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第一章绪论1.1 翻译的性质和分类1. 翻译的定义：翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言、跨文化的交际活动。
翻译的本质是释义，是意义的转换。
2. 翻译的分类：按文本而言，分为文学翻译、科技翻译、应用文翻译就方式而言，分为全译、摘译、编译。
全译：全文照译，全译是翻译的最基本方式，它是翻译的基础。
摘译：根据特定目的的摘取、翻译原文中的部分内用，以利译文读者更方便，更快捷的获取原文文献主要信息的方式。
编译：则是“编辑”和“”翻译的结合。
3.翻译活动涉及的因素：译者：translator, 作者：author, 原文: source text，原文读者: source-text readers译文：target text/translated text/target version, 译文读者: target-text readers1.2 汉英翻译的单位----句子句子：句子是用词或词组构成的一个能够表达一个完整意思的语言单位。
每个句子都有一定的语调，表示陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等语气。
在连续说话时，句子和句子中间有一个较大的停顿。
在书面上，句子的停顿处，要根据不同的语调分别用句号、问号火感叹号。
（定义来自《汉语大辞典》）从意义上讲，句子能够表示一个完整的意思从功能上讲，句子表示陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等语气从形态上讲，句末有句号、问号或感叹号为标志因此，句子是较为理想的翻译单位。
1.3 汉英翻译的标准1．严复的标准信：faithfulness 指准确的传达原文的内容，即信于读者和作者，不允许对原作有任何歪曲或篡改，译作不容许有任何遗漏和省略。
达：expressiveness 指译文使用标准汉语，即译文语言应通俗明白，不应模棱两可，晦涩难懂，不滥用陈词滥调，繁文缛句，也不应有粗枝大叶的错误雅：elegance 指译文的美学价值，它体现在修辞、文体、韵律、诗意和心理等五个方面2. 刘重德的标准信：faithfulness 信于原文内容to be faithful to the content of the original达：expressiveness 具备原为一样的表现力to be as expressive as the original切: closeness 尽可能的切近原文的风格to be as close to the original style as possible3. 泰勒的西方翻译标准译文应该完全传达原文的思想 a translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work译文的风格和笔调应与原文一致the style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original译文应像原文一样流畅 a translation should have all the ease of the original compositon4. 张培基的标准—使用语初学者忠实：faithfulness, 忠实于原作的内容和风格通顺：smoothness, 译文语言必须通俗易懂，符合规范5．本书的标准功能相似，语义相符，similarity in function and correspondence in meaning6. 语言的功能A, 信息功能：informative function =所指功能：referential function, 它是语言传达信息，影响他人认知的功能B. 表情功能: expressive function, 它是语言表达言者或作何，即言语始发者的思想感情的功能。
1.原文：This year, we will lower borrowing rates and improve efficiency in order to furtherenhance business relations with developing countries, esp. with our partners in Shanghai.译文：今年，我们将降低贷款利率，提高工作效率，以进一步增进与发展中国家，特别是与上海伙伴的商务关系。
2.原文：According to the latest WTO figures, global trade flows are projected to expand by lessthan 3% in 2003. Trade growth remains positive but weak in the first quarter of 2003.译文：据世贸组织最新数据显示，2003年全球贸易额增长预计将低于3%。
虽然第一季度贸易额仍在增长，但增长乏力。
3.原文：One of the most important tasks of the International Monetary Fund is to help countriesachieve the macroeconomic stability that helps keep inflation in check and so maintains the domestic purchasing power of currencies.译文：国际货币基金组织的一个重要任务就是帮助各国维持宏观经济的稳定，这有助于控制通货膨胀并保持国内货币的购买力。
4.原文：With the European integration, in particular the launch of the euro, the European Unionhas fundamentally changed the world economic pattern and successfully brought new cooperation opportunities to EU-China economic relations. The two-way trade has increased more than forty-fold since 1978 when China began to carry out its economic reform policy, and reached US ＄125 billion last year. It’s expected that the European Union will increase its trade volume with China by 20 percent this year.译文：随着欧洲一体化，特别是欧元的发行，欧盟从根本上改变了世界经济格局，也给欧中经济关系顺利地带来了新的合作机遇。
Translation ConclusionUnit 1 stories1. He was thirty-six， his youth had passed like a screaming eagle， leaving him old and disillusioned.他已三十六岁，青春像一路鸣叫的鹰，早已一闪而逝，留给他的是衰老和幻灭。
2. average height 普通高度3. gleaming eyes 两眼闪着光辉4. in his middle twenties 大概是二十五六岁的年龄5. ignoring the chair offered him， Chu The stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was， what he had done in the past， how he had fled from Yunnan， talked with Sun Yat-sen， been repulsed by Chen Tu-hsiu in Shanghai， and had come to Europe to find a new way of life for himself and a new revolutionary road for China.朱德顾不得拉过来的椅子，端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十岁的青年面前，用平稳的语调，说明自己的身份和经历：他怎样逃出云南，怎样会见孙中山，怎样在上海被陈独秀拒绝，怎样为了寻求自己的新的生活方式和中国的新的革命道路而来到欧洲。
6. When both visitors had told their stories， Chou smiled a little， said he would help them find rooms， and arrange for them to join the Berlin Communist group as candidates until their application had been sent to China and an answer received.两位来客把经历说完后，周恩来微笑着说，他可以帮他们找到住的地方，替他们办理加入党在柏林的支部的手续，在入党申请书寄往中国而尚未批准之前，暂时作候补党员。
英语阅读笔记带翻译Title: Reading Notes on "The Importance of Sleep for Athletes"As an athlete, getting enough sleep is just as important as training and nutrition. In fact, sleep is essential for athletes to perform at their best. In this article, we will explore the importance of sleep for athletes and how it affects their performance.Firstly, sleep is essential for muscle recovery and growth. During sleep, the body releases growth hormone, which helps repair and build muscles. Without enough sleep, the body cannot properly recover from training, leading to fatigue, soreness, and decreased performance.Secondly, sleep is important for cognitive function. Athletes need to be able to think clearly and make quick decisions during competition. Lack of sleep can impair cognitive function, leading to decreased reaction time,poor decision-making, and increased risk of injury.Thirdly, sleep is important for immune function.Athletes are more susceptible to illness due to thephysical demands placed on their bodies. Sleep helps boost the immune system, reducing the risk of illness andallowing athletes to train at their best.So, how much sleep do athletes need? The National Sleep Foundation recommends that adults get 7-9 hours of sleepper night. However, athletes may need more sleep due to the physical demands placed on their bodies. Some studies suggest that elite athletes may need up to 10 hours ofsleep per night.It's also important to note that the quality of sleepis just as important as the quantity. Athletes should aimfor uninterrupted, deep sleep to reap the benefits of sleep. This means avoiding caffeine and alcohol before bed,creating a comfortable sleep environment, and establishinga consistent sleep schedule.In conclusion, sleep is essential for athletes to perform at their best. It's important for muscle recovery and growth, cognitive function, and immune function. Athletes should aim for 7-9 hours of uninterrupted, deep sleep per night, and prioritize creating a comfortable sleep environment and consistent sleep schedule. By prioritizing sleep, athletes can improve their performance and overall health.。
1。
对耶稣（天主也一样）用adore，对圣母、对圣人只能用venerate。
在早期基督徒成为saint，不能译为“圣人”。
后来的圣人也不能译为“圣徒”。
2。
“收养”（adopt）和“领养”（foster）一个儿童有分别。
收养可以当自己的子女；领养是把孩子带大，重在照顾，可以停止。
3。
照天主教说，天使有九级，第六级Powers，《英汉大词典（陆谷孙主编）》注为“掌权天使”，《英汉辞海》作“异能天使”，天主教则为“大能天使”（王昌祉神父《天主教教义词汇》）。
附天使九级（百度百科）：上三级-——神圣的阶级炽天使——撒拉弗——Seraphim智天使——基路伯——Cherubim座天使——托罗努斯——Thrones(Ofanim)中三级——子的阶级主天使——托米尼恩斯——Dominions能天使——卫尔特斯——Virtues力天使——帕瓦斯——Powers下三级——圣灵的阶级权天使——普恩斯巴利提斯——Principalities大天使——阿克安琪儿——Archangels天使——安琪儿——Angels4。
moral principles≠道德原则，（他是）顾道义（的人），（他）守道义motionless water≠不流动的水，止水abridged version≠省略了的本子，节本the rim of a bowl≠碗边，碗口absent from work≠工作时不在场，缺勤abundant growth of weeds≠长了大量野草，野草滋生（蔓生）commercial dealings≠商业活动，生意5。
to buy on credit——不是“凭信用买”，谁都知道是“赊”to attract custom——不是“吸引照顾”，是“以广招徕”critical examination——不是“批评的检查”，是“推敲”accessible——不是“容易拿到”，是“在手头”。
Make sure the first aid box is accessible应译为“你一定要把急救箱放在手头”hurtful remarks——不是“伤人的话”，是“刻薄话”（虽然我们说“出口伤人”）What is your employment？——不是“你的职业是什么？”是“你是干哪一行的？”enduring friendship——不是“能历久的友谊”，是“金石交”great friendship——不是“伟大的朋友”，是“挚友”essential information for travelers——不是“供给旅客重要的讯息”，是“旅客须知”You fascinated them with your adventure——不是“你的冒险经过迷住了他们”，是“……听得他们入迷”或“……神魂颠倒”pure gold——我们通常不说“纯金”，而说“足赤”，“足金”fulfill one’s ambition——不是“完成了一个人的雄心”，是“如愿以偿”She took the baby in her arms——我们不说“……在臂里”，说“……在怀里”I rescued my friend from the storm——不是“我把我的朋友救出了风暴”，是“我救出了我朋友，没让他在风暴中受害”His dog doesn’t attack——不是“他的狗不攻击”，是“他的狗不咬人”someone passing the window——要用“窗口”，outlook from my window也一样prone to boast——不要说“容易夸口”，说“动不动就……”，文一点说“动辄”mental effort——我们不说“精神的努力”，我们说“费神”6。
