Ancient Egypt

AncientEgypt（Presentation讲稿）讲稿1. The ancient Egypt was located in North Africa. It bounded on the south, east and west by a vast expanse of desert, and on the north by the sea. ANCIENT EGYPT enjoyed exceptional advantage of geographical position, which protected ANCIENT EGYPT from outside influences and allowed it to evolve in its own unique way.2. The NILE, mother river of Egypt, is the longest river in the world (6,650 kilometers). It flows from the heart of Africa to the Mediterranean Sea. The NILE RIVER nurtured human, plant and animal in Egypt. The Nile River was also the highway that joined the country together because 90% of Egypt is desert and it was very hard to travel by land even in the nineteenth century.3. Ancient Egypt achieved stability through the co-operation of all levels of the people. The PHAROAH was at the top of the social hierarchy. He was the head of country and the representative of the god on earth. Next to him, the most powerful officers were the VIZIERS, the executive heads of the bureaucracy. Under them were the HIGH PRIESTS, followed by ROYAL OVERSEERS (administrators) who ensured that the 42 DISTRICT GOVERNORS carried out the pharaoh's orders. At the bottom of the hierarchy were the SCRIBES, ARTISANS, FARMERS, and LABORERS.5. The ancient Egyptians remained rigid SOCIAL classes, and barriers between different classes were hard to broken.Climbing the social ladder was difficult, but it could be achieved through outstanding accomplishments in professions such as fightting.6. Not all the pharaohs were men. There were at least three WOMEN pharaohs in the ancient Egypt.7. The EGYPTIAN LANGUAGE was one of the earliest languages to be written down. The Ancient Egyptian words first appeared on stone and pottery dating from 3100 B.C. to 3000B.C. It remained in use for almost 3,000 years.8. RELIGION is the glue that binds local communities together and transforms them into nations. It creates common understandings and shared values that are essential to the growth of Egyptians. By looking at ancient Egypt, one can see how belief systems evolved. In the early stages of human thought, the concept of God did not exist. People were concerned about natural phenomena and the powers that controlled these phenomena. They did not worship a personalized form of God. As human society evolved, people gradually gained a degree of personal identity and began to conceive the gods in a personalized form. The Osiris, Isis and Horus were the top 3 gods for the ancient Egyptian.9. ARCHITECTURE: The ancient Egyptians built their pyramids, temples andpalaces out of STONE because stone is the most durable of all building materials. These building projects took a high degree of architectural and engineering skill as well as the organization of a LARGE WORKFORCE.10. EGYPTIAN BUILDINGS were often decorated with PAINTINGS, CARVED STONE IMAGES, and THREE-DIMENSIONAL STATUES. They told the story of the pharaohs, the gods, the common people and animals.11. The most famous and mysterious building of the ancient Egyptian is pyramid. Pyramids1. The Pyramid is one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. They were built 4500 years ago and were the tombs of ancient Egyptian pharaohs and queens. 110 Pyramids still remains in modern Egypt. The Pyramids are the lasting reminders of the Pharaohs that once ruled Egypt and the power that the nation had.2. The Pyramids were all built on the west side of the Nile. In the world view of ancient Egypt, the sunrise was equal to the birth of a new life, the sunset to the death. This represented the cycle of life (east = rebirth); west= death).3. Among these pyramids, the largest and most famous pyramid is located southwest of Cairo. It’s called the Gre at Pyramid, also known as Khufu.4. The Pyramid lies in the exact center of all the land area of the world, dividing the earth's land into approximately equal halves.6. These are the words written across the seal of King Tut’s tomb. He had been little known and calmly slept there for almost 3400 years before his tomb was disturbed. History seems to forget him until one day some people entered his tomb.7. Lord Carnarvon was a very wealthy man and was crazy about the Pyramids and all the treasures in these Pyramids. Howard Carter was a famous adventurer. Lord Carnarvon donated Howard Carter a large amount of money to support his archaeological studies in Egypt. In 1917, Howard Carter happened to know that there were some undiscovered tombs in the Valley of King. He had s strong feeling that these tombs could be very unusual so he decided to dig them out. Under his command, his team had dug in the Valley from the October of 1917 to the January of 1918. Three month passed, they hadgained nothing. Just when Howard Carter prepared to give up this mission, the entrance to the tomb was laid open. When Carter and his team cautiously entered the tomb, what they saw shocked them. There were numerous priceless treasures. When they opened the outer coffin(棺椁) two month later, the world was amazed by casket( 棺木) made of 134.3 Kg gold and a mummy with platinum mask. The mummy was later known as King Tut.8. This was portrait of King Tut designed with modern technology. The wall paintingwas discovered in Tut’ s tomb. Th e left was King Tut and the person next to him was his prime minister, Ay, who became pharaoh when Tut died. Tut became pharaoh when he was 8 years old, and died when he was only 18. Very few written documents on Tut survive and not very much is known of his life. His death is still a mystery. Some archeologists believe that the young pharaoh was murdered by Ay and Ay erased all historical records about Tut to cover up the crime he commited.9. Several years later, the words on Tut’s tomb became true. Peopl e related to the digging of Tut’s tomb died one after another. However, the main character, Howard Carter still lived many years until he passed away peacefully in 1939.Some one says if you have never been to Paris, then you will never know what art are; if you have never been to Egypt, then you will never know where art comes from. The ancient Egyptians left us a huge wealth, but they also left us some unsolved mysteries.。

神秘的古埃及（Ancient Egypt）——朋朋哥哥讲埃及2500多年前，希罗多德30多岁时来到埃及，第一次见到了金字塔，第一次看到近处看像绿色，远处看像宝石一样蓝的尼罗河。

于是写下了“没有任何一个国家有这样多的令人惊异的事物，没有任何一个国家有这样多的非笔墨所能形容的巨大业绩......”最早的玻璃（glass）是埃及人的发明。

当4500多年前，中国处于夏代（公元前21世纪）时，埃及已经有了第一所学校，而我们的文字是在公元前14世纪商朝才成熟的。

尼罗河（Nile）是古埃及人的母亲河，两岸是绿洲，发源于苏丹和埃塞俄比亚。

每年泛滥都带来泥土和养料。

埃及以尼罗河为分界线，黑色的土地是绿洲，红色的土地是沙漠。

尼罗河的上游是上埃及，下游是下埃及。

公元前3500前，埃及的一位法老统一了上下埃及。

神（god）古埃及的神特别多。

埃及人很崇拜动物，他们把早上的太阳看作是屎壳郎（dung beetle），东方之珠，主管太阳的升起；鳄鱼（alligator）是保护太阳的神；还有的神头上顶着牛。

在埃及见到一个人手里拿着羽毛（plume），就代表是掌握真理的人，手里拿着的是鸵鸟（ostramid）的羽毛。

木乃伊的由来传说——奥西里斯是掌管复活的冥神，皮肤是绿色的。

众多的神手中都握着生命符号，埃及人十分崇拜生命，相信人死后会复生，生命符号就是象征生命永恒的生命的钥匙。

金字塔（pyramid）人类惧怕时间，而时间惧怕金字塔。

（Men fear time, but time fears the pyramids.）希罗多德第一次看到金字塔，怀念起家乡的三角饼，就用希腊语三角小麦饼为金字塔命名。

尸体在金字塔中都是朝左侧睡，因为埃及人认为人复活时会从左边起身。

金字塔不是孤零零的，而是一片完整建筑群中的主体建筑，旁边有祭祀法老的庙等。

红色金字塔是用红色岩石建造的。

著名的胡夫金字塔，在埃菲尔铁塔之前一直是世界上最高的人造建筑，原来高147米，现高137米。

AncientEgypt1. What was Ancient Egypt?Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. It is one of six civilizations globally to arise independently. Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3150 BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology)[1] with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh Narmer (commonly referred to as Menes).[2] The history of ancient Egypt occurred in a series of stable Kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age.2.What was the daily life of the Egyptians？Daily life in ancient Egypt revolved around the Nile and the fertile land along its banks. The yearly flooding of the Nile enriched the soil and brought good harvests and wealth to the land.Making mudbricks. The people of ancient Egypt built mudbrick homes in villages and in the country. They grew some of their own food and traded in the villages for the food and goods they could not produce.Cows grazing on the banks of the Nile Most ancient Egyptians worked as field hands, farmers, craftsmen and scribes.A small group of people were nobles. Together, these different groups of people made up the population of ancient Egypt.3.What was the Pharaoh?The most powerful person in ancient Egypt was the pharaoh. The pharaoh was the political and religious leader of the Egyptian people, holding the titles: 'Lord of the Two Lands' and 'High Priest of Every Temple'.As 'Lord of the Two Lands' the pharaoh was the ruler of Upper and Lower Egypt. He owned all of the land, made laws, collected taxes, and defended Egypt against foreigners.As 'High Priest of Every Temple', the pharaoh represented the gods on Earth. He performed rituals and built temples to honour the gods.Many pharaohs went to war when their land was threatened or when they wanted to control foreign lands. If the pharaoh won the battle, the conquered people had to recognise the Egyptian pharaoh as their ruler and offer him the finest and most valuable goods from their land.4. What is the most famous building in Ancient Egypt?The ancient Egyptians are famous for the building of the Pyramids. The pyramids were built as the burial places of the Egyptian kings from before the start of the Old Kingdom until the end of the Middle Kingdom.There are still over eighty pyramids in Egypt today. They are all more than 3000 years old. The architects of these pyramids were very skilled in mathematics, in technical drawing, and in knowledge of the position of the sun and stars. The pyramids were carefully designed to be in a straight line with, for example, a certain star constellation at a certain time of year, or sunrise on a particular day.Some of the pyramids were built as step pyramids like the one at Saqqara, but many others were a real pyramid shape, with sides that were smooth and sloping.Because the pyramids werethe burial places of kings, they were full oftreasure. All the king’s riches and belongings were buried with him to keep him happy in the afterlife.5. Who were the mummies?A mummy is the body of a person (or an animal) that has been preserved after death. They were any Egyptian who could afford to pay for the expensive process of preserving their bodies for the afterlife. The Egyptians believed in life after death. They believed that they had to preserve their bodies so they could use them in the afterlife.The Egyptians believed that when they died, they would make a journey to another world where they would lead a new life. They would need all the things they had used when they were alive, so their families would put those things in their graves. Egyptians paid vast amounts of money to have their bodies properly preserved. Egyptians who were poor were buried in the sand whilst the rich ones were buried in a tomb.。

古埃及(Ancient Egypt)，一般指公元前32世纪左右至公元前343年波斯灭亡埃及这段时间内尼罗河下游地区的埃及文明。

古埃及是典型的水力帝国。

地理埃及大部分都是黄沙滚滚的沙漠，只有尼罗河冲刷而过的地方是孕育埃及的绿带，1/30的面积聚集了90%以上的埃及人口。

埃及是世界文明古国之一，受宗教影响极大，举世闻名的金字塔就是古埃及人对永恒观念的一种崇拜产物，也是法老王的陵墓，目前埃及共有八十余座金字塔，其中最大的一座是胡夫金字塔。

除了金字塔以外，狮身人面像、木乃伊面像也是埃及的象征。

古埃及历史年表第一王朝：公元前3200年～2850年。

从美尼斯到卡，共有八位法老。

第二王朝：公元前2850～2686年。

从霍特普司克摩伊(Hotepseknemoui)到卡斯克摩，共有六位法老古王国或孟斐斯帝国(公元前2686～2181年)第三王朝：公元前2686～2613年。

从纳特里克特—吉塞(Neteriknet-Djeser)到胡尼(Houni)，共有五位国王。

焦瑟统治时代是权力和胜利的开始，此时出现了以沙卡拉的阶梯金字塔建筑群为代表的恢宏壮观的石头建筑。

该建筑群的设计师、作家兼学者的伊姆荷泰普成为史书上首批出现的伟人之一。

这一时代是强而有力的中央集权君主制得以发展的时期，君主坐于孟斐斯，分派各省总督统治全国。

第四王朝：公元前2613～2494年。

从斯内夫卢(Snefrou)到斯克普斯卡夫(Skepseskaf)，共有六或七位法老。

从金字塔的雄伟程度来判断，斯奈夫鲁、胡夫和哈尔夫的统治时期为这个时代的顶峰。

在达夏尔，梅顿和基萨修筑的金字塔显示出王朝的治国有方、经济繁荣。

第五王朝：公元前2494～2345年。

从乌斯卡夫(Ouser)到乌纳斯(Ounas)，共有九位法老。

最著名的是萨胡蕾(Sahoure)和吉德卡雷—伊塞西(Djedkare-Isesi)。

在第五王朝，“太阳崇拜意识”迅速发展，在沙卡拉的乌尼斯金字塔墙上刻著著名的金字塔铭文。

古埃及是谁发明了文字英文作文The Invention of Writing in Ancient EgyptAncient Egypt, a civilization that has captivated the minds of people across the globe, is renowned for its remarkable contributions to the development of human civilization. Among the many groundbreaking achievements of this ancient culture, the invention of writing stands out as a pivotal moment in the history of humanity. The birth of this revolutionary means of communication not only transformed the way in which information was recorded and shared but also paved the way for the advancement of knowledge and the preservation of cultural heritage.The origins of writing in Ancient Egypt can be traced back to the Predynastic period, a time before the unification of the Upper and Lower Kingdoms. During this era, the proto-cuneiform script known as "Hieroglyphic Luwian" emerged, which was primarily used for recording administrative and religious information. However, it was not until the Early Dynastic period, around 3100 BCE, that the true Egyptian writing system, known as hieroglyphics, came into existence.The development of hieroglyphics was a remarkable feat of humaningenuity. The script consisted of a complex system of pictorial symbols, each representing a sound, object, or concept. These hieroglyphs were not merely decorative elements but rather a sophisticated means of communication that allowed the ancient Egyptians to record their history, religious beliefs, and cultural practices with unprecedented precision and clarity.One of the most striking features of the Egyptian writing system was its versatility. Hieroglyphs could be used for a variety of purposes, from monumental inscriptions on temple walls to the more intimate writings found on papyrus scrolls. The scribes, who were responsible for the creation and preservation of these written records, were highly revered members of Egyptian society, as they possessed the knowledge and skills necessary to wield this powerful tool.The invention of writing in Ancient Egypt had far-reaching implications that extended beyond the boundaries of the Nile Valley. The development of this system of communication not only facilitated the recording and transmission of knowledge but also played a crucial role in the emergence of a complex bureaucratic infrastructure. Administrative records, legal documents, and religious texts were all preserved through the use of hieroglyphics, allowing the ancient Egyptians to maintain a highly organized and efficient society.Moreover, the invention of writing had a profound impact on the cultural and intellectual life of Ancient Egypt. The ability to record and preserve information enabled the Egyptians to develop a rich literary tradition, encompassing a wide range of genres, from epic poems to religious hymns and mythological narratives. These written works have provided modern scholars with invaluable insights into the beliefs, values, and worldviews of this ancient civilization.The influence of Egyptian writing extended beyond the boundaries of the Nile Valley, as it inspired the development of other writing systems in the ancient world. The Phoenician alphabet, for instance, which served as the foundation for many of the scripts used in the Mediterranean region, was heavily influenced by the Egyptian hieroglyphic system. This transmission of knowledge and cultural exchange underscores the far-reaching impact of the invention of writing in Ancient Egypt.Today, the legacy of Egyptian writing continues to captivate and inspire people around the world. The decipherment of hieroglyphics in the early 19th century by the French scholar Jean-François Champollion was a monumental achievement that unlocked the secrets of this ancient script, opening the door to a deeper understanding of Egyptian history and culture. The study of hieroglyphics remains an active field of research, with scholars constantly uncovering new insights into the rich tapestry of Egyptiancivilization.In conclusion, the invention of writing in Ancient Egypt stands as a testament to the ingenuity and intellectual prowess of this remarkable civilization. The development of hieroglyphics not only revolutionized the way in which information was recorded and shared but also paved the way for the advancement of knowledge and the preservation of cultural heritage. The enduring legacy of Egyptian writing continues to captivate and inspire people around the world, serving as a powerful reminder of the transformative power of human creativity and innovation.。

关于埃及历史的英语作文Ancient Egypt, one of the world's oldest civilizations, has a rich and fascinating history that has captivated people for centuries. From the construction of the pyramids to the rule of powerful pharaohs, Egypt's history is filled with intrigue, mystery, and wonder.The history of ancient Egypt can be traced back over 5,000 years, to the time of the first pharaohs who united Upper and Lower Egypt into a single kingdom. The ancient Egyptians were skilled architects, engineers, and artisans, known for their impressive monuments, temples, and tombs. One of the most famous examples of their architectural prowess is the Great Pyramid of Giza, built as a tomb for the Pharaoh Khufu.The ancient Egyptians were also known for their advanced civilization, with a complex social structure, a sophisticated writing system, and a deep religious beliefin the afterlife. They believed that when a person died,their soul would journey to the afterlife, where they would be judged by the god Osiris. If they were found worthy, they would be granted eternal life in the Field of Reeds.One of the most famous pharaohs in ancient Egyptian history was King Tutankhamun, also known as King Tut. He became pharaoh at a young age and ruled for only a short time before his untimely death. In 1922, British archaeologist Howard Carter discovered King Tut's tomb in the Valley of the Kings, revealing a treasure trove of artifacts that provided valuable insights into ancient Egyptian culture and history.Another famous pharaoh was Cleopatra, the last ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. Cleopatra was known for her intelligence, beauty, and political savvy, and she famously formed alliances with Roman leaders Julius Caesar and Mark Antony in an effort to maintain her power. Despite her efforts, Cleopatra's reign came to an end with the defeat of her forces at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.The history of ancient Egypt is a testament to theingenuity, creativity, and resilience of its people. Despite facing numerous challenges throughout its long history, Egypt's civilization endured and flourished, leaving behind a legacy that continues to inspire and intrigue people around the world. From the majestic pyramids to the intricate hieroglyphics, ancient Egypt's history is a treasure trove of knowledge and wonder that continues to capture the imagination of people today.。

古埃及的产生英语作文Title: The Emergence of Ancient Egypt。

The emergence of Ancient Egypt is a topic of immense fascination and scholarly debate. Spanning over thousands of years, the civilization of Ancient Egypt left an indelible mark on history, influencing art, religion, architecture, and governance. In this essay, we will explore the factors contributing to the birth and development of Ancient Egypt.Geographically, Ancient Egypt owed much of its prosperity to the Nile River. The Nile, with its predictable flooding and fertile banks, facilitated agricultural productivity, allowing the early inhabitants of the region to settle and establish communities. The annual flooding deposited nutrient-rich silt, creating an ideal environment for farming. This agricultural surplus provided the foundation for the growth of settlements and the rise of centralized authority.The unification of Upper and Lower Egypt around 3100 BCE is a pivotal event in Ancient Egyptian history. This unification, traditionally attributed to King Menes, brought together the disparate regions of Egypt under a single ruler, marking the beginning of the Old Kingdom period. The political stability resulting from this unification enabled the development of a sophisticated bureaucracy, monumental architecture, and religious institutions.Religion played a central role in Ancient Egyptian society, influencing every aspect of life. The Egyptians worshipped a pantheon of gods and goddesses, each associated with specific aspects of nature and human experience. The belief in an afterlife and the practice of mummification reflect the significance placed on death and the journey to the underworld. The construction of elaborate tombs, such as the pyramids at Giza, served not only as burial sites but also as monuments to the divine authority of the pharaohs.The pharaoh, or divine ruler, held absolute power in Ancient Egypt. Seen as the intermediary between the gods and the people, the pharaoh was responsible for maintaining order and harmony in the kingdom. The concept of ma'at, or cosmic balance, guided the pharaoh's actions and informed the administration of justice. The construction of monumental architecture, such as the pyramids and temples, served to reinforce the authority and divinity of the pharaoh.Trade also played a crucial role in the development of Ancient Egypt. The Nile River provided access to trade routes that connected Egypt with neighboring regions such as Nubia, the Levant, and Mesopotamia. Egyptian merchants exchanged goods such as gold, ivory, and grain for luxury items like cedar wood, incense, and precious metals. This trade network not only enriched the Egyptian economy but also facilitated cultural exchange and the spread of ideas.In conclusion, the emergence of Ancient Egypt was the result of a confluence of geographic, political, religious, and economic factors. The fertile land of the Nile Rivervalley provided the foundation for agricultural prosperity, while the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt laid the groundwork for centralized authority. Religion and ideology served to legitimize the rule of the pharaohs, while trade networks facilitated economic growth and cultural exchange. Together, these factors contributed to the rise of one of the most enduring and influential civilizations in human history.。

英文介绍古埃及的神的作文Ancient Egypt, a civilization that dates back over5,000 years, is renowned for its rich mythology and pantheon of gods. These deities were central to the lives of the ancient Egyptians, influencing their daily rituals, beliefs, and even the structure of their society. Each god represented a unique aspect of life, death, nature, and the universe, and they were worshipped with fervor and respect. The most prominent god in the Egyptian pantheon was the sun god, Ra. He was considered the supreme deity, the creator of all life, and the symbol of the sun, which represented life and regeneration. His cult was the most powerful in Egypt, and he was often depicted as a falcon or a human with a falcon's head.Closely associated with Ra was his wife, the goddess Nut, who represented the sky. She was depicted as a woman arched over the earth, symbolizing the vastness of the universe. Her brother and husband, Geb, represented the earth, and together they formed the divine triad that undergirded the Egyptian cosmology.Other significant gods included Osiris, the god of the underworld and the dead, who was associated with rebirth and resurrection. His sister and wife, Isis, was the goddess of magic and healing, while their son, Horus, represented royal power and youth. These gods were often worshipped together in a polytheistic cult that emphasized the interconnectedness of all life.The ancient Egyptians believed that the gods were not just abstract concepts but were actively involved in their lives. They prayed to the gods for protection, fertility, and success, and they offered sacrifices to ensure the gods' favor. Temples were built in honor of these deities, and priests were dedicated to serving them and interceding with them on behalf of the people.The influence of the gods extended to all aspects of Egyptian life. Architecture, art, and even the structure of Egyptian society were shaped by the worship of the gods. The pyramids, for example, were built as tombs for the pharaohs to ensure their immortality in the afterlife. The intricate hieroglyphics that covered the temples and tombswere not just decorative but were also a way of communicating with the gods.The gods of Ancient Egypt were not just a part of the religion but were central to the identity and culture ofthe people. They were a reflection of the ancientEgyptians' understanding of the world and their placewithin it. Through the worship of these deities, theancient Egyptians found meaning and purpose in their lives, and their influence has lasted through the ages, inspiring countless people to explore and understand the mysteries of the ancient world.**古埃及的神：神秘而有影响力的众神体系**古埃及，一个拥有超过5000年历史的文明，以其丰富的神话和众神体系而闻名。