusee减速预告信号 slow speed approach 信号色度 signal colour fidelity 较大限制信号 more restrictivesignal信号施工 signal construction较大允许信号 more favorablesignal信号手（握）柄 signal lever接车进路信号机 route signal forreceiving信号透镜 signal lens接车信号 receiving signal 信号托架 signal bracket接发车进路信号机 route signal forreceiving-departure信号维修 signal maintenance接近表示器 approach indicator信号握柄 signal lever接近连续式机车信号 approach continuous cab signaling 信号无效标 signal out of order sign尽头信号机 signal for stub-end track 信号显示 signal visibility; signal aspect and indication进路信号机 route signal 信号选别器 signal slot进路预告表示器 preliminary routeindicator信号整治 signal renovation进行定位式信号机 normal proceed signal 信号中修 signal intermediate repair进行信号 proceed signal 信号装置 signal apparatus进站信号(机) home signal 行车信号 running signal; trainsignal禁止移动标 forbidden movementsign行车信号机train signal绝对信号 absolute signal 选路制信号 route signaling绝对信号机 absolute signal咽喉信号机 signal in throatsection连续式机车信号 continuous cab signal; continuous type cab signaling 延续进路 successive route; successive route列车接近通知 train approachannouncement夜间信号 night signal 列车停车标 train stop indicator移动信号 movable signal桥梁遮断信号 bridge obstructionsignal移动信号牌 temporary signal区间信号 section signaling; wayside signaling 移频机车信号 frequency shift cab signal去禁溜线信号 shunting signal to prohibitive humping line 音响信号 acoustic signal; whistle signal容许信号 (机) permissive signal 引导信号 calling-on signal 色灯信号 colour light signal 引导信号机 call-on signal;calling-on signal色灯信号机 colour light signal预告信号 approaching signal 色灯信号机 colour light signal;color-light signal预告信号机 distant signal闪光信号 flashing light signal; flash signal; flashing signal 允许预推信号 permissive prehumping signal事故信号 accident signal 遮断信号 obstruction signal视觉信号 vision signal; visual signal 遮断信号按钮 obstruction signal button手动信号机 manual signal遮断信号机 obstruction signal手信号 hand signal; flag signal遮断预告信号机 approachobstruction signal手信号代用器 substitute apparatus for hand signal 中继信号标志 repeating signal marker双线臂板信号机 double wiresemaphore signal中继信号机 repeating signal 速差制信号 speed signaling 昼间信号 day signal隧道遮断信号 tunnel obstruction signal 昼夜通用信号 signal for day and night探照式色灯信号机 coloursearchlight signal主体信号机 principal signal 特殊信号 accident warning signal注意信号 caution signal铁路信号 ;铁道信号 railwaysignaling自动信号机 automatic signal铁路信号装置 railway signaling equipment 总出站信号机 advance starting signal听觉信号 audible signal 最大限制信号 most restrictivesignal停车定位式信号机 normal stop 最大允许信号 most favorablesignal signal停车信号 stop signal闭塞类相关术语半自动闭塞semi-automatic block; semi-automatic blocksystem半自动闭塞机semi-automatic block machine闭塞blocking; block system闭塞分区block section闭塞机block instrument闭塞手柄blocking lever闭塞线路block line闭塞装置block instrument常用闭塞方式regular block system代用闭塞substitute block system单线闭塞single line block单线继电半自动闭塞single track all-relay semi-automatic block system单向自动闭塞single-directional running automatic block 电话闭塞telephone block system电码自动闭塞automatic block with coded track circuit电气路牌闭塞electric tablet block system电气路签闭塞electric staff system电子闭塞electronic blocking二显示自动闭塞two-aspect automatic block非自动闭塞区段non-automatic block section分割闭塞分区division of block section合并闭塞分区incorporation of block section极频自动闭塞polar frequency coded automatic block;automatic block with polar frequency impulsetrack计轴闭塞axle counter permissive block计轴自动闭塞automatic block with axle counter继电半自动闭塞all-relay semiautomatic block; all-relaysemi-automatic block system交流计数电码自动闭塞automatic block with ac counting code track circuit交流计数自动闭塞ac counting code automatic block解除闭塞block cleared连动闭塞controlled manual block脉冲自动闭塞pulse automatic block; automatic block withimpulse rack circuit区间闭塞section block; section blocked取消闭塞to cancel a block人工闭塞manual block三显示自动闭塞three-aspect automatic block双线继电半自动闭塞double track all-relay semi-automatic block system双向自动闭塞double-direction running automatic block 四显示自动闭塞four-aspect automatic block无线闭塞wireless blocking移动闭塞movable block移频自动闭塞frequency shift modulated automatic block;automatic block with audio frequency shiftmodulation预办闭塞pre-working a block准闭塞法block applied method自动闭塞automatic block; automatic block system自动闭塞区段automatic block section转辙类相关术语保险铁detector bar大功率转辙机heavy duty switch machine单动single导管装置signal pipe line导线调整器wire compensatornormal（reverse）position of switch道岔定位（反位）道岔转辙机pint lever电磁转辙机electro magnetic switch machine电动转辙机electric point machine; electric switchmachineelectric switch controller电动转辙机控制器电空转辙机electro pneumatic point machine; electropneumatic switch machineelectro pneumatic switch controller电空转辙机控制器电液转辙机electro-hydraulic switch machine垫板sole plate动力转辙机power point machine拐肘crank轨距杆gauge tie集中握柄concentrated lever frame尖端杆front rod尖轨动程stroke; throw of switch(美)尖轨接触contact of switch尖轨密贴fixing of switch快速转辙机quick-acting switch machine密贴调整杆switch adjuster双动double脱轨器derail液压转辙机hydraulic switch machine转辙机switch machineswitch machine installation转辙机安装装置转辙机部件switch machine part联锁类相关术语表示锁闭 indication locking 联锁 interlock; interlocking联锁表 interlocking table不限时人工解锁 manualnon-time release错误解锁 false release 联锁机 interlocking machine错误锁闭 false locking 联锁区 interlocking area大站电气集中联锁 relay 联锁设备 interlocking equipmentinterlocking for large station导管装置 pipe installation 联锁图表 interlocking chart andtable联锁装置 interlocking device电机集中联锁 electronicconcentration interlocking电空集中联锁装置漏解锁 missing releaseelectro-pneumaticinterlocking device漏锁闭 missing locking电气集中联锁装置 electricinterlocking device路牌锁闭器 tablet lock电气联锁机 electricmechanical interlockingmachine电气锁闭 electric locking 片面锁闭 facing point lock电锁器 electric lock区段锁闭 section locking人工解锁 manual release电锁器联锁 interlocking withelectric lock; interlocking byelectric locks反位锁闭 reverse locking 人工解锁表示 manual releaseindication非集中联锁 non-centralized interlocking 色灯电锁器联锁装置 colour light interlocking system with electriclock非联锁区 non-interlockingarea失去联锁 loss of interlocking机器集中联锁 mechanicalinterlocking锁闭 lock；locking机械集中联锁装置 mechanicalinterlocking device锁闭杆 locking rod机械联锁机 mechanicalinterlocking machine锁闭力 locking force机械锁闭 mechanical locking 锁闭设备 locking device集中联锁 centralizedinterlocking锁闭系统 locking system继电器式电气集中联锁装置electric relay interlockingdevice条件锁闭 conditional locking 继电器式集中联锁装置 relay 驼峰电气集中联锁 electricinterlocking device interlocking for hump yard接近锁闭 approach locking 微机联锁 microcomputerinterlocking解锁 release 限时人工解锁 manual time release解锁按钮盘 manual release button panel 小站电气集中联锁 relay interlocking for small station解锁进路 released route 信号表示 signal indication 解锁力 releasing force 延时锁闭 time locking进路分段解锁 sectionalrelease of a locked route钥匙锁闭器 key lock进路分段锁闭 sectional routelocking照查手柄 check lever进路解锁 route release 照查锁闭 check locking进路人工解锁 manual route release 转辙锁闭器 interlocking by point detector进路锁闭 route locking 转辙锁闭器 switch-and-lockmechanism进路锁闭表示 route locking 自动限时解锁 automatic timeindication release进路一次解锁 route release atonce继电器类相关术语安全型继电器 safety relay 交流二元二位继电器 AC two element twoposition relay插入式继电器plug-in relay;plug-in type relay交流继电器 AC relay传输继电器 transmitting relay 交直流继电器 AC-DC relay单独操纵继电式电气集individual lever type all-relay interlocking 进路继电式电气集中联 route type all-relay interlocking弹力继电器 spring-type relay 快动继电器 quick-acting relay 电磁继电器electromagneticrelay快吸继电器 quick pick-up relay 电码继电器 code relay 脉冲继电器 impulse relay轨道继电器 track relay 偏极继电器 polar biased relay 缓动继电器 slow-acting relay 热力继电器 thermal relay缓放继电器 slow release relay 时间继电器 ;延时继电器 time relay;time delay relay缓吸继电器 slow pick-up relay 微机-继电式电气集microcomputer-relay interlocking无极继电器 neutral relay继电并联传递网路 successivelyworked parallel relay network继电并联网路 parallel relay信号继电器 indicating relaynetwork信号用继电器 signal relay继电串联网路 series relaynetwork继电器防震架 shock absorber有极继电器 polarized relaybase for relays继电器接点 relay contact 整流继电器 rectifier relay继电器灵敏度 relay sensitivity 正常动作继电器 normal acting relay 继电器室 relay house; relay直流继电器 DC relayroom继电器释放 relay released 重力继电器 gravitation type relay继电器吸起 relay energized 组合继电器 combination relay继电器线圈 relay coil 座式继电器desk type relay;shelf-type relay继电器箱 relay case道口类相关术语道口安全 crossing safety道口防护 crossing protection道口接近区段 approach section of a highway level crossing道口控制器 electronic train detector道口控制器 crossing controller道口栏木 barrier道口栏木 crossing barrier; cross barrier at grade crossing道口栏木锁闭器 barrier lock道口闪光信号 highway level crossing flashing signal道口事故 level crossing accidents道口室外音响器 highway level crossing out door audible device道口通知设备 crossing announcing signal; highway level crossing announcing device 道口信号 crossing signal道口信号机 level crossing signal道口信号机 level crossing signal道口信号控制盘 level crossing signal control panel道口障碍报警装置 obstruction warning device for level crossing道口障碍物检测器 crossing obstructing detector道口遮断信号 level crossing obstruction signal道口自动信号 crossing automatic signal; automatic level crossing signal 列车接近道口表示器 train approach indicator for level crossing列车进行方向表示器 train direction indicator特殊信号发光机 obstruction warning indicator自动栏木 automatic barrier道岔类相关术语岔中绝缘 insulated joint within a turnout 道岔双动机 point lever fro cross over带柄道岔表示器 switch indicator with lever 道岔顺序启动 sequential starting of switches带柄道岔表示器 switch lever 道岔顺序转换 sequentialwith indicator transiting of switches带动道岔 switch with follow up movement 道岔锁闭 switch locking; switch point locking弹簧道岔 spring point; spring switch(美)道岔锁闭表示 switch locked indication道岔 point; switch(美)道岔握柄 switch lever道岔表示 switch indication 道岔中途转换 switch thrown undermoving cars道岔表示器 point indicator; switch indicator(美)道岔转换 switch setting; switch in transition道岔错误表示 false indicationof a switch防护道岔 protective turnout道岔电磁锁闭器 magnetic facing point lock 非集中道岔 locally operated switch道岔电路控制器 switch circuit controller 非联锁道岔 non-interlocked switch道岔定位表示 switch normalindication分路道岔 branching turnout 道岔反位表示 switch reverse 高速道岔 High speed switchindication道岔封锁 switch closed up 集中道岔 centrally operatedswitch道岔减摩器 roller point挤岔 splitting of point tongue;forcing open of the point道岔密贴 switch point closure , Switch close-gap 挤岔报警 alarm for a trailed switch道岔密贴调整 switch adjustment 联锁道岔 interlocked switch 道岔启动 switch starting 爬越道岔 run-over type point道岔区段 section with a switch or switches 脱轨道岔 derailing point; switch point derail(美)道岔人工解锁 manual release ofa locked switch中岔 Middle switch道岔失去表示 loss of indicationof a switch电路类相关术语安全电路 vital circuit焊接式钢轨接续线 welded bond 半自动闭塞联系电路 liaisoncircuit with semi-automatic横向接续线 cross bondblocks报警电路 warning circuit 后接点 back contact闭路式轨道电路 close typetrack circuit后圈 back coil表示电路 indication circuit 后退信号 backing signal并联式轨道电路 multiply connected track circuit 基本联锁电路 fundamental interlocking circuit不对称脉冲轨道电路asymmetrical impulse track circuit 极频轨道电路 polar frequency coded track circuit; polar-frequency pulse track circuit测试电路 testing circuit 极性检查电路 polarity checkingcircuit长轨道电路 long track circuit 极性交叉polar reversal; polartransposition场间联系电路 liaison circuitbetween yards计轴器 axle counter串联式轨道电路 serially connected track circuit 交流轨道电路 ac track circuit; ac track circuit单轨条式轨道电路 single rail 交流计数电码轨道电路 ac countingtrack circuit coded track circuit道岔控制电路 switch controlcircuit接口电路 interface circuit 点灯电路 lighting circuit 接续线 bond电缆敷设 cable laying 解锁电路 release circuit电缆敷设机cable laying machine 进路表示器电路 route indicator circuit电缆接续 cable connecting 进路电路 route selecting circuit 电路分析 circuit analysis 开环轨道电路 open track circuit 电路设计 circuit design 开路式轨道电路 open type trackcircuit电码轨道电路coded trackcircuit励磁电路 energizing circuit调频轨道电路 frequency modulated track circuit 连续式轨道电路 continuous track circuit调整状态 normal state 联系电路 liaison circuit叠加轨道电路 overlap trackcircuit脉冲轨道电路 pulse track circuit断轨防护broken rail protection 灭火花电路 spark extinguishing circuit发车表示器电路 departureindicator circuit旁通接续线 by-pass bond阀式轨道电路 value-type track circuit; valve type track circuit 区间联系电路 liaison circuit with block signalling方向电路 directional circuit 塞钉式钢轨接续线 plug bond非安全电路 non-vital circuit 双轨条轨道电路 double-rail trackcircuit分倍频轨道电路divided-and-doubled frequencytrack circuit死区段 dead section分路灵敏度 shunting sensitivity 送受分开电路 sending and receiving separated circuit分路效应 shunting effect 锁闭电路 locking circuit钢轨导接线 ;钢轨接续线 railbond跳线 jumper bond钢轨绝缘 rail insulation 通过按钮电路 through button circuit钢轨绝缘不良 bad rail insulation 无绝缘轨道电路jointless track circuit钢轨引接线 track lead 无绝缘节轨道电路non-insulatedtrack circuit钢轨阻抗 rail impedance 下坡道防护电路 protection circuitfor approaching heavy down grad轨道变阻器 track rheostat 限流设备 track current limitingdevice轨道传感器 track sensor 相敏轨道电路 phase detecting trackcircuit轨道电抗器 track reactor信号电路 signal circuit轨道电路 track circuit 信号接续线 signal bond轨道电路测试track circuittesting信号控制电路 signal control circuit轨道电路电码化 coding of continuous track circuit 移频轨道电路 frequency shift track circuit; frequency-shift modulated track circuit轨道电路调整状态 regulated state of a track circuit 音频轨道电路 audio frequency track circuit轨道电路分割 cut-section of a track circuit 有绝缘节轨道电路 insulated track circuit轨道电路分路状态 shunted state of a track circuit 站间联系电路 liaison circuit between stations轨道电路区段track circuitdistrict直流轨道电路 DC track circuit轨道电路蓄电现象 track storageeffect重叠轨道电路 overlay track circuit 轨道电阻器 track resistor自闭电路 self-stick circuit轨道接触器 track treadle 自动闭塞联系电路 liaison circuitwith automatic blocks轨道绝缘; 绝缘节rail insulation; insulation section 自动通过按钮电路 automatically through button circuit轨道生电现象 track galvanic effect 相敏轨道电路 phase detecting track circuit轨道占用 track occupied 红光带 Red-light strap 轨间绝缘 crack gaugeinsulation驼峰类相关术语半自动化驼峰系统 semi-automatic hump yard system 驼峰机车遥控 remote control of hump engines非机械化驼峰设备 unmechanical hump yard equipment 驼峰机械修理室 hump mechanics repair room机械化驼峰设备 mechanized hump yard equipment 驼峰溜放控制系统 humping control system驼峰电气集中 electricinterlocking for hump yard驼峰信号机 hump signal驼峰复示信号机 humping signal repeater自动化驼峰系统 automatic hump yard system控制类相关术语测速装置 speedometer 列车速度自动监督 automatic trainspeed supervision超速防护train over-speed protection 列车位置表示train location indication; train position indication超速防护系统 Automatic Train Protection system 列车运行监测train running monitoring车次表示 train number display; 列车运行控制仿真系统 Trainoperation control simulationtrain number indication system车次自动表示 ;车次自动显示automatic train number display 列车运行控制系统 train operation control system车辆抄号设备wagon number checking equipment 列车自动保护系统 Automatic Train Protection (ATP)车辆识别装置vehicle identifier 列车自动调速 automatic train speed regulation车门自动控制 automatic train door control 列车自动防护automatic train protection车站控制 station master control 列车自动防护系统 automatic train protection system车站列车控制中心 Station Train Control Center 列车自动监控系统 Automatic Train Supervision(ATS)点控制 intermittent control列车自动减速automatic traindeceleration点式查询应答器 intermittent inquiry balise 列车自动控制 Automatic Train Control (ATC)点式自动停车intermittent type automatic train stop 列车自动控制系统 automatic train control system调度集中 controlled traffic control device（CTC）列车自动控制装置 automatic train control device调度集中分机 field equipment of CTC 列车自动限速 automatic train speed restriction调度集中装置centralized traffic control installation 列车自动运行automatic train operation调度集中总机 control office equipment of CTC 列车自动运行系统 Automatic Train Operation (ATO)调度监督dispatcherssupervision; dispatcherssupervision system列调作业 Train shunting work调度监督设备dispatcherssupervision equipment列控系统 train control system调度控制 dispatchers control 溜放进路自动控制 automaticswitching control of humping yardby rou分散自律 Decentralized and Autonomous 溜放速度自动控制 automatic rolling down speed control分散自律调度集中系统Decentralized and autonomous目标打靶控制 target shootingCTC system跟踪系统 tracing system 区段遥控 remote control for asection枢纽遥控 remote control of a junction terminal 计算机辅助调度 computer-aideddispatching计算机联锁 Computerinterlocking双接近区 double-approach-section 监控装置 supervisory controldevice双重控制 dual control 监视系统 monitor system;supervision system铁路应急通信系统 Railway emergency communication 监视装置 monitor device推峰速度自动控制 automatic control for humping speed 进路控制 route control微机监测 microcomputer monitor 进路控制装置 routing controlequipment卫星定位 satellite localization 局部控制 local control卫星监测 satellite monitoring 局部控制盘 local control panel无绝缘移频自动闭塞系统automatic block system withjointless shift frequency控制点 controlling point 无线维修终端 Mobile maintenanceterminal (MMT)控制对象 controlled object 行车指挥自动化 running commandautomation; automation of trafficcontrol控制盘 control panel 遥控 remote control控制台 Console遥控区段 remotely controlledsection控制台单元 control desk element 遥控装置 remote control device （RC）控制台室 control room 遥信区段 remotely surveillancesection控制中心 control center 遥信装置remote-signalequipment控制周期 control cycle 远程监督分区 relayedsurveillance subsection连续控制 continuous control远程网路 relayed surveillancenetwork列车报警系统 train alarmsystem中心控制 centralized control列车超速防护 Automatic Train Protection 自动停车装置 automatic train stop device（ATS）列车调度指挥系统 Train Dispatching Command System (TDCS)自动限速装置 automatic train control device（ATC）列车监控与追踪 TrainMonitoring and Tracking自律机 Autonomous machine调车类相关术语调车表示器 shunting indicator 非进路调车 to hold route forshunting调车表示器电路 shunting indicator circuit 非进路调车电路 circuit to hold a route for shunting调车区电气集中联锁 interlockingfor shunting area减速器 car retarder调车线始端减速器 tangent retarder 溜放调车表示器 kick offshunting indicator调车信号机 shunting signal 双面调车信号机 signal forshunting forward and backward 电源类相关术语备用电源stand-by power supply; stand-by power source 混合供电制 ac-battery power supply system变压器箱 transformer box 集中电源 centrally connectedpower source表示灯电源 power source for indication lamp 集中供电 centrally connected power supply不间断电源uninterrupted supply 继电器控制电源 power source for relay control充电 battery charging 交流电源屏 ac power supply panel道岔表示电源 power source for switch indication 交流供电制 AC power supply system道岔动作电源 power source for switch operation 局部电源 locally supplied power source道岔控制电源 power source for switch control 局部控制电路 local control circuit电池 battery; cell 摩擦电流 frictional workingcurrent电压过低 voltage below level 闪光电源 flashing power source电压自动调整器 automaticvoltage regulator太阳能电池 solar cell电源端子 terminals for powersupplies太阳能电源 solar power supply电源屏 power supply panel 条件电源 conditional powersource电源识别标志 power source marker 条件电源屏 conditional power supply panel电源室 power supply room ;power supply room停电 power failure电源转换屏 power switchingover panel线路变压器 line transformer电源转接屏 power switch board 信号灯变压器 signal lamptransformer扼流变压器 impedancetransformer信号电源 signal power supply方向电源 directional traffic power source 信号高压配电线路 high voltage distribution line for signalling防护变压器 protective transformer 信号机点灯电源 signal lighting power source浮充供电 floating charge power supply 蓄电池供电 storage battery power supply干线供电 main linely connectedpower supply蓄电池室 battery room工作电流 working current 整流器一次电池供电 primary cellpower supply供电 rectifier power supply 直流电源屏 DC power supply panel轨道变压器箱 track transformer box 直流供电制 DC power supply system轨道受电变压器 track relaytransformer主电源 main power source轨道送电变压器 track transformer feed end 自动调压 automatic voltage regulation轨道信号灯变压器 track and signal lamp transformer 综合防雷 Synthetic lightning protection混合电源 ac-battery powersource其它安全接点 safety contact 近程网路 directly surveillancenetwork按钮 push-in button 进路表 route sheet按钮表示 button indication 进路表示器 route indicator保护区段 overlap protection block section 进路操纵作业 semi-automatic operation by route被控点 controlled point 进路储存器 route storagingdevices臂板接触器 contacts operated进路存储器 route storageby semaphore警惕按钮 acknowledgment button 臂板转极器 pole changeroperated by semaphore编组站 marshalling Yard警惕手柄 acknowledgment lever静态长度 car space编组站测长yarddistance-to-couplingmeasurement绝缘不良 bad insulation编组站测速yard speedmeasurement开通 put into operation编组站测重yard weightsensing可调拐肘 adjustable crank编组站测阻 yard rollabilitymeasurement空气压缩机室 air compressor room 编组站自动化automation ofmarshalling station标志 indicator; marker拉钮 pull-out button标准分路灵敏度 standard雷达测速器 radar speedometer shunting sensitivity表示 indication 雷电干扰 lightning interference 表示灯 indication lamp 离去表示 departure indication表示对象 indicated object 离去区段 departure section表示杆 indication rod 连接杆 pipe link表示连接杆 connecting rod forindication联锁图表 interlocking table表示盘 indicating panel 两点检查 released by checking twosections表示器 indicator 列车时刻表 train timetable表示周期 indication cycle 邻线干扰 interference fromneighboring line并置信号点 double signal location 零层端子 terminals of layer 0 of a relay rack材质不良 bad material 溜放速度 free rolling speed操纵台 operating console 路牌 tablet测长 distance-to-couplingmeasurement路牌携带器 tablet pouch测试 test 路牌自动授收机 automatic tabletexchanger测试环线 test loop 路签 train staff ; staff测速 speed measurement 路签携带器 staff pouch测重 weight sensing 路签自动授收机 automatic staffexchanger测阻 rollability measurement 乱显示 false indication插接不良 plug-in trouble 轮修 alternative maintenance 车挡表示器 car stop marker密贴调整杆 adjustable switchoperating rod车档表示器 buffer stopindicator摩擦联结器 frictional clutch车辆存在监测器 presence monitor 目的制动objective breaking; target braking车辆缓行器wagon retarder; wagon retarder 内燃牵引干扰diesel traction interference车辆加减速器caraccelerator/retarder排列进路 route setting车辆加速器 car accelerator 票据传送设备 classification listconveyer system车辆减速器 car retarder破封 break a seal车辆停车标 car stop indicator牵引小车 pushing trolley车轮传感器 wheel detector 牵纵拐肘 escapement crank储风罐 air reservoir 前接点 front contact储酸室 acid store room 前圈 front coil传动系统 driving system 强电干扰 high voltageinterference磁路系统 magnetic circuit 桥梁通知设备 bridgeannounciating device错溜 misroute 切断音响按钮 button for cut-offan audible signal错误办理 wrong handling 侵入限界绝缘 insulated jointlocated within the clearance limit 错误表示 wrong indication 区段占用表示 section occupancyindication单独操纵作业 manual operation 区间 section单断 single break 区间封锁 section closed up单频感应器 single frequencyinductor区间空闲 section cleared导管调整器 pipe compensator 区间占用 block occupancy; sectionoccupied导线导轮wire carrier 区间占用位置检测 locationdetecting of occupied section导线调整器 wire compensator 取消进路 to cancel a route导线反正扣 wire-adjustingscrew人工分路 manual shunt导线立轮 vertical wheel 人为故障 human failure导线平轮horizontal wheel 熔断器断丝 fuse burn-out导线平轮组horizontal wheelassembly熔断器断丝报警 fuse break alarm 导线装置 wire installation 冗余结构 redundant structure导向安全 failure to the safe side 三点检查 released by checking three sections道渣电阻 ballast resistance 设备停用 equipment out-of use 灯光转移 to transfer of 施工妨碍 constructionlighting indication interference灯丝断丝 filament burn-out 识别标志 marker light灯丝断丝报 alarm for burnoutof filaments事故照明 emergency lighting 灯丝转换 filament transfer 释放时间 drop away time地面感应器wayside inductor 释放值 release value地面设备 wayside equipment 手柄 handle地中电缆盒 underground cable terminal box 手动调压 manual voltage regulation第二接近区段 second approachsection受电端 receiving end第二离去区段 second departure section 枢纽遥控 remote control of a junction terminal第一接近区段 first approachsection双断 double break第一离去区段 first departure section 双频感应器 double frequency inductor电动传送设备 electric motor 水分离器 water separatoroperated conveyer电空传送设备electro-pneumatic conveyer水鹤表示器 water crane indicator电气路牌机 electric tablet instrument 顺向重叠进路 route with overlapped section in the same direction电气路签机 electric staffinstrument瞬时分路 instantaneous shunt定点停车 stopping a train at a target point 瞬时分路不良 instantaneous loss of shunting定期维修 periodical maintenance 四点检查 released by checking four sections定位接点 normal contact 送电端 feed end动程 stroke 隧道通知设备 tunnelannounciating device动接点 contact heel 跳线 jumper动态长度 distance-to-go 铁路局 Railroad Administration 动作杆 throw rod 铁路运营 railway operation。

DATASHEET Cadence® Assura® Layout vs. Schematic (LVS) Verifier is partof the design verification suite of tools within the Virtuoso®custom design platform. Assura LVS ensures that the layoutconnectivity of the physical design matches the logical designrepresented by the schematic or netlist before tapeout. Byautomatically extracting devices and nets formed across layouthierarchy and comparing them to the schematic netlist, AssuraLVS provides fast, efficient verification in both interactive andbatch mode.the virtuoso customdesign platformWhen design objectives dictate manipulat-ing precise analog quantities—voltages,currents, charges, and continuous ratiosof parameter values such as resistance andcapacitance—companies turn to customdesign. Full-custom design maximizesperformance while minimizing area andpower. However, it requires significanthandcrafting by a select set of engineerswith very high skill levels. In addition,custom analog circuits are more sensitiveto physical effects, which are exacerbatedat new, nanometer process nodes.The Virtuoso custom design platformaccelerates the design of custom ICsacross various process nodes. By selec-tively automating aspects of customanalog design and providing advancedtechnologies integrated on a commondatabase, it allows engineers to focuson precision crafting their designs—without sacrificing creativity to repetitive manual tasks.Figure 1: All components of the Virtuoso platform work together to support fast, silicon-accurate differentiated custom siliconG7AP E R F O R M A N CE P A RA S I T IC SA R E AP O W E ROpen DatabaseConstraintManagement PDKsCustomer IPMulti-Mode SimulationSilicon AnalysisChip FinishingMfgDesign SpecificationAccelerated Layoutassura lvsAs part of the Virtuoso custom design platform, Assura LVS enables design teams to check, identify, and correct lay-out connectivity and physical and logical mismatch errors to achieve design sign-off before tapeout. With a GUI-guided debugging environment and hierarchical processing techniques, Assura LVS reduces the overall verification cycle time, espe-cially for designs with high complexity and many levels of layout hierarchy. Assura LVS, along with Assura DRC and Assura RCX, provides the best choice for doing fast and accurate silicon analysis of your custom designs.Benefits•Simplifies design process with a com-mon database for data transfer within the Virtuoso custom design platform •Accelerates design-to-volume with pro-duction-proven interactive LVS debugger •Reduces re-spins by eliminating connec-tivity and mismatch errors before tape-out •Ensures success in analog mixed-signal design with support of mixed netlist and special devicesfeaturesgui-guided lvs deBug environmentAssura LVS offers a GUI debug environ-ment that guides you through the debug-ging process and helps resolve LVS errors. once the LVS run is complete, you can choose to open the LVS debug tools, suchas the short locator and rewire functions, from the pop-up window to examine and correct the errors (see Figure 2).The guided-debugging process starts when the “yes” button is pushed. Figure 3 shows the extraction errors, such as shorts, that need to be fixed. With the GUI-guided LVS debugger, you can easily locate the shorts and correct the error.The rewire function (see Figure 4) is similar to that of Diva® verification. It helps you understand which changes are necessary to correct mistakes and tells you exactly howto fix the design. This unique approach willsignificantly reduce your total LVS debug-ging and overall verification runtime.support of miXed-signaldesignsAssura LVS has the ability to recognizestandard and special devices (n-terminaldevices, drawn inductors, multi-emitter/collector bipolar transistors, STI, Roms,etc.), making it an excellent choice formixed-signal designs. All devices extractedby Assura LVS are automatically netlistedand passed onto Assura RCX to avoid “dou-ble-counting” during parasitic extraction.Assura LVS also has the capability to addressmixed-signal designs that need to combineschematics from CDL, SPICE, and Verilog®languages.interactive and BatchverificationAssura LVS can perform layout vs.schematic verification in both interactiveand batch mode. The ability to perform Figure 3: GUI-guided LVS debug environment helps locate and fix shorts inthe layout easilyFigure 2: GUI-guided LVS debug environment shows the compare and extraction errors after the LVS run is complete Figure 4: The rewire function in the GUI-guided LVS debug environment advise how to fix rewire errors ASSURA LAyoUT VS. SCHEmATIC VERIFIERphysical verification interactively within the Virtuoso custom design platform is especially important for design teams to hand-craft their full custom ICs in orderto maximize silicon performance and yield. The Assura LVS interactive use model including schematic to layout cross-probing is very similar to that of Diva verification. Batch verification is available for designers who prefer to script their verification process. only a single LVS file is needed for both interactive and batch verification. hierarchical processingAssura LVS uses hierarchical processing techniques to perform layout vs. sche-matic verification, resulting in higher per-formance and capacity. Designs that utilize various levels of layout hierarchy, such as memory, can be efficiently checked with the hierarchical processing techniques. LVS errors reported hierarchically help users locate them quickly and solve the problem at the root cause as errors in the same hierarchy only have to be corrected once. unified environmentAssura LVS is an integral part of the Virtuoso custom design platform and every release of Assura LVS is flow tested within the platform methodology. The unified environment makes it easy for users to design custom ICs starting from physical layout design to physical verifica-tion to parasitic extractions to simulation and analysis before tapeout, leading to increased design productivity, chip perfor-mance, and silicon yield.master KeYThe master key is a feature of the Cadence customer-focused adoption program with Assura physical verification, aiding customers during the transition of Divaor Dracula® products to Assura verifica-tion. The master key enables you to con-vert existing Diva or Dracula licenses to Assura licenses such that Assura licenses can be used to run Diva and Dracula tools during the transition. Please check with your Cadence sales representative for more detail of the master key.specificationsdevice eXtraction andnetlist support•Drawn (spiral & center-tap) inductorparameters•CmoS, bipolar, diodes, n-terminaldevices, Roms, etc.•STI effects (SA/SB parameters)•Expanded CDL syntax and mixed netlist(schematic, CDL, Verilog)comprehensive gui-guided lvsdeBugging tools•Extraction errors–Short locator–open locator–malformed device tool•Comparison errors–Nets mismatch–Devices mismatch tool–Pins mismatch tool–Parameters mismatch tool–Rewire tool•Hypertext netlist form displays theschematic netlist that corresponds toyour layout and allows hierarchicalcross-probing for blocks, cells, devices,nets, and pins directly from thedisplayed schematic netlist•Net and device probing for locatingmatched and unmatched nets andconnected devices in the layout orschematic window•Command interpreter window (CIW)logs user’s actions for future useperformance and capacitY•Patented hierarchical algorithms (cellrepetition analysis, auto-adaptive par-titioning, and auto-array recognition)process large volumes of data•multiprocessor support for reductionin runtime (uses both rules-based anddata-based parallelism to optimizeruntimes automatically)•Restart function for interrupted jobssaves precious CPU time•Support 32-bit on all platforms and64-bit on selected platformseasY-to-use gui•Tightly integrated with Virtuoso LayoutEditor and Virtuoso Analog DesignEnvironment•Hierarchical error reporting andcross-probing•Access layout data in edit or read-onlymodes within Virtuoso Layout Editor•Fast error correction using edit-in-placeor descend modes within VirtuosoLayout Editor•Show errors by rule type or by layout cell•Hierarchical cross-probing for blocks,cells, devices, nets, and pins•Immediate error and warning messagesduring interactive sessions via commandinterpreter window (CIW)•Remote job submission/LSF support•User-configurable commands allowflexible comparison of non-standardparameters•Easy, programmable rule syntax extendsAssura’s capabilities during rule filecreation, device extraction and netlistcomparison operationsASSURA LAyoUT VS. SCHEmATIC VERIFIERcadence design systems, inc.2655 seely avenue san Jose, ca 95134p:+1.800.746.6223 (within US) +1.408.943.1234 (outside US)design inputs• Cadence CDBA database (DFII) (layout and schematics)• openAccess database• GDSII layout data (single or multiple GDSII files)• SPICE/CDL netlists • Verilog netlists• Diva, Vampire, or Assura rulesdesign outputs• Cadence CDBA database (DFII) (layout and schematics)• openAccess database• GDSII layout data (single or multiple GDSII files)• SPICE/CDL netlists• Graphical error markers and textual reports for debugging purposesplatform/os• Sun/Solaris • HP-UX • IBm AIX • Linux (Red Hat)cadence services and support• Customer-focused solutions thatincrease RoI, reduce risk, and achieve your design goals faster – Collaborative approach and design infrastructure—virtual teaming– Proven methodology and flow tuned to your design environment– Design and EDA implementation expertise • Product and flow training to fit your needs and preferred learning style – over 80 instructor-led courses—certi-fied instructors, real-world experience – more than 25 Internet Learning Series (iLS) online courses • Cadence customer support that keeps your design team productive – Cadence applications engineers pro-vide technical assistance– SourceLink ® online support gives you access to software updates, technical documentation, and more—24 hours a day, 7 days a weekcadence pdK and foundrY supportAssura LVS rule files are fully qualified for use with the Cadence process design kits (PDKs), which can be obtained for free from the merchant foundries. These kits are developed and tested by Cadence and supplied to the foundries to support your success in designing chips with particular foundry processes. Please check your mer-chant foundry web site for the availability of PDK and Assura LVS rule files.© 2007 cadence design systems, inc. all rights reserved. cadence, assura, diva, dracula, sourcelink, verilog, and virtuoso are registered trademarks and the cadence logo is a trademarks of cadence design systems, inc. all others are properties of their respective holders.7096B 0207/mK/nm/Ja/pdfFor more informationEmail us at or log on to。

每当有机会面试或者谈论技术的时候, 总要遇到各种笔试或面谈问题. 这里收集整理一下,简单的, 复杂的都有. 逐条列举出来, 以备参考.1.请写出下列英文缩写的全称. DRC, LVS, ERC, EM, P&R.(源自某日资公司的笔试题目)DRC: Design Rule CheckLVS: Layout Versus SchematicERC: Electrical Rule CheckEM: Electro migrationP&R: Placing & Routing2.请描述什么是天线效应及怎样防止?原理: 芯片生产中,连接到gate的金属或多晶硅像天线一样, 会收集电荷, 大量电荷形成的高电压会击穿gate oxide. 从而导致器件永久失效.防止方法:1.通过向上跳线的方法减小单层金属的长度. 顶层金属则不适用.2.加反偏二极管. 通过给直接连接到栅的存在天线效应的金属层接上反偏二极管，形成一个电荷泄放回路，累积电荷就对栅氧构不成威胁，从而消除了天线效应。

当金属层位置有足够空间时，可直接加上二极管，若遇到布线阻碍或金属层位于禁止区域时，就需要通过通孔将金属线延伸到附近有足够空间的地方，插入二极管。

3.对于上述方法都不能消除的长走线上的PAE，可通过插入缓冲器，切断长线来消除天线效应。

3. 请描述什么是EM, 及怎样防止?EM, 当器件工作时, 金属线上有电流通过,金属离子在电场作用下会沿导体产生质量运输, 从而导致金属线某些部位产生空洞或小丘, 这就是电迁移现象. 工艺尺寸越来越小,EM 成为失效因素变得很重要了.防止方法: 1.加宽金属线. 2. 做bus routing, 分散电流. 3. 避免相邻导体之间直流电位差过高. 因为电位差过高, 会产生较大的电场,从而使得带电粒子分布过于集中.4. 请描述什么是latch-up, 及怎样防止. Latch –up 原理及cross section.有两种方式可以触发CMOS闩锁. 如果NMOS晶体管M1 的源极被拉到低于地电位, 它将向衬底注入少子(电子), 开启寄生管Q N, 然后该晶体管将开启Q P. 或者, PMOS管M2的源极可能被拉到高于N阱电位, 它将向阱注入少子(空穴)并开启寄生管Q P, 该晶体管然后开启Q N.(个人理解: 衬底电流和寄生的衬底电阻很关键. 由于P阱或N阱寄生出电阻, 衬底上一定的电流导致基极与发射极出现电势差V be, 这样一个寄生管开启, 并很快导致另一个寄生管开启, 电流在VDD到VSS之间的正反馈回路中不断放大,最终完全short VDD and VSS)某些作者通过把涉及到的4个区(PMOS源区,PMOS的N阱区, NMOS P阱区, NMOS源区)比作称为可控硅整流器(SCT) 的四层PNPN器件来解释CMOS闩锁效应. 在电学方面, SCR与图4.22(B) 所示的耦合双极型晶体管等效. 因此, CMOS闩锁效应的SCR模型与这里介绍的双极型在本质上是相同的.●怎样从layout的角度来防止Latch-up呢?通过原理图可以看出, 我们只要使寄生出的SCR结构性能越弱越好.a. 多增加衬底欧姆接触, 从而减小衬底电阻, latch-up则不容易触发.b. 加double guard ring, guard ring 可以复合掉注入衬底的大部分少子, 寄生管不容易开启. 原则上guard ring 越宽越好, 若是仅仅minimum ring, 少子可能还来不及被复合就注入到衬底去了.c. IO, Power MOS 或有大电流的MOS, 要距离其他有源器件足够的距离.比如ESD NMOS的pwell到内部pmos的P+ 30um以上. Power PMOS的N well到内部NMOS的N+ 30um以上.5. 请画出高压MOS的剖面图, LDMOS的剖面图, Power MOS的版图草图.首先看看耐高压的LDMOS, MagnaChip 0.18um 6v/8v/12v/…/80v BCD technology.N-LDMOS, 不同电压,会用相应的mark layer, 同一个chip只能一个高压值.DTI DTIN-LDMOSFull isolation nLDMOSP-LDMOS,6. 版图中的匹配方法有哪些? MOS 的匹配, 电阻的匹配, bjt 的匹配.7. 请计算下图中A 到B 的电阻值.8. Bandgap 的原理, Bandgap reference 的注意事项. 大概需要多久时间画完?9. 请描绘你最近一个项目的顶层布局图. 有哪些特别之处.P-LDMOS10. 请描绘一下一个项目从开始到结束的过程. 大约花多少人力和时间.11. 常用的ESD结构, 对ESD有什么认识?12. ESD方面, layout 需要注意哪些方面?Position overviewIn this position, you will be responsible for supporting product design and development through the development and preparation of multidimensional mixed-signal layouts of semiconductor ICs from schematics and related instructions provided by design engineering. The primary products will be completed using the Cadence software suite. IC blocks are analog/digital mixed-signal but contain significant analog and power content. The position will require knowledge of the entire design flow including front-end design and back-end verification including back-annotation. It requires active participation in project planning including schedule development and progress tracking. Lastly, the majority of your workday will be in front of a computer, though reasonable ergonomic needs will be accommodated.Job requirementsMinimum requirements are:? Major in Microelectronics or equivalent with 5-10 years of direct experience. BSEE is a plus.? Demonstrated ability to interpret mixed-signal IC schematics, specifications, guidelines, or manuals. Basic knowledge of fundamental analog circuitry such as bandgap regulators, current mirrors, op amps, and comparators is required.? Working knowledge of Cadence Virtuoso XL, Assura, and Skill scripting. You will be involved with front-end (design) and back-end (verification, back-annotation) activities.? Extensive experience with analog, mixed-signal, and digital logic design flows including auto place and route.? Knowledge of top-level floor planning techniques and appropriate placement of power, analog, and digital circuitry as well as metal power busses and ESD structures.? Ability to independently lead mask design projects and support project management efforts.? Ability to communicate with peers or engineers, in English, to resolve layout related problems including tool issues.? Desire to support and contribute to continual design flow improvement.。

信号与系统常用词汇中英文对照表序号英文词汇中文翻译1 Absolutely summable impulse response 绝对可与的冲激响应2 Absolutely integrable impulse response 绝对积的冲激响应3 Accumulation property 累加性质4 Adder 加法器5 Additivity 可加性6 Aliasing 混叠7 Allpass system 全通系统8 Amplitude Modulation(AM）幅度调制9 Amplifier 放大器10 Analog-to-Digital Conversion 模数转换11 Analysis equation 分析方程12 Aperiodic signal 非周期性信号13 Associative property 结合性质14 Audio system 音频系统15 Autocorrelation function 自相关函数16 Band-limited signal 带限信号17 Band—limited interpolation 带限内插18 Bandpass filter 带通滤波器19 Bandpass-sampling technique 带通抽样方法20 Bandpass signal 带通信号21 Bandwidth of an LTI system 线性时不变系统的带宽22 Bilinear transformation 双线性变换23 Block diagram 方框图24 Bode plot 波特图25 Butterworth filter 巴特沃斯滤波器26 Carrier frequency 载波频率27 Carrier signal 载波信号28 Cartesian (rectangular）form for complex number 复数的笛卡尔（直角坐标）形式29 Cascade—form block diagram 级联型方框图30 Cascade (series) interconnection 级联连接31 Causal LTI system 因果的线性时不变系统32 Channel equalization 信道均衡33 ”””Chirp”" transform algorithm"线性调频变换算法34 Closed-loop system 闭环系统35 Coefficient multiplier 系数乘法器36 Communication system 通信系统37 Commutative property 交换性质38 Complex conjugate 复共轭39 Complex exponential 复指数40 Complex number 复数41 Continuous-time signal 连续时间信号42 Conjugate symmetry 共轭对称性43 Conjugation property 共轭性质44 Continuous—time Fourier series 连续时间傅里叶级数45 Continuous—time Fourier transform 连续时间傅里叶变换46 Continuous—time system 连续时间系统47 Convolution integral 卷积积分48 Convolution sum 卷积与49 Correlation function 相关函数50 Cross-correlation function 互相关函数51 Cutoff frequency 截止频率52 Digital signal 数字信号53 Demodulation 解调54 Discrete-time 离散时间55 Discrete—time Fourier series 离散傅里叶级数56 Distributive property 分配性质57 Damped sinusoid 阻尼正弦波58 Damping ratio 阻尼比59 DC offset 直流偏置60 Decibel (dB) 分贝61 Delay 延迟62 Delay time 延时63 Difference 差分64 Discrete—time Fourier series 离散时间傅里叶级数65 Discrete—time Fourier transform 离散时间傅里叶变换66 Differential equation 微分方程67 Differentiation 微分68 Digital-to-Analog converter 数模转换器69 Direct FormⅠrealization 直接Ⅰ型实现70 Direct FormⅡrealization 直接Ⅱ型实现71 Dirichlet conditions 狄里赫利条件72 Discontinuity 不连续73 Discrete—time Modulation 离散时间调制74 Discrete-time signal 离散时间信号75 Decimation 抽取76 Discrete—time system 离散时间系统77 Distortion 失真78 Distributive property 分配性质79 Double—sideband modulation 双边带调制80 Downsampling 降率抽样81 Duality 对偶性82 Eigenfunction 特征函数83 Eigenvalue 特征值84 Elliptic filter 椭圆滤波器85 Energy-density spectrum 能量密度谱86 Envelope 包络线87 Equalization 均衡88 Euler’s relation欧拉关系89 Exponential 指数函数90 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT）快速傅里叶变换91 Feedback 反馈92 Feedback interconnection 反馈互联93 Filter 滤波器94 Finite Impulse Response (FIR) 有限冲激响应95 Forward path 前向通路96 Frequency—selective 频率选择97 Frequency-shaping 频率整形98 Final—value theorem 终值定理99 Finite-duration signal 有限持续时间信号，100 First harmonic component 一次谐波分量101 First-order continuous—time system 一阶连续时间系统102 First—order discrete-time system 一阶离散时间系统103 Forced response 强迫响应104 Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM）频分复用105 Frequency response 频率响应106 Frequency scaling 频率尺度变换107 Frequency shifting property 频移性质108 Fundamental frequency 基本频率109 Fundamental period 基本周期110 Gain 增益111 General complex exponential 普通的复指数函数112 Generalized function 广义函数113 Gibbs phenomenon 吉布斯现象114 Group delay 群延时115 Hanning window 汉宁窗116 Harmonic analyzer 谐波分析器117 Harmonic component 谐波分量118 Highpass filter 高通滤波器119 Hilbert transform 希尔伯特变换120 Ideal frequency-selective filter 理想频率选择滤波器121 Image processing 图像处理122 Imaginary part 虚部123 Impulse response 冲激响应124 Impulse train 冲激串125 Impulse—train sampling 冲激串抽样126 Incrementally linear system 增量线性系统127 Independent variable 独立变量，自变量128 Infinite Impulse Response (IIR）无限冲激响应129 Initial—value theorem 初值定理130 Instantaneous frequency 瞬时频率131 Integral 积分132 Integration property 积分性质133 Integrator 积分器134 Interconnection 互联135 Linear Time Invariant (LTI) system 线性时不变系统136 Interpolation 内插137 Inverse Fourier transform 逆傅里叶变换138 Inverse Laplace transform 逆拉普拉斯变换139 Inverse system 逆系统140 Inverse z—transform 逆z变换141 Laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换142 Left-half plane 左半平面143 Left—sided signal 左边信号144 Linear constant-coefficient differential equation 线性常系数微分方程145 Linear constant-coefficient difference equation 线性常系数差分方程146 Finite Impulse Response (FIR) 有限冲激响应147 Linear feedback system 线性反馈系统148 Linear interpolation 线性内插149 Linearity 线性150 Lowpass filter 低通滤波器151 Lowpass-to—highpass transformation 低通到高通的转换152 Magnitude of complex number 复数的幅值153 Matched filter 匹配滤波器154 Memoryless system 无记忆系统155 Modulating signal 调制信号156 Modulation 调制157 Modulation index 调制指数158 Modulation property 调制性质159 Multiplexing 多路复用160 Multiplication 乘法161 Natural frequency 自然频率162 Natural response 自然响应163 Negative feedback 负反馈164 Network 网络165 Noncausal system 非因果系统166 Nonideal filter 非理想滤波器167 Nonrecursive filter 非递归滤波器168 Normalized function 归一化函数169 Nyquist frequency 奈奎斯特频率170 Nyquist rate 奈奎斯特速率171 Operational amplifier 运算放大器172 Orthogonal function 正交函数173 Orthogonal signal 正交信号174 Oversampling 过抽样175 Parallel interconnection 并联连接176 Parseval’s relation帕塞瓦尔关系177 Partial-fraction expansion 部分分式展开178 Passband frequency 通带频率179 Passband ripple 通带纹波180 Periodic complex exponential 周期性复指数181 Periodic convolution 周期卷积182 Periodic signal 周期信号183 Power 功率184 Periodic square wave 周期性方波185 Periodic train of impulses 周期性冲激串186 Phase lag 相位滞后187 Phase lead 相位超前188 Phase modulation 相位调制189 Phase shift 相移190 Polar form for complex number 复数的极坐标形式191 Pole 极点192 Pole-zero plot 零极点图193 Power of signal 信号的功率194 Power-series expansion method 幂级数展开法195 Principal—phase function 主值相位函数196 Proportional feedback system 比例反馈系统197 Real part 实部198 Rectangular pulse 矩形脉冲199 Rectangular window 矩形窗200 Recursive filter 递归滤波器201 Region of Convergence (ROC) 收敛域202 Rational function 有理函数203 Right-sided signal 右边信号204 Right-sided sequence 右边序列205 Right—half plane 右半平面206 Rise time 上升时间207 Root—locus analysis 根轨迹分析法208 Running sum 流动与209 Sampled—data feedback system 抽样数据反馈系统210 Sampling frequency 抽样频率211 Sampling function 抽样函数212 Sampling period 抽样周期213 Sampling theorem 抽样定理214 Scaling （homogeneity) property 比例(齐次）性215 Scaling in the z-domain Z域尺度变换216 Second harmonic component 二次谐波分量217 Second-order system 二阶连续时间系统218 Series （cascade）interconnection 串联（级联）连接219 Sifting property 筛选性质220 shifting property in the s—domain s域移位性质221 Single—sideband sinusoidal amplitude modulation 单边带正弦幅度调制222 Singularity function 奇异函数223 Synchronous 同步的224 Sinusoidal frequency modulation 正弦频率调制225 Sinusoidal signal 正弦信号226 Sliding 滑动227 Square wave 方波228 Step-invariant transformation阶跃响应不变变换法229 Step response 阶跃响应230 Stopband edge 阻带边缘231 Stopband frequency 阻带频率232 Stopband ripple 阻带纹波233 Sufficiency 充分性234 Summer 加法器235 Superposition property 叠加性质236 Symmetry 对称性237 Synthesis equation 综合方程238 System function 系统函数239 Stability 稳定性240 Taylor series 泰勒级数241 Time constant 时间常数242 Time delay 时延243 Time—Division Multiplexing (TDM) 时分复用244 Time-domain 时域的245 Time reversal property 时间翻转性质246 Time scaling 时间尺度变换247 Time shifting property 时移性质248 Time window 时间窗249 Transition band 过渡带250 Triangular window 三角窗251 Trigonometric series 三角级数252 Undamped natural frequency 无阻尼自然频率253 Undamped system 无阻尼系统254 Underdamped system 欠阻尼系统255 Unilateral Laplace transform 单边拉普拉斯变换256 Unilateral z transform 单边Ｚ变换257 Unit circle 单位圆258 Unit delay 单位延时259 Unit doublet 单位冲激偶260 Unit impulse 单位冲激261 Unit impulse response 单位冲激响应262 Upsampling 升率抽样263 Variable 变量264 Vestigial sideband modulation 残留边带调制265 Voltage 电压266 Wideband 宽带267 Window function 窗函数268 Windowing 加窗269 Wireless 无线的270 Weighted average 加权平均271 Wavelength 波长272 Zero-input response 零输入响应273 Zero-state response 零状态响应274 Zero location 零点位置275 Zero-order hold 零阶保持器。

专业名词总结部分1.A/D conversion [eɪ] [diː][kən'vɜːʃ(ə)n]模数转换指为把数字信号转换为信息基本相同的模拟信号而设计的处理过程。

2.adder ['ædə]加法器加法器是产生数的和的装置。

加数和被加数为输入，和数与进位为输出的装置为半加器。

若加数、被加数与低位的进位数为输入，而和数与进位为输出则为全加器。

3.additive gauss white noise ['ædɪtɪv][gaʊs] [waɪt] [nɒɪz]加性高斯白噪声加性高斯白噪声指的是一种各频谱分量服从均匀分布（即白噪声），且幅度服从高斯分布的噪声信号。

因其可加性、幅度服从高斯分布且为白噪声的一种而得名。

4.aliasing ['eliəsɪŋ] 混叠频混现象又称为频谱混叠效应，它是指由于采样信号频谱发生变化，而出现高、低频成分发生混淆的一种现象。

5.all-pass function ['ɔl,pæs] ['fʌŋ(k)ʃ(ə)n] 全通函数全通函数是凡极点位于左半开平面，零点位于右半开平面，并且所有零点与极点对于虚轴为一一镜像对称的系统函数。

6.amplifier ['æmplɪfaɪə] 放大器是指能够使用较小的能量来控制较大能量的任何器件。

7.amplitude ['æmplɪtjuːd] 振幅指振动物体离开平衡位置的最大距离。

8.analog signal ['ænəlɒɡ] ['sɪgn(ə)l]模拟信号指信息参数在给定范围内表现为连续的信号。

或在一段连续的时间间隔内，其代表信息的特征量可以在任意瞬间呈现为任意数值的信号。

9.antialiasing profiler [,ænti'eliəsɪŋ] ['prəufailə] 抗混叠预滤波器指一种用以在输出电平中把混叠频率分量降低到微不足道的程度的低通滤波器。

3GPP TS 36.521-1 V14.4.0 (2017-09)Technical Specification3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA);User Equipment (UE) conformance specification;Radio transmission and reception;Part 1: Conformance Testing(Release 14)The present document has been developed within the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP TM) and may be further elaborated for the purposes of 3GPP.KeywordsUMTS LTE3GPPPostal address3GPP support office address650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia AntipolisValbonne - FRANCETel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16InternetCopyright NotificationNo part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission.The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.© 2017, 3GPP Organizational Partners (ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TSDSI, TTA, TTC).All rights reserved.UMTS™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its members3GPP™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners LTE™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members a nd of the 3GPP Organizational Partners GSM® and the GSM logo are registered and owned by the GSM AssociationContentsForeword (92)Introduction (92)1Scope (93)2References (94)3Definitions, symbols and abbreviations (96)3.1Definitions (96)3.2Symbols (98)3.3Abbreviations (100)4General (103)4.1Categorization of test requirements in CA, UL-MIMO, ProSe, Dual Connectivity, UE category 0, UEcategory M1, UE category 1bis, UE category NB1 and V2X Communication (104)4.2RF requirements in later releases (105)5Frequency bands and channel arrangement (106)5.1General (106)5.2Operating bands (106)5.2A Operating bands for CA (108)5.2B Operating bands for UL-MIMO (116)5.2C Operating bands for Dual Connectivity (116)5.2D Operating bands for ProSe (117)5.2E Operating bands for UE category 0 and UE category M1 (118)5.2F Operating bands for UE category NB1 (118)5.2G Operating bands for V2X Communication (118)5.3TX–RX frequency separation (119)5.3A TX–RX frequency separation for CA (120)5.4Channel arrangement (120)5.4.1Channel spacing (120)5.4.1A Channel spacing for CA (121)5.4.1F Channel spacing for UE category NB1 (121)5.4.2Channel bandwidth (121)5.4.2.1Channel bandwidths per operating band (122)5.4.2A Channel bandwidth for CA (124)5.4.2A.1Channel bandwidths per operating band for CA (126)5.4.2B Channel bandwidth for UL-MIMO (171)5.4.2B.1Channel bandwidths per operating band for UL- MIMO (171)5.4.2C Channel bandwidth for Dual Connectivity (171)5.4.2D Channel bandwidth for ProSe (171)5.4.2D.1Channel bandwidths per operating band for ProSe (171)5.4.2F Channel bandwidth for category NB1 (172)5.4.2G Channel bandwidth for V2X Communication (173)5.4.2G.1Channel bandwidths per operating band for V2X Communication (173)5.4.3Channel raster (174)5.4.3A Channel raster for CA (175)5.4.3F Channel raster for UE category NB1 (175)5.4.4Carrier frequency and EARFCN (175)5.4.4F Carrier frequency and EARFCN for category NB1 (177)6Transmitter Characteristics (179)6.1General (179)6.2Transmit power (180)6.2.1Void (180)6.2.2UE Maximum Output Power (180)6.2.2.1Test purpose (180)6.2.2.4Test description (182)6.2.2.4.1Initial condition (182)6.2.2.4.2Test procedure (183)6.2.2.4.3Message contents (183)6.2.2.5Test requirements (183)6.2.2_1Maximum Output Power for HPUE (185)6.2.2_1.1Test purpose (185)6.2.2_1.2Test applicability (185)6.2.2_1.3Minimum conformance requirements (185)6.2.2_1.4Test description (185)6.2.2_1.5Test requirements (186)6.2.2A UE Maximum Output Power for CA (187)6.2.2A.0Minimum conformance requirements (187)6.2.2A.1UE Maximum Output Power for CA (intra-band contiguous DL CA and UL CA) (189)6.2.2A.1.1Test purpose (189)6.2.2A.1.2Test applicability (189)6.2.2A.1.3Minimum conformance requirements (189)6.2.2A.1.4Test description (189)6.2.2A.1.5Test Requirements (191)6.2.2A.2UE Maximum Output Power for CA (inter-band DL CA and UL CA) (192)6.2.2A.2.1Test purpose (192)6.2.2A.2.2Test applicability (192)6.2.2A.2.3Minimum conformance requirements (192)6.2.2A.2.4Test description (192)6.2.2A.2.5Test Requirements (194)6.2.2A.3UE Maximum Output Power for CA (intra-band non-contiguous DL CA and UL CA) (196)6.2.2A.4.1UE Maximum Output Power for CA (intra-band contiguous 3DL CA and 3UL CA) (196)6.2.2A.4.1.1Test purpose (196)6.2.2A.4.1.2Test applicability (196)6.2.2A.4.1.3Minimum conformance requirements (196)6.2.2A.4.1.4Test description (196)6.2.2A.4.1.5Test Requirements (198)6.2.2A.4.2UE Maximum Output Power for CA (inter-band 3DL CA and 3UL CA) (198)6.2.2A.4.2.1Test purpose (199)6.2.2A.4.2.2Test applicability (199)6.2.2A.4.2.3Minimum conformance requirements (199)6.2.2A.4.2.4Test description (199)6.2.2A.4.2.5Test Requirements (201)6.2.2B UE Maximum Output Power for UL-MIMO (201)6.2.2B.1Test purpose (201)6.2.2B.2Test applicability (202)6.2.2B.3Minimum conformance requirements (202)6.2.2B.4Test description (204)6.2.2B.4.1Initial condition (204)6.2.2B.4.2Test procedure (205)6.2.2B.4.3Message contents (205)6.2.2B.5Test requirements (205)6.2.2B_1HPUE Maximum Output Power for UL-MIMO (207)6.2.2B_1.1Test purpose (207)6.2.2B_1.2Test applicability (207)6.2.2B_1.3Minimum conformance requirements (207)6.2.2B_1.4Test description (207)6.2.2B_1.5Test requirements (208)6.2.2C 2096.2.2D UE Maximum Output Power for ProSe (209)6.2.2D.0Minimum conformance requirements (209)6.2.2D.1UE Maximum Output Power for ProSe Discovery (209)6.2.2D.1.1Test purpose (209)6.2.2D.1.2Test applicability (209)6.2.2D.1.3Minimum Conformance requirements (209)6.2.2D.2UE Maximum Output Power for ProSe Direct Communication (211)6.2.2D.2.1Test purpose (211)6.2.2D.2.2Test applicability (211)6.2.2D.2.3Minimum conformance requirements (211)6.2.2D.2.4Test description (211)6.2.2E UE Maximum Output Power for UE category 0 (212)6.2.2E.1Test purpose (212)6.2.2E.2Test applicability (212)6.2.2E.3Minimum conformance requirements (212)6.2.2E.4Test description (212)6.2.2E.4.3Message contents (213)6.2.2E.5Test requirements (213)6.2.2EA UE Maximum Output Power for UE category M1 (215)6.2.2EA.1Test purpose (215)6.2.2EA.2Test applicability (215)6.2.2EA.3Minimum conformance requirements (215)6.2.2EA.4Test description (216)6.2.2EA.4.3Message contents (217)6.2.2EA.5Test requirements (217)6.2.2F UE Maximum Output Power for category NB1 (218)6.2.2F.1Test purpose (218)6.2.2F.2Test applicability (218)6.2.2F.3Minimum conformance requirements (218)6.2.2F.4Test description (219)6.2.2F.4.1Initial condition (219)6.2.2F.4.2Test procedure (220)6.2.2F.4.3Message contents (220)6.2.2F.5Test requirements (220)6.2.2G UE Maximum Output Power for V2X Communication (221)6.2.2G.1UE Maximum Output Power for V2X Communication / Non-concurrent with E-UTRA uplinktransmission (221)6.2.2G.1.1Test purpose (221)6.2.2G.1.2Test applicability (221)6.2.2G.1.3Minimum conformance requirements (221)6.2.2G.1.4Test description (222)6.2.2G.1.4.1Initial conditions (222)6.2.2G.1.4.2Test procedure (222)6.2.2G.1.4.3Message contents (222)6.2.2G.1.5Test requirements (223)6.2.2G.2UE Maximum Output Power for V2X Communication / Simultaneous E-UTRA V2X sidelinkand E-UTRA uplink transmission (223)6.2.2G.2.1Test purpose (223)6.2.2G.2.2Test applicability (223)6.2.2G.2.3Minimum conformance requirements (223)6.2.2G.2.4Test description (224)6.2.2G.2.4.1Initial conditions (224)6.2.2G.2.4.2Test procedure (225)6.2.2G.2.4.3Message contents (226)6.2.2G.2.5Test requirements (226)6.2.3Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) (226)6.2.3.1Test purpose (226)6.2.3.2Test applicability (226)6.2.3.3Minimum conformance requirements (227)6.2.3.4Test description (227)6.2.3.4.1Initial condition (227)6.2.3.4.2Test procedure (228)6.2.3.4.3Message contents (228)6.2.3.5Test requirements (229)6.2.3_1Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) for HPUE (231)6.2.3_1.1Test purpose (231)6.2.3_1.4Test description (232)6.2.3_1.5Test requirements (232)6.2.3_2Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) for Multi-Cluster PUSCH (232)6.2.3_2.1Test purpose (232)6.2.3_2.2Test applicability (232)6.2.3_2.3Minimum conformance requirements (233)6.2.3_2.4Test description (233)6.2.3_2.4.1Initial condition (233)6.2.3_2.4.2Test procedure (234)6.2.3_2.4.3Message contents (234)6.2.3_2.5Test requirements (234)6.2.3_3Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) for UL 64QAM (235)6.2.3_3.1Test purpose (236)6.2.3_3.2Test applicability (236)6.2.3_3.3Minimum conformance requirements (236)6.2.3_3.4Test description (236)6.2.3_3.4.1Initial condition (236)6.2.3_3.4.2Test procedure (237)6.2.3_3.4.3Message contents (237)6.2.3_3.5Test requirements (238)6.2.3_4Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) for Multi-Cluster PUSCH with UL 64QAM (240)6.2.3_4.1Test purpose (240)6.2.3_4.2Test applicability (240)6.2.3_4.3Minimum conformance requirements (240)6.2.3_4.4Test description (241)6.2.3_4.4.1Initial condition (241)6.2.3_4.4.2Test procedure (242)6.2.3_4.4.3Message contents (242)6.2.3_4.5Test requirements (242)6.2.3A Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) for CA (243)6.2.3A.1Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) for CA (intra-band contiguous DL CA and UL CA) (243)6.2.3A.1.1Test purpose (243)6.2.3A.1.2Test applicability (243)6.2.3A.1.3Minimum conformance requirements (244)6.2.3A.1.4Test description (245)6.2.3A.1.5Test Requirements (248)6.2.3A.1_1Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) for CA (intra-band contiguous DL CA and UL CA) for UL64QAM (250)6.2.3A.1_1.1Test purpose (251)6.2.3A.1_1.2Test applicability (251)6.2.3A.1_1.3Minimum conformance requirements (251)6.2.3A.1_1.4Test description (252)6.2.3A.1_1.5Test requirement (254)6.2.3A.2Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) for CA (inter-band DL CA and UL CA) (255)6.2.3A.2.1Test purpose (255)6.2.3A.2.2Test applicability (255)6.2.3A.2.3Minimum conformance requirements (255)6.2.3A.2.4Test description (256)6.2.3A.2.5Test Requirements (260)6.2.3A.2_1Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) for CA (inter-band DL CA and UL CA) for UL 64QAM (263)6.2.3A.2_1.1Test purpose (263)6.2.3A.2_1.2Test applicability (263)6.2.3A.2_1.3Minimum conformance requirements (263)6.2.3A.2_1.4Test description (264)6.2.3A.2_1.5Test Requirements (266)6.2.3A.3Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) for CA (intra-band non-contiguous DL CA and UL CA) (267)6.2.3A.3.1Test purpose (267)6.2.3A.3.2Test applicability (267)6.2.3A.3.3Minimum conformance requirements (268)6.2.3A.3.4Test description (268)6.2.3A.3_1Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) for CA (intra-band non-contiguous DL CA and UL CA) forUL 64QAM (270)6.2.3A.3_1.1Test purpose (270)6.2.3A.3_1.2Test applicability (270)6.2.3A.3_1.3Minimum conformance requirements (270)6.2.3A.3_1.4Test description (271)6.2.3A.3_1.5Test Requirements (272)6.2.3B Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) for UL-MIMO (272)6.2.3B.1Test purpose (272)6.2.3B.2Test applicability (272)6.2.3B.3Minimum conformance requirements (273)6.2.3B.4Test description (273)6.2.3B.4.1Initial condition (273)6.2.3B.4.2Test procedure (274)6.2.3B.4.3Message contents (275)6.2.3B.5Test requirements (275)6.2.3D UE Maximum Output Power for ProSe (277)6.2.3D.0Minimum conformance requirements (277)6.2.3D.1Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) for ProSe Discovery (278)6.2.3D.1.1Test purpose (278)6.2.3D.1.2Test applicability (278)6.2.3D.1.3Minimum conformance requirements (278)6.2.3D.1.4Test description (278)6.2.3D.1.4.1Initial condition (278)6.2.3D.1.4.2Test procedure (279)6.2.3D.1.4.3Message contents (279)6.2.3D.1.5Test requirements (280)6.2.3D.2Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) ProSe Direct Communication (281)6.2.3D.2.1Test purpose (282)6.2.3D.2.2Test applicability (282)6.2.3D.2.3Minimum conformance requirements (282)6.2.3D.2.4Test description (282)6.2.3D.2.4.1Initial conditions (282)6.2.3D.2.4.2Test procedure (282)6.2.3D.2.4.3Message contents (282)6.2.3D.2.5Test requirements (282)6.2.3E Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) for UE category 0 (282)6.2.3E.1Test purpose (282)6.2.3E.2Test applicability (282)6.2.3E.3Minimum conformance requirements (282)6.2.3E.4Test description (282)6.2.3E.4.1Initial condition (282)6.2.3E.4.2Test procedure (283)6.2.3E.4.3Message contents (283)6.2.3E.5Test requirements (283)6.2.3EA Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) for UE category M1 (284)6.2.3EA.1Test purpose (284)6.2.3EA.2Test applicability (284)6.2.3EA.3Minimum conformance requirements (284)6.2.3EA.4Test description (285)6.2.3EA.4.1Initial condition (285)6.2.3EA.4.2Test procedure (287)6.2.3EA.4.3Message contents (287)6.2.3EA.5Test requirements (287)6.2.3F Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) for category NB1 (290)6.2.3F.1Test purpose (290)6.2.3F.2Test applicability (290)6.2.3F.3Minimum conformance requirements (290)6.2.3F.4Test description (291)6.2.3F.4.1Initial condition (291)6.2.3F.5Test requirements (292)6.2.3G Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) for V2X communication (292)6.2.3G.1Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) for V2X Communication / Power class 3 (293)6.2.3G.1.1Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) for V2X Communication / Power class 3 / Contiguousallocation of PSCCH and PSSCH (293)6.2.3G.1.1.1Test purpose (293)6.2.3G.1.1.2Test applicability (293)6.2.3G.1.1.3Minimum conformance requirements (293)6.2.3G.1.1.4Test description (293)6.2.3G.1.1.4.1Initial condition (293)6.2.3G.1.1.4.2Test procedure (294)6.2.3G.1.1.4.3Message contents (294)6.2.3G.1.1.5Test Requirements (294)6.2.3G.1.2 2956.2.3G.1.3Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) for V2X Communication / Power class 3 / SimultaneousE-UTRA V2X sidelink and E-UTRA uplink transmission (295)6.2.3G.1.3.1Test purpose (295)6.2.3G.1.3.2Test applicability (295)6.2.3G.1.3.3Minimum conformance requirements (295)6.2.3G.1.3.4Test description (295)6.2.3G.1.3.4.1Initial conditions (295)6.2.3G.1.3.4.2Test procedure (296)6.2.3G.1.3.4.3Message contents (297)6.2.3G.1.3.5Test requirements (297)6.2.4Additional Maximum Power Reduction (A-MPR) (297)6.2.4.1Test purpose (297)6.2.4.2Test applicability (297)6.2.4.3Minimum conformance requirements (298)6.2.4.4Test description (310)6.2.4.4.1Initial condition (310)6.2.4.4.2Test procedure (339)6.2.4.4.3Message contents (339)6.2.4.5Test requirements (344)6.2.4_1Additional Maximum Power Reduction (A-MPR) for HPUE (373)6.2.4_1.2Test applicability (374)6.2.4_1.3Minimum conformance requirements (374)6.2.4_1.4Test description (375)6.2.4_1.5Test requirements (376)6.2.4_2Additional Maximum Power Reduction (A-MPR) for UL 64QAM (378)6.2.4_2.1Test purpose (378)6.2.4_2.2Test applicability (378)6.2.4_2.3Minimum conformance requirements (378)6.2.4_2.4Test description (378)6.2.4_2.4.1Initial condition (378)6.2.4_2.4.2Test procedure (392)6.2.4_2.4.3Message contents (392)6.2.4_2.5Test requirements (392)6.2.4_3Additional Maximum Power Reduction (A-MPR) with PUSCH frequency hopping (404)6.2.4_3.1Test purpose (404)6.2.4_3.2Test applicability (404)6.2.4_3.3Minimum conformance requirements (405)6.2.4_3.4Test description (405)6.2.4_3.5Test requirements (406)6.2.4A Additional Maximum Power Reduction (A-MPR) for CA (407)6.2.4A.1Additional Maximum Power Reduction (A-MPR) for CA (intra-band contiguous DL CA and ULCA) (407)6.2.4A.1.1Test purpose (407)6.2.4A.1.2Test applicability (407)6.2.4A.1.3Minimum conformance requirements (407)6.2.4A.1.3.5A-MPR for CA_NS_05 for CA_38C (411)6.2.4A.1.4Test description (413)6.2.4A.1.5Test requirements (419)6.2.4A.1_1Additional Maximum Power Reduction (A-MPR) for CA (intra-band contiguous DL CA and ULCA) for UL 64QAM (425)6.2.4A.1_1.1Test purpose (425)6.2.4A.1_1.2Test applicability (425)6.2.4A.1_1.3Minimum conformance requirements (426)6.2.4A.1_1.3.5A-MPR for CA_NS_05 for CA_38C (429)6.2.4A.1_1.3.6A-MPR for CA_NS_06 for CA_7C (430)6.2.4A.1_1.3.7A-MPR for CA_NS_07 for CA_39C (431)6.2.4A.1_1.3.8A-MPR for CA_NS_08 for CA_42C (432)6.2.4A.1_1.4Test description (432)6.2.4A.1_1.5Test requirements (437)6.2.4A.2Additional Maximum Power Reduction (A-MPR) for CA (inter-band DL CA and UL CA) (443)6.2.4A.2.1Test purpose (443)6.2.4A.2.2Test applicability (444)6.2.4A.2.3Minimum conformance requirements (444)6.2.4A.2.4Test description (444)6.2.4A.2.4.1Initial conditions (444)6.2.4A.2.4.2Test procedure (457)6.2.4A.2.4.3Message contents (458)6.2.4A.2.5Test requirements (461)6.2.4A.3Additional Maximum Power Reduction (A-MPR) for CA (intra-band non-contiguous DL CAand UL CA) (466)6.2.4A.3.1Minimum conformance requirements (466)6.2.4A.2_1Additional Maximum Power Reduction (A-MPR) for CA (inter-band DL CA and UL CA) forUL 64QAM (466)6.2.4A.2_1.1Test purpose (466)6.2.4A.2_1.2Test applicability (466)6.2.4A.2_1.3Minimum conformance requirements (467)6.2.4A.2_1.4Test description (467)6.2.4A.2_1.4.1Initial conditions (467)6.2.4A.2_1.4.2Test procedure (479)6.2.4A.2_1.4.3Message contents (480)6.2.4A.2_1.5Test requirements (480)6.2.4B Additional Maximum Power Reduction (A-MPR) for UL-MIMO (484)6.2.4B.1Test purpose (484)6.2.4B.2Test applicability (485)6.2.4B.3Minimum conformance requirements (485)6.2.4B.4Test description (485)6.2.4B.4.1Initial condition (485)6.2.4B.4.2Test procedure (508)6.2.4B.4.3Message contents (508)6.2.4B.5Test requirements (508)6.2.4E Additional Maximum Power Reduction (A-MPR) for UE category 0 (530)6.2.4E.1Test purpose (530)6.2.4E.2Test applicability (531)6.2.4E.3Minimum conformance requirements (531)6.2.4E.4Test description (531)6.2.4E.4.1Initial condition (531)6.2.4E.4.2Test procedure (535)6.2.4E.4.3Message contents (535)6.2.4E.5Test requirements (536)6.2.4EA Additional Maximum Power Reduction (A-MPR) for UE category M1 (542)6.2.4EA.1Test purpose (542)6.2.4EA.2Test applicability (542)6.2.4EA.3Minimum conformance requirements (543)6.2.4EA.4Test description (544)6.2.4EA.4.1Initial condition (544)6.2.4EA.4.2Test procedure (552)6.2.4G Additional Maximum Power Reduction (A-MPR) for V2X Communication (562)6.2.4G.1Additional Maximum Power Reduction (A-MPR) for V2X Communication / Non-concurrentwith E-UTRA uplink transmissions (562)6.2.4G.1.1Test purpose (562)6.2.4G.1.2Test applicability (562)6.2.4G.1.3Minimum conformance requirements (563)6.2.4G.1.4Test description (563)6.2.4G.1.4.1Initial condition (563)6.2.4G.1.4.2Test procedure (564)6.2.4G.1.4.3Message contents (564)6.2.4G.1.5Test Requirements (564)6.2.5Configured UE transmitted Output Power (564)6.2.5.1Test purpose (564)6.2.5.2Test applicability (564)6.2.5.3Minimum conformance requirements (564)6.2.5.4Test description (594)6.2.5.4.1Initial conditions (594)6.2.5.4.2Test procedure (595)6.2.5.4.3Message contents (595)6.2.5.5Test requirement (596)6.2.5_1Configured UE transmitted Output Power for HPUE (596)6.2.5_1.1Test purpose (596)6.2.5_1.2Test applicability (597)6.2.5_1.3Minimum conformance requirements (597)6.2.5_1.4Test description (597)6.2.5_1.4.1Initial conditions (597)6.2.5_1.4.2Test procedure (597)6.2.5_1.4.3Message contents (597)6.2.5_1.5Test requirement (598)6.2.5A Configured transmitted power for CA (599)6.2.5A.1Configured UE transmitted Output Power for CA (intra-band contiguous DL CA and UL CA) (599)6.2.5A.1.1Test purpose (599)6.2.5A.1.2Test applicability (599)6.2.5A.1.3Minimum conformance requirements (599)6.2.5A.1.4Test description (601)6.2.5A.1.5Test requirement (602)6.2.5A.2Void (603)6.2.5A.3Configured UE transmitted Output Power for CA (inter-band DL CA and UL CA) (603)6.2.5A.3.1Test purpose (603)6.2.5A.3.2Test applicability (603)6.2.5A.3.3Minimum conformance requirements (603)6.2.5A.3.4Test description (605)6.2.5A.3.5Test requirement (606)6.2.5A.4Configured UE transmitted Output Power for CA (intra-band non-contiguous DL CA and ULCA) (607)6.2.5A.4.1Test purpose (607)6.2.5A.4.2Test applicability (607)6.2.5A.4.3Minimum conformance requirements (607)6.2.5A.4.4Test description (608)6.2.5A.4.5Test requirement (610)6.2.5B Configured UE transmitted Output Power for UL-MIMO (611)6.2.5B.1Test purpose (611)6.2.5B.2Test applicability (611)6.2.5B.3Minimum conformance requirements (611)6.2.5B.4Test description (612)6.2.5B.4.1Initial conditions (612)6.2.5B.4.2Test procedure (612)6.2.5B.4.3Message contents (613)6.2.5B.5Test requirement (613)6.2.5E Configured UE transmitted Output Power for UE category 0 (614)6.2.5E.4.1Initial conditions (614)6.2.5E.4.2Test procedure (614)6.2.5E.4.3Message contents (614)6.2.5E.5Test requirement (615)6.2.5EA Configured UE transmitted Power for UE category M1 (615)6.2.5EA.1Test purpose (615)6.2.5EA.2Test applicability (615)6.2.5EA.3Minimum conformance requirements (615)6.2.5EA.4Test description (616)6.2.5EA.4.1Initial condition (616)6.2.5EA.4.2Test procedure (617)6.2.5EA.4.3Message contents (617)6.2.5EA.5Test requirements (617)6.2.5F Configured UE transmitted Output Power for UE category NB1 (618)6.2.5F.1Test purpose (618)6.2.5F.2Test applicability (618)6.2.5F.3Minimum conformance requirements (618)6.2.5F.4Test description (619)6.2.5F.4.1Initial conditions (619)6.2.5F.4.2Test procedure (620)6.2.5F.4.3Message contents (620)6.2.5F.5Test requirement (620)6.2.5G Configured UE transmitted Output Power for V2X Communication (620)6.2.5G.1Configured UE transmitted Output Power for V2X Communication / Non-concurrent with E-UTRA uplink transmission (621)6.2.5G.1.1Test purpose (621)6.2.5G.1.2Test applicability (621)6.2.5G.1.3Minimum conformance requirements (621)6.2.5G.1.4Test description (622)6.2.5G.1.4.1Initial conditions (622)6.2.5G.1.4.2Test procedure (622)6.2.5G.1.4.3Message contents (622)6.2.5G.1.5Test requirements (622)6.2.5G.2Configured UE transmitted Output Power for V2X Communication / Simultaneous E-UTRAV2X sidelink and E-UTRA uplink transmission (622)6.2.5G.2.1Test purpose (623)6.2.5G.2.2Test applicability (623)6.2.5G.2.3Minimum conformance requirements (623)6.2.5G.2.4Test description (625)6.2.5G.2.4.1Initial conditions (625)6.2.5G.2.4.2Test procedure (626)6.2.5G.2.4.3Message contents (626)6.2.5G.2.5Test requirements (626)6.3Output Power Dynamics (627)6.3.1Void (627)6.3.2Minimum Output Power (627)6.3.2.1Test purpose (627)6.3.2.2Test applicability (627)6.3.2.3Minimum conformance requirements (627)6.3.2.4Test description (627)6.3.2.4.1Initial conditions (627)6.3.2.4.2Test procedure (628)6.3.2.4.3Message contents (628)6.3.2.5Test requirement (628)6.3.2A Minimum Output Power for CA (629)6.3.2A.0Minimum conformance requirements (629)6.3.2A.1Minimum Output Power for CA (intra-band contiguous DL CA and UL CA) (629)6.3.2A.1.1Test purpose (629)6.3.2A.1.4.2Test procedure (631)6.3.2A.1.4.3Message contents (631)6.3.2A.1.5Test requirements (631)6.3.2A.2Minimum Output Power for CA (inter-band DL CA and UL CA) (631)6.3.2A.2.1Test purpose (631)6.3.2A.2.2Test applicability (632)6.3.2A.2.3Minimum conformance requirements (632)6.3.2A.2.4Test description (632)6.3.2A.2.4.1Initial conditions (632)6.3.2A.2.4.2Test procedure (633)6.3.2A.2.4.3Message contents (633)6.3.2A.2.5Test requirements (633)6.3.2A.3Minimum Output Power for CA (intra-band non-contiguous DL CA and UL CA) (634)6.3.2A.3.1Test purpose (634)6.3.2A.3.2Test applicability (634)6.3.2A.3.3Minimum conformance requirements (634)6.3.2A.3.4Test description (634)6.3.2A.3.4.1Initial conditions (634)6.3.2A.3.4.2Test procedure (635)6.3.2A.3.4.3Message contents (635)6.3.2A.3.5Test requirements (635)6.3.2B Minimum Output Power for UL-MIMO (636)6.3.2B.1Test purpose (636)6.3.2B.2Test applicability (636)6.3.2B.3Minimum conformance requirements (636)6.3.2B.4Test description (636)6.3.2B.4.1Initial conditions (636)6.3.2B.4.2Test procedure (637)6.3.2B.4.3Message contents (637)6.3.2B.5Test requirement (637)6.3.2E Minimum Output Power for UE category 0 (638)6.3.2E.1Test purpose (638)6.3.2E.2Test applicability (638)6.3.2E.3Minimum conformance requirements (638)6.3.2E.4Test description (638)6.3.2E.4.1Initial conditions (638)6.3.2E.4.2Test procedure (639)6.3.2E.4.3Message contents (639)6.3.2E.5Test requirement (639)6.3.2EA Minimum Output Power for UE category M1 (639)6.3.2EA.1Test purpose (639)6.3.2EA.2Test applicability (640)6.3.2EA.3Minimum conformance requirements (640)6.3.2EA.4Test description (640)6.3.2EA.4.1Initial condition (640)6.3.2EA.4.2Test procedure (641)6.3.2EA.4.3Message contents (641)6.3.2EA.5Test requirements (641)6.3.2F Minimum Output Power for category NB1 (641)6.3.2F.1Test purpose (641)6.3.2F.2Test applicability (641)6.3.2F.3Minimum conformance requirements (642)6.3.2F.4Test description (642)6.3.2F.4.1Initial conditions (642)6.3.2F.4.2Test procedure (643)6.3.2F.4.3Message contents (643)6.3.2F.5Test requirements (643)6.3.3Transmit OFF power (643)6.3.3.5Test requirement (644)6.3.3A UE Transmit OFF power for CA (644)6.3.3A.0Minimum conformance requirements (644)6.3.3A.1UE Transmit OFF power for CA (intra-band contiguous DL CA and UL CA) (645)6.3.3A.1.1Test purpose (645)6.3.3A.1.2Test applicability (645)6.3.3A.1.3Minimum conformance requirements (645)6.3.3A.1.4Test description (645)6.3.3A.1.5Test Requirements (645)6.3.3A.2UE Transmit OFF power for CA (inter-band DL CA and UL CA) (646)6.3.3A.2.1Test purpose (646)6.3.3A.2.2Test applicability (646)6.3.3A.2.3Minimum conformance requirements (646)6.3.3A.2.4Test description (646)6.3.3A.2.5Test Requirements (646)6.3.3A.3UE Transmit OFF power for CA (intra-band non-contiguous DL CA and UL CA) (646)6.3.3A.3.1Test purpose (646)6.3.3A.3.2Test applicability (646)6.3.3A.3.3Minimum conformance requirements (647)6.3.3A.3.4Test description (647)6.3.3A.3.5Test Requirements (647)6.3.3B UE Transmit OFF power for UL-MIMO (647)6.3.3B.1Test purpose (647)6.3.3B.2Test applicability (647)6.3.3B.3Minimum conformance requirement (647)6.3.3B.4Test description (647)6.3.3B.5Test requirement (648)6.3.3C 6486.3.3D UE Transmit OFF power for ProSe (648)6.3.3D.0Minimum conformance requirements (648)6.3.3D.1UE Transmit OFF power for ProSe Direct Discovery (648)6.3.3D.1.1Test purpose (649)6.3.3D.1.2Test applicability (649)6.3.3D.1.3Minimum Conformance requirements (649)6.3.3D.1.4Test description (649)6.3.3D.1.5Test requirements (650)6.3.3E UE Transmit OFF power for UE category 0 (650)6.3.3E.1Test purpose (650)6.3.3E.2Test applicability (650)6.3.3E.3Minimum conformance requirement (650)6.3.3E.4Test description (651)6.3.3E.5Test requirement (651)6.3.3EA UE Transmit OFF power for UE category M1 (651)6.3.3EA.1Test purpose (651)6.3.3EA.2Test applicability (651)6.3.3EA.3Minimum conformance requirements (651)6.3.3EA.4Test description (651)6.3.3EA.5Test requirements (652)6.3.3F Transmit OFF power for category NB1 (652)6.3.3F.1Test purpose (652)6.3.3F.2Test applicability (652)6.3.3F.3Minimum conformance requirement (652)6.3.3F.4Test description (652)6.3.3F.5Test requirement (652)6.3.4ON/OFF time mask (652)6.3.4.1General ON/OFF time mask (652)6.3.4.1.1Test purpose (652)6.3.4.1.2Test applicability (653)。

附录A 铁道信号常用术语1．按信号设备分类信号装置类术语矮型信号机dwarf signal 通过信号through signal半自动信号机semi—automatic signal 通过信号机passing signal报警信号alarming signal 通过信号机block signal臂板信号机semaphore signal 透镜式色灯信号机multi—lens colour light signal;multi-lenses signal差速制信号speed signal 推送信号start humping signal车上信号设备cab signal device 驼峰机车信号hump cab signaling车站信号station signal；signaling at stations 驼峰信号hump signal；humping signal出站信号starting signal 无线机车信号radio cab signaling出站信号机starting signal 下峰信号down hump trimming signal出站信号机复示器repeater of starting signal 线别表示灯track marker从属信号机dependent signal; subsidiary signal 线号表示器track number indicator错误关闭信号false stopping of a signal 线路开通表示灯opening route indication；routeclear light错误开放信号wrong clearing of a signal 线群出站信号机group starting signal单线臂板信号机single wire semaphore signal 响墩信号detonating signal单置信号点single signal location 信号标志signal indicator灯列式信号机position light signal 信号表示器signal repeater敌对信号conflicting signal 信号玻璃signal glass地面信号trackside signal; ground signal 信号测试台signal test board地面信号设备trackside signal facility 信号厂signal shop信号大修signal overhaul repair点式机车信号intermittent type cab signaling;intermittent type cab signaling电动臂板信号机electric semaphore signal 信号灯signal lamp; signal light调车信号shunting signal 信号灯泡signal light bulb发车进路信号机route signal for departure 信号点signal location发车信号departure signal 信号电缆signal cable发光信号accident waring flash signal 信号电路图circuit diagram发音信号accident warning audible signal 信号复示器signal repeater返还系数release factor 信号复原器signal reverser; signal slot防护信号protecting signal; protection signal 信号供电signal feeding防止重复信号机stick signal 信号故障signal fault复示信号repeating signal 信号关闭signal at stop复示信号机repeating signal 信号关闭表示stop signal indication感应式机车信号inductive cab signaling 信号机signal高速铁路High Speed Railway 信号机附属设备signal appendant高柱信号机high signal 信号机构signal mechanism固定信号; 固定信号机fixed signal 信号机后方in rear of a signal号讯sign 信号机前方in advance（approach) of a signal 火炬信号fusee signal 信号集中修signal centralized maintenance机车信号cab signaling 信号检修signal inspection信号开放signal at clear机车信号设备cab signaling equipment；cabsignaling eqipment信号开放表示cleared signal indication机械臂板信号机mechanically operated semaphoresignal加速推送信号humping fast signal 信号雷管detonator减速防护地段终端信号牌released speed signal；信号楼signal box；signal tower slow—speed release signal减速推送信号humping slow signal 信号配线signal wiring减速信号restriction signal 信号桥signal bridge减速信号牌slow speed signal 信号燃管fusee减速预告信号slow speed approach 信号色度signal colour fidelity较大限制信号more restrictive signal 信号施工signal construction较大允许信号more favorable signal 信号手（握)柄signal lever接车进路信号机route signal for receiving 信号透镜signal lens接车信号receiving signal 信号托架signal bracket信号维修signal maintenance接发车进路信号机route signal forreceiving—departure接近表示器approach indicator 信号握柄signal lever信号无效标signal out of order sign接近连续式机车信号approach continuous cabsignaling尽头信号机signal for stub—end track 信号显示signal visibility；signal aspect andindication进路信号机route signal 信号选别器signal slot进路预告表示器preliminary route indicator 信号整治signal renovation进行定位式信号机normal proceed signal 信号中修signal intermediate repair进行信号proceed signal 信号装置signal apparatus进站信号（机) home signal 行车信号running signal；train signal禁止移动标forbidden movement sign 行车信号机train signal绝对信号absolute signal 选路制信号route signaling绝对信号机absolute signal 咽喉信号机signal in throat section延续进路successive route; successive route连续式机车信号continuous cab signal; continuoustype cab signaling列车接近通知train approach announcement 夜间信号night signal列车停车标train stop indicator 移动信号movable signal桥梁遮断信号bridge obstruction signal 移动信号牌temporary signal区间信号section signaling；wayside signaling 移频机车信号frequency shift cab signal去禁溜线信号shunting signal to prohibitive音响信号acoustic signal; whistle signal humping line容许信号(机) permissive signal 引导信号calling-on signal色灯信号colour light signal 引导信号机call-on signal; calling—on signal 色灯信号机colour light signal 预告信号approaching signal色灯信号机colour light signal；color-light signal 预告信号机distant signal允许预推信号permissive prehumping signal 闪光信号flashing light signal; flash signal；flashingsignal事故信号accident signal 遮断信号obstruction signal视觉信号vision signal; visual signal 遮断信号按钮obstruction signal button手动信号机manual signal 遮断信号机obstruction signal手信号hand signal; flag signal 遮断预告信号机approach obstruction signal 手信号代用器substitute apparatus for hand signal 中继信号标志repeating signal marker双线臂板信号机double wire semaphore signal 中继信号机repeating signal速差制信号speed signaling 昼间信号day signal隧道遮断信号tunnel obstruction signal 昼夜通用信号signal for day and night探照式色灯信号机colour searchlight signal 主体信号机principal signal特殊信号accident warning signal 注意信号caution signal铁路信号;铁道信号railway signaling 自动信号机automatic signal铁路信号装置railway signaling equipment 总出站信号机advance starting signal听觉信号audible signal 最大限制信号most restrictive signal停车定位式信号机normal stop signal 最大允许信号most favorable signal停车信号stop signal闭塞类相关术语半自动闭塞semi—automatic block；semi-automatic block system半自动闭塞机semi—automatic block machine闭塞blocking; block system闭塞分区block section闭塞机block instrument闭塞手柄blocking lever闭塞线路block line闭塞装置block instrument常用闭塞方式regular block system代用闭塞substitute block system单线闭塞single line block单线继电半自动闭塞single track all-relay semi-automatic block system单向自动闭塞single—directional running automatic block电话闭塞telephone block system电码自动闭塞automatic block with coded track circuit电气路牌闭塞electric tablet block system电气路签闭塞electric staff system电子闭塞electronic blocking二显示自动闭塞two-aspect automatic block非自动闭塞区段non—automatic block section分割闭塞分区division of block section合并闭塞分区incorporation of block section极频自动闭塞polar frequency coded automatic block; automatic block with polarfrequency impulse track计轴闭塞axle counter permissive block计轴自动闭塞automatic block with axle counter继电半自动闭塞all—relay semiautomatic block；all—relay semi—automatic blocksystem交流计数电码自动闭塞automatic block with ac counting code track circuit交流计数自动闭塞ac counting code automatic block解除闭塞block cleared连动闭塞controlled manual block脉冲自动闭塞pulse automatic block; automatic block with impulse rack circuit区间闭塞section block; section blocked取消闭塞to cancel a block人工闭塞manual block三显示自动闭塞three-aspect automatic block双线继电半自动闭塞double track all-relay semi-automatic block system双向自动闭塞double-direction running automatic block四显示自动闭塞four—aspect automatic block无线闭塞wireless blocking移动闭塞movable block移频自动闭塞frequency shift modulated automatic block; automatic block withaudio frequency shift modulation预办闭塞pre-working a block准闭塞法block applied method自动闭塞automatic block; automatic block system自动闭塞区段automatic block section转辙类相关术语保险铁detector bar大功率转辙机heavy duty switch machine单动single导管装置signal pipe line导线调整器wire compensator道岔定位（反位) normal（reverse）position of switch道岔转辙机pint lever电磁转辙机electro magnetic switch machine电动转辙机electric point machine；electric switch machine电动转辙机控制器electric switch controller电空转辙机electro pneumatic point machine; electro pneumatic switch machine电空转辙机控制器electro pneumatic switch controller电液转辙机electro—hydraulic switch machine垫板sole plate动力转辙机power point machine拐肘crank轨距杆gauge tie集中握柄concentrated lever frame尖端杆front rod尖轨动程stroke；throw of switch(美）尖轨接触contact of switch尖轨密贴fixing of switch快速转辙机quick—acting switch machine密贴调整杆switch adjuster双动double脱轨器derail液压转辙机hydraulic switch machine转辙机switch machine转辙机安装装置switch machine installation转辙机部件switch machine part联锁类相关术语表示锁闭indication locking 联锁interlock; interlocking不限时人工解锁manual non—time release 联锁表interlocking table错误解锁false release 联锁机interlocking machine错误锁闭false locking 联锁区interlocking area大站电气集中联锁relay interlocking for联锁设备interlocking equipmentlarge station导管装置pipe installation 联锁图表interlocking chart and table联锁装置interlocking device电机集中联锁electronic concentrationinterlocking电空集中联锁装置electro—pneumatic漏解锁missing releaseinterlocking device漏锁闭missing locking电气集中联锁装置electric interlockingdevice电气联锁机electric mechanical路牌锁闭器tablet lockinterlocking machine电气锁闭electric locking 片面锁闭facing point lock电锁器electric lock 区段锁闭section locking电锁器联锁interlocking with electric人工解锁manual releaselock；interlocking by electric locks反位锁闭reverse locking 人工解锁表示manual release indication非集中联锁non-centralized interlocking 色灯电锁器联锁装置colour lightinterlocking system with electriclock非联锁区non-interlocking area 失去联锁loss of interlocking机器集中联锁mechanical interlocking 锁闭lock；locking锁闭杆locking rod机械集中联锁装置mechanicalinterlocking device机械联锁机mechanical interlocking 锁闭力locking forcemachine机械锁闭mechanical locking 锁闭设备locking device集中联锁centralized interlocking 锁闭系统locking system继电器式电气集中联锁装置electricrelay interlocking device条件锁闭conditional locking继电器式集中联锁装置relay interlocking device 驼峰电气集中联锁electric interlocking for hump yard接近锁闭approach locking 微机联锁microcomputer interlocking解锁release 限时人工解锁manual time release解锁按钮盘manual release button panel 小站电气集中联锁relay interlocking forsmall station解锁进路released route 信号表示signal indication解锁力releasing force 延时锁闭time locking进路分段解锁sectional release of alocked route钥匙锁闭器key lock进路分段锁闭sectional route locking 照查手柄check lever进路解锁route release 照查锁闭check locking进路人工解锁manual route release 转辙锁闭器interlocking by point detector进路锁闭route locking 转辙锁闭器switch—and—lock mechanism进路锁闭表示route locking indication 自动限时解锁automatic time release进路一次解锁route release at once继电器类相关术语安全型继电器safety relay 交流二元二位继电器AC two element two position relay 插入式继电器plug—in relay；plug-in typerelay交流继电器AC relay传输继电器transmitting relay 交直流继电器AC-DC relay单独操纵继电式电气集individual lever type all-relay interlocking 进路继电式电气集中联route type all—relay interlocking弹力继电器spring—type relay 快动继电器quick-acting relay电磁继电器electromagnetic relay 快吸继电器quick pick-up relay电码继电器code relay 脉冲继电器impulse relay轨道继电器track relay 偏极继电器polar biased relay缓动继电器slow-acting relay 热力继电器thermal relay缓放继电器slow release relay 时间继电器；延时继电器time relay; time delay relay 缓吸继电器slow pick-up relay 微机—继电式电气集microcomputer—relay interlocking 继电并联传递网路successively workedparallel relay network无极继电器neutral relay继电并联网路parallel relay network 信号继电器indicating relay继电串联网路series relay network 信号用继电器signal relay继电器防震架shock absorber base for relays 有极继电器polarized relay继电器接点relay contact 整流继电器rectifier relay继电器灵敏度relay sensitivity 正常动作继电器normal acting relay继电器室relay house; relay room 直流继电器DC relay继电器释放relay released 重力继电器gravitation type relay继电器吸起relay energized 组合继电器combination relay继电器线圈relay coil 座式继电器desk type relay; shelf—type relay继电器箱relay case道口类相关术语道口安全crossing safety道口防护crossing protection道口接近区段approach section of a highway level crossing道口控制器electronic train detector道口控制器crossing controller道口栏木barrier道口栏木crossing barrier；cross barrier at grade crossing道口栏木锁闭器barrier lock道口闪光信号highway level crossing flashing signal道口事故level crossing accidents道口室外音响器highway level crossing out door audible device道口通知设备crossing announcing signal；highway level crossing announcing device道口信号crossing signal道口信号机level crossing signal道口信号机level crossing signal道口信号控制盘level crossing signal control panel道口障碍报警装置obstruction warning device for level crossing道口障碍物检测器crossing obstructing detector道口遮断信号level crossing obstruction signal道口自动信号crossing automatic signal; automatic level crossing signal列车接近道口表示器train approach indicator for level crossing列车进行方向表示器train direction indicator特殊信号发光机obstruction warning indicator自动栏木automatic barrier道岔类相关术语岔中绝缘insulated joint within a turnout 道岔双动机point lever fro cross over带柄道岔表示器switch indicator with lever 道岔顺序启动sequential starting of switches带柄道岔表示器switch lever with indicator 道岔顺序转换sequential transiting of switches 带动道岔switch with follow up movement 道岔锁闭switch locking; switch point locking弹簧道岔spring point；spring switch（美) 道岔锁闭表示switch locked indication道岔point; switch(美) 道岔握柄switch lever道岔表示switch indication 道岔中途转换switch thrown under moving cars 道岔表示器point indicator; switch indicator(美）道岔转换switch setting; switch in transition道岔错误表示false indication of a switch 防护道岔protective turnout道岔电磁锁闭器magnetic facing point lock 非集中道岔locally operated switch道岔电路控制器switch circuit controller 非联锁道岔non-interlocked switch道岔定位表示switch normal indication 分路道岔branching turnout道岔反位表示switch reverse indication 高速道岔High speed switch道岔封锁switch closed up 集中道岔centrally operated switch道岔减摩器roller point 挤岔splitting of point tongue; forcing open of thepoint道岔密贴switch point closure , Switchclose—gap挤岔报警alarm for a trailed switch道岔密贴调整switch adjustment 联锁道岔interlocked switch道岔启动switch starting 爬越道岔run-over type point道岔区段section with a switch or switches 脱轨道岔derailing point; switch point derail（美）道岔人工解锁manual release of a locked switch 中岔Middle switch道岔失去表示loss of indication of a switch电路类相关术语安全电路vital circuit 焊接式钢轨接续线welded bond半自动闭塞联系电路liaison circuit withsemi—automatic blocks横向接续线cross bond报警电路warning circuit 后接点back contact闭路式轨道电路close type track circuit 后圈back coil表示电路indication circuit 后退信号backing signal并联式轨道电路multiply connected trackcircuit基本联锁电路fundamental interlocking circuit不对称脉冲轨道电路asymmetrical impulse track circuit 极频轨道电路polar frequency coded track circuit; polar-frequency pulse track circuit测试电路testing circuit 极性检查电路polarity checking circuit长轨道电路long track circuit 极性交叉polar reversal；polar transposition场间联系电路liaison circuit between yards 计轴器axle counter串联式轨道电路serially connected track circuit 交流轨道电路ac track circuit；ac track circuit 单轨条式轨道电路single rail track circuit 交流计数电码轨道电路ac counting coded trackcircuit道岔控制电路switch control circuit 接口电路interface circuit点灯电路lighting circuit 接续线bond电缆敷设cable laying 解锁电路release circuit电缆敷设机cable laying machine 进路表示器电路route indicator circuit电缆接续cable connecting 进路电路route selecting circuit电路分析circuit analysis 开环轨道电路open track circuit电路设计circuit design 开路式轨道电路open type track circuit电码轨道电路coded track circuit 励磁电路energizing circuit调频轨道电路frequency modulated trackcircuit连续式轨道电路continuous track circuit调整状态normal state 联系电路liaison circuit叠加轨道电路overlap track circuit 脉冲轨道电路pulse track circuit断轨防护broken rail protection 灭火花电路spark extinguishing circuit发车表示器电路departure indicator circuit 旁通接续线by—pass bond阀式轨道电路value-type track circuit; valvetype track circuit区间联系电路liaison circuit with block signalling 方向电路directional circuit 塞钉式钢轨接续线plug bond非安全电路non-vital circuit 双轨条轨道电路double—rail track circuit分倍频轨道电路divided—and-doubled 死区段dead sectionfrequency track circuit分路灵敏度shunting sensitivity 送受分开电路sending and receiving separated circuit 分路效应shunting effect 锁闭电路locking circuit钢轨导接线;钢轨接续线rail bond 跳线jumper bond钢轨绝缘rail insulation 通过按钮电路through button circuit钢轨绝缘不良bad rail insulation 无绝缘轨道电路jointless track circuit钢轨引接线track lead 无绝缘节轨道电路non-insulated track circuit钢轨阻抗rail impedance 下坡道防护电路protection circuit for approachingheavy down grad轨道变阻器track rheostat 限流设备track current limiting device轨道传感器track sensor 相敏轨道电路phase detecting track circuit轨道电抗器track reactor 信号电路signal circuit轨道电路track circuit 信号接续线signal bond轨道电路测试track circuit testing 信号控制电路signal control circuit轨道电路电码化coding of continuous track circuit 移频轨道电路frequency shift track circuit; frequency-shift modulated track circuit轨道电路调整状态regulated state of a trackcircuit音频轨道电路audio frequency track circuit轨道电路分割cut—section of a track circuit 有绝缘节轨道电路insulated track circuit轨道电路分路状态shunted state of a trackcircuit站间联系电路liaison circuit between stations轨道电路区段track circuit district 直流轨道电路DC track circuit轨道电路蓄电现象track storage effect 重叠轨道电路overlay track circuit轨道电阻器track resistor 自闭电路self-stick circuit轨道接触器track treadle 自动闭塞联系电路liaison circuit with automaticblocks轨道绝缘; 绝缘节rail insulation；insulation section 自动通过按钮电路automatically through button circuit轨道生电现象track galvanic effect 相敏轨道电路phase detecting track circuit 轨道占用track occupied 红光带Red—light strap轨间绝缘crack gauge insulation驼峰类相关术语半自动化驼峰系统semi-automatic hump yard system 驼峰机车遥控remote control of hump engines非机械化驼峰设备unmechanical hump yard equipment 驼峰机械修理室hump mechanics repair room机械化驼峰设备mechanized hump yardequipment驼峰溜放控制系统humping control system驼峰电气集中electric interlocking for hump yard 驼峰信号机hump signal驼峰复示信号机humping signal repeater 自动化驼峰系统automatic hump yardsystem控制类相关术语测速装置speedometer 列车速度自动监督automatic train speedsupervision超速防护train over-speed protection 列车位置表示train location indication; trainposition indication超速防护系统Automatic Train Protectionsystem列车运行监测train running monitoring车次表示train number display；train number indication 列车运行控制仿真系统Train operation control simulation system车次自动表示；车次自动显示automatictrain number display列车运行控制系统train operation control system车辆抄号设备wagon number checking equipment 列车自动保护系统Automatic Train Protection （ATP)车辆识别装置vehicle identifier 列车自动调速automatic train speed regulation车门自动控制automatic train door control 列车自动防护automatic train protection车站控制station master control 列车自动防护系统automatic train protectionsystem车站列车控制中心Station Train Control Center 列车自动监控系统Automatic Train Supervision(ATS）点控制intermittent control 列车自动减速automatic train deceleration点式查询应答器intermittent inquiry balise 列车自动控制Automatic Train Control （ATC）点式自动停车intermittent type automatic trainstop列车自动控制系统automatic train control system调度集中controlled traffic control device（CTC）列车自动控制装置automatic train control device 调度集中分机field equipment of CTC 列车自动限速automatic train speed restriction调度集中装置centralized traffic controlinstallation列车自动运行automatic train operation调度集中总机control office equipment of CTC 列车自动运行系统Automatic Train Operation （ATO)调度监督dispatchers supervision；dispatcherssupervision system列调作业Train shunting work调度监督设备dispatchers supervisionequipment列控系统train control system调度控制dispatchers control 溜放进路自动控制automatic switching control ofhumping yard by rou分散自律Decentralized and Autonomous 溜放速度自动控制automatic rolling down speedcontrol分散自律调度集中系统Decentralized andautonomous CTC system目标打靶控制target shooting跟踪系统tracing system 区段遥控remote control for a section枢纽遥控remote control of a junction terminal计算机辅助调度computer—aided dispatching计算机联锁Computer interlocking 双接近区double—approach-section监控装置supervisory control device 双重控制dual control监视系统monitor system；supervision system 铁路应急通信系统Railway emergency communication监视装置monitor device 推峰速度自动控制automatic control for humpingspeed进路控制route control 微机监测microcomputer monitor进路控制装置routing control equipment 卫星定位satellite localization局部控制local control 卫星监测satellite monitoring局部控制盘local control panel 无绝缘移频自动闭塞系统automatic block systemwith jointless shift frequency控制点controlling point 无线维修终端Mobile maintenance terminal（MMT）控制对象controlled object 行车指挥自动化running command automation；automation of traffic control控制盘control panel 遥控remote control控制台Console 遥控区段remotely controlled section控制台单元control desk element 遥控装置remote control device(RC)控制台室control room 遥信区段remotely surveillance section控制中心control center 遥信装置remote-signal equipment控制周期control cycle 远程监督分区relayed surveillance subsection连续控制continuous control 远程网路relayed surveillance network列车报警系统train alarm system 中心控制centralized control列车超速防护Automatic Train Protection 自动停车装置automatic train stop device（ATS)列车调度指挥系统Train Dispatching Command System （TDCS) 自动限速装置automatic train control device(ATC）列车监控与追踪Train Monitoring andTracking自律机Autonomous machine调车类相关术语调车表示器shunting indicator 非进路调车to hold route for shunting调车表示器电路shunting indicator circuit 非进路调车电路circuit to hold a route forshunting调车区电气集中联锁interlocking for shunting area 减速器car retarder调车线始端减速器tangent retarder 溜放调车表示器kick off shunting indicator 调车信号机shunting signal 双面调车信号机signal for shunting forwardand backward电源类相关术语备用电源stand—by power supply；stand—by power source混合供电制ac-battery power supply system变压器箱transformer box 集中电源centrally connected power source表示灯电源power source for indication lamp 集中供电centrally connected power supply不间断电源uninterrupted supply 继电器控制电源power source for relay control 充电battery charging 交流电源屏ac power supply panel道岔表示电源power source for switchindication交流供电制AC power supply system道岔动作电源power source for switchoperation局部电源locally supplied power source道岔控制电源power source for switch control 局部控制电路local control circuit电池battery; cell 摩擦电流frictional working current电压过低voltage below level 闪光电源flashing power source电压自动调整器automatic voltage regulator 太阳能电池solar cell电源端子terminals for power supplies 太阳能电源solar power supply电源屏power supply panel 条件电源conditional power source电源识别标志power source marker 条件电源屏conditional power supply panel电源室power supply room ；power supply停电power failureroom电源转换屏power switching over panel 线路变压器line transformer电源转接屏power switch board 信号灯变压器signal lamp transformer扼流变压器impedance transformer 信号电源signal power supply方向电源directional traffic power source 信号高压配电线路high voltage distribution linefor signalling防护变压器protective transformer 信号机点灯电源signal lighting power source浮充供电floating charge power supply 蓄电池供电storage battery power supply干线供电main linely connected power supply 蓄电池室battery room工作电流working current 整流器一次电池供电primary cell power supply 供电rectifier power supply 直流电源屏DC power supply panel轨道变压器箱track transformer box 直流供电制DC power supply system轨道受电变压器track relay transformer 主电源main power source轨道送电变压器track transformer feed end 自动调压automatic voltage regulation综合防雷Synthetic lightning protection轨道信号灯变压器track and signal lamptransformer混合电源ac-battery power source其它安全接点safety contact 近程网路directly surveillance network按钮push-in button 进路表route sheet按钮表示button indication 进路表示器route indicator保护区段overlap protection block section 进路操纵作业semi—automatic operation by route 被控点controlled point 进路储存器route storaging devices臂板接触器contacts operated by semaphore 进路存储器route storage警惕按钮acknowledgment button臂板转极器pole changer operated bysemaphore编组站marshalling Yard 警惕手柄acknowledgment lever编组站测长yard distance-to—coupling静态长度car spacemeasurement编组站测速yard speed measurement 绝缘不良bad insulation编组站测重yard weight sensing 开通put into operation编组站测阻yard rollability measurement 可调拐肘adjustable crank空气压缩机室air compressor room编组站自动化automation of marshallingstation标志indicator；marker 拉钮pull-out button标准分路灵敏度standard shunting sensitivity 雷达测速器radar speedometer表示indication 雷电干扰lightning interference表示灯indication lamp 离去表示departure indication表示对象indicated object 离去区段departure section表示杆indication rod 连接杆pipe link表示连接杆connecting rod for indication 联锁图表interlocking table表示盘indicating panel 两点检查released by checking two sections表示器indicator 列车时刻表train timetable表示周期indication cycle 邻线干扰interference from neighboring line并置信号点double signal location 零层端子terminals of layer 0 of a relay rack材质不良bad material 溜放速度free rolling speed操纵台operating console 路牌tablet测长distance—to—coupling measurement 路牌携带器tablet pouch测试test 路牌自动授收机automatic tablet exchanger测试环线test loop 路签train staff ；staff测速speed measurement 路签携带器staff pouch测重weight sensing 路签自动授收机automatic staff exchanger测阻rollability measurement 乱显示false indication插接不良plug-in trouble 轮修alternative maintenance车挡表示器car stop marker 密贴调整杆adjustable switch operating rod车档表示器buffer stop indicator 摩擦联结器frictional clutch车辆存在监测器presence monitor 目的制动objective breaking；target braking 车辆缓行器wagon retarder；wagon retarder 内燃牵引干扰diesel traction interference车辆加减速器car accelerator/retarder 排列进路route setting车辆加速器car accelerator 票据传送设备classification list conveyer system 车辆减速器car retarder 破封break a seal车辆停车标car stop indicator 牵引小车pushing trolley车轮传感器wheel detector 牵纵拐肘escapement crank储风罐air reservoir 前接点front contact储酸室acid store room 前圈front coil传动系统driving system 强电干扰high voltage interference磁路系统magnetic circuit 桥梁通知设备bridge announciating device错溜misroute 切断音响按钮button for cut-off an audible signal 错误办理wrong handling 侵入限界绝缘insulated joint located within theclearance limit错误表示wrong indication 区段占用表示section occupancy indication单独操纵作业manual operation 区间section单断single break 区间封锁section closed up单频感应器single frequency inductor 区间空闲section cleared导管调整器pipe compensator 区间占用block occupancy；section occupied 导线导轮wire carrier 区间占用位置检测location detecting of occupiedsection导线调整器wire compensator 取消进路to cancel a route导线反正扣wire-adjusting screw 人工分路manual shunt导线立轮vertical wheel 人为故障human failure导线平轮horizontal wheel 熔断器断丝fuse burn-out导线平轮组horizontal wheel assembly 熔断器断丝报警fuse break alarm导线装置wire installation 冗余结构redundant structure导向安全failure to the safe side 三点检查released by checking three sections 道渣电阻ballast resistance 设备停用equipment out-of use灯光转移to transfer of lighting indication 施工妨碍construction interference灯丝断丝filament burn—out 识别标志marker light灯丝断丝报alarm for burnout of filaments 事故照明emergency lighting灯丝转换filament transfer 释放时间drop away time地面感应器wayside inductor 释放值release value地面设备wayside equipment 手柄handle地中电缆盒underground cable terminal box 手动调压manual voltage regulation第二接近区段second approach section 受电端receiving end第二离去区段second departure section 枢纽遥控remote control of a junction terminal 第一接近区段first approach section 双断double break第一离去区段first departure section 双频感应器double frequency inductor水分离器water separator电动传送设备electric motor operatedconveyer电空传送设备electro-pneumatic conveyer 水鹤表示器water crane indicator电气路牌机electric tablet instrument 顺向重叠进路route with overlapped section inthe same direction电气路签机electric staff instrument 瞬时分路instantaneous shunt定点停车stopping a train at a target point 瞬时分路不良instantaneous loss of shunting 定期维修periodical maintenance 四点检查released by checking four sections 定位接点normal contact 送电端feed end动程stroke 隧道通知设备tunnel announciating device动接点contact heel 跳线jumper动态长度distance—to—go 铁路局Railroad Administration动作杆throw rod 铁路运营railway operation动作连接杆operating rod for driving a switch 铁鞋skate；cast brake shoe对向重叠进路route with overlapped section同意按钮盘agreement button panelin the opposite dire额定值rated value 推送小车辆propelling trolley二次参数secondary parameter 脱轨表示器derail indicator发车表示器departure indicator 脱线修off line maintenance发车线路表示器departure track indicator 驼峰溜放调速humping governing反位接点reverse contact 晚点表示delaying time indication反装left—handed machine 维修maintenance方向手柄traffic lever 维修不良not well maintained方向转接器directional switch 无碴轨道non—ballast track防护区段protected section 无岔区段section without a switch防止重复prevention for repetitive clear of a误用故障misuse faultsignal妨害故障hindrance fault 吸起时间pick—up time非自复式按钮stick button 吸起值pick—up value分割区段cut section 显示距离range of a signal分路shunt 线路点field location分线盘distributing terminal board 线路区段track section分线盘端子terminals on distributing board 线路占用表示track occupancy indication分向电缆盒cable branching terminal box 线路遮断表示器track obstruction indicator风管路调压设备air pipeline pressure线束减速器group retardergovernor风压调整器manometer regulator 线头脱落wire lead drop out封锁close up 限界检查器clearance treadle峰下减速器master retarder 限速接近方式closing-in杆上电缆盒cable terminal box on a post 行车记录设备train movement recording equipment 感应器inductor 选路route selection工厂化施工industrial construction 循环检查制cyclic scanning system工作值working value 一次参数primary parameter共用箱cab signal box 一送多受single feeding and multiple receivingtrack circuit股道空闲track clear 应答器transponder股道占用track occupied 油压动力室hydraulic pressure engine room故障—安全fail—safe 迂回进路detour route故障办理emergency treatment after failure 预防维修preventive maintenance故障复原restoration after a failure 预告标warning signs for approaching a station故障积累failure accumulation 预排进路presetting of a route故障升级progression of failure 钥匙路签staff with a key故障修corrective maintenance 运行图描绘仪train diagram plotter光带light strip 在线修on line maintenance光带式表示striped indication light 占线表示occupancy indication光点式表示spotted indication light 站场型网路geographical circuitry缓放时间slow release time 站界标station limit sign缓吸时间slow pick—up time 正装right—handed machine汇流条bus-bar 直角拐肘right angle crank机车车辆rolling stock；car；vehicle 直线电机LinearMotor机车感应器locomotive inductor 制动试验表示器brake test sign device机车接近通知approaching announcing in cab 制动位retarder location机车设备locomotive equipment 中继站repeater station机车信号测试区段cab signaling testing中间电缆盒intermediate cable terminal box section基本进路basic route 中途返回midway return operation挤切dissectible 终端电缆盒cable terminal box挤切销dissectible pin 重叠区段overlap section挤脱trailable 重复检查repeated checking计划修planned maintenance 主灯丝断丝报警alarm for burnout of a mainfilament加封sealing 转换时间transfer time。