《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记(西方翻译研究简述)【圣才出品】

18. The Dover BeachThe sea is calm tonight.The tide is full, the moon lies fairUpon the straits; on the French coast the lightGleams and is gone; the cliffs of England stand,Glimmering and vast, out in the tranquil bay.Come to the window, sweet is the night-air!Only, from the long line of sprayWhere the sea meets the moon-blanch’d land,Listen! You hear the grating roarOf pebbles which the waves draw back, and fling,At their return, up the high strand,Begin, and cease, and then again beginWith tremulous cadence slow, and bringThe eternal note of sadness in.By Matthew Arnold【参考译文】苍海静入夜。

正潮满，长峡托孤月；看法兰西岸，灯火明灭。

英伦峭壁森森，光熠熠，崖下风烟一时绝。

凭窗立，觉夜气清和透心冽！远望，月洗平沙千万里，排浪一线翻霜雪。

听！潮卷砾石声威烈，又回首，怒掷高滩侧。

才至也，又消歇，慢调如泣轻吟处，愁音万古声声切！(辜正坤译) 【翻译赏析】①这两节诗选自马修·阿诺德的《多佛海岸》，写诗人在英吉利海峡一端，凭窗而立，遥望法兰西岸灯火明灭，英伦峭壁森森，更有月洗的平沙，潮卷的砾石，怒掷高滩的海浪。

最后，这壮观的景象引发了是人的遣怀与寄托，达到了情与景的结合，人与物的交融。

第7章套语的翻译一、套语是文化的结晶套语(language formula)是一个文化特征性强的整体，其内部成分具有不可替换性。

它文化内涵丰富，是一个语言文化体系的结晶，多为约定俗成的成语、俗语表达等。

例：Where there is a will, there is a way.[分析]这是一个整体表达，其中文化内涵丰富，从中可以知道英语环境中用will和way 来表达决心和出路的关系。

“If you are determined to do something, you can find a way to do it.”虽然从语义上讲，和原句没有什么差别，但原句拒绝进行这样的改动。

二、科技套语和文化套语的差异科技等领域的不少表达法也和文化套语一样，拒绝别人对它们加以改动。

可是，这两类套语却有十分不同的特征。

(1) 科技等领域中的套语本身和文化套语有差异。

①文化套语可小到一个词，大到数个句子，甚至更大。

如，打电话时的一套礼貌对话就是一个套语，可能会由数个句子组成。

②科技等领域中的固定说法则往往是以词或词组为单位，一般是专有名词，或是由几个词组成的固定短语，如minimally invasive surgery(微创手术)。

一般不会上升到句子或句子以上。

(2) 两种套语的“效忠”对象不一样。

①科技等领域的套语由于是为一个实用的目的而存在，在跨文化交流中这类套语的转换原则是“求同”，即尽量在译入语中用与原文相同或相近的表达法。

②文化套语并非为任何短期的实用目的而存在，它要“效忠”某一个体文化，在跨文化交流中文化套语的转换原则就不一定总是“求同”。

在有些情况下“存异”反倒更好。

三、文化套语的翻译1. 译者要能敏锐地找出隐含的文化套语，采用适当的翻译单位译出其浓厚的文化内涵。

例：①Your guess is as good as mine.[译文]我和你一样不知道。

[分析]如果没有看出原文为套语，可能就会译为“你的猜想和我的猜想一样好”，这样的翻译表面上可谓十分忠实原文，但却完全没有将原文的真正意思译出来。

《⾼级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记（从语⾔⽂化对⽐⾓度看翻译）【圣才出品】第2章从语⾔⽂化对⽐⾓度看翻译⼀、语⾔⽂化对⽐的层次对⽐就是在两种语⾔的各个层⾯上去发现相似性和差异性，以便为⽇后的翻译活动打下⼀个扎实的基础。

语⾔对⽐的层次为：(1) 语⾳和书写系统的对⽐(2) 语义的对⽐(3) 句法的对⽐(4) 话语和篇章结构的对⽐(5) 社会、⽂化等语⾔外因素的对⽐⼆、语⾳和书写系统的对⽐1. ⾳节、声调不同(1) 汉语⼀个字⼀个⾳节，⽽英语⼀个词则可能有多个⾳节，汉语有四个声调，英语没有。

(2) 对翻译的影响①失去语⾳承载的特殊意义。

例：“四⼗四只⽯狮⼦”这句话的语义可译为(forty-four stone lions)，但⽆法体现汉语特殊的语⾔特征。

②⾳译时，汉语的声调⽆法体现，英汉的⾳节数可能会⽆法对应,发⾳⽆法完全相同。

例：a. “王洪宝”和“王洪豹”这两个⼈名译成英语时都是Wang Hong-bao，没有差别。

b. Dallas译成“达拉斯”，但原⽂两个⾳节，S不构成⼀个⾳节，中⽂则是三个⾳节。

c. Reagan译成“⾥根”，但是R和“⾥”中的L完全不同。

2. ⾳韵和节奏的对⽐(1) 任何语⾔都有⾳韵和节奏，因为⼈们在交流过程中也希望取得⼀些“额外”的效果。

(2) 英汉⾳韵和节奏差异的根源①英语形合和汉语意合的区别。

形合的句⼦，为了结构的严谨，表意的精确有时会牺牲⾳韵和节奏。

例：A new kind of aircraft—small, cheap, pilotless—is attracting increasing attention.[译⽂]这是⼀种体积⼩、造价低的⽆⼈驾驶型飞机。

[分析]原⽂并未考虑到⾳韵、节奏⽅⾯，但在翻译为意合的汉语时，做出了调整，使其结构整齐，考虑到了⾳韵与节奏。

If North America and Europe renew their moral life, build on their culture commonality, and develop closer forms of economic and political integration…a third Euroamerican phase of western affluence and political influence.[译⽂]如果北美和欧洲能在道德⽣活⽅⾯得以重振，在共同的⽂化基础上进⾏发展，在政治经济领域进⼀步整合，以此作为在北约安全合作外的补充，那么将可衍⽣出经济富甲天下，政治⼀⾔九⿍的欧美第三阶段。

211、985学长学姐组建为大家答疑解惑笔记备份：叶子南：高级英汉翻译理论与实践比较遵照原文语言结构的译法就是直译，并不专指“逐字”的程度在经济、科学、新闻、政论等语篇中，语言形式不是关键因素，在英汉翻译中发挥中文的优势是译者始终要努力的方向。

功能对等>形式对等既然已传达信息为主，那么介绍原语文化不应以牺牲译入语为代价，否则靠近原语的译法会生成很多不符合译入语习惯的句子。

以读者为中心而非作者，在英译汉中尤为突出翻译本身就是一件让人左右为难的事。

英汉语义对比：举例如democracy中西感觉是不一样的；It is not funny译成这不好笑，根本没有将说话人愤怒的情感表达出来。

汉语是人治的语言，印欧语系是法治的语言句法对比：一、英语重形合，汉语则重意合：鸡声茅店月，人迹板桥霜。

何等简洁，不须加动词即可表情达意。

汉语结构较为松散，重意念。

将一个重形合的语言转化成重意合的语言，最常犯的错误就是将形合的特点transfer到意合的语言中，现在很多译文充斥着洋腔洋调，却美其名曰“忠实原文”。

二、状语对比------------------------状语从句的译法，参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧定语对比--------------------------定语从句的译法，参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧被动句对比-----------------------译法参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧篇章结构的不同实际上是思维结构不同在语言上的反映。

汉语中所谓的“布局谋篇”就是我们翻译当中牵涉到的语段篇章的安排问题。

英汉翻译是否保留原句的布局特征，还是应该采用译入语的布局特征是一个值得注意的问题。

其实大多数情况下采用贪懒的办法也是译者不得已而为之，因为译者根本就没有真正看懂原文。

第二个问题是译者的翻译思想有问题，认为这类贴近原文的译法才是忠实的译法。

正确的翻译思想应该是译文必须像中文，不带翻译腔，因为原文有原文读者读时并没有翻译腔。

第3章文化与翻译一、尤金·奈达对于文化与翻译的探讨1. “功能对等”原则当代翻译理论家尤金·奈达在研究《圣经》翻译过程中提出了一整套处理文化与翻译的理论和方法，其核心内容就是他的“功能对等”原则。

该原则强调译者追求的不是文字上的对应，而是要将文化因素在译文中反映出来，达到功能上的对等。

2. 《跨文化宗教》奈达有关语言和翻译的思想和他在宗教上的思想是一脉相承的。

他在1968年出版过一本《跨文化宗教》。

该书从人的各种不同冲动切入，讨论各文化间的同和异。

二、人类最基本冲动的相通性1. 人类在最基本的生理冲动与需求方面是基本相同的。

因此，这类表达生理冲动或需求的语言(在它们没有被添加入人文意思之前)在各个不同文化里没有什么不同的意思。

2. 表达人类最基本冲动和需求的说法在翻译上不构成多大困难。

3. 只刺激人类生物感官的外部环境属于自然，也没有多大文化差异，语言间的冲突就不大。

三、人类较高层次冲动的差异1. 较高层次的冲动，有丰富的文化内涵，因此也就会因文化而异。

2. 客观的、没有情感的外部自然环境也可能被有情感的人赋予人文色彩。

3. 区别属于生理或自然的符号和属于文化的符号是十分重要的。

属于生理、自然的事物和现象常可在不同文化的人心中激起相同或相似的反应，而属于文化的事物和现象对人的作用则常因文化不同而大相径庭。

4. 对译者来说最大的挑战是来自最带人文色彩的语篇的翻译。

译者要考虑到各种生理活动与文化的关系，区别翻译对象在各种文化间的异同，想出恰当的办法，既不改变原文的意思，又要让译文读者可以接受。

四、商业和高科技环境中的语言特点1. 商业语言的特点与商业有关的文字必须排除人的情感因素。

为了便于商业交流，人们采用一种语言为国际交流的语言，目前这一语言是英语。

2. 科技语言的特点科技是自然的、客观的、无人为因素的。

因此科技交流必须以标准化为前提。

作者和译者使用语言的自由度极有限，必须采用既定的、已经广为接受的说法。

17. MayhewCapri is a gaunt rock of austere outline, bathed in a deep blue sea; but its vineyards, green and smiling, give it a soft and easy grace①. It is friendly, remote, and debonair②. I find it strange that Mayhew should have settled on this lovely island, for I never knew a man more insensible to beauty. I do not know what he sought there, happiness, freedom, or merely leisure; I know what he found. In this place which appeals so extravagantly③to the senses he lived a life entirely of the spirit. For the island is rich with historic associations and over it broods always the enigmatic memory of Tiberius the Emperor. From his windows which overlooked the Bay of Naples, with the noble shape of Vesuvius changing color with the changing light, Mayhew saw a hundred places that recalled the Romans and Greeks. The past began to haunt④him. All that he saw for the first time, for he had never been abroad before, excited his fancy; and in his soul stirred the creative imagination⑤. He was a man of energy. Presently he made up his mind to write a history. For some time he looked about for a subject, and at last decided on the second century of the Roman Empire. It was little known and it seemed to him to offer problems analogous with those of our own day.He began to collect books and soon he had an immense library. His legal training had taught him to read quickly. He settled down to work. At first he had been accustomed to foregather in the evening with the painters, writers, and suchlike who met in the little tavern near the Piazza, but presently he withdrew himself, for his absorption in his studies became more pressing. He had been accustomed to bathe in that bland sea and to take long walks among the pleasant vineyards, but little by little, grudging the time, he ceased to do so⑥. He worked harder than he had ever worked in Detroit. He would start at noon and work all through the night till the whistle of the steamer that goes every morning from Capri to Naples told him that it was five o’clock and time to go to bed. His subject opened out before him, vaster and more significant⑦, and he imagined a work that would put him forever beside the great historians of the past. As the years went by he was to be found seldom in the ways of men. He could be tempted to come out of his house only by a game of chess or the chance of an argument. He loved to set his brain against another’s⑧. He was widely read now, not only on history, but in philosophy and science; and he was a skillful controversialist, quick, logical, and incisive⑨. But he had good-humor⑩and kindliness; though he took a very human pleasure in victory⑪, he did not exult in it to your mortification.By William S. Maugham 【参考译文】卡普里岛在深蓝色的大海中，远远望去仿佛是一块朴实无华的荒凉的岩石。

10. Congestive Heart DiseaseThis chapter emphasizes the special features characterizing the diagnosis and treatment of congestive heart failure①, whose high incidence in old age makes it an important problem of older people.Heart failure in the aged may result from any condition②which interferes with the coronary blood flow, increases the work of the myocardium, or impairs myocardial function. Age- specific rates demonstrate a remarkable increase in congestive heart failure with age. Atherosclerotic heart disease and hypertensive heart disease separately or combined③account for nearly 50 per cent of the reported cases of congestive heart failure.Advances in treatments available to younger patients are equally valuable to older patients although treatment of congestive heart failure in old patients poses problems of greater magnitude than in younger persons and requires Special consideration owing to the multiple pathological ailments and changes in pharmacological responses with age④. For example, the elderly patient’s extensive ⑤coronary artery disease and myocardial fibrosis impair heart action and decreased⑥cerebral blood flow and hypoxia produce irrational behavior which makes the older person more difficult to manage and less capable of following directions. Chronic renal and liver impairments make older people more susceptible to digitalis toxicity, electrolyte disturbances, and hypoproteinemia. Although thesechanges tend to thwart therapeutic efforts and render management more difficult, attention⑦to the diagnostic and therapeutic suggestions in this chapter should rectify and prevent recurrent congestive heart failure and provide more successful care in the hospital and at home.The pathology of heart failure in the aged includes all form of heart diseases in younger people and, in addition, the special entities found mainly in the elderly. The multiplicity of pathologic conditions increases with age and complicates the assessment of the pathologic basis for the heart failure⑧. Heart failure in aged patients often has more than one cause and may be associated with numerous other disorders⑨.From The Management of Geriatric CardiovascularDiseases by Raymond Harris 【参考译文】本章着重讨论在充血性心力衰竭的诊断与治疗中存在的特殊问题。

2. Has Democracy a Future?Back to the question: Has democracy a future? Yes, Virginia①, it does, but not the glorious future predicted in the triumphalist moment. Democracy has survived the twentieth century by the skin of its teeth②. It will not enjoy a free ride③through the century to come.In America, democracy must run a gauntlet of challenges. The most crucial is still Du Bois’ color line. Much depends on the availability of jobs, especially in the inner city④. If employment remains high, political action will mitigate racial tensions, particularly when minorities understand that in the longer run ethnic gerrymandering⑤will reduce, not increase, their influence. Tension will be mitigated even more by intermarriage. Sex—and love—between people of different creeds and colors can probably be counted on to arrest the disuniting of America.The national capacity to absorb and assimilate newcomers will remain powerful. The call of the mainstream will appeal far more than linguistic or ethnic ghettos, above all to the young⑥. English will continue as the dominant language. Indeed, in essentials the national character will be recognizably much as it has been for a couple of centuries. People seeking clues to the American mystery will still read, and quote, Toequeville.Technology will rush on according to Adams’ law of acceleration. But for all⑦the temptations of interactivity⑧and all the unpopularity of elected officials, I doubt that Americans will sanction the degradation⑨of representative democracy into a system of plebiscites. Capitalism too will careen on, through downs as well as ups, but laissez-faire ideology will probably wane as capitalists discover the range of troubles the unfettered market cannot solve, or makes worse. Unbridled capitalism, with low wages, long hours, and exploited workers, excites social resentment, revives class warfare, and infuses Marxism with new life. To move along constructive lines, capitalism must subordinate short-term plans and profits to such long-term social necessities⑩as investment in education, research and development, environmental protection, the extension of health care, the rehabilitation of infrastructure, the redemption of the city. Capitalists are not likely to do this by themselves. Long- term perspectives demand public leadership⑪ and affirmative government.From Foreign Affairs, September/October 1997 【参考译文】回到我们原来的问题：民主有前途吗？有！①民主是有前途，但并不像人们在必胜信念、乐观心态盛行时期所预测的那种光辉灿烂的前途。

第11章尤金·奈达和他的翻译理论一、奈达翻译理论概述尤金·奈达(Eugene A. Nida)终生从事圣经翻译和翻译理论的研究，著作等身，是公认的当代翻译理论的主要奠基人。

1. “功能对等”(functional equivalence)(1) 定义：前身是“灵活对等”(dynamic equivalence)。

简单讲，功能对等就是要让译文和原文在语言的功能上对等，而不是在语言的形式上对应。

奈达把功能分成九类，译文应在这些功能上与原作对等。

但他把判断对等与否的大权交给了读者的心理反应。

①表现功能(expressive)②认识功能(cognitive)③人际功能(interpersonal)④信息功能(informative)⑤祈使功能(imperative)⑥行为功能(performative)⑦情感功能(emotive)⑧审美功能(aesthetic)⑨自我解释功能(metalingual)(2) 理论来源①语言学领域对语言外的因素产生了兴趣，各种语言学分支渐次诞生，如心理语言学、社会语言学、语用学、符号学等。

奈达理论中读者心理反应这一基石基本上得益于上述语言学方面的发展。

②乔姆斯基(Noam Chomsky)的转换生成语法。

乔姆斯基的早期理论中有关语言表层结构和深层结构转换的模式在很大程度上为奈达描写功能对等提供了工具。

2. 奈达的研究重心的变化(1) 早期的奈达从语言内营造他功能对等的理论，用了诸如转换生成语法、语义成分分析等具体方法来描写他的理论。

发表于1964年的Toward a Science of Translating，主要在语言学的框架下讨论翻译(也涉及了语言外的因素)。

他在该书中将语义细分成语法意义(linguistic meaning)、所指意义(referential meaning)和情感意义(emotive meaning)。

(2) 越往后，奈达就越重视社会文化因素。

6. The Thanks We GiveIt’s not the turkey alone we’re grateful for①. Not the cranberry sauce or the stuffing or even the pumpkin pie. Some of the people seated at the table are strangers—friends of friends, cousins of in-laws②—and some are almost desperately familiar faces we live and work with every day.In any other week, today would merely be Thursday and the gathering of all these people—the cooking and serving and cleaning—a chore. But today it doesn’t feel that way. The host—perhaps it’s you—stands up and asks that we give thanks, and we do, each in our own way. And what we’re thankful for is simply this, the food, the shelter, the company and, above all, the sense of belongings③.As holidays go④, Thanksgiving is in some ways the most philosophical⑤. Today we try not to take for granted the things we almost always take for granted. We try, if only in that brief pause before the eating begins, to see through the well-worn patterns of our lives⑥to what lies behind them. In other words, we try to understand how very rich we are, whether we feel very rich or not. Today is one of the few times most Americans consciously set desire aside, if only because desire is incompatible⑦with the gratitude—not to mention⑧the abundance⑨-that Thanksgiving summons.It’s tempting to think that one Thanksgiving is pretty much like another,except for differences in the guest list and the recipes. But it isn’t true. This is always a feast about where we are now⑩. Thanksgiving reflects the complexion⑪ of the year we’re in. Some years it feels buoyant, almost jubilant in nature. Other years it seems marked by a conspicuous humility uncommon in the calendar of American emotions⑫.And this year? We will probably remember this Thanksgiving as a banquet of mixed emotions⑬. This is, after all, a profoundly American holiday. The undertow of business as usual seems especially strong this year⑭. The shadow of a war and misgivings over the future loom in the minds of many of us⑮. Most years we enjoy the privacy of Thanksgiving⑯, but this year, somehow, the holiday feels like part of a public effort to remember and reclaim for ourselves what it means to be America⑰.That means giving thanks for some fundamental principles that should be honored every day of the year in the life of this nation—principles of generosity, tolerance and inclusion. This is a feast that no one should be turned away from. The abundance of the food piled on the table should signify that there is plenty for all, plenty to be shared. The welcome we feel⑱ makes sense only if we also extend it to others.From The New York Times, No.25.2004 【参考译文】不单单是因为有①火鸡我们才感恩，也不是因为有红梅果酱、火鸡馅料，甚至不是因为有南瓜派。